• Non ci sono risultati.

Sustainability of a Historical Building Renovation Design through the Application of LEED® Rating System

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "Sustainability of a Historical Building Renovation Design through the Application of LEED® Rating System"

Copied!
8
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.04.017 Energy Procedia 113 ( 2017 ) 382 – 389

ScienceDirect

,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV´&21(&7

±2FWREHU5LJD/DWYLD

6XVWDLQDELOLW\RIDKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJUHQRYDWLRQGHVLJQWKURXJKWKH

DSSOLFDWLRQRI/(('ŠUDWLQJV\VWHP

0DULDOXLVD%DJJLR&KLDUD7LQWHUUL7L]LDQR'DOOD0RUD $OHVVDQGUR5LJKL)DELR3HURQ

3LHUFDUOR5RPDJQRQL

Department of Design and Planning in Complex Environments, University IUAV of Venice, Santa Croce, 191, Tolentini Venice 30135, Italy

$EVWUDFW

7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV D FDVH VWXG\ RI D VXVWDLQDEOH FHUWLILFDWLRQ RI D EXLOGLQJ UHQRYDWLRQ 7KH QHZ /(('Š UDWLQJ V\VWHP *%&

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‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG &OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV Keywords:/(('ŠUDWLQJV\VWHPKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJUHQRYDWLRQHQHUJ\VDYLQJVFKRROEXLOGLQJVXVWDLQDELOLW\G\QDPLFVLPXODWLRQ*%&+LVWRULF%XLOGLQJ70   &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU E-mail address:WGDOODPRUD#LXDYLW

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”.

(2)

,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHUROHRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVHFWRULQSXUVXLQJWKHUHGXFWLRQRIJUHHQKRXVHJDVHVHPLVVLRQVDQGWRWDFNOHWKHFOLPDWH FKDQJHDQGJOREDOZDUPLQJLVZLGHO\NQRZQDQGUHFRJQL]HGE\WKH(XURSHDQ&RXQFLOZKLFKKDVVHWWKHREMHFWLYHRI UHGXFLQJJUHHQKRXVHJDVHVHPLVVLRQVE\LQUHVSHFWWR>@,QIDFWLWKDVEHHQHVWLPDWHGWKDWFRQVWUXFWLRQ VHFWRULVUHVSRQVLEOHRIDOPRVWRIJUHHQKRXVHVJDVSURGXFWLRQLQWKLVFDVHWKHWDUJHWVDUHIL[HGRQDQDPELWLRXV UHGXFWLRQDERXW± 7RDFKLHYHWKHVHREMHFWLYHVRQHRIWKHPDMRUFKDOOHQJHVFRQFHUQVWKHUHIXUELVKPHQWRIH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJVVWRFN HVSHFLDOO\UHVLGHQWLDOVHFWRUWKDWLQ,WDO\FRUUHVSRQGVWRRIWRWDOEXLOGLQJV>@(YHQLIDVLJQLILFDQWSDUWRIWKH ,WDOLDQEXLOGLQJVWRFNKDVEHHQUHDOL]HGEHWZHHQWKHµVDQGWKHµ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

,Q UHFHQW \HDUV UHVHDUFK VKRZHG KLJK LQWHUHVW LQ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ DQG WKHUPDO FRPIRUW LQ KLVWRULF EXLOGLQJV 0DUWt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

(3)

