Analyzing the High Energy Activity of Candidate Neutrino Emitter Blazars to Constrain their Observability through Deep Sea/Ice Cherenkov Telescopes

Activity Report

Corso di dottorato in Fisica - XXXII ciclo

Cognome / Family Name SHARMA Nome / Name ANKUR

Data di rilascio del titolo / Date of qualification 28th April 2020 Supervisore / Supervisor Dr. Antonio Marinelli

ATTIVITÀ FORMATIVE / Educational ACTIVITIES

I anno di corso / I year (anno accademico / academic year 2016-17 ) DENOMINAZIONE DEL CORSO / PhD Programme DURATA / DURATION (in ore / in hours) SEDE / LOCATION (indicare Università o altra sede di svolgimento / indicate the university location or other location) DOCENTE / PROFESSOR (nome e cognome / name and family name) VOTAZIONE / FINAL MARK GIUDIZIO / FINAL ASSESSMEN T LINGUA UTILIZZATA LANGUAGE (italiano, inglese, altra lingua / Italian, English or other languages)

Corsi del dottorato frequentati/ Attended PHd Programmes

Astroparticles 40 hrs UniPi Prof.

Alessandro Baldini

Sufficient (65%)

English

Altri corsi/ Other Programmes

PhD+ 2017 30hrs UniPi Multiple NA English/Italian

Italian (A1 level) 40 hrs CLI, UniPi - 85% Italian

PERIODO DI SVOLGIMENTO Period (da ___ a ____ / a ___ to ___) ENTE OSPITANTE Hosting Institution (nome, luogo ed eventuale supervisore / name, location

and supervisor)

ATTIVITÀ SVOLTE E RISULTATI PERFORMED ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS

Esperienze di ricerca presso altre strutture / Research training in other institutions 13th - 17th June 2017

INFN Genova (Arenzano), Italy

International School on Astroparticle Physics (ISAPP) Attività o borse all’estero/Training or Scholarship abroad 14th - 17th Nov. 2017

IFIC Valencia, Spain KM3NeT First BootCamp: Data Analysis and Simulation Tools in KM3NeT

II anno di corso / II year (anno accademico / academic year 2017-18 ) DENOMINAZIONE DEL CORSO / PhD Programme DURATA / DURATION (in ore / in hours) SEDE / LOCATION (indicare Università o altra sede di svolgimento / indicate the university location or other location) DOCENTE / PROFESSOR (nome e cognome / name and family name) VOTAZIONE / FINAL MARK GIUDIZIO / ASSESSMENT LINGUA UTILIZZATA Language (italiano, inglese, altra lingua / Italian, English or other languages)

Corsi del Dottorato frequentati/ Attended PhD Programmes Experimental Astrophysics & Astroparticle Physics 40 hrs SNS Prof. Antonio Stamerra Very Good (85%) English High Energy Experimental Physics I 40 hrs SNS Prof. Luigi Rolandi Good (70%) English PERIODO DI SVOLGIMENTO Period (da ___ a ____ / a ___ to ___) ENTE OSPITANTE HOSTING INSTITUTION (nome, luogo ed eventuale supervisore / name, location

and supervisor)

ATTIVITÀ SVOLTE E RISULTATI PERFORMED ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS

Attività o borse all’estero/Training or Scholarship abroad 11th - 23rd March 2018 19th - 29th June 2018

Munich Institute for AstroParticle Physics (MIAPP), Germany

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), Ireland

Munich Institute for AstroParticle Physics Topical Workshop: The High Energy Universe: Gamma Ray, Neutrino and Cosmic Ray Astronomy

DIAS Summer School in High Energy Astrophysics

III anno di corso / III year (anno accademico / academic year 2018-19 ) PERIODO DI

SVOLGIMENTO Period (da ___ a ____ /

a ___ to ___)

ENTE OSPITANTE Hosting Institution (nome, luogo ed eventuale supervisore / name, location

and supervisor)

ATTIVITÀ SVOLTE E RISULTATI Performed ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS

Attività o borse all’estero/Training or Scholarship abroad 17th - 27th June 2019 Astronomical Institute of SAV in Stará Lesná , Slovak Republic

OPTICON & Erasmus+ Summer School Observational Astrophysics: From Proposals to Publications

