In un mondo attraversato da mille dubbi sui contorni del proprio futuro e nel pericoloso vuoto di istituzioni LQWHUQD]LRQDOLYHUDPHQWHHI¿FDFLO¶8QLRQHHXURSHD SXUQHOOHVXHPLOOHFRQWUDGGL]LRQLUHVWDLOSURJHWWR H O¶DOOHDQ]D SROLWLFD SL LQQRYDWLYD GHOOD VWRULD /R WHVWLPRQLDQRLDQQLGLSDFHHTXLQGLGLVYLOXSSR FKH OD FDUDWWHUL]]DQR LO YDORUH GHOOD ³SDFH´ q SHUWDQWRQHO'1$GHOODQRVWUD(XURSDHGqUDIIRU]DWR GDO JUDQGH FDWDORJR GL GLULWWL IRQGDPHQWDOL FKH QH FRVWLWXLVFHODFDUWDG¶LGHQWLWjDSDUWLUHGDTXHOORDOOD YLWD(VVRYLHQHVDOYDJXDUGDWRQRQVRORGDOO¶DVVHQ]D GLJXHUUDPDDQFKHGDOO¶DEROL]LRQHGRYXQTXHGHOOD SHQDGLPRUWH3HUFXLDSSDUHDEEDVWDQ]DVLQJRODUH che un impulso rilevante a doverci ricordare la JUDQGLRVLWj GL TXHVWR SURJHWWR GHEED SURYHQLUH DQFKH VH LQ PDQLHUD GHO WXWWR LQYRORQWDULD GD XQ 3UHVLGHQWH GHJOL 6WDWL 8QLWL ,QIDWWL L ULSHWXWL ³VFKLDI¿´ LQIHUWL DL WURSSR VSHVVR WUHPHERQGL 6WDWL GHO QRVWUR YHFFKLR FRQWLQHQWH VWDQQR IRUVH
UHVXVFLWDQGR LQ HVVL XQ VHQWLPHQWR GL GLJQLWj FKH SRWUHEEHLQGXUOLDUHFXSHUDUHODYRJOLDGLULSUHQGHUH FRQQXRYDGHWHUPLQD]LRQHLOFDPPLQRFRPXQH6ROR FRVuSXzHVVHUHIHUPDWDO¶HPHUJHQWHYRJOLDGLULWRUQR al protezionismo nazionale dimenticando che “se le PHUFLQRQDWWUDYHUVDQRLFRQ¿QLVRQRSRLJOLHVHUFLWLD IDUOR´)UpGpULF%DVWLDW6LDXVSLFDXQULQFKLXGHUVL QHLFRQ¿QLQD]LRQDOLSHUULDFTXLVWDUHVLFXUH]]DQRQ si comprende che ci si caccia in una trappola che SRWUHEEHGHFUHWDUHLO³VXLFLGLR´GHLQRVWUL3DHVL. ,Q UHDOWj O¶LGHQWLWj HXURSHD QRQ q XQ¶LQYHQ]LRQH SURSDJDQGLVWLFDGLLOOXVLIHGHUDOLVWLRTXDOFRVDWXWWRUD LQGHFLIUDELOH6LWUDWWDLQYHFHGLXQSHUFRUVRFXOWXUDOH e politico fondato su alcuni aspetti ben precisi e FRQVROLGDWL8QRGLTXHVWLROWUHDOFROODQWHGHLGLULWWL IRQGDPHQWDOLqGDWRGDOODEDWWDJOLDSHUVDOYDUHSXU FRQHQRUPLULWDUGLLOFOLPDGLIHQGHQGRJOLDFFRUGLGL 3DULJLGHOGLFHPEUH&23GDOODVFRQVLGHUDWD VFHOWDGHO3UHVLGHQWH7UXPSGLULWLUDUVLGDJOLVWHVVL Comune di Bari Cofinanziato dall’UE Presidenza del Consiglio
Regione Puglia
ENNIO TRIGGIANI
L’editoriale di
La scommessa
vincente della
PACE IN EUROPA
DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE POLITICHEDELL’UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI BARI ALDO MORO