0HWKRG

2.1. GBC Historic BuildingTM rating system

*%&+LVWRULF%XLOGLQJ70GHYHORSHGE\*%&,WDO\DQGSXEOLVKHGLQLVDUDWLQJV\VWHPIRUWKHDVVHVVPHQW

DQGYROXQWDU\FHUWLILFDWLRQRIWKHVXVWDLQDELOLW\OHYHOLQUHVWRUDWLRQDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJV7KHDLP RI WKLV SURWRFRO LV WR DFKLHYH KLJK HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFHV ZKLOH PDLQWDLQLQJ DQG WUDQVPLWWLQJ WKH KLVWRULFDO DQG WHVWLPRQLDOYDOXHVRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH7KHSURWRFROUHIHUVWRKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJPHDQLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQVUHFRJQL]HGDV ³PDWHULDOZLWQHVVKDYLQJWKHIRUFHRIFLYLOL]DWLRQ´>@$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVGHILQLWLRQDQDO\]HGEXLOGLQJVKDGWREH PDUNHGE\DSUHLQGXVWULDOFKDUDFWHULQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQSURFHVVWKDWFRQYHQWLRQDOO\LQ(XURSHLVEHIRUHZKHQ WKHEXLOGLQJVHFWRUNQHZDGHHSO\FKDQJHLQWHUPVRIPDWHULDOVWHFKQLTXHVDQGWHFKQRORJLHV,QSDUWLFXODUH[LVWHQW WHFKQLFDOFRPSRQHQWVVKRXOGEHDQDPRXQWRISURYHGE\WKHFRPSLODWLRQRIDVSHFLILFIRUPFDOOHG³KLVWRULFDO EXLOGLQJLGHQWLW\FDUG´>@WKDWFROOHFWVDOOTXDOLWDWLYHDQGTXDQWLWDWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHEXLOGLQJEDVHGRQWKH GLYLVLRQRIWHFKQRORJLFDOV\VWHPSURSRVHGE\WKH,WDOLDQ6WDQGDUG81,>@ 7KHVWUXFWXUHRI*%&+LVWRULF%XLOGLQJ70LVEDVHGRQ/(('Š /HDGHUVKLSLQ(QHUJ\DQG(QYLURQPHQWDO'HVLJQ D VHWRIUDWLQJV\VWHPIRUGHVLJQFRQVWUXFWLRQRSHUDWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRIJUHHQEXLOGLQJVDQGLWKDVEHHQDGDSWHGWR WKHVSHFLILFLW\RIWKHKLVWRULFDOKHULWDJHGHYHORSLQJDQ,WDOLDQYHUVLRQRI/(('ŠUDWLQJV\VWHPIRU1HZ&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG 0DMRU5HQRYDWLRQQDPHG/(('Š,WDO\7KHV\VWHPLVEDVHGRQDOLVWRIUHTXLUHPHQWVSUHUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHPDQGDWRU\ WRVXFFHHGWKHFHUWLILFDWLRQFUHGLWVDUHYROXQWDU\DQGDUHDZDUGHGZLWKSRLQWV$OOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHJURXSHGLQGLIIHUHQW WRSLFV 6XVWDLQDEOH6LWHV 66 :DWHU (IILFLHQF\ *$  (QHUJ\  $WPRVSKHUH ($  0DWHULDOV DQG 5HVRXUFHV 05  ,QGRRU(QYLURQPHQWDO4XDOLW\ 4, ,QQRYDWLRQLQ'HVLJQ ,3 5HJLRQDO3ULRULW\ 35 

7DEOH*%&+LVWRULF%XLOGLQJ70FDWHJRULHVSRLQWVDQGZHLJKWLQJ

&DWHJRU\ 3UHUHTXLUHPHQWV &UHGLWV 3RLQWV :HLJKWLQJ

+LVWRULF9DOXH 96      6XVWDLQDEOH6LWHV 66      :DWHU(IILFLHQF\ *$      (QHUJ\ $WPRVSKHUH ($      0DWHULDOVDQG5HVRXUFHV 05      ,QGRRU(QYLURQPHQWDO4XDOLW\ 4,      ,QQRYDWLRQLQ'HVLJQ ,3      5HJLRQDO3ULRULW\ 35      7RWDO     ,Q*%&+LVWRULF%XLOGLQJ70DQHZWRSLFLH+LVWRULF9DOXH 96 KDVEHHQDGGHG7KLVQHZFDWHJRU\DLPVDWD KLJKOHYHORIVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHSURFHVVE\WKHYDORUL]DWLRQRIWKHSRVLWLYHTXDOLWLHVRISUHLQGXVWULDODVVHWWKURXJK WKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRISUHFLVHPHWKRGVRILQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGVSHFLILFRSHUDWLRQDOSULQFLSOHV,Q7DEOHFDWHJRULHVKDYH EHHQ OLVWHG DQG WKH ZHLJKW RI HDFK FDWHJRU\ DPRQJ D ILQDO VFRUH RI  SRLQWV LV UHSRUWHG 7KH WRWDO DPRXQW RI DFKLHYHGFUHGLWVTXDOLILHVWKHEXLOGLQJDPRQJIRXUOHYHORIFHUWLILFDWLRQ&HUWLILHG ±SRLQWV 6LOYHU ± SRLQWV *ROG ±SRLQWV 3ODWLQXP SRLQWVDQGDERYH XQWLODSRLQWVPD[LPXP,QWKLVZD\*%&+LVWRULF %XLOGLQJ70 UHSUHVHQWV WKH ILUVW UDWLQJ V\VWHP VSHFLILFDOO\ WDUJHWHG WR WKH KLVWRULF EXLOGLQJV DQG DOVR LW DLPV WR

TXDQWLI\ WKH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO TXDOLW\ RI WKH LQWHUYHQWLRQ ZLWK WKH SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI DOO WKH HTXLSPHQWRIDEXLOGLQJ 2.2. Case study 7KHFDVHVWXG\LVDQDQFLHQWVFKRROEXLOGLQJWKH³$&DQRYD´+LJK6FKRROZKRVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHVKRZQLQ 7DEOH,Q,WDO\>@DJUHDWQXPEHURIVFKRROVPRUHWKDQKDYHEHHQEXLOWEHIRUHDQGPRUHWKDQ OD\VLQDEDGVWDWHRIFRQVHUYDWLRQVKRZLQJORZHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHVWKXVUHTXLULQJXUJHQWUHGHYHORSPHQW7KHFDVH VWXG\LVERWKDKLVWRULFDODQGSXEOLFEXLOGLQJ,WLVSODFHGLQWKHKLVWRULFDOFHQWHURI7UHYLVRLQWKH1RUWK±(DVWRI,WDO\

