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Mislabeling in online market in China: substitution of Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) with Patagonian and Antarctic Toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides and D. mawsoni) revealed by DNA barcoding

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PROGRAM &

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April 6–7, 2016

Prague, Czech Republic

Jana Pulkrabová, Monika Tomaniová, Jana Hajšlová and Paul Brereton

Editors

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Published by the University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5

166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic

Edited by Jana Pulkrabová, Monika Tomaniová, Jana Hajšlová and Paul Brereton  2016 by Paul Brereton and Jana Hajšlová

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POSTER SESSION

Assuring the integrity of the food chain: Fighting food fraud (FOODINTEGRITY 2016) 145

April 6–7, 2016, Diplomat Hotel Conference Centre, Prague, Czech Republic

P61

MISLABELING IN ONLINE MARKET IN CHINA: SUBSTITUTION OF

SABLEFISH (ANOPLOPOMA FIMBRIA) WITH PATAGONIAN AND

ANTARCTIC TOOTHFISH (DISSOSTICHUS ELEGINOIDES AND D.

MAWSONI) REVEALED BY DNA BARCODING

Lisa Guardone

1

, Xiong Xiong

2

, María José Cornax

3

, Alessandra Guidi

4

, Lorenzo

Castigliego

5

, Andrea Armani

6*

1, 2, 4, 5, 6

FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

3

Oceana, Madrid, Spain

* Corresponding author – E-mail: andrea.armani@unipi.it, Phone: +390502210207

  China’s rapid economic development has determined profound changes in seafood consumption patterns,  and nowadays besides the traditional luxury seafood, also high‐quality marine fish (such as salmon, cod and  tuna) are consumed. Among these is Anoplopoma fimbria (Sablefish), a commercially important ground fish  distributed in the North Pacific reaching very high prices on the Chinese market. A recent molecular survey  on products sold online in China found that all the analyzed products sold as Yin Xue, one of the terms used  to indicate A. fimbria, were in fact Dissostichus spp., a genus of Antarctic ground fish extremely vulnerable  to  overfishing  (Xiong  et  al.  2016,  Food  Control,  60,  519‐532).  Considering  this  and  due  to  the  lack  of  a  standardized naming system for seafood species in China, an initial search was conducted to identify all the  possible  Chinese  names  used  to  indicate  A.  fimbria.  Then,  the  DNA  barcoding  of  a  ~655bp  region  of  the  mitochondrial c ytochrome c‐oxidase I (COI) gene was employed to verify the identity of 42 products sold  on e‐commerce platforms under these names. In addition, the information reported on the webpage and  on the label was analyzed in the light of the Chinese regulation in force. The aim of the present study was  to  assess  the  challenges  of  the  online  market  with  regards  to  frauds  for  fish  species  substitution.  In  particular,  on  the  basis  of  an  accurate  analysis  of  all  the  collected  data,  we  speculated  the  causes  of  mislabeling  and  we  discussed  the  need  for  the  enforcement  of  a  traceability  system  in  China,  able  to  increase  the  trade  transparency  and  close  the  markets  to  products  deriving  from  Illegal  Unreported  and  Unregulated  (IUU)  fishing,  often  affected  by  overexploitation.  All  the  PCR  products  gave  readable  sequences.  By  using  the  IDs  analysis  on  BOLD  and  the  BLAST  analysis  on  GenBank  all  the  samples  were  unambiguously  identified  at  the  species  level.  Of  the  42  products  sold  as  Sablefish,  only  6  (14.3%)  were  molecularly  identified  as  this  species,  while  32  (76.2%)  were  identified  as  Dissostichus  eleginoides  (Patagonian  Toothfish)  and  4 (9.5%)  as  D.  mawsoni  (Antarctic  Toothfish), highlighting an  alarming  overall  misrepresentation rate of 85.7% and implications for the management of these species’ fisheries. In fact,  the identification of mislabeled Patagonian and Antarctic Toothfish raises for the first time the hypothesis  of China being the final market for these species through substitution of Sablefish, reaching higher prices in  this  market.  The  combined  analysis  of  all  the  information  collected  from  the  webpages  and  the  labels  (denominations, producers, origin) allowed us to hypotesize both unintentional and intentional mislabeling.  In particular, our findings suggest the possible existence of a trade pattern enabling IUU fishing operators  to launder illegal catches of Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish through mislabeling, while maintaining sale  price s and therefore, maximizing profits.     Keywords: sablefish, toothfish, DNA barcoding, Chinese E‐commerce, seafood frauds  

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