www.sudineuropa.net info@sudineuropa.net
ANNO XVIII - Bari, giugno 2017
C
O
N
C
O
R
R
E
N
Z
A
A
P
P
R
O
F
O
N
D
IM
E
N
T
I
di
9
Le azioni di risarcimento del danno
per ILLECITO ANTITRUST
in Italia: il decreto legislativo 3/2017
ANGELA MARIA ROMITO
0HULWDXQVHSSXUEUHYHFRPPHQWROD norma di recepimento della direttiva 8( GHO QRYHPEUH SXEEOLFDWD LQ *88( / GHO GL FHPEUHLOFXLWHUPLQHGLDWWXD]LR QH q VFDGXWR D ¿QH GLFHPEUH VL WUDWWDGHOUHFHQWLVVLPRGHFUHWROHJLVODWL YRQSXEEOLFDWRLQ*85,Q GHOJHQQDLR (QWUDWRLQYLJRUHORVFRUVRIHEEUDLRLO SURYYHGLPHQWRGLOHJJHQD]LRQDOHSRUWD DWHUPLQHXQSHUFRUVROHJLVODWLYROXQJR e dibattuto che si è snodato dapprima DWWUDYHUVRLO/LEUR9HUGHGHOHGLO /LEUR %LDQFR GHO VXOOH D]LRQL UL sarcitorie per danno antitrustSRLQHOOD articolata disciplina di armonizzazione GHOOD GLUHWWLYD UHODWLYD D GH WHUPLQDWHQRUPHFKHUHJRODQROHD]LRQL per il risarcimento del danno ai sensi del diritto nazionale per violazioni delle di sposizioni del diritto della concorrenza GHJOL6WDWLPHPEULHGHOO¶8(
/DQRUPDGLIRQWHHXURSHDqVWDWDRJJHW to di numerosi commenti ed i rilevanti problemi interpretativi che essa propo
QHVRQRVWDWLLQSLVHGLVHJQDODWLGDOOD GRWWULQDSLDWWHQWDODQRUPDGLUHFHSL PHQWR LWDOLDQD LQYHFH VHSSXU DFFROWD FRQIDYRUHqLQDWWHVDGLGDUSURYDGLVp 8WLOHDSSDUHLQTXHVWRVSD]LRULSUHQGHUH EUHYHPHQWHOH¿ODGHJOLRELHWWLYLFKHOD GLUHWWLYDLQWHQGHSHUVHJXLUHHGHOODratio VRWWHVD DOOD VXD DSSURYD]LRQH SHU SRL DQDOL]]DUHDOFXQHTXHVWLRQLULIHULWHDOOD VXDDWWXD]LRQHQHOQRVWURRUGLQDPHQWR /DGLUHWWLYDQDVFHVXOSUHVXSSRVWRGHOOD GLUHWWD DSSOLFD]LRQH GHJOL DUWLFROL H7)8(FRQVLGHUDWHQRUPHGLRU GLQH SXEEOLFR HVVH VRQR FLRq QRUPH LQYRFDELOLLQJLXGL]LRGDLVLQJROLWXWH ODQROHSRVL]LRQLJLXULGLFKHVRJJHWWLYH VLFFKpFKLXQTXHVLFRQVLGHULOHVRGDOOD violazione delle norme in tema di con FRUUHQ]D SRWUj DJLUH GLQDQ]L LO JLXGLFH nazionale invocando la tutela risarci WRULD 2ELHWWLYR SULPDULR GHOOD QRUPD GHULYDWDqGXQTXHDUPRQL]]DUHDOFXQL aspetti processuali e sostanziali relativi DOOHD]LRQLULVDUFLWRULH 7UHVRQRLQVLQWHVLLPRWLYLFKHKDQQR VSLQWRO¶8QLRQHHXURSHDDGLQWHUYHQLUH QHO VHWWRUH WXWWL LQGLFDWL QHL