(4)

>@7KHEXLOGLQJZDVEXLOWLQDQGZDVUHEXLOWIROORZLQJWKHERPELQJRI,QWKHODVWWKLUW\\HDUVVLJQLILFDQW LQWHUYHQWLRQV ZHUH QRW FDUULHG RXW MXVW DQ\ PDLQWHQDQFH IRU UHSODFLQJ RI KHDWLQJ V\VWHP FRPSOLDQFH ZLWK VDIHW\ UHJXODWLRQVDQGUHRUJDQL]DWLRQRQVSDFHGLVWULEXWLRQ

7KH EXLOGLQJ SUHVHQWV D QHRFODVVLFDO VW\OH DQG HDFK HOHPHQW LQ WKH IDoDGH DQG LQ WKH LQWHUQDO VSDFH UHFDOOV WR 9LWUXYLDQFULWHULRQVDPRQXPHQWDOIDo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³$&DQRYD´+LJK6FKRROFKDUDFWHULVWLFV ³$&DQRYD´+LJK6FKRROFKDUDFWHULVWLFV  6LWH 7UHYLVR 79  $OWLWXGH PDVO +HDWLQJGHJUHHGD\V +'' &OLPDWH]RQH ( 7RWDO%XLOGLQJ$UHD P 1HW&RQGLWLRQHG%XLOGLQJ$UHD P *URVV)ORRU$UHD P 'LVSHUVLRQ6XUIDFH P 7RWDO9ROXPH P &RPSDFWQHVVUDWLR 69  PP :LQGRZWR:DOO5DWLR ::5    7KHFKRLFHRIWKLVH[DPSOHLVPRWLYDWHGE\WKHODFNRILPSURYHPHQWVLQWKHUHFHQWSDVWE\WKHQHHGIRULQWHUYHQWLRQV RIDUFKLWHFWXUDOUHVWRUDWLRQDQGE\WKHSRVVLELOLW\WRFRPSO\ZLWKDOOWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDFFHVVWRFHUWLILFDWLRQSURFHVV LQWHUPVRIDJHDQGSUHVHQFHRIKLVWRULFDOFRPSRQHQWV

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

7KH ILUVW VWHS LGHQWLILHV WKH SRWHQWLDOLW\ DQG FULWLFDOLW\ RI WKH VFKRRO LQ WHUPV RI UHVWRUDWLRQ QHHGV DQG HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQV$PHWULFVXUYH\DQGDUFKLYDOUHVHDUFKRIDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQDQGGRFXPHQWVDOORZHGWRXQGHUVWDQGWKH KLVWRULFGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVWUXFWXUHWKHFRPSRVLWLRQDQGWKHPDWHULDOVRIWKHEXLOGLQJFROOHFWHGGDWDDOORZHGWRILOO WKHUHTXLUHGSUHOLPLQDU\GRFXPHQWWKH³+LVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJ,GHQWLW\&DUG´WKDWUHFRJQL]HVDYDOXHRI³KLVWRULFDO VXEVWDQFH DQG ZLWQHVV´ LQ WKH FDVH VWXG\ HVSHFLDOO\ JLYHQ E\ WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI WKH ZKROH RULJLQDO VWUXFWXUHV PDVRQULHVDQGWKHPDMRULW\RIRSDTXHHQYHORSH

,Q,WDOLDQOLWHUDWXUHFRQFHUQLQJWKHKLJKVFKRROEXLOGLQJV(QHD)LUH&RPPLVVLRQSXEOLVKHGD*XLGHERRN>@LQ ZKLFKWKHHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHRIVFKRROVEXLOGLQJVKDYHEHHQDQDO\]HG$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVJXLGHERRNWKHVHEXLOGLQJV FDQEHFODVVLILHGRQDWKUHHOHYHOVFDOHGHSHQGLQJRQWKHYDOXHRID1RUPDOL]HG(QHUJ\,QGH[IRUKHDWLQJ,(1UZKLFK

(5)

LVWKHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQIRUKHDWLQJQRUPDOL]HGFRQVLGHULQJWKHKHDWHGYROXPHWKHGHJUHHGD\VRIWKHORFDWLRQWKH KHDWLQJSHULRGDQGWKHFRPSDFWQHVVUDWLRRIWKHEXLOGLQJ7KH,(1URI³$&DQRYD´+LJK6FKRROLVHTXDOWRDQDYHUDJH YDOXHRI:KWP+''WKDWFRUUHVSRQGVWRDJRRGOHYHORITXDOLW\IRUKHDWLQJSHUIRUPDQFHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHUDQNLQJ IRUKLJKVFKRROV1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQVRI³$&DQRYD´+LJK6FKRRODUHWRRKLJKDQGDQLQWHUYHQWLRQ VWUDWHJ\VKDOOEHVFKHGXOHG &RQFHUQLQJWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQOHYHOWKHEXLOGLQJOD\VLQDTXLWHJRRGFRQGLWLRQH[WHUQDOZDOOVSUHVHQWVRPHGHWHULRUDWLRQV HVSHFLDOO\RQWKHPDLQIDoDGHGXHWRWKHH[SRVLWLRQWRDWPRVSKHULFDJHQWV ELRORJLFDOFRORQL]DWLRQDQGFRORUZDVKLQJ DQG VRPHGDPDJHDQGFUDFNVLQWRWKHSODVWHURQSDYLOLRQYDXOWVDQGDORQJWKHLQWUDGRVRIZLQGRZIUDPHV ,QWKHVHFRQGVWHSDGHWDLOHGVWXG\RIWKH*%&+LVWRULF%XLOGLQJ3URWRFROKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWWRSODQZKLFKFUHGLWV ZHUHWKHEHVWWREHSXUVXHGZKLFKUHTXLUHPHQWVWKH\ZRXOGQHHGDQGZKLFKLQWHUYHQWLRQVVKRXOGUHTXLUH7KHWKLUG VWHSLGHQWLILHVWKHDLPRILQWHUYHQWLRQRQ³$&DQRYD´+LJK6FKRROFRQVLVWLQJRQWKHHQKDQFHPHQWRIWKHTXDOLW\RI WKHEXLOGLQJWRZDUGVDKLJKHUHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHOHYHOSUHVHUYLQJKLVWRULFDOKHULWDJHDQGVWUXFWXUH7KHPDLQJRDOV RI WKH LQWHUYHQWLRQ DUH VXPPDUL]HG LQ HQHUJ\ VDYLQJ SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI KLVWRULFDO EXLOGLQJ DQG JXDUDQWHH RI HQYLURQPHQWDOFRPIRUWRIWKHXVHUV7KHVHJRDOVDUHOLQNHGWRWKHWKUHHFDWHJRULHVRIWKHUDWLQJV\VWHP(QHUJ\DQG $WPRVSKHUH+LVWRULF9DOXHDQG,QGRRU(QYLURQPHQWDO4XDOLW\

3.1. Intervention strategy

7KH FKRLFH RI LQWHUYHQWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ LQYROYHV DQ RYHUDOO DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH REMHFWLYHV LQ UHODWLRQ WR ERXQGDULHV FRQGLWLRQVQRUPDWLYHDQGWKHEXLOGLQJLWVHOI,QFDVHRIQHZFRQVWUXFWLRQPDQ\VWUDWHJLHVDUHSRVVLEOHEXWLQH[LVWLQJ EXLOGLQJVPRVWO\KLVWRULFDOWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQLVERXQGWRJHRPHWU\PRUSKRORJ\DQGKLVWRULFYDOXH

7DEOH&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVHOHFWHGSDUDPHWHUVIRULGHQWLI\LQJWKHEHVWSDFNDJHRILQWHUYHQWLRQ

(OHPHQW &RGH ,QVXODWLRQPDWHULDO 7KLFNQHVVP 7KHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\:P. &RVW¼P

5RRI $ $HURJHO    $ 0LQHUDOZRRO    $ 9,3    $ 5HIOHFWLYH    )DFDGH & $HURJHO    & 0LQHUDOZRRO    & 9,3    & 5HIOHFWLYH   

  5HSODFHPHQW 8YDOXHIUDPH:P. 8YDOXHJODVV:P. &RVW¼P

:LQGRZV % /RZ(   

  5HSODFHPHQW  (IILFLHQF\ &RVW¼

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nergy-Plus VLPXODWLRQ HQJLQH %\ PHDQV RI DFWXDO FRQVXPSWLRQ GDWD WKH HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQVDQGHQYHORSHORVVHVRIWKHUHWURILWVROXWLRQVKDYHEHHQGHWHUPLQHG

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

(6)

)LQDOO\E\PHDQVRIDFRVWRSWLPDODQDO\VLVWKHEHVWNLQGRIUHWURILWPHDVXUHVKDVEHHQIRXQG,QWKLVSKDVHWKH DSSOLFDWLRQRQUDWLQJV\VWHPFRXOGEHJLQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDLPVDQGPDLQWRSLFVRIUHVHDUFKUHOHYDQWFUHGLWVKDYHEHHQ VHOHFWHGDQGWKHQUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGSDUDPHWHUVKDYHEHHQFDOFXODWHGJHWWLQJWKHUHODWLYHVFRUH 3.2. Credits selection $VSUHYLRXVO\VDLGWKLVZRUNSURSRVHVWRDSSO\DUDWLQJV\VWHPDVDWRROIRULQWHUYHQWLRQGHVLJQJLYLQJWKHJRDOV LGHQWLILFDWLRQLWLVSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHQHUJ\UHIXUELVKPHQWVWUDWHJLHVDQGDVFRQVHTXHQFHWKHOLVWRIDFKLHYDEOH