Project : Spectral analysis of near-Earth asteroids (381906) 2010 CL19 and (453778) 2011 JK using IRAF

TITOLO DELLA TESI / PHD THESIS TITLE

Analyzing the High Energy Activity of Candidate Neutrino Emitter Blazars to Constrain their Observability through Deep Sea/Ice Cherenkov Telescopes

SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE (SSD)/ Scientific Area Framework

Astroparticle Physics/ Neutrino Astrophysics

PROGETTO DI RICERCA/ PhD RESEARCH PROJECT (descrivere sinteticamente / please provide a short description) This PhD dissertation tackles the question of hadronic emission from the jets of blazars. Neutrinos are produced in the interactions of protons and neutrons with ambient photons and hence are a tell-tale sign of proton acceleration in the jets of AGN. The thesis focuses on analyzing the high energy activity of a sample of blazars selected for their spatial coincidence with candidate astrophysical neutrino events, and the characterization of their activity in high energy gamma-rays to understand their neutrino emission potential. Code has been developed to check for spatial and/or temporal overlap between blazars sampled from the Fermi-LAT 3FGL and 3FHL catalogs, and muonic neutrino events from IceCube with a high probability of being astrophysical in origin. Long-term light-curves of the blazars are obtained using Fermi-LAT data to identify their prominent flares. Their gamma-ray duty cycles and luminosities are also calculated, and the gamma-ray activity is related with neutrino emission using a one-zone lepto-hadronic model from Petropoulou et al. 2015. With this correlation, we are able to identify the minimum flare duration in gamma required to observe a neutrino in the km^3 Cherenkov telescopes around the world like IceCube and KM3NeT. The broad-band SEDs of a select few blazars are also analyzed and their gamma-ray SEDs compared during the flaring and quiescent periods.

A portion of the thesis deals with the time calibration of the two detector units of KM3NeT experiment (ARCA & ORCA) using atmospheric muons, and the data validation of 2 lines of KM3NeT/ARCA. As part of the calibration work, an approach is developed for inter-DOM time calibration that is independent of Monte Carlo and converges faster than the Monte Carlo-based strategy. It was tested on both KM3NeT/ARCA and KM3NeT/ORCA data with initial success. The data validation study involves the analysis of the ToT signals and PMT rates in KM3NeT/ARCA data and their comparison with Monte Carlo. Time-dependent and differential sensitivity studies for the KM3NeT/ARCA detector to the blazar TXS 0506+056 are also performed, using Monte Carlo simulation files.

CONVEGNI, WORKSHOP E SEMINARI IN ITALIA E ALL’ESTERO/ Participation to CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS, SEMINARS IN ITALY AND ABROAD (indicare denominazione, sede, data e se la partecipazione ha previsto anche la presentazione di un contributo / please provide the event name, venue, date and eventual article/abstract/poster submission)

Conferences:

1) 17 - 19th December 2019

Town Hall KM3NeT Meeting on Multi-messenger Astronomy Marseille, France

2) 24th July - 1st Aug 2019

36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC) Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Talk : Characterizing the High-Energy Activity of Blazars Possibly Correlated with Observed Astrophysical Neutrinos

Poster : Time-Dependent Sensitivity and Discovery Potential for the KM3NeT-ARCA detector Poster : KM3NeT/ARCA Expectations for the Low Latitude Bubbles

3) 19 - 24th Jan 2019 eXtreme19

Padova, Italy

Talk : Exploring the activity of extreme blazars and their observability through a neutrino telescope 4) 27 - 31st Aug 2018

TeV Paricle Astrophysics (TeVPA) Conference Berlin, Germany

Poster : From TXS 0506+056 to OP 313, Exploring Candidate Astrophysical Neutrino Emitters

Schools/Workshops:

1) 17 - 27th June 2019

OPTICON & Erasmus+ Summer School Tatranska Lomnica, Slovakia

Observational Astrophysics: From Proposals to Publications

Project : Spectral analysis of near-Earth asteroids (381906) 2010 CL19 and (453778) 2011 JK using IRAF 2) 19 - 29th June 2018

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS) Summer School Dublin, Ireland

3) 11 - 23rd March 2018

Munich Institute for AstroParticle Physics (MIAPP) Topical Workshop Munich, Germany

The High Energy Universe: Gamma Ray, Neutrino and Cosmic Ray Astronomy 4) 14 - 17th Nov 2017

KM3NeT First BootCamp Valencia, Spain

Data Analysis and Simulation Tools in KM3NeT 5) 13 - 24th June 2017

International School on Astroparticle Physics (ISAPP) Arenzano, Italy

Neutrinos in Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology

Collaboration Meetings :

1) 10 - 14th Feb. 2020 Genova, Italy

Talk : Full-sky Differential sensitivity for KM3NeT/ARCA to point sources 2) 07 - 11th October 2019

Warsaw, Poland

Talk : Update on the differential sensitivity of KM3NeT/ARCA to TXS 0506+056 (remote) 3) 10 - 14th June 2019

Nantes, France

Talk : Differential Sensitivity of KM3NeT/ARCA to TXS 0506+056 4) 26th Feb. - 1st March 2019

Tbilisi, Georgia

Talk : Time-dependent Sensitivity of KM3NeT/ARCA to TXS 0506+056 with tracks 5) 05 - 09th Feb. 2018

Rabat, Morocco

Talk : Time Calibration of KM3NeT/ARCA and ORCA with atmospheric muons 6) 07 - 08th October 2017

Marseille, France GNN MANTS Meeting

7) 02 - 06th October 2017 Marseille, France

Talk : ToT analysis with KM3NeT/ARCA data 8) 13 - 17th Feb. 2017

Athens, Greece

Introduction to the collaboration

PUBBLICAZIONI / LIST OF PUBLICATIONS TIPOLOGIA PUBBLICAZIONE (articolo, proceedings, monografia, edizione fonti…) TYPOLOGY (article, proceedings, monography, source edition…) ALTRI AUTORI CO-AUTHORS TITOLO DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE TITLE ESTREMI DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE (rivista,

editore, convegno, altro) PUBLICATION DETAILS (journal title, publishing company, conference title or

other)

ISSN/ISBN

Proceedings Antonio Marinelli (KM3NeT Collaboration) Time-Dependent Sensitivity and Discovery Potential for the KM3NeT/ARCA detector Proceedings of ICRC 2019, PoS(ICRC2019)998 https://pos.sissa.it/358/9 98/ 00002013, 00002006 Proceedings Antonio Marinelli, Rosa Coniglione (KM3NeT Collaboration) KM3NeT/ARCA Expectations for the Low Latitude

Bubbles Proceedings of ICRC 2019, PoS(ICRC2019)956 https://pos.sissa.it/358/9 56/ 00002013, 00002006 Proceedings Antonio Marinelli, Jose Rodrigo Sacahui Reyes, Mabel Osorio Characterizing the High-Energy Activity of Blazars Possibly Correlated with Observed Astrophysical Neutrinos Proceedings of ICRC 2019, PoS(ICRC2019)1009 https://pos.sissa.it/358/1 009/ 00002013, 00002006 Article Antonio Marinelli, Jose Rodrigo Sacahui Reyes, Mabel Osorio Analyzing the activity of neutrino emitter candidates: comparing TXS 0506+056 with other blazars arXiv:1909.13198 [astro-ph.HE] (submitted to MNRAS) NA

Article KM3NeT Collaboration

Full list of KM3NeT Publications https://inspirehep.net/au thors/1696913 NA Article H. Kučáková , O. Mikhalchenko, M. Popescu , C. Ransom e Optical spectra of near-Earth asteroids (381906) 2010 CL19 and (453778) 2011 JK Contributions of the Astronomical Observatory

Skalnaté Pleso, vol. 49, no. 3, p. 532-538 https://ui.adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/2019CoSka..49.. 532K/abstract 13360337, 13351842

ATTIVITÀ DI TUTORAGGIO E DIDATTICA INTEGRATIVA / TUTORING AND SUPPLEMENTARY TEACHING ACTIVITIES Acted as substitute teacher in Physics Lab I for Dr. Antonio Marinelli (for 2 experiments) in the year 2018-19.

ALTRO / OTHER ACTIVITIES

- Represented the ANTARES/KM3NeT experiments on Open Day (BRIGHT Night, Pisa) in 2017, 2018 for public outreach.

- Volunteered and participated in night sky telescopic observations arranged by University professors to promote amateur astronomy in public.

Date & Place : 6th April 2020, Pisa Signature of the Candidate