µFRQVLGH UDQGR¶LQQDQ]LWXWWRO¶HVLJHQ]DGLWXWHOD GHOPHUFDWRLQWHUQRHYLWDQGRIHQRPHQL di forum shopping riferite a tali tipi di D]LRQL JLXGL]LDULH LQ FRQVLGHUD]LRQH della mancata armonizzazione dei cri WHULSHUODTXDQWL¿FD]LRQHGHOGDQQRLQ RVVHUYDQ]DGHOSULQFLSLRGHOO¶DXWRQRPLD SURFHGXUDOHLQVHFRQGROXRJRLQYLUW GHOSULQFLSLRGHOODWXWHODJLXULVGL]LRQDOH effettiva (exDUWLFROL7)8(HGHOOD &DUWDGHLGLULWWLIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOO¶8H VLqULWHQXWRGRYHURVRIDFLOLWDUHO¶DFFHV VRDQFKHDOO¶D]LRQHULVDUFLWRULDSHUIDWWL VSHFLHJRYHUQDWHGDOGLULWWRHXURSHRPD DQFKHVWDWDOHGHOODFRQFRUUHQ]D,Q¿QH OD WHU]D UDJLRQH FKH JLXVWL¿FD O¶LQWHU YHQWRQRUPDWLYRHXURSHRFRPHULVXOWD GDLHµFRQVLGHUDQGR¶qTXHOODGL colmare il gap tra il pubblic e il private antitrust enforcementFUHDQGRPDJJLR re coordinamento tra le due branche in cui si sostanzia il sistema repressivo dei comportamenti anticoncorrenziali si po WUjDVVLFXUDUHODPDVVLPDHI¿FDFLDGHOOH QRUPHLQWHPDGLFRQFRUUHQ]D7XWWRFLz
C
O
N
C
O
R
R
E
N
Z
A
A
P
P
R
O
F
O
N
D
IM
E
N
T
I
10
JLXVWL¿FDLOIDWWRFKHODGLUHWWLYDVLDVWDWDDGRWWDWDVXXQDGRS SLDEDVHJLXULGLFDULVSHWWLYDPHQWHJOLDUWLFROL7)8(H 7)8( /DGLUHWWLYDHGLFRQVHJXHQ]DDQFKHLOGHFUHWRGLDWWXD]LRQH trova applicazione con riferimento alle azioni di risarcimento cosiddette follow onFKHVHJXRQRFLRqODGHFLVLRQHGLDFFHUWD PHQWRGHOODYLROD]LRQHGDSDUWHGHOODDXWRULWjantitrust) e stand alone (proposte in assenza di una previa decisione antitrust ,QYHURQHOODSUDVVLOHD]LRQLULVDUFLWRULHSURSRVWHLQDVVHQ]DGL un preventivo accertamento favorevole da parte delle autori WjJDUDQWLGHOODFRQFRUUHQ]DVRQRPROWRUDUHVLFFKpVHEEHQH FRQTXDOFKHSHUSOHVVLWjQRQDSSDUHHUUDWRFRQVLGHUDUHFKHOD DSSOLFD]LRQHGHOODGLUHWWLYDFUHDXQDVRUWDGLSUHJLXGL]LDOLWjGL fatto del pubblic enforcement rispetto al private3DVVDQGRDOODGLVDPLQDGHLDUWLFROLGHOGHFUHWRGLUHFHSL mento occorre innanzitutto rimarcare la sua sostanziale con IRUPLWjDOODQRUPDVRYUDQD]LRQDOHVHSSXUYLVLDQRDOFXQLHOH PHQWLGLRULJLQDOLWj ,QQDQ]LWXWWRLQOLQHDFRQODJLXULVSUXGHQ]DGHOOD&RUWHGLJLX VWL]LDFDXVDBRT/ SABAMFDXVD&Courage HFDXVHULXQLWH&D& ManfrediODOHJLWWLPD ]LRQHDGDJLUHSHULOULVDUFLPHQWRGHOGDQQRantitrust è molto DPSLDSRWUDQQRLQIDWWLSURSRUUHO¶D]LRQHJLXGL]LDULDWXWWHOH SHUVRQH¿VLFKHJLXULGLFKHSURIHVVLRQLVWLRFRQVXPDWRUL¿QDOL TXHVWLXOWLPLDQFKHGRSRDYHUHVSHULWRXQ¶D]LRQHFROOHWWLYD exDUWbisFRGLFHGHOFRQVXPRLQGLSHQGHQWHPHQWHGDO IDWWRFKHVLDQRDFTXLUHQWLGLUHWWLRLQGLUHWWLGHOO¶DXWRUHGHOOD YLROD]LRQHGHOGLULWWRGHOODFRQFRUUHQ]D,OGDQQRULVDUFLELOH FRVuFRPHGHVXPLELOHGDOOHUHJROHJHQHUDOLGHOO¶RUGLQDPHQWR 8(FRPSUHQGHUjLOOXFURFHVVDQWHLOGDQQRHPHUJHQWHHJOL LQWHUHVVLVHQ]DFKHVLDSRVVLELOHOLTXLGDUHLFGGDQQLSXQLWL YLDUWLFULWHULSHUODOLTXLGD]LRQHGHOGDQQRVRQRTXHOOL GHWHUPLQDWLGDJOLDUWLFROLHFFDUW,O ULPDQGRDOODGLVSRVL]LRQLLQWHUQHFRQVHQWHTXLQGLDOJLXGLFHGL OLTXLGDUORLQPRGRHTXLWDWLYRLQPDQFDQ]DGLXQDSLHQDSURYD GHOO¶DPPRQWDUHGHOGDQQRVXELWRHDOWUHVuGLTXDQWL¿FDUORLQ XQLPSRUWRLQIHULRUHULVSHWWRDTXHOORGLPRVWUDWRGDOODSDUWH ULFRUUHQWHQHOFDVRGLFRQFRUVRFROSRVRGHOGDQQHJJLDWRQHOOD IDWWLVSHFLHLOOHFLWD
7UH OH QRYLWj SL LQWHUHVVDQWL SHU LO QRVWUR RUGLQDPHQWR LQ DGHUHQ]DDTXDQWRJLjLQGLFDWRQHOODGLUHWWLYDYLqODSRVVL ELOLWjSHULOJLXGLFHGLDYYDOHUVLGHOO¶DXVLOLRTXDOL¿FDWRGHOOD $XWRULWj*DUDQWHGHOOD&RQFRUUHQ]DHGHO0HUFDWR$*&0 DWWUDYHUVRODIRUPXOD]LRQHGLTXHVLWLVSHFL¿FLVLWUDWWDGLXQ DLXWRGLQRQSRFRFRQWRFRQVLGHUDWHOHVSHFL¿FLWjGHOFRQWHQ zioso de quo che necessariamente richiede una analisi fattuale HGHFRQRPLFDVSHVVRPROWRFRPSOHVVD
,O UHJLPH SUREDWRULR SUHYLVWR GDO GHFUHWR q SDULPHQWL PROWR LQWHUHVVDQWHDWWHVDODIUHTXHQWHLQDFFHVVLELOLWjHRFFXOWDPHQWR GLSURYHGHWHUPLQDQWLLQSRVVHVVRGHOFRQYHQXWR/DQHFHVVL WjGLULFRPSRUUHODDVLPPHWULDLQIRUPDWLYDFKHQRUPDOPHQWH VFRQWDFKLXQTXHVLDHVVRLPSUHVDFRQVXPDWRUHDXWRULWjSXE blica) subisca un danno derivante da un illecito concorren ]LDOHKDVSLQWRDGLQWURGXUUHXQUHJLPHGLSURYDSLDPSLRGL TXDQWRSUHYLVWRGDOQRVWURDUWFSFVHQ]DJLXQJHUHDGXQ discovery orderWLSLFRGHL3DHVLGLDQJORVDVVRQLFKHDYUHE be consentito una completa discolure delle informazioni e dei GRFXPHQWLHVVHQ]LDOLDIRQGDUHODGRPDQGDULVDUFLWRULDLOJLX GLFHLWDOLDQRSRWUjHPHWWHUHQHLFRQIURQWLGHOOHSDUWLRGLWHU]L XQRUGLQHGLHVLEL]LRQHGHOOHSURYHVXOODEDVHGLXQ¶LVWDQ]DFKH FRQVHQWD GL LQGLYLGXDUH LQ PRGR VSHFL¿FR H FLUFRVFULWWR JOL HOHPHQWLGLSURYDROHULOHYDQWLFDWHJRULHGLSURYDRJJHWWRGHO ODULFKLHVWD/DFG³SUHJLXGL]LDOLWjGHOpubblic enforcement rispetto al private´ULOHYDQHOO¶DUWGHOGOJVDQRUPDGHOTXD OHLOJLXGLFHSRWUjRUGLQDUHO¶HVLEL]LRQHGLSURYHUDFFROWHQHO IDVFLFRORGLXQSURFHGLPHQWRGLQQDQ]LDOOD$*&0TXDORUDQp OHSDUWLQpLWHU]LVLDQRUDJLRQHYROPHQWHLQJUDGRGLSURFXUDUVL LQDOWURPRGROHPHGHVLPHLQIRUPD]LRQL9LJHDQFKHLQTXHVWR FDVRLOSULQFLSLRGL³SURSRU]LRQDOLWj´FKHSUHVLHGHDOO¶HVLEL zione exDUW9DOHODSHQDVHJQDODUHFKHDL¿QLSURFHVVXDOL SLYDQWDJJLRVDqODSRVL]LRQHGHOO¶DWWRUHFKHLQVHGHFLYLOH DJLVFDSHULOULVDUFLPHQWRGHOGDQQRGHULYDQWHGDXQ¶LQWHVDGL FDUWHOORYLJHLQTXHVWRFDVRODSUHVXQ]LRQHGHOO¶HVLVWHQ]DGHO GDQQRVLFFKpGRYUjSURYDUHVROWDQWRLOquantumGHOSUHJLXGL ]LRVXELWRDUWFRGOJV5HVWDVDOYRLOSULQFLSLRGHOFG legal privilegeSULQFLSLRJLXULGLFRJHQHUDOHDYHQWHLOUDQJRGL GLULWWRIRQGDPHQWDOHFKHJDUDQWLVFHWXWHODGHOVHJUHWRSURIHV VLRQDOHGHOO¶DYYRFDWRVLYHGDex multisODVHQWHQ]DGHOOD&RU WHGLJLXVWL]LDFDXVD&3Akzo Nobel Chemicals Ltd e altriFCommissioneQRQVDUDQQRFLRqGLYXOJDELOLLQIRUPD zioni contenute nella corrispondenza tra avvocati indipendenti LVFULWWLDOO¶DOERSURIHVVLRQDOHOHJDWLDOFOLHQWHLQIRU]DGLXQR VSHFL¿FRPDQGDWRPDQRQODFRUULVSRQGHQ]DGHJOLDYYRFDWL GHOO¶XI¿FLROHJDOHLQWHUQRDOODLPSUHVD
,OFXRUHGHOODLQWHUDGLVFLSOLQDqQHOO¶DUWGHOGHFUHWRULIHUL WR DOO¶HI¿FDFLD SUREDWRULD QHO JLXGL]LR FLYLOH GHOOH GHFLVLRQL GHOOHDXWRULWjGHOODFRQFRUUHQ]D/DQRUPDFKHULSUHQGHO¶DUW GHOOD GLUHWWLYD GHVWD TXDOFKH SHUSOHVVLWj QRQ VROR SHUFKp UDIIRU]DXQDVRUWDGLUDSSRUWRJHUDUFKLFRWUDO¶DFFHUWDPHQWRGL VWDPSR DPPLQLVWUDWLYR ULVSHWWR D TXHOOR JLXULVGL]LRQDOH PD DQFKHSHUFKpDWWULEXLVFHGLYHUVR³SHVR´QHLJLXGL]LFLYLOLDOOH GHFLVLRQLGHOOH$XWRULWjQD]LRQDOLGLFRQFRUUHQ]DGHLGLYHUVL 3DHVL8((GLQIDWWLXQDGHFLVLRQHDPPLQLVWUDWLYDGHOODQR VWUD$*&0FKHDFFHUWLODYLROD]LRQHGHOOHQRUPHantitrust± VHVLDLQWHUYHQXWDDOO¶HVLWRGHLXQJLXGL]LRFDUDWWHUL]]DWDGDO VLQGDFDWRJLXULVGL]LRQDOH³SLHQR´HVHVLDSDVVDWDLQJLXGLFDWR SHULOGHFRUVRGHLWHUPLQLGLLPSXJQD]LRQHRDOO¶HVLWRGHOJLX GL]LRG¶LPSXJQD]LRQH±QRQKDYDORUHGL³SURYDSULYLOHJLDWD´ (così come invece indicato dal un consolidato orientamento GHOODQRVWUD&DVVD]LRQHPDULVXOWHUjYLQFRODQWHLQVHGHJLXUL VGL]LRQDOHFLUFDODQDWXUDGHOODYLROD]LRQHODSRUWDWDPDWHULD OHSHUVRQDOHWHPSRUDOHHWHUULWRULDOHDOOLEHURDSSUH]]DPHQWR GHOJLXGLFHVDUjULPHVVDODYDOXWD]LRQHFLUFDLOQHVVRH]LROR JLFR O¶HVLVWHQ]D GHO GDQQR H OD VXD TXDQWL¿FD]LRQH 6WDQGR FRVuOHFRVHLOGLULWWRGLGLIHVDGHOFRQYHQXWRQHOOHD]LRQLGL follow onULVXOWDQRWHYROPHQWHFRPSUHVVRQRQSRWHQGRTXHVWL IRUQLUHDOFXQDSURYDFRQWUDULDGHOO¶LOOHFLWRRUDPDLLQFRQIXWD ELOPHQWHDFFHUWDWRLQVHGHDPPLQLVWUDWLYDPDSRWHQGRVROR FRQWHVWDUHO¶HVLVWHQ]DGHOQHVVRGLFDXVDOLWjWUDTXHVWRHLOSUH WHVRGDQQRVXELWRGDOO¶DWWRUH
6HFRQGR XQD GLYHUVD H FULWLFDELOH JUDGD]LRQH DL VHQVL GHOO¶DUWFRODGHFLVLRQHGH¿QLWLYDGLXQD$XWRULWjan-titrustGLDOWUR3DHVHPHPEURFKHDEELDDFFHUWDWRODYLROD]LR ne del diritto della concorrenza costituisce prova prima facie GHOOD QDWXUD GHOOD YLROD]LRQH H GHOOD VXD SRUWDWD PDWHULDOH SHUVRQDOHWHPSRUDOHHWHUULWRULDOHFKHGRYUjHVVHUHYDOXWDWD GDOJLXGLFHLWDOLDQRLQVLHPHDGDOWUHSURYH,OGHFUHWRFRVu FRPHODGLUHWWLYDFRQWHPSODXQGLYHUVRUHJLPHJLXULGLFRWUD LSURYYHGLPHQWLUHVLDOO¶HVLWRGHOJLXGL]LRDPPLQLVWUDWLYRLQ WHUQRHTXHOOLFHOHEUDWLLQDOWUL3DHVLGHOO¶8(,OSHUFKpGLWDOH GLIIHUHQ]DQRQqGHOWXWWRFKLDURDWWHVRFKHLQVHQVRFRQWUD ULR PLOLWDQR XQ JHQHUDOH SULQFLSLR GL PXWXR ULFRQRVFLPHQWR GHLSURYYHGLPHQWLUHVLQHOO¶DPELWRGHOO¶8(HXQDVRVWDQ]LDOH HTXLSDUD]LRQH ³GHO YDORUH´ GHOOH DXWRULWj GL FRQFRUUHQ]D LQ seno all’European Competition Network (&1ROWUHFKHXQD SDULPHQWL FRQGLYLVD UHVSRQVDELOLWj QHOOD FRUUHWWD DWWXD]LRQH GHOOHQRUPHVXOODFRQFRUUHQ]D
In modo sintetico merita di essere menzionato anche il capo 9,GHOGHFUHWRDUWLFROLHFKHIDVDOYDODSRVVLELOLWj SHU OH SDUWL GL JLXQJHUH DG XQD VROX]LRQH FRQVHQVXDOH GHOOD FRQWURYHUVLDWUDPLWHODVRVSHQVLRQHSHUPDVVLPRGXHDQQLGHO JLXGL]LRULVDUFLWRULR /DQXRYDGLVFLSOLQDLQGLFDWDGDOGHFUHWRLQSDUWHVLDSSOLFDDQFKH DLJLXGL]LSURPRVVLGRSRLOGLFHPEUHHGDQFRUDSHQGHQWL OHGLVSRVL]LRQLFRQWHQXWHQHJOLDUWLFROLHFR 8QXOWLPRGDWRGDVHJQDODUHULJXDUGDODPRGL¿FDGHOOHFRP SHWHQ]HGHOOHVH]LRQLVSHFLDOL]]DWHLQPDWHULDGLLPSUHVDOD trattazione delle controversie per il danno antitrustVDUjFRQ FHQWUDWDLQWUHXI¿FLJLXGL]LDULFRQVHGHD0LODQR5RPDH1D SROLFRVuFRPHLQGLFDWRGDOODOHJJHQ