FUHGLWV DIWHU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI PDQGDWRU\ SUHUHTXLUHPHQWV /(('Š VWUXFWXUH SURSRVHV 'HVLJQ FUHGLWV DQG

&RQVWUXFWLRQ FUHGLWV DFFRUGLQJ WKH SHUWLQHQFH DQG WKH DVVHVVPHQW GXULQJ WKH ZKROH UHIXUELVKPHQW SURFHVV 7KLV UHVHDUFK EHLQJ WKHRUHWLFDO DQG ZLWKRXW D VXEVHTXHQW H[HFXWLYH SKDVH FRQVLGHUV RQO\ WKH YHULILFDWLRQ DQG WKH DFKLHYHPHQW RI 'HVLJQ FUHGLWV DQG WKH VLPXODWLRQ RI &RQVWUXFWLRQ FUHGLWV DIWHU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI GDWD DQG GHVLJQ

GRFXPHQWDWLRQ7KHVHOHFWLRQRILQWHUHVWHGFUHGLWVZDVSRVVLEOHE\WKHKROLVWLFDSSURDFKRI/(('ŠPHWKRGRORJ\HDFK

FUHGLWKDVEHHQUHODWHGWRRWKHUVLQWKHVDPHLWHPEXWGLIIHUHQWDUHDRILQWHUHVWRULQWKHVDPH/(('ŠFDWHJRU\,QWKLV

ZD\WKHFRUHODWLRQDOORZVWRDFKLHYHFUHGLWVUHJDUGLQJDQGVKDULQJWKHVDPHWRSLFDQGDOVRPDNLQJDQRSHUDWLYHOLQN EHWZHHQJHQHUDODLPVDQGVSHFLILFUHTXLUHPHQWV)RUH[DPSOHDQHQHUJ\VXUYH\RQDQKLVWRULFDOHQYHORSH 96F  LQFOXGLQJ WKHUPDO WUDQVPLWWDQFH FDOFXODWLRQ DQG ,5 WKHUPRJUDSK\ DQDO\VLV FHUWDLQO\ DIIHFWV WKH WHFKQLFDO DQG FRQVHUYDWLYHPHDVXUHVGXULQJWKHSURFHVVRILQWHUYHQWLRQLPSURYLQJWKHHQYHORSHHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFH ($F EXW LWLVFRQQHFWHGDOVRWRWKHTXDOLW\RILQGRRUFRPIRUW 4,FDQGF 7KH*%&+LVWRULF%XLOGLQJ3URWRFROSURSRVHV DGHIDXOWVHWWLQJZLWKVRPHSRVVLEOHFRUUHODWLRQVIRUHDFKFUHGLWWKLVVHWWLQJKDVEHHQGHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWKUHH DLPVDQGKDVLGHQWLILHGDVHOHFWLRQRIUHOHYDQWFUHGLWV )LJ GXHWRWKLVLQWHUFRQQHFWLRQLWLVSRVVLEOHWRDFKLHYHPRUH FUHGLWVDQGWRXVHWKHVDPHGDWDIRUILOOLQJWKHUHTXLUHGGRFXPHQWV 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 7KHPDLQUHVXOWFRQVLVWVLQDVXFFHVVIXOVWUDWHJ\RILQWHUYHQWLRQLQDQKLVWRULFDOHGXFDWLRQDOEXLOGLQJDEOHWRPDQDJH DQ LQWHJUDWHG DQG KRPRJHQHRXV GHVLJQ ZLWK HQHUJ\ DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ PHDVXUHV ,Q WHUPV RI VFRUH WKH SURSRVHG LQWHUYHQWLRQ DFKLHYHV  YHULILHG SRLQWV DQG  VLPXODWHG SRLQWV JLYLQJ D WRWDO  SRLQWV WKDW OHDGV D VLOYHU OHYHO FHUWLILFDWLRQ )LJ $EULHISUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHWRSLFVVHOHFWHGLQWKHPDLQWKHPDWLFDUHDVLVSUHVHQWHG+LVWRULF9DOXH (QHUJ\ $WPRVSKHUHDQG,QGRRU(QYLURQPHQWDO4XDOLW\

,Q+LVWRULF9DOXHWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GLDJQRVLVE\WKHKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKKDVEHHQUHZDUGHGWKHDQDO\VLVRIPDWHULDOV DQGGHJUDGDWLRQOHYHOKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWDQGSURSRVHGLQWHUYHQWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJFOHDQLQJVDQGFRQVROLGDWLRQLQWKH H[WHULRU PDVRQU\ 2WKHU LVVXHV FRQFHUQ WKH FRQVHUYDWLYH UHYHUVLELOLW\ FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK RSHUDWLQJ DQG VWUXFWXUDO GHVWLQDWLRQDQGWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHVLWHIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\WKHWRWDOVFRUHLVSRLQWV

,Q(QHUJ\DQG$WPRVSKHUHDFFRUGLQJWRVWUDWHJ\DQGG\QDPLFHQHUJ\VLPXODWLRQDPXOWLFULWHULDDSSURDFKDOORZV WRILQGWKHRSWLPDOSDFNDJHRIPHDVXUHVLQWHUPVRIHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHVDQGFRVWVUHGXFLQJFRQVXPSWLRQE\ 2WKHU LVVXHV FRQFHUQ WKH EDVLF FRPPLVVLRQLQJ RI HQHUJ\ V\VWHPV WKH PLQLPXP HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFH EDVLF PDQDJHPHQWRIUHIULJHUDQWVDQGWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIHQHUJ\DGGUHVVHGE\JUHHQSRZHUWKHWRWDOVFRUHLVSRLQWV

,Q,QGRRU(QYLURQPHQWDO4XDOLW\PRQLWRULQJDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIV\VWHPVLVSURYLGHGZLWKWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIVLQJOH UHJXODWLRQ RI OLJKWLQJ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH UHVXOWLQJ LQ JUHDWHU FRPIRUW IRU XVHUV 2WKHU LVVXHV UHODWH WR WKH PLQLPXP UHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDLUTXDOLW\HQYLURQPHQWDOFRQWUROIURPWREDFFRVPRNHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHPLQLPXPDLUIORZUDWHDQG WKHUPDOFRPIRUWGHVLJQWKHWRWDOVFRUHLVSRLQWV *LYHQWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIUHODWHGFUHGLWVDOVRLQUHPDLQLQJWKHPDWLFDUHDV6LWH6XVWDLQDELOLW\:DWHU0DQDJHPHQW 0DWHULDOVDQG5HVRXUFHVDQDGGLWLRQDOWRWDORISRLQWVFDQEHDFKLHYHG ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRSXWLQHYLGHQFHVRPHQRWHVDERXWWKHDGRSWHGVWUDWHJ\WKHWRWDOVFRUHLVJLYHQE\WKHDOPRVW H[FOXVLYHVWXG\RI'HVLJQFUHGLWVZKLFKDOORZWRUHDFKDVFRUHRISRLQWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHPLQLPXPOHYHOWR JHW /(('Š FHUWLILFDWLRQ ,Q WKLV ZD\ WKLV UHVHDUFK VKRZV WKH YDOLGLW\ RI WKH SURSRVHG VWUDWHJ\ WKH FRUUHODWLRQ RI FUHGLWVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHREMHFWLYHVDOORZVDJRRGOHYHORIFHUWLILFDWLRQDQGVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQDOUHDG\LQ WKHSODQQLQJVWDJHDQGLWZLOOEHGHYHORSHGDQGLPSURYHGLQIXWXUHRSHUDWLRQDODQGFRQVWUXFWLRQSKDVHV,QIDFWWKHVH UHVXOWVFRXOGEHWKHVWDUWIRUDQHZZRUNEDVHGRQWRSLFVDQGFUHGLWVWKDWEHORQJWR&RQVWUXFWLRQFDWHJRU\FRQQHFWHG WRWKHH[HFXWLYHDQGPRQLWRULQJSKDVHVRIWKHUHQRYDWLRQGHVLJQ

(7)



)LJ5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQSURMHFWDLPVFUHGLWVDQGILQDOVFRUHREWDLQHG/LQHVLGHQWLI\ZKLFKFUHGLWVKDYHEHHQVHOHFWHGWRDFKLHYHWKHDLPV6ROLGOLQHV FRQQHFWWRFUHGLWVIRUZKLFKLWKDVEHHQSRVVLEOHWRSHUIRUPFDOFXODWLRQWRYHULI\WKHUHVXOWVDQGWRILOOWKHUHTXLUHGGRFXPHQWDWLRQE\WKHSURWRFROGDVKHG OLQHVUHSUHVHQWVLQVWHDGFUHGLWVIRUZKLFKWKHUHVXOWKDVQRW\HWYHULILHGEHFDXVHRIDODFNRIGDWDIRUILOOLQJWKHUHTXLUHGGRFXPHQWDWLRQRUEHFDXVHLWZLOOEH

YHULILHGGXULQJWKHEXLOGLQJSKDVH

7KH EHVW SDFNDJH RI HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ PHDVXUHV LV REWDLQHG E\ D URRI LQVXODWLRQ ZLWK UHIOHFWLYH PDWHULDO LQWR FRYHUDJHDUHSODFHPHQWRIZLQGRZVDQGKHDWLQJERLOHU$QQXDOSULPDU\HQHUJ\GHPDQGLVUHGXFHGRIIURP N:KWRN:K7KHWRWDOFRVWRIWKLVLQWHUYHQWLRQLVDURXQG¼WKDWFRUUHVSRQGVWRD\HDUV RIVLPSOHSD\EDFNWLPHLQFDVHRIXVHRIQDWLRQDOLQFHQWLYHV>@WKHDPRXQWLVDOVRFRPSDUDEOHWRWKHDQQXDODYHUDJH FRVWVRIPDQDJHPHQWLQVFKRROEXLOGLQJVLQ9HQHWRUHJLRQ ¼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

WR³$&DQRYD´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

HYDOXDWLRQRIWKHPRUHUHOHYDQWDLPLQFDVHRIHTXDOVFRUHWRPDLQWDLQDKLJKHUOHYHORIFRQVHUYDWLRQUDWKHUWKDQWR SUHIHU FRPIRUW RU HQHUJ\ VDYLQJV 7KLV FKRLFH KRZHYHU ZLOO RFFXU RQO\ LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ SKDVH E\ FDUHIXOO\ DQDO\]LQJWKHQHHGVRIXVHUVDK\SRWKHWLFDOFOLHQWDQGWKHEXLOGLQJVVWDWHRIFRQVHUYDWLRQ

(8)

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KLV VWXG\ KDV EHHQ UHDOL]HG WKDQNV WR WKH SDUWQHUVKLS ZLWK WKH SURYLQFH RI 7UHYLVR LQ UHVHDUFK RQ 6FKRRO 5HIXUELVKPHQWKWWSZZZLXDYLW6,67(0$'(/DERUDWRULODYRULDWWLYLWDSURYLQFLDLQGH[KWP

7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKH+LVWRULF$UFKLYHRI7UHYLVRIRUFRQVXOWLQJWKHKLVWRULFDOGRFXPHQWVDQGWKH ³$&DQRYD´ +LJK 6FKRRO SULQFLSDO IRU VXSSRUW WKHUHVHDUFK DQG VXUYH\DFWLYLWLHV $ VSHFLDO WKDQNV WRSURI 0DULR 3LDQDIRUVXSSRUWLQUHVWRUDWLRQWRSLFVDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQLVVXHVLQFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ (XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQIURPWKH&RPPLVVLRQWRWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQW7KH&RXQFLOWKH(XURSHDQ(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO &RPPLWWHHDQGWKH&RPPLWWHHRIWKHUHJLRQVDURDGPDSIRUPRYLQJWRDFRPSHWLWLYHORZFDUERQHFRQRP\LQ%UXVVHOV >@ 6WDWLVWLFKH,VWDW&HQVLPHQWRSRSROD]LRQHLVWDW$YDLODEOHKWWSGDWLFHQVLPHQWRSRSROD]LRQHLVWDWLWLQGH[DVS[

>@ GH 5RVVL ) 6FXWR 9 7LQR 6 9DQROL *3 5LVSDUPLR HQHUJHWLFR FRPH HOHPHQWR TXDOLILFDQWH QHO UHFXSHUR GL SDOD]]LQH DQQL ¶ ,Q WKH SURFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK$WL1DWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH,WDO\3HUXJLD6HSWHPEHU

>@ ,WDOLDQ*RYHUQPHQW$WWXD]LRQHGHOOD'LUHWWLYD&(UHODWLYDDOUHQGLPHQWRHQHUJHWLFRQHOO¶HGLOL]LD/HJLVODWLYH'HFUHHQ >@ (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW 'LUHFWLYH 8( RI 7KH (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW DQG RI WKH &RXQFLO RI  2FWREHU  RQ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\

DPHQGLQJ'LUHFWLYHV(&DQG(8DQGUHSHDOLQJ'LUHFWLYHV(&DQG(&2IILFLDO-RXUQDORIWKH(XURSHDQ 8QLRQ± >@ )DEEUL.(QHUJ\LQFLGHQFHRIKLVWRULFEXLOGLQJOHDYLQJQRVWRQHXQWXUQHG-RXUQDORI&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH± >@ .DVV.%OXPEHUJD$=RJOD*(QHUJ\3HUIRUPDQFHRI+LVWRULFDO%ULFN%XLOGLQJVLQ1RUWKHUQ&OLPDWH=RQH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD±  >@ $VFLRQH)GH5RVVL)9DQROL*3(QHUJ\UHWURILWRIKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJVWKHRUHWLFDODQGH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVIRUWKHPRGHOLQJRI UHOLDEOHSHUIRUPDQFHVFHQDULRV(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV± >@ 0D=&RRSHU3'DO\'/HGR/([LVWLQJEXLOGLQJUHWURILWV0HWKRGRORJ\DQGVWDWHRIWKHDUW(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV± >@ GH6DQWROL/)UDWLFHOOL))RUQDUL)&DOLFH&(QHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHDVVHVVPHQWDQGDUHWURILWVWUDWHJLHVLQSXEOLFVFKRROEXLOGLQJVLQ5RPH (QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV±

>@ *UHHQ %XLOGLQJ ,WDOLD LV D QRSURILW DVVRFLDWLRQ PHPEHU RI *%& LQWHUQDWLRQDO QHWZRUN DQG SDUWQHU RI 86*%& $YDLODEOH KWWSZZZJEFLWDOLDRUJ >@ %RDULQ3)LOLSSL0*XJOLHOPLQR'3LVHOOR$/9LHUR)5LTXDOLILFD]LRQHHQHUJHWLFRDPELHQWDOHFHUWLILFDWDGLHGLILFLFRQYDOHQ]DVWRULFD *%&+LVWRULF%XLOGLQJ70,SURWRFROOLGLVRVWHQLELOLWjDPELHQWDOHDVSHWWLHQHUJHWLFLHGLPSLDQWLVWLFL3URFHHGLQJVRIQG$L&$551DWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH,WDO\%RORJQD2FWREHU >@ 0DUWtQH]0ROLQD$7RUW$XVLQD,&KR69LYDQFRV-/(QHUJ\HIILFLHQF\DQGWKHUPDOFRPIRUWLQKLVWRULFEXLOGLQJV$UHYLHZ5HQHZDEOH DQG6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\5HYLHZV± >@ )UDQFHVFKLQL)$WWLHGRFXPHQWLGHOOD&RPPLVVLRQHGLQGDJLQHSHUODWXWHODHODYDORUL]]D]LRQHGHOSDWULPRQLRVWRULFRDUFKHRORJLFRDUWLVWLFR HGHOSDHVDJJLR5RPD&RORPER >@ %RDULQ3*XJOLHOPLQR'=XSSLUROL0&HUWLILHGVXVWDLQDELOLW\IRUKHULWDJHEXLOGLQJVGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHQHZUDWLQJV\VWHP*%&+LVWRULF %XLOGLQJŒ 5( +$%  3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3UHVHUYDWLRQ 0DLQWHQDQFH DQG 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ RI +LVWRULFDO %XLOGLQJVDQG6WUXFWXUHV3RUWXJDO7RPDU±0DUFK >@ 81,81,(GLOL]LDUHVLGHQ]LDOH6LVWHPD WHFQRORJLFR&ODVVLILFD]LRQHHWHUPLQRORJLD1RUPD81,0LODQR(QWH 1D]LRQDOH,WDOLDQRGL8QLILFD]LRQH >@ (FRVLVWHPDVFXROH±;,95DSSRUWRGL/HJDPELHQWHVXOODTXDOLWjGHOO¶HGLOL]LDVFRODVWLFDGHOOHVWUXWWXUHHGHLVHUYL]L >@ &DSSHOOR**UDQGL6,O/LFHR&ODVVLFR$QWRQLR&DQRYD'XHVHFROLGLVWRULDGLXQ¶LVWLWX]LRQHVFRODVWLFD9LOORUED 79 *UDILFKH0DULQL >@ ,WDOLDQ(QHUJ\$JHQF\(QHD)LUH*XLGDSHULOFRQWHQLPHQWRGHOODVSHVDHQHUJHWLFDGHOOHVFXROH >@ ,WDOLDQ*RYHUQPHQW/HJLVODWLYH'HFUHH1R

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

importante documento venne coinvolta direttamente la Penitenzieria Apostolica, sia nella parte dottrinale, che è la più corposa, quanto in quella normativa. La costituzione è

Local communities at risk from flooding: social vulnerability, resilience and recommendations for flood risk management in Europe.. Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung,

The Flood Resilience Community Pathfinder scheme was intended to enable and stimulate communities at significant or greater risk of flooding to work with key partners to

Since the Buchberger algorithm implemented with MAPLE turns out to be more efficient when running by usual term orders, the use of global procedures PolyMilnor and PolyTyurina has to

environmental and nutritional enrichment in the diets of broiler chicken since they have not negative effects on growth performance, carcass yield and gut health. Further assessments

albopictusDEXQGDQFHRQWKHEDVLVRIGDWDIURPVHDVRQDO URXQGPRQLWRULQJFDUULHGRXWRYHUPXOWLSOH\HDUVDFURVVDQGEH\RQGWKHXUEDQDUHDRI5RPHDQG %DUL$ILQHVFDOH

Kilian (2009) broke with the tradition of assuming most oil price changes reflect exogenous supply shocks, he emphasized that fluctuations in global crude oil

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242537028 Title: Defining Government Performance Expectations: