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The Atlantic thermohaline circulation in extreme climates

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❉❖❚❚❖❘❆❚❖ ❉■ ❘■❈❊❘❈❆ ■◆

❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥* ♦❢ ❈❧✐♠❛*❡ ❈❤❛♥❣❡

❙❝✉♦❧❛ ❞✐ ❞♦11♦2❛1♦ ✐♥ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❈❤❛♥❣❡ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ 9♦❧✐❝② ❈✐❝❧♦ ❳❳■■■ ✭❆✳❆✳ ✷✵✶✵✕✷✵✶✶✮

❚❤❡ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝ ❚❤❡*♠♦❤❛❧✐♥❡ ❈✐*❝✉❧❛$✐♦♥

✐♥ ❡①$*❡♠❡ ❝❧✐♠❛$❡0

❙❡11♦2❡ ❙❝✐❡♥1✐✜❝♦✲❞✐E❝✐♣❧✐♥❛2❡ ❞✐ ❛✛❡2❡♥③❛✿ ❋■❙✴✵✻ ❚❡"✐ ❞✐ ❞♦&&♦'❛&♦ ❞✐

❘■❚❆ ▲❊❈❈■✱ ♠❛#$✐❝♦❧❛ ✾✺✺✹✻✻

❈♦♦'❞✐♥❛&♦'❡ ❞❡❧ ❉♦&&♦'❛&♦

67♦❢✳ ❈✳ ❇❆❘❇❆◆❚❊

❚✉&♦'❡ ❞❡❧ ❞♦&&♦'❛♥❞♦

❉7✳ ❙✳ ▼❆❙■◆❆

❈♦✲&✉&♦'✐ ❞❡❧ ❞♦&&♦'❛♥❞♦

❉7✳ ❆✳ ❈❍❊❘❈❍■

❉7✳ ▼✳ ❇❆❘❘❊■❘❖

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✐ ❆❜#$%❛❝$ ❚❤❡ ♣$❡%❡♥' %'✉❞② ✐♥✈❡%'✐❣❛'❡% '❤❡ %❡♥%✐'✐✈✐'② ♦❢ '❤❡ ❆'❧❛♥'✐❝ ❚❤❡$♠♦❤❛❧✐♥❡ ❈✐$✲ ❝✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ✭❆❚❍❈✮ '♦ ❡①'$❡♠❡ ❡①'❡$♥❛❧ $❛❞✐❛'✐✈❡ ❢♦$❝✐♥❣ ✇✐'❤ '❤❡ ❛✐♠ '♦ ❝♦♥'$✐❜✉'❡ '♦ '❤❡ ✉♥❞❡$%'❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ '❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐%♠% ❛' ✇♦$❦✳ ❆ %❡' ♦❢ ❧♦♥❣ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'% ♣❡$✲ ❢♦$♠❡❞ ✇✐'❤ ❛ %'❛'❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❛$' ❛'♠♦%♣❤❡$❡✲♦❝❡❛♥ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❣❡♥❡$❛❧ ❝✐$❝✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉♥❞❡$ %'$♦♥❣ ❛'♠♦%♣❤❡$✐❝ CO2 ❢♦$❝✐♥❣ ❤❛% ❜❡❡♥ ✉%❡❞ '♦ %'✉❞② '❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐%♠% ❝♦♥'$♦❧❧✐♥❣ '❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❝❤❛♥❣❡%✱ '❤❡✐$ ❡✛❡❝'% ✐♥ '❤❡ ◆♦$'❤ ❆'❧❛♥'✐❝ ❝❧✐♠❛'❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❡♥❡$❣❡'✐❝% ♦❢ '❤❡ ❝❧✐♠❛'❡ %②%'❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ✇❡❛❦❡♥% ✐♥ $❡%♣♦♥%❡ '♦ ❛ ✇❛$♠✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛'♠♦%♣❤❡$❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❛✛❡❝'✐♥❣ '❤❡ ♥♦$'❤✇❛$❞ ❤❡❛' '$❛♥%♣♦$' ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ '♦ ✐'% ❞❡❝$❡❛%❡ ✐♥'♦ '❤❡ ❜❛%✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦%' ❡①'$❡♠❡ ❝❛%❡ %❤♦✇% ❞✐%'✐♥❝'✐✈❡ ❢❡❛'✉$❡% ✇✐'❤ ❛♥ ❡B✉❛'♦$✇❛$❞ %❤✐❢' ♦❢ ❆❚❍❈ ❝♦♥✈❡❝'✐✈❡ %✐'❡% ❛♥❞ ❛ %❛❧✐♥✐'② ❢$♦♥' ❢♦$♠❛'✐♦♥ ❛' ♠✐❞✲ ❧❛'✐'✉❞❡%✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②%✐% ♦❢ '❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐%♠% ❛' ✇♦$❦ %❤♦✇% ❛ ♣♦%✐'✐✈❡ $❡❧❛'✐♦♥%❤✐♣ ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ '❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❛'✐'✉❞❡% ♦❝❡❛♥ ✈❡$'✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✛✉%✐✈✐'② ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❝✐$❝✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥'❡♥%✐'②✳ ❚❤❡ ❙♦✉'❤❡$♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✇✐♥❞ %'$❡%% %❡❡♠% '♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ '❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ♦♥❧② ✇❤❡♥ '❤❡ ♠❡✲ $✐❞✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡♥%✐'② ❣$❛❞✐❡♥'% ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇ ❧❛'✐'✉❞❡% ✐♥ '❤❡ ❜❛%✐♥ ❛$❡ ❦❡♣' ✜①❡❞ ✇✐'❤ ❛ ✇❡❛❦❡$ ❙♦✉'❤❡$♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✇✐♥❞ %'$❡%% ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ '♦ ❛ ✇❡❛❦❡$ ❆❚❍❈✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡$✐❞✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡♥%✐'② ❣$❛❞✐❡♥'% ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇ ❧❛'✐'✉❞❡% ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥✲ ✈❡$%❡❧② $❡❧❛'❡❞ '♦ '❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ✐♥'❡♥%✐'② ✐♥ '❤❡ CO2 %✐♠✉❧❛'✐♦♥% ✇✐'❤ '❤❡ ❡①❝❡♣'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ♠♦%' ❡①'$❡♠❡ ❝❛%❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲❞❡♥%✐'② ▼❡❞✐'❡$$❛♥❡❛♥ ❖✉'✢♦✇ ✇❛'❡$% ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ '❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❛% ✇❡❧❧✿ '❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❝✐$❝✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ❞❡❝$❡❛%❡% ❛♥❞ %❤✐❢'% '♦ ♠✐❞✲❧❛'✐'✉❞❡% ✐♥ $❡%♣♦♥%❡ '♦ ❛ %❛❧✐♥✐'② ✐♥♣✉' ❛' '❤❡ ●✐❜$❛❧'❛$ ❙'$❛✐' ❧❛'✐'✉❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ✉♥❞❡$ ✐♥❝$❡❛%✐♥❣ CO2❛'♠♦%♣❤❡$✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♥'$❛'✐♦♥ ❤❛% ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛%%♦❝✐❛'❡❞ ✇✐'❤ ❛ ❧❛$❣❡ ❞❡❝$❡❛%❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❦✐♥❡'✐❝ ❡♥❡$❣② ✐♥♣✉'✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❜② '❤❡ ♣$❡%%✉$❡✲❣$❛❞✐❡♥' ✇♦$❦ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝'✐✈❡ %✐'❡ ❛$❡❛% ✐♥ '❤❡ ◆♦$'❤ ❆'❧❛♥'✐❝✳ ❖♥ '❤❡ ♦'❤❡$ ❤❛♥❞✱ '❤❡ ❛'♠♦%♣❤❡$✐❝ ❦✐♥❡'✐❝ ❡♥❡$❣② ✐♥❝$❡❛%❡% ❜❡❝❛✉%❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ✐♥'❡♥%✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧❡✇❛$❞ %❤✐❢' ♦❢ '❤❡ ♠✐❞✲❧❛'✐'✉❞❡% ❥❡'✲%'$❡❛♠%✱ '❤❡ '$♦♣♦%♣❤❡$❡ '❡♥❞% '♦ ❜❡ ♠♦$❡ %'❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❍❛❞❧❡② ❝✐$❝✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ✇❡❛❦❡♥%✳

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❈♦♥#❡♥#%

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ ✶ ✷ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❞❡.❝$✐♣#✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ .❡#✉♣ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥#. ✺ ✷✳✶ ❙■◆❚❊❳✲● ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❙❡1✉♣ ♦❢ 1❤❡ ❡①♣❡7✐♠❡♥1; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛#❡❞ ♠❡❛♥ .#❛#❡✿ .❡♥.✐#✐✈✐#② #♦ CO2 ❢♦$❝✐♥❣ ✶✸ ✸✳✶ ■♥17♦❞✉❝1✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✷ ❈❤❛♥❣❡ ❛1 ♦❝❡❛♥✲❛1♠♦;♣❤❡7❡ ✐♥1❡7❢❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✸ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✈❡71✐❝❛❧ ;17✉❝1✉7❡ ♠❡❛♥ ;1❛1❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✹ ❚7♦♣♦;♣❤❡7✐❝ ♠❡❛♥ ;1❛1❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉;✐♦♥; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹ ❚❤❡ ❆#❧❛♥#✐❝ ❚❤❡$♠♦❤❛❧✐♥❡ ❝✐$❝✉❧❛#✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡$ ❡①#$❡♠❡ ❝❧✐✲ ♠❛#❡ ❝♦♥❞✐#✐♦♥. ✺✶ ✹✳✶ ■♥17♦❞✉❝1✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❡♥;✐1② ❣7❛❞✐❡♥1; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✸ ❱❡71✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✛✉;✐✈✐1② ❛♥❞ ❆❚❍❈ ;17❡♥❣1❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✹ ❚❤❡ ❙♦✉1❤❡7♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✇✐♥❞; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✺ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝1 ♦❢ ▼❡❞✐1❡77❛♥❡❛♥ ❖✉1✢♦✇ ♦♥ 1❤❡ ❆1❧❛♥1✐❝ ❚❤❡7♠♦✲ ❤❛❧✐♥❡ ❈✐7❝✉❧❛1✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉;✐♦♥; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺ ❆ ♣$❡❧✐♠✐♥❛$② .#✉❞② ♦❢ #❤❡ ❡♥❡$❣② ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❡①#$❡♠❡ ❝❧✐♠❛#❡ ✐✐✐

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✐✈ ❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙ (❡❣✐♠❡, ✼✾ ✺✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❛%♠♦4♣❤❡&✐❝ ❡♥❡&❣② ❜✉❞❣❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❡&❣❡%✐❝4 ♦❢ %❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❝✐&❝✉❧❛%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉4✐♦♥4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉,✐♦♥, ✶✶✶

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❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶

■♥$&♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝ $❤❡*♠♦❤❛❧✐♥❡ ❝✐*❝✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ✭❚❍❈✮ ✐2 ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦*$❛♥$ ♣❛*$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❊❛*$❤✬2 ❝❧✐♠❛$❡ 2②2$❡♠ ❜❡✐♥❣ *❡2♣♦♥2✐❜❧❡ ❢♦* ♠♦2$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ♥♦*$❤✇❛*❞ ❤❡❛$ $*❛♥2♣♦*$ ✐♥ $❤❡ ◆♦*$❤ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝✳ ■$ ✐2 ❛♥ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ❝✐*❝✉❧❛$✐♦♥ $❤❛$ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡2 ✇❛*♠✱ 2❛❧✐♥❡ 2✉*❢❛❝❡ ✇❛$❡* ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ♥♦*$❤✇❛*❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❞✱ ❞❡♥2❡ ✇❛$❡* ✢♦✇✐♥❣ 2♦✉$❤✇❛*❞ ❛$ ❞❡♣$❤ ✐♥ $❤❡ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝ ❜❛2✐♥ ✭❲✉♥2❝❤✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❚*♦♣✐❝❛❧ 2✉*❢❛❝❡ ✇❛$❡*✱ ✐♥ ♣❛*$✐❝✉❧❛*✱ ✢♦✇2 ✐♥$♦ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❛$✐$✉❞❡2 ✇❤❡*❡ ✐$ ✐2 ❝♦♦❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ 2✐♥❦2 $♦ ❞❡♣$❤✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❛$❡* ❤❡♥❝❡ ✢♦✇2 2♦✉$❤✇❛*❞ ❛$ ❛❜♦✉$ ✸✵✵✵♠ ❞❡♣$❤ $❤*♦✉❣❤ $❤❡ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝ ❖❝❡❛♥✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❛2 ❛ ❞❡❡♣ ✇❡2$❡*♥ ❜♦✉♥❞❛*② ❝✉**❡♥$✱ ✉♥$✐❧ ✐$ *❡❛❝❤❡2 $❤❡ ❙♦✉$❤❡*♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✇❤❡*❡ ✐$ ♠✐①❡2 ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ *❡2$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❲♦*❧❞ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✭❙$♦✉✛❡* ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ✐2 ❞*✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡♥2✐$② ❣*❛❞✐❡♥$2✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ ✐$ ✐2 ❧❛*❣❡❧② ✐♥✲ ✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② 2✉*❢❛❝❡ ❤❡❛$ ❛♥❞ ❢*❡2❤✇❛$❡* ✢✉①❡2✳ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡2 2✉❣❣❡2$ $❤❛$ $❤❡ ♣❛2$ ❛❜*✉♣$ ❝❧✐♠❛$❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡2 ❛*❡ ❛ *❡2✉❧$ ♦❢ *❛♣✐❞ *❡♦*❣❛♥✐③❛$✐♦♥2 ♦❢ $❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ✭❈❧❛*❦ ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ 2$✉❞✐❡2 ✐♥❞✐❝❛$❡ $❤❛$ $❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ✐2 ♣♦$❡♥$✐❛❧❧② 2❡♥2✐$✐✈❡ $♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡2 ✐♥ 2✉*❢❛❝❡ ❜✉♦②❛♥❝② ✢✉①❡2 ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✇❛*♠✐♥❣ ✭❉✐①♦♥ ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❈✉❜❛2❤ ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ●*❡❣♦*② ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❛♥❞ $❤❛$ ✐♥ $❤❡ ❢✉$✉*❡ $❤❡*❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ $❤❡ *✐2❦ ♦❢ 2✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥$ ❝❤❛♥❣❡2 ✐♥ $❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❝✐*❝✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ✭▼❛♥❛❜❡ ❛♥❞ ❙$♦✉✛❡*✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❲♦♦❞ ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❩✐❝❦❢❡❧❞ ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ✇❛*♠✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐$✐♦♥2 ✐♥ $❤❡ ♣❛2$ ✇❡*❡ ❛22♦❝✐❛$❡❞ ♣*✐♠❛*✐❧② ✇✐$❤ ❤✐❣❤ ❛$♠♦2♣❤❡*✐❝ CO2 ❝♦♥❝❡♥$*❛$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣*♦①② ❞❛$❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛$❡ $❤❛$ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✶

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✷ ✶✳ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ❝❛"❜♦♥ ❞✐♦①✐❞❡ ✈❛❧✉❡- ✇❡"❡ "❡❛❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ 0❤❡ 1❛❧❡♦❝❡♥❡ ✇✐0❤ ✺✳✵✵✵ ♣✳♣✳♠✳❱✳ ✭❩❛❝❤♦- ❡0 ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ "❡-♣♦♥-❡ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ 0♦ ❤❡❛0 ❛♥❞ ❢"❡-❤✇❛0❡" ✐♥♣✉0- ❤❛- ❜❡❡♥ ✇✐❞❡❧② -0✉❞✐❡❞ ✉-✐♥❣ ♥✉♠❡"✐❝❛❧ -✐♠✉❧❛0✐♦♥-✳ ❖❝❡❛♥ ❣❡♥❡"❛❧ ❝✐"❝✉❧❛0✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧- ✭❖●❈▼-✮ ❜♦0❤ ❢♦"❝❡❞ ❜② ❛0♠♦-♣❤❡"✐❝ ✢✉①❡- ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ 0♦ ❛0♠♦-♣❤❡"✐❝ ❣❡♥❡"❛❧ ❝✐"✲ ❝✉❧❛0✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧- ♦" 0♦ -✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❛0♠♦-♣❤❡"✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥0✱ ❛- ✇❡❧❧ ❛- ❡❛"0❤ -②-0❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧- ♦❢ ✐♥0❡"♠❡❞✐❛0❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐0② ✭❊▼■❈-✮ ✐♥ ■1❈❈ -❝❡♥❛"✐♦ ❡①♣❡"✲ ✐♠❡♥0- ♦" ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❡❞ ✇❛0❡"✲❤♦-✐♥❣ -✐♠✉❧❛0✐♦♥- ♦" -❡♥-✐0✐✈✐0② CO2 ❡①♣❡"✐♠❡♥0-✭❙0♦✉✛❡" ❡0 ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✉-❡❞ -❤♦✇✐♥❣ 0❤❛0 "❡-✉❧0- ❛"❡ ❤✐❣❤❧② ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥0✳ ❚❤❡ -♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✧❤♦-✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡"✐♠❡♥0-✧✱ ✇❤❡"❡ ❛ ❧❛"❣❡ ✉♥✐❢♦"♠ ❢"❡-❤✇❛0❡" ✐♥♣✉0 ✐- ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ 0♦ 0❤❡ ◆♦"0❤ ❆0❧❛♥0✐❝✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✉-❡❞ 0♦ -✐♠✉❧❛0❡ 0❤❡ ♠❛❣✲ ♥✐0✉❞❡ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ❢"❡-❤✇❛0❡" ❞✐-❝❤❛"❣❡ ♣"❡❞✐❝0❡❞ ❢♦" ❛ ❧❛"❣❡ CO2✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❝❧✐♠❛0❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ✵✳✶ ❙✈ ✐♥ ✹CO2 ✭❲♦♦❞ ❡0 ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❙0♦✉✛❡" ❡0 ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✮✳ ▲❛"✲ ❣❡" ❢"❡-❤✇❛0❡" ✐♥♣✉0 ✭✐✳❡✳✶✳✵ ❙✈ ✭❙0♦✉✛❡" ❡0 ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✮ ✐- ❡①0"❡♠❡❧② ✉♥❧✐❦❡❧② ✉♥❞❡" "❡❛❧✐-0✐❝ CO2 -❝❡♥❛"✐♦-✱ ❜✉0 ✐0 ✐- ✇✐0❤✐♥ 0❤❡ "❛♥❣❡ ❡♥✈✐-❛❣❡❞ ❢♦" ❡✈❡♥0-❞"✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♠❡❧0✇❛0❡" "❡❧❡❛-❡ ❞✉"✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ❧❛-0 ❣❧❛❝✐❛❧ ❡"❛ ❛♥❞ 0❤❡ ❞❡❣❧❛❝✐❛0✐♦♥ ✭❈❧❛"❦❡ ❡0 ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❧❛"❣❡ ❢♦"❝✐♥❣ ♠❛② ✇❡❛❦❡♥ ♦" ❡✈❡♥ -❤✉0❞♦✇♥ 0❤❡ ❆❚❍❈✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ 0❤❡ ❢"❡-❤✇❛0❡" ✐♥♣✉0 ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ 0❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉-❡❞ 0♦ ♣❡"❢♦"♠ 0❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②-✐-✳ ❉✐✛❡"❡♥0❧② ❢"♦♠ 0❤❡ ❤♦-✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡"✐♠❡♥0-✱ 0❤❡ -❡0 ♦❢ -✐♠✉❧❛0✐♦♥- ✉-❡❞ ✐♥ 0❤✐- 0❤❡-✐- ♣❡"♠✐0- 0♦ ✐♥✈❡-0✐❣❛0❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡- ✐♥ 0❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❞✉❡ 0♦ ❞❡♥-✐0② ✜❡❧❞ ✈❛"✐❛0✐♦♥- ❛--♦❝✐❛0❡❞ ✇✐0❤ ❤❡❛0 ✢✉①❡- ❝❤❛♥❣❡-✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣♦-✐0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥✲ ❝"❡❛-❡❞ "❛❞✐❛0✐✈❡ ❢♦"❝✐♥❣✱ ❛- 0❤❡ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❛0♠♦-♣❤❡"✐❝ CO2 ❝♦♥❝❡♥0"❛0✐♦♥✱ ❧❡❛❞- ✐♥ ❢❛❝0 0♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡- ✐♥ 0❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ♣"♦♣❡"0✐❡- 0❤"♦✉❣❤ ❝❤❛♥❣❡- ✐♥ 0❤❡ ❞❡♥-✲ ✐0② ❜❡❝❛✉-❡ ♦❢ ✇❛"♠❡" 0❡♠♣❡"❛0✉"❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ❢"❡-❤✇❛0❡" ✐♥♣✉0 ✐♥ 0❤❡ ◆♦"0❤ ❆0❧❛♥0✐❝ ❧❛0✐0✉❞❡-✱❛- ❛ ❝♦♥-❡\✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ 0❤❡ -❡❛✲✐❝❡ ♠❡❧0✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥0❛❣❡ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ♣"❡-❡♥0 -0✉❞② ✐- ❤❡♥❝❡ 0❤❡ ♣♦--✐❜✐❧✐0② 0♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛0❡ 0❤❡ ♦✈❡"❛❧❧ ✐♠♣❛❝0 ♦❢ -0"♦♥❣ CO2 ❢♦"❝✐♥❣ ♦✈❡" 0❤❡ ❝❧✐♠❛0❡ -②-0❡♠ ❝♦♥-✐❞❡"✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ❛0♠♦-♣❤❡"❡✲ ♦❝❡❛♥ ✐♥0❡"❛❝0✐♦♥ ✉-✐♥❣ ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❣❡♥❡"❛❧ ❝✐"❝✉❧❛0✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❋✉"0❤❡"✱ 0❤❡ ✶✻CO2 ❡①♣❡"✐♠❡♥0 "❡♣"❡-❡♥0- ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣❛"0✐❝✉❧❛"❧② ❡①0"❡♠❡ ❝❛-❡ -0✉❞② ✐♥

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✸ ❤❡ ❧✐ ❡%❛ ✉%❡✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛ ✐♦♥- ✇✐ ❤ ✐♥❝%❡❛-❡❞ ❛ ♠♦-♣❤❡%✐❝ CO2 -❤♦✇ ❝❤❛♥❣❡- ✐♥ ❤❡ -✉%❢❛❝❡ ❤❡❛ ✢✉①❡- ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❛ ✐ ✉❞❡-✱ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ❜② ❛ -❧♦✇ ❞♦✇♥ ♦% ❝♦❧❧❛♣-❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉-❡❞ ✭▼❛♥❛❜❡ ❛♥❞ ❙ ♦✉✛❡%✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❚❤♦%♣❡ ❡ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❙❝❤♠✐ ♥❡% ❡ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ♦ ❞❛ ❡ ✐ ✐- ♥♦ ❝❧❡❛% ✇❤❡ ❤❡% ❤❡ ❤❡❛ ♦% ❤❡ ❢%❡-❤✇❛ ❡% ✢✉①❡- ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❛ ✐ ✉❞❡- ❞♦♠✐♥❛ ❡ ❤❡ ❆ ❧❛♥ ✐❝ ❚❍❈ %❡-♣♦♥-❡ ♦ ❤❡ %❛❞✐❛ ✐✈❡ ❢♦%❝✐♥❣ ✭▼❛♥❛❜❡ ❛♥❞ ❙ ♦✉✛❡%✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❉✐①♦♥ ❡ ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ●%❡❣♦%② ❡ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❲❡❛✈❡% ❡ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ❛♥❞ ❢✉% ❤❡% ❛♥❛❧②-✐- -❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ ♦%❞❡% ♦ ❛♥-✇❡% ♦ ❤✐- M✉❡- ✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♣%❡-❡♥ - ✉❞② ✐- ♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ ❤❡ -❡♥-✐ ✐✈✐ ② ♦❢ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ♦ ❡① %❡♠❡ ❡① ❡%♥❛❧ %❛❞✐❛ ✐✈❡ ❢♦%❝✐♥❣ ♦ ❝♦♥ %✐❜✉ ❡ ♦ ❤❡ ✉♥❞❡%- ❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐-♠- ❛ ✇♦%❦✳ ■♥ ♣❛% ✐❝✉❧❛%✱ ❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝ ✐✈❡- ♦❢ ❤✐- - ✉❞② ❛%❡✿ ✶✳ ❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②-✐- ♦❢ ❤❡ %❡-♣♦♥-❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ◆♦% ❤ ❆ ❧❛♥ ✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ♦ ❛ ❧❛%❣❡✱ ❜✉ ✇✐ ❤✐♥ ❤❡ %❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♦❜-❡%✈❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡- ✐♥ ♣❛- ❝❧✐♠❛ ❡-✱ CO2 ❛ ♠♦-♣❤❡%✐❝ ❢♦%❝✐♥❣❀ ✷✳ ❤❡ ✉♥❞❡%- ❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐-♠- ❝♦♥ %♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❝❤❛♥❣❡-❀ ✸✳ ❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②-✐- ♦❢ ❤❡ ❡✛❡❝ - ♦❢ ❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡- ✐♥ ❤❡ ◆♦% ❤ ❆ ❧❛♥ ✐❝ ❝✐%❝✉✲ ❧❛ ✐♦♥ ♦ ❤❡ ❡♥❡%❣❡ ✐❝- ♦❢ ❤❡ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❡ -②- ❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ - ✉❞② ❝♦♠♣❛%❡- ❛ -❡ ♦❢ ❡①♣❡%✐♠❡♥ - ❢♦%❝❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❤✐❣❤ ❛ ♠♦-♣❤❡%✐❝ CO2 ❝♦♥❝❡♥ %❛ ✐♦♥ ✭✹✱ ✽✱ ✶✻ ✐♠❡- ❤❡ ♣%❡-❡♥ ❞❛② ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✮ ♦ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ ❝♦♥✲ %♦❧ -✐♠✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ✭✇✐ ❤ CO2 ♣%❡-❡♥ ❞❛② ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✮ ♣❡%❢♦%♠❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ - ❛ ❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❛% ❛ ♠♦-♣❤❡%❡✲♦❝❡❛♥ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❣❡♥❡%❛❧ ❝✐%❝✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭❈●❈▼✮✳ ❆ ❢✉% ❤❡% ❡①♣❡%✐♠❡♥ ❤❛- ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡%❢♦%♠❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ ❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲❞❡♥-✐ ② ▼❡❞✐ ❡%%❛♥❡❛♥ ❖✉ ✢♦✇ ✇❛ ❡%- ♦♥ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛ -❛❧✐♥✐ ② ✐♥♣✉ ❛ ●✐❜%❛❧ ❛% ❙ %❛✐ ❧❛ ✐ ✉❞❡ ✐♥ ❤❡ ♠♦- ❡① %❡♠❡ CO2 ❡①♣❡%✐✲ ♠❡♥ ✳ ❚❤✐- -❡ ♦❢ ❡①♣❡%✐♠❡♥ - ✭❡①❝❡♣ ❢♦% ❤❡ ✽CO2 ❡①♣❡%✐♠❡♥ ✮ ❤❛- ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥❛✲ ❧②③❡❞ ✐♥ ♣%❡✈✐♦✉- - ✉❞✐❡- ❢♦❝✉-❡❞ ♦♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡- ✐♥ ❤❡ Y❛❝✐✜❝ ❖❝❡❛♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥ ❢♦% ❤❡ ♠♦♥-♦♦♥ ❤②❞%♦❧♦❣② ✭❈❤❡%❝❤✐ ❡ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❇✉✐❧❞✲ ✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❤♦-❡ - ✉❞✐❡-✱ ❤✐- ❤❡-✐- ✐♥ ❡♥❞- ♦ ✐♥✈❡- ✐❣❛ ❡ ❤❡ %♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ -✉%❢❛❝❡ ❤❡❛ ❛♥❞ ❢%❡-❤✇❛ ❡% ✢✉①❡- ✐♥ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❝❤❛♥❣❡- ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❣%❡❡♥❤♦✉-❡

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❣❛-✹ ✶✳ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥

✐♥❝#❡❛&❡&✳ ❚❤❡ ❈●❈▼ ❡①♣❡#✐♠❡♥0& ❛❧❧♦✇ 0♦ ✐❞❡♥0✐❢② 0❤❡ #❡&✉❧0❛♥0 ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦& ❜❡0✇❡❡♥ ❛0♠♦&♣❤❡#✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ♣#♦❝❡&&❡&✳

❚❤❡ 0❤❡&✐& ✐& ♦#❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛& ❢♦❧❧♦✇&✿

✲ ❈❤❛♣0❡# ✷ ❞❡&❝#✐❜❡& 0❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉&❡❞ 0♦ ♣❡#❢♦#♠ 0❤❡ &✐♠✉❧❛0✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ 0❤❡ &❡0✉♣ ♦❢ 0❤❡ &❡♥&✐0✐✈✐0② ❡①♣❡#✐♠❡♥0&✳

✲ ❈❤❛♣0❡# ✸ ❛♥❛❧②③❡& 0❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝0 ♦❢ 0❤❡ #❛❞✐❛0✐✈❡ ❢♦#❝✐♥❣ ♦✈❡# 0❤❡ ❆0❧❛♥0✐❝ ❖❝❡❛♥ ♠❡❛♥ &0❛0❡✳

✲ ❈❤❛♣0❡# ✹ ✐♥✈❡&0✐❣❛0❡& &♦♠❡ ♣♦&&✐❜❧❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐&♠& ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ❆0✲ ❧❛♥0✐❝ ❚❍❈ ✐♥0❡♥&✐0②✳

✲ ❈❤❛♣0❡# ✺ ❡①♣❧♦#❡& 0❤❡ ❝❧✐♠❛0❡ &②&0❡♠ ❡♥❡#❣❡0✐❝& #❡❧❛0❡❞ 0♦ 0❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡&✳

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❈❤❛♣$❡& ✷

▼♦❞❡❧ ❞❡,❝&✐♣$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ,❡$✉♣ ♦❢

$❤❡ ❡①♣❡&✐♠❡♥$,

✷✳✶ ❙■◆❚❊❳✲● ▼♦❞❡❧

❚❤❡ ❙■◆❚❊❳✲● ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭●✉❛❧❞✐ ❡6 ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❤❛< ❜❡❡♥ ✉<❡❞ 6♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❡①♣❡?✐♠❡♥6< ✇✐6❤ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ CO2 ❝♦♥❞✐6✐♦♥<✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣?❡✈✐♦✉< <6✉❞✐❡< ❜② ❈❤❡?❝❤✐ ❡6 ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❙■◆❚❊❳✲● ?❡♣?❡<❡♥6< ❛♥ ✐♠♣?♦✈❡❞ ✈❡?<✐♦♥ ♦❢ 6❤❡ ❙■◆❚❊❳ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭●✉❛❧❞✐ ❡6 ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✸❜✮ ✇✐6❤ 6❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉<✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❢♦? 6❤❡ ✐♥6❡?❛❝6✐✈❡ <❡❛✲✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♥<✐<6< ♦❢ ❢♦✉? ♣❛?6<✿ ❆6♠♦<♣❤❡?❡✱ ❖❝❡❛♥✱ ❙❡❛✲■❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❈♦✉♣❧❡?✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❛♥❞✲✐❝❡ ✐< ♥♦6 ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛6♠♦<♣❤❡?✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥6 ✐< ❊❝❤❛♠✹✳✻ ✭❘♦❡❝❦♥❡? ❡6 ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ■6 ?❡♣?❡<❡♥6< 6❤❡ ❢♦✉?6❤ ❣❡♥❡?❛6✐♦♥ ♦❢ 6❤❡ ❊❈❍❆▼ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛6 6❤❡ ▼❛①✲ S❧❛♥❝❦ ■♥<6✐6✉6❡ ❢✉? ▼❡6❡♦?♦❧♦❣✐❡ ✐♥ ❍❛♠❜✉?❣✳ ❚❤❡ ?❡<♦❧✉6✐♦♥ ✉<❡❞ ❢♦? 6❤✐< ❛♥❛❧②<✐< ✐< ❛ <♣❡❝6?❛❧ ❚✸✵ ❤♦?✐③♦♥6❛❧ ?❡<♦❧✉6✐♦♥ ✇✐6❤ ✸✳✼✺◦ ① ✸✳✼✺◦ ❣?✐❞✲♣♦✐♥6< ❛♥❞ ✶✾ ✈❡?6✐❝❛❧ <✐❣♠❛ ❧❡✈❡❧< ✇✐6❤ 6♦♣ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛6 ✶✵❤S❛✱ ✼ ❧❛②❡?< ❛❜♦✈❡ ✷✵✵ ❤S❛ ❛♥❞ ✺ ❧❛②❡?< ❜❡❧♦✇ ✽✺✵ ❤S❛✳ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❡?✐❝❛❧ <❝❤❡♠❡ ✐< ❛ <❡♠✐✲✐♠♣❧✐❝✐6 ❧❡❛♣✲ ❢?♦❣ 6✐♠❡ <6❡♣♣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ 6❤❡ ♣?♦❣♥♦<6✐❝ ✈❛?✐❛❜❧❡< ❛?❡✿ ✈♦?6✐❝✐6②✱ ❞✐✈❡?❣❡♥❝❡✱ 6❡♠♣❡?❛6✉?❡✱ ❧♦❣❛?✐6❤♠ ♦❢ <✉?❢❛❝❡ ♣?❡<<✉?❡✱ ✇❛6❡? ✈❛♣♦? ❛♥❞ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ?❛6✐♦ ♦❢ 6♦6❛❧ ❝❧♦✉❞ ✇❛6❡?✳ ▼❛❥♦? ♣❛?❛♠❡6❡?✐③❛6✐♦♥< ❝♦♥❝❡?♥✿ ❛✳ ❝❧♦✉❞<✿ ❛ ♣?♦❣♥♦<6✐❝ <❝❤❡♠❡ ❢♦? ♦♣6✐❝❛❧ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♣?♦♣❡?6✐❡< ✭❙✉♥❞X✉✐<6✱ ✺

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✻ ✷✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❞❡(❝*✐♣-✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ (❡-✉♣ ♦❢ -❤❡ ❡①♣❡*✐♠❡♥-( ✶✾✼✽✮ ✇✐'❤ ❝❧♦✉❞ ✇❛'❡0 ❞❡'❡0♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ▼✐❡ '❤❡♦0② ✭❘♦❝❦❡❧ ❡' ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❘♦❡❝❦✲ ♥❡0✱ ✶✾✾✺✮❀ ❜✳ '0❛❝❡0 ❛❞✈❡❝'✐♦♥✿ '0❛♥@♣♦0' ♦❢ ✇❛'❡0 ✈❛♣♦0✱ ❝❧♦✉❞ ✇❛'❡0 ❛♥❞ ✭♦♣'✐♦♥✲ ❛❧❧②✮ '0❛❝❡0@ ❜② ❛ @❡♠✐✲❧❛❣0❛♥❣✐❛♥ @❝❤❡♠❡ ✭❲✐❧❧✐❛♠@♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❛@❝❤✱ ✶✾✾✹✮❀ ❝✳ ❝♦♥✈❡❝'✐♦♥✿ @❤❛❧❧♦✇✱ ♠✐❞✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❡♣ ❝✉♠✉❧✉@ ❝♦♥✈❡❝'✐♦♥ ✇✐'❤ ♠❛@@ ✢✉① @❝❤❡♠❡ ❜② ❚✐❡❞❦❡ ✭❚✐❡❞'❦❡✱ ✶✾✽✾✮ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❥✉@'♠❡♥' ❝❧♦@✉0❡ ❢♦0 ❞❡❡♣ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡❝'✐♦♥ ❛@ ❞❡@❝0✐❜❡❞ ❜② ◆♦0❞❡♥❣ ✭✶✾✾✻✮❀ ❞✳ ❜♦✉♥❞❛0② ❧❛②❡0 ❛♥❞ ✈❡0'✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✛✉@✐♦♥✿ @✉0❢❛❝❡ ✢✉①❡@ ♦❢ ♠♦♠❡♥'✉♠✱ ❤❡❛'✱ ✇❛'❡0 ✈❛♣♦0 ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦✉❞ ✇❛'❡0 ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛'❡❞ ✇✐'❤ ▼♦♥✐♥✲❖❜✉❦❤♦✈ '❤❡♦0② ✭▲✉✐@✱ ✶✾✼✾✮✱ ✇✐'❤ ❡❞❞② ❞✐✛✉@✐✈✐'② ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥'@ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ 0♦✉❣❤♥❡@@ ❧❡♥❣'❤ ❛♥❞ ❘✐❝❤❛0❞@♦♥ ♥✉♠❜❡0✳ ❆❜♦✈❡ '❤❡ @✉0❢❛❝❡ ❧❛②❡0✱ '❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥'@ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ✇✐♥❞ @❤❡❛0✱ '❤❡0♠❛❧ @'❛❜✐❧✐'② ❛♥❞ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ❧❡♥❣'❤❀ ❡✳ 0❛❞✐❛'✐♦♥ @❝❤❡♠❡✿ ♥❛00♦✇✲❜❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭▼♦0❝0❡''❡✱ ✶✾✽✹❀ ▼♦0❝0❡''❡ ❛♥❞ ❋♦✉R✉❛0'✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✳ ❉❡@♣✐'❡ '❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♥'0❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛0❜♦♥ ❞✐♦①✐❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ @✐❞❡0❡❞✱ '❤❡ @❝❤❡♠❡ ❤❛@ ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ '♦ ❜❡ 0♦❜✉@' ❛♥❞ ❢0❡❡ ❢0♦♠ @❛'✉0❛'✐♦♥ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❡①'0❡♠❡ CO2 ❝❛@❡ ✭❈❤❡0❝❤✐ ❡' ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❢✳ ♦0♦❣0❛♣❤✐❝ ❣0❛✈✐'② ✇❛✈❡ ❞0❛❣✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥' ✐@ ❖W❆✽✳✷✱ '❤❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❣❡♥❡0❛❧ ❝✐0❝✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛' ▲❖❉❨❈ ✐♥ W❛0✐@ ✭▼❛❞❡❝ ❡' ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ✉@❡❞ ✐♥ ❖❘❈❆✷ ❝♦♥✜❣✉0❛'✐♦♥✳ ■' ✐@ ❛ ♣0✐♠✐'✐✈❡ ❡R✉❛'✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐'❤ ❛ @♣❛'✐❛❧ 0❡@♦❧✉'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✷◦ ① ✷◦ ❛♥❞ ❛ 0❡✜♥❡♠❡♥' ✉♣ '♦ ✵✳✺ ❞❡❣0❡❡@ ✐♥ '❤❡ ♣0♦①✐♠✐'② ♦❢ '❤❡ ❊R✉❛'♦0✳ ❚❤❡ ❣0✐❞ ✐@ R✉❛@✐✲✐@♦'0♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ '0✐✲♣♦❧❛0 ✭✷ ♣♦❧❡@ ✐♥ '❤❡ ♥♦0'❤❡0♥ ❤❡♠✐@♣❤❡0❡✱ ♦♥❡ ♦✈❡0 ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ♦'❤❡0 ♦✈❡0 ❙✐❜❡0✐❛✮✳ ❱❡0'✐❝❛❧ 0❡@♦❧✉'✐♦♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡@ ✸✶ ✈❡0'✐❝❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧@ ✐♥ ③✲❝♦♦0❞✐♥❛'❡@ ✇✐'❤ ✶✹ ❧❡✈❡❧@ ❧②✐♥❣ ✐♥ '❤❡ '♦♣ ✶✺✵ ♠❡'❡0@ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢0❡❡ @✉0❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣0♦❣♥♦@'✐❝ ✈❛0✐❛❜❧❡@ ❛0❡ '❤❡ '❤0❡❡ ❞✐♠❡♥@✐♦♥❛❧ ✈❡✲ ❧♦❝✐'② ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ '❤❡0♠♦❤❛❧✐♥❡ ✈❛0✐❛❜❧❡@✳❚❤❡ ▼❡❞✐'❡00❛♥❡❛♥ ❙❡❛ @❛❧✐♥✐'② ❛♥❞ '❡♠♣❡0❛'✉0❡ ❛0❡ 0❡❧❛①❡❞ '♦ ▲❡✈✐'✉@ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❝❧✐♠❛'♦❧♦❣② ✈❛❧✉❡@ ❡✈❡0② ②❡❛0 @✐♥❝❡ '❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ @❛❧✐♥✐'② ▼❡❞✐'❡00❛♥❡❛♥ ✇❛'❡0@ ❝❛♥ ❧❡❛❞ '♦ ❝♦♠♣✉'❛'✐♦♥❛❧ ❡0✲ 0♦0@ ✐❢ ❧❡❢' ✇✐'❤♦✉' ❝♦♥@'0❛✐♥'@✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐@'0✐❜✉'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ✈❛0✐❛❜❧❡@ ✐@ ♦✈❡0 ❛ '❤0❡❡✲❞✐♠❡♥@✐♦♥❛❧ ❆0❛❦❛✇❛✲❈✲'②♣❡ ❣0✐❞ ✇✐'❤ ❛ ❧❡❛♣✲❢0♦❣ @❝❤❡♠❡ ❡①❝❡♣' ❢♦0 ❛ ❧❛'❡0❛❧ ❞✐✛✉@✐♦♥ ✭❢♦0✇❛0❞✮ ❛♥❞ ✈❡0'✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✛✉@✐♦♥ ✭❜❛❝❦✇❛0❞✮✳ ▼❛❥♦0 ♣❛0❛✲

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✷✳✶ ❙■◆❚❊❳✲● ▼♦❞❡❧ ✼ ♠❡"❡#✐③❛"✐♦♥) ❛#❡✿ ❛✳ ❡❞❞② ♣❛#❛♠❡"❡#✐③❛"✐♦♥✿ ✐)♦♣②❝♥❛❧ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ♦♥ "#❛❝❡#) ✭♥♦ ❤♦#✐③♦♥"❛❧ ❜❛❝❦❣#♦✉♥❞✮ ✇✐"❤ ❛ ❝♦♥)"❛♥" ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥" ♦❢ ✷✵✵✵ m2✴)✳ ❊❞❞② ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✈❡❧♦❝✐"② ✇✐"❤ ❛ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥" ✈❛#②✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❢✉♥❝"✐♦♥ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❣#♦✇"❤ #❛"❡ ♦❢ ❜❛#♦❝❧✐♥✐❝ ✐♥)"❛❜✐❧✲ ✐"② ✭#❛♥❣❡) ✶✺ m2 ✴) "♦ ✷✵✵✵ m2 ✴)✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥" ✐) )❡" "♦ ✵ ✐♥ "❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐"② ♦❢ "❤❡ ❊E✉❛"♦#❀ ❜✳ ❜♦""♦♠ ❜♦✉♥❞❛#② ❧❛②❡# "#❡❛"♠❡♥" ❛♥❞ )✐❧❧ ♦✈❡#✢♦✇ "#❡❛"♠❡♥" ❞✐✛✉)✐✈❡ ❜♦""♦♠ ❜♦✉♥❞❛#② ❧❛②❡# ✭❇❡❝❦♠❛♥♥ ❛♥❞ ❉♦#)❝❤❡#✱ ✶✾✾✼✮❀ ❝✳ ♠✐①❡❞✲❧❛②❡# "#❡❛"♠❡♥"✿ ❚❑❊ )❝❤❡♠❡ ✭❇❧❛♥❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❧❡❝❧✉)❡✱ ✶✾✾✸✮❀ ❞✳ )✉♥❧✐❣❤" ♣❡♥❡"#❛"✐♦♥ ✇✐"❤ ✷ ♠❛)"❡# ❧❡♥❣"❤) ✭❇❧❛♥❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❧❡❝❧✉)❡✱ ✶✾✾✸✮ ❀ ❡✳ ♥♦ "✐❞❛❧ ♠✐①✐♥❣❀ ❢✳ ♥♦ #✐✈❡# ♠♦✉"❤ ♠✐①✐♥❣❀ ❣✳ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✐)♦❧❛"❡❞ )❡❛) ✇✐"❤ "❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥✿ ♥♦ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✭❘❡❞ ❙❡❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❡❞✐✲ "❡##❛♥❡❛♥ ❙❡❛ ❛#❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐"❧② ❝♦♥♥❡❝"❡❞ "♦ "❤❡ #❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦❝❡❛♥✮✳ ❋♦# ❝❧♦)❡❞ ✧)❡❛)✧ ✭❇❧❛❝❦ ❙❡❛✱ ●#❡❛" ❧❛❦❡)✱ ❈❛)♣✐❛♥ ❙❡❛)✮ "❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ )❡❛ ❧❡✈❡❧ #❡♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥✲ )"❛♥"✱ ❡①❝❡)) ✭❞❡✜❝✐"✮ ♦❢ ✇❛"❡# ❜❡❡♥ ❡✐"❤❡# #❡❞✐)"#✐❜✉"❡❞ ♦✈❡# "❤❡ ✇♦#❧❞ ♦❝❡❛♥ ✭❈❛)♣✐❛♥ ❙❡❛✮ ♦# ✐♥ ❙" ▲❛✉#❡♥" #✐✈❡# ♠♦✉"❤ ✭●#❡❛" ❧❛❦❡)✮ ♦# ❉❛#❞❛♥❡❧ )"#❛✐" ❛#❡❛ ✭❇❧❛❝❦ ❙❡❛✮❀ ❤✳ "#❡❛"♠❡♥" ♦❢ ◆♦#"❤ Z♦❧❡ ✧)✐♥❣✉❧❛#✐"②✧✿ )❡♠✐ ❛♥❛❧②"✐❝❛❧ "#✐✲♣♦❧❛# ❣#✐❞✱ ♥♦ )✐♥❣✉❧❛# ♣♦✐♥" ✐♥ "❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭▼❛❞❡❝ ❛♥❞ ■♠❜❛#❞✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ▼✉##❛②✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❖Z❆ ❖●❈▼ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡) "❤❡ ▲♦✉✈❛✐♥✲❧❛♥❡✉✈❡ )❡❛✲■❝❡ )②)"❡▼ ✭▲■▼✮ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❢♦# "❤❡ ✐♥"❡#❛❝"✐✈❡ )❡❛✲✐❝❡ ✭❋✐❝❤❡❢❡" ❛♥❞ ▼♦#❛❧❡)✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❚✐♠♠❡#✲ ♠❛♥♥ ❡" ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ ▲■▼ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❤❛) ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛" "❤❡ ✧■♥)"✐"✉" ❞✬❆)"#♦♥♦♠✐❡ ❡" ❞❡ ●❡♦♣❤②)✐E✉❡ ●❡♦#❣❡) ▲❡♠❛✐"#❡✧ ✭❯♥✐✈❡#)✐"❡ ❈❛"❤♦❧✐E✉❡ ❞❡ ▲♦✉✈❛✐♥✮✳ ■" ✐) ❛ ❧❛#❣❡✲)❝❛❧❡ "❤❡#♠♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝✲❞②♥❛♠✐❝ )❡❛✲✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐"❤ ✸✲❧❛②❡#) ✭♦♥❡ ❢♦# "❤❡ )♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ "✇♦ ❢♦# "❤❡ ✐❝❡✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❝❡ ♠♦♠❡♥"✉♠ ❡E✉❛✲ "✐♦♥ ✐) )♦❧✈❡❞ ♦♥ "❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❤♦#✐③♦♥"❛❧ ❣#✐❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❤♦#✐③♦♥"❛❧ #❡)♦❧✉"✐♦♥ ✐) "❤❡ )❛♠❡ ❛) "❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ❡E✉❛"✐♦♥) ❢♦# ✐❝❡ ♠♦"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ "#❛♥)♣♦#" ❛#❡ ✇#✐""❡♥ ✐♥ ❝✉#✈✐❧✐♥❡❛#✱ ♦#"❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♦#❞✐♥❛"❡)✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❡❛"✲❞✐✛✉)✐♦♥ ❡E✉❛"✐♦♥

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✽ ✷✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❞❡(❝*✐♣-✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ (❡-✉♣ ♦❢ -❤❡ ❡①♣❡*✐♠❡♥-( ✐! ❜❛!❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❢✉❧❧② ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐/ !❝❤❡♠❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ /❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥/✉♠ ❡2✉❛/✐♦♥ ✐! ❛ !❡♠✐✲ ❡♠♣❧✐❝✐/ !❝❤❡♠❡ ✭❝♦♠❜✐♥❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❊✉❧❡7 /✐♠❡ !/❡♣ !❝❤❡♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣♦✐♥/ !✉❝❝❡!!✐✈❡ 7❡❧❛①❛/✐♦♥ ♣7♦❝❡❞✉7❡✮✳ ❆❞✈❡❝/✐♦♥ ❡2✉❛/✐♦♥! ✐! ❜❛!❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❢♦7✇❛7❞ /✐♠❡ ♠❛7❝❤✐♥❣ !❝❤❡♠❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥!❡7✈❡! /❤❡ !❡❝♦♥❞✲♦7❞❡7 ♠♦♠❡♥/! ♦❢ /❤❡ !♣❛/✐❛❧ ❞✐!/7✐❜✉/✐♦♥ ♦❢ /❤❡ ❛❞✈❡❝/❡❞ 2✉❛♥/✐/✐❡!✳ ❚❤❡ ♣7♦❣♥♦!/✐❝ ✈❛7✐❛❜❧❡! ❛7❡ !♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡ /❤✐❝❦♥❡!!✱ ✐❝❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥/7❛/✐♦♥✱ ✐❝❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐/②✱ ✐♥/❡7♥❛❧ /❡♠♣❡7✲ ❛/✉7❡ ♦❢ !♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛/ ❝♦♥/❡♥/ ♦❢ ❜7✐♥❡ 7❡!❡7✈♦✐7✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞♦❡! ♥♦/ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ✇✐/❤ ❛ ❧❛♥❞✲✐❝❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥/✳ ❚❤❡ ❛/♠♦!♣❤❡7✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥/! ❛7❡ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐/❤ ❖❛!✐!✷✳✹ ✭❱❛❧✲ ❝❦❡ ❡/ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❖❆❙■❙ ♠❛✐♥ /❛!❦! ❛7❡ /❤❡ !②♥❝❤7♦♥✐③❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ /❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧! ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ /❤❡ /7❡❛/♠❡♥/ ❛♥❞ ✐♥/❡7♣♦❧❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ /❤❡ ✜❡❧❞! ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❜❡/✇❡❡♥ /❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧! ❛/ /❤❡ ❧❛♥❞✲!❡❛ ✐♥/❡7❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧! ❛7❡ ✐♥/❡❣7❛/❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛7❛❧❧❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛/✐♦♥ ❜❡/✇❡❡♥ ♠♦❞✲ ❡❧! ♦❝❝✉7!✱ /❤7♦✉❣❤ /❤❡ ❝♦✉♣❧❡7✱ ❛/ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ /✐♠❡ !/❡♣ ✭✾✻ ♠✐♥✉/❡!✮ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦77❡!♣♦♥❞ /♦ ✶ /✐♠❡ !/❡♣ ❢♦7 /❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ✽ /✐♠❡ !/❡♣! ❢♦7 /❤❡ ❛/♠♦!♣❤❡7✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛/❡! ✇✐/❤ /❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❛/ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❝❡❛♥ /✐♠❡ !/❡♣✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❡❧❞! !❡♥/ ❢7♦♠ /❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ /♦ /❤❡ ❛/♠♦!♣❤❡7✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛7❡ /❤❡ ❙❡❛ ❙✉7❢❛❝❡ ❚❡♠♣❡7❛/✉7❡ ✭❙❙❚✮ ❛♥❞ /❤❡ ✐♥❢♦7♠❛/✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉/ /❤❡ ❙❡❛ ■❝❡ ❈♦✈❡7 ✭❙■❈✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❡❧❞! !❡♥/ ❢7♦♠ /❤❡ ❛/♠♦!♣❤❡7❡ /♦ /❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❛7❡ !♦❧❛7 ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥ !♦❧❛7 ❤❡❛/ ✢✉①❡!✱ ✇❛/❡7 ✢✉①✱ !♥♦✇ ❢❛❧❧✱ ③♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❡7✐❞✐♦♥❛❧ ✇✐♥❞ !/7❡!!✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✐7✲!❡❛ ✢✉①❡! ❛♥❞ /❤❡ ❙❙❚ ❛7❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❡✈❡7② ✸❤✳ ◆♦ ✢✉① ❝♦77❡❝/✐♦♥! ❛7❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ /♦ /❤❡ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■♥ /❤❡ ❤②❞7♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡✱ /❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉/❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ /❤❡ ✇❛/❡7 ✢✉①❡! ❞♦❡! ♥♦/ ❝♦♥!✐❞❡7 /❤❡ 7✐✈❡7 7✉♥♦✛✳ ❚❤✐! ❝♦♥!/7❛✐♥/ ♠❛② ♥❡❣❛/✐✈❡❧② ✐♠♣❛❝/ /❤❡ 7❡!✲ ✉❧/! ❛! ✐/ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡! /❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ !❛❧✐♥✐/② ❛♥❞ ✐/ ❛✈♦✐❞! /❤❡ ❝♦♥/7✐❜✉/✐♦♥ ♦❢ /❤❡ ♣7❡❝✐♣✐/❛/✐♦♥ ❡①❝❡!!❡!✱ ✐❢ ❛♥②✱ ❢7♦♠ /❤❡ ❝♦♥/✐♥❡♥/!✳

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✷✳✷ ❙❡$✉♣ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❡①♣❡+✐♠❡♥$/ ✾

✷✳✷ ❙❡$✉♣ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❡①♣❡+✐♠❡♥$/

❚❤❡ ♣$❡%❡♥' %'✉❞② ❢♦❝✉%❡% ♦♥ '❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛$✐%♦♥ ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❛ ❝♦♥'$♦❧ ❡①♣❡$✐✲ ♠❡♥' ✭❈❚❘▲✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ %❡' ♦❢ %❡♥%✐'✐✈✐'② ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'% ✇✐'❤ ✐♥❝$❡❛%❡❞ ❛'♠♦%♣❤❡$✐❝ ❝❛$❜♦♥ ❞✐♦①✐❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥'$❛'✐♦♥✳ ■♥ '❤❡ ❈❚❘▲ '❤❡ ❝❛$❜♦♥ ❞✐♦①✐❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥'$❛✲ '✐♦♥ ✐% ✸✺✸ ♣♣♠❱✱ ❝♦$$❡%♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ '♦ '❤❡ ♣$❡%❡♥'✬% ❞❛② ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ■' ❤❛% ❜❡❡♥ ♠✉❧'✐♣❧✐❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❢❛❝'♦$ ♦❢ ✹✱ ✽ ❛♥❞ ✶✻ '♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ✹ ① CO2✱ ✽ ① CO2 ❛♥❞ ✶✻ ① CO2 ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'%✱ $❡%♣❡❝'✐✈❡❧②✳ ❚❤✐% ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'% ❢♦❧❧♦✇% ❢$♦♠ ❛ ♣$❡✈✐♦✉% ❛♥❛❧②%✐% ❢♦❝✉%❡❞ ♦♥ '❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝' ♦❢ ❡①'$❡♠❡ CO2 ❧❡✈❡❧% ✐♥ '❤❡ '$♦♣✐❝❛❧ ❝❧✐♠❛'❡ ✭❈❤❡$❝❤✐ ❡' ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ■♥ ❛❧❧ '❤❡ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'%✱ '❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ✐♥✐'✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐'✐♦♥% ❛$❡ '❤❡ %❛♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ '❤❡② ❝♦$$❡%♣♦♥❞ '♦ '❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❝❧✐♠❛'♦❧♦❣② ❢$♦♠ ▲❡✈✐'✉% '❡♠♣❡$❛'✉$❡ ❛♥❞ %❛❧✐♥✐'② ❞❛'❛%❡'% ✭▲❡✈✐'✉% ❡' ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❚❤❡ CO2 ❢♦$❝✐♥❣ ❤❛% ❜❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛' '❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ %✐♠✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥'❛✐♥❡❞ ❢♦$ '❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❧❡♥❣'❤ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'%✳ ❆❧❧ '❤❡ %✐♠✉❧❛'✐♦♥% ❛$❡ ✻✵✵ ②❡❛$% ❧♦♥❣✳ ■♥ '❤❡ CO2 ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'%✱ '❤❡ ❢♦$❝✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❞$✐✈❡% '❤❡ %②%'❡♠ '♦✇❛$❞ ❛♥ ❡M✉✐❧✐❜$✐✉♠ ✇✐'❤ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥' ❛❞❥✉%'♠❡♥' '✐♠❡% ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ '❤❡ ❢♦$❝✐♥❣ ✐♥'❡♥%✐'②✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡' ❤❡❛' ✢✉① ❣❧♦❜❛❧❧② ❛✈❡$❛❣❡❞ ❛' '❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ %✉$❢❛❝❡ ✭✜❣✳ ✷✳✶❛✮✱ ❝♦♠♣✉'❡❞ ❛% '❤❡ %✉♠ ♦❢ '❤❡ %❤♦$'✇❛✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣✇❛✈❡ $❛❞✐❛'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❧❛'❡♥' ❛♥❞ %❡♥%✐❜❧❡ ❤❡❛' ✢✉①❡%✱ %❤♦✇ ✈❡$② %❧♦✇ ✈❛$✐❛'✐♦♥% '♦✇❛$❞ '❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥' ✐♥❞✐❝❛'✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛❧♠♦%' %'❛❜❧❡ ❝❧✐♠❛'❡✳ ■♥ '❤❡ ✶✻CO2 ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'✱ ❢♦$ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ '❤❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ ♥❡' %✉$❢❛❝❡ ❤❡❛' ✢✉① %❤♦✇% %'$✐❦✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥❣❡% ✇✐'❤✐♥ '❤❡ ✜$%' ✶✵✵ ②❡❛$% ✭✺✻✪ ♦❢ $❡❞✉❝'✐♦♥ ✇✐'❤ $❡%♣❡❝' '♦ '❤❡ ✐♥✐'✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡✮ ❛♥❞ ✈❡$② %❧♦✇ ✈❛$✐❛'✐♦♥% ❞✉$✐♥❣ '❤❡ ❧❛%' ✶✵✵ ②❡❛$% ✭✹✪ ♦❢ $❡❞✉❝'✐♦♥✮✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛$❧②✱ '❤❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❛' '❤❡ '♦♣ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❛'♠♦%♣❤❡$❡ ✭❚❖❆✮✱ ❝♦♠♣✉'❡❞ ❛% '❤❡ %✉♠ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❚❖❆ ♥❡' %❤♦$'✇❛✈❡ $❛❞✐❛'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣✇❛✈❡ $❛❞✐❛'✐♦♥ ✭✜❣✳ ✷✳✶❜✮✱ %❤♦✇% ❝❧✐♠❛'❡ %'❛❜✐❧✐'② ❜♦'❤ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❈❚❘▲ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❧❛%' ✶✵✵ ②❡❛$% ♦❢ '❤❡ CO2 %✐♠✉❧❛'✐♦♥%✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡$'✉$❜❛'✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥'% %❤♦✇ ❛♥ ✐♥✲ ❝$❡❛%❡❞ ❚❖❆ ♥❡' ❤❡❛' ✢✉① ❞✉❡ '♦ '❤❡ ❣$❡❛'❡$ ❛❜%♦$♣'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦♥❣✇❛✈❡ $❛❞✐✲ ❛'✐♦♥ ❜② '❤❡ CO2 '❤$♦✉❣❤ '❤❡ ❛'♠♦%♣❤❡$❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡' ❤❡❛' ✢✉① ♥♦' ❝❧♦%❡❞ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❈❚❘▲ ❝❛%❡ ✐% ❞✉❡ '♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❜✐❛% ✐♥ ❝❧✐♠❛'❡ ♠♦❞❡❧%✱ ❛% %✉❣❣❡%'❡❞ ❜② %❡✈❡$❛❧ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ %'✉❞✐❡% ✭▲✉♦ ❡' ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✹✮

(18)

✶✵ ✷✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❞❡)❝+✐♣.✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ )❡.✉♣ ♦❢ .❤❡ ❡①♣❡+✐♠❡♥.) ■♥ "❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♣"❡./✱ ♠❡❛♥ ❝❧✐♠❛"❡ ✜❡❧❞/ .❡❢❡. "♦ "❤❡ ❛✈❡.❛❣❡ ♦✈❡. "❤❡ ❧❛/" ✶✵✵ ②❡❛./ ♦❢ ✐♥"❡❣.❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥"✱ ✉♥❧❡// ❞✐✛❡.❡♥"❧② /♣❡❝✐✜❡❞✳ ❚♦ /✐♠♣❧✐❢② ❛♥❞ =✉❛♥"✐❢② "❤❡ ❞❡/❝.✐♣"✐♦♥ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❞✐✛❡.❡♥❝❡/ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ CO2 ❛♥❞ ❈❚❘▲ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥"/ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡. ♦❢ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ♦. ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ ♠❡❛♥ ♣❛.❛♠❡"❡./ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ /✉♠♠❛.✐③❡❞ ✐♥ "❛❜❧❡ ✸✳✶ ❚♦ /"✉❞② "❤❡ ❡✛❡❝" ♦❢ "❤❡ ▼❡❞✐"❡..❛♥❡❛♥ ❖✉"✢♦✇ ✭▼❖❲✮ ✇❛"❡./✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ✐♥ "❡.♠/ ♦❢ /❛❧✐♥✐"② ✐♥♣✉"✱ ♦♥ "❤❡ ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ ❚❍❈ ✐♥"❡♥/✐"② ❛ ❢✉."❤❡. ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥" ✭❤❡.❡❛❢"❡. ✶✻①CO2▼✮ ❤❛/ ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡.❢♦.♠❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✶✻CO2▼ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥" ❤❛/ "❤❡ /❛♠❡ ✐♥✐"✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✻ CO2 ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥" ❛♥❞ ✐" ❞✐✛❡./ ❢♦. ❛ /❛❧✐♥✐"② ✐♥♣✉" ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛" "❤❡ ●✐❜.❛❧"❛. ❙".❛✐" ❧❛"✐"✉❞❡ ✭❝❧♦/❡ "♦ ✹✵◦◆✮✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝"✱ ✐♥ ✶✻①CO 2▼ "❤❡ .❡❧❛①❛"✐♦♥ "♦ ▲❡✈✐"✉/ ❝❧✐♠❛"♦❧♦❣② ✐/ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♦♥❧② "♦ "❤❡ "❡♠♣❡.❛"✉.❡ ✜❡❧❞✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ "❤❡ /❛❧✐♥✐"② ❝❤❛♥❣❡/ .❡/♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ "♦ "❤❡ CO2 ❢♦.❝✐♥❣ ✇✐"❤♦✉" ❛♥② ❝♦♥/".❛✐♥"✳ ❚❤❡ "❡♠♣❡.❛"✉.❡ .❡❧❛①❛"✐♦♥ ❤❛/ ❜❡❡♥ ❤❡❧❞ ✐♥ ♦.❞❡. "♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♥✉♠❡.✐❝❛❧ ✐♥/"❛❜✐❧✐"② ❞✉❡ "♦ ❤✐❣❤ "❡♠♣❡.❛"✉.❡ ❛♥❞ /❛❧✐♥✐"② ✈❛❧✉❡/ .❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❜② "❤❡ ▼❡❞✐"❡..❛♥❡❛♥ ✇❛"❡./ ✉♥❞❡. CO2 ❡①".❡♠❡ ❢♦.❝✐♥❣✳ ❊✈❡♥ "❤✐/ ❧❛/" ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥" ✐/ ✻✵✵ ②❡❛./ ❧♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛.✐/♦♥ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ "❤❡ ✶✻①CO2▼ ❛♥❞ ✶✻①CO2 ✐/ ❞♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❛.✐♥❣ "❤❡ ❧❛/" ✶✵✵ ②❡❛./ ♦❢ /✐♠✉❧❛"✐♦♥✳

(19)

m2

m2

CO2

(20)
(21)

❈❤❛♣$❡& ✸

❙✐♠✉❧❛$❡❞ ♠❡❛♥ /$❛$❡✿ /❡♥/✐$✐✈✐$②

$♦ CO

2

❢♦&❝✐♥❣

✸✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝ $❤❡*♠♦❤❛❧✐♥❡ ❝✐*❝✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ✭❚❍❈✮ ✐2 ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦*$❛♥$ ♣❛*$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❊❛*$❤✬2 ❝❧✐♠❛$❡ 2②2$❡♠ ❜❡✐♥❣ *❡2♣♦♥2✐❜❧❡ ❢♦* ♠♦2$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ♥♦*$❤✇❛*❞ ❤❡❛$ $*❛♥2♣♦*$ ✐♥ $❤❡ ◆♦*$❤ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝✱ ♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ❛$ ❛❜♦✉$ ✶✳✷ B❲ ❛$ ✷✹◦◆ ✭●❛♥❛❝❤❛✉❞ ❛♥❞ ❲✉♥2❝❤ ✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ■$ ✐2 ❛♥ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ❝✐*❝✉❧❛$✐♦♥ $❤❛$ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡2 ✇❛*♠✱ 2❛❧✐♥❡ 2✉*❢❛❝❡ ✇❛$❡* ✢♦✇✐♥❣ ♥♦*$❤✇❛*❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❞✱ ❞❡♥2❡ ✇❛$❡* ✢♦✇✐♥❣ 2♦✉$❤✇❛*❞ ❛$ ❞❡♣$❤ ✐♥ $❤❡ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝ ❜❛2✐♥ ✭❲✉♥2❝❤✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❚*♦♣✐❝❛❧ 2✉*❢❛❝❡ ✇❛$❡* ✢♦✇2 ✐♥$♦ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❛$✐$✉❞❡2 ✇❤❡*❡ ✐$ ✐2 ❝♦♦❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ $❤❡♥ ✐$ 2✐♥❦2 $♦ ❞❡♣$❤ ♠❛✐♥❧② ✐♥ $❤❡ ▲❛❜*❛❞♦* ❙❡❛ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ $❤❡ ◆♦*❞✐❝ ❙❡❛2✳ ❆$ ❛❜♦✉$ ✸✵✵✵♠ ❞❡♣$❤ $❤❡ ✇❛$❡* ✢♦✇2 2♦✉$❤✇❛*❞ $❤*♦✉❣❤ $❤❡ ❆$❧❛♥$✐❝ ❖❝❡❛♥✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❛2 ❛ ❞❡❡♣ ✇❡2$❡*♥ ❜♦✉♥❞❛*② ❝✉**❡♥$✱ ✉♥$✐❧ ✐$ *❡❛❝❤❡2 $❤❡ ❙♦✉$❤❡*♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✇❤❡*❡ ✐$ ♠✐①❡2 ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ *❡2$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❲♦*❧❞ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✇❛$❡*2 ✭❙$♦✉✛❡* ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ◆♦ 2✉❝❤ ❞❡❡♣ ♦✈❡*$✉*♥✐♥❣ ♦❝❝✉*2 ♥❡✐$❤❡* ✐♥ $❤❡ ◆♦*$❤ B❛❝✐✜❝✱ ✇❤❡*❡ $❤❡ 2✉*❢❛❝❡ ✇❛$❡*2 ❛*❡ $♦♦ ❢*❡2❤ $♦ 2✐♥❦ ✭❲❡❛✈❡* ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ ♥♦* ✐♥ $❤❡ ❙♦✉$❤❡*♥ ❖❝❡❛♥✱ ✇❤❡*❡ $❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❛ ♠❡*✐❞✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❛♥❞ ❜❛**✐❡* ♣*❡❝❧✉❞❡2 $❤❡ ❡①✐2$❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ 2$*♦♥❣ ❡❛2$✲✇❡2$ ♣*❡22✉*❡ ❣*❛❞✐❡♥$2 ♥❡❡❞❡❞ $♦ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❛ 2♦✉$❤✇❛*❞ ❣❡♦✲ 2$*♦♣❤✐❝ 2✉*❢❛❝❡ ✢♦✇ ✭❈❧❛*❦ ❡$ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✶✸

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✶✹ ✸✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛*❡❞ ♠❡❛♥ .*❛*❡✿ .❡♥.✐*✐✈✐*② *♦ CO2 ❢♦4❝✐♥❣ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❛)* ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡) )✉❣❣❡)* *❤❛* 0❡♦0❣❛♥✐③❛*✐♦♥) ♦❢ *❤❡ ❆*❧❛♥*✐❝ ❚❍❈ ✇❡0❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❧✐♠❛*✐❝ *❡♠♣❡0❛*✉0❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡) ♦❢ )❡✈❡0❛❧ ❞❡❣0❡❡) ✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❞❡❝❛❞❡) ✭❈❧❛0❦ ❡* ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❘❛❤♠)*♦0❢✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♥❞ *❤❡0❡ ✐) *❤❡ 0✐)❦✱ ✐♥ *❤❡ ❢✉*✉0❡✱ *❤❛* )✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥* ❝❤❛♥❣❡) ✐♥ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❝✐0❝✉❧❛*✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ 0❡)✉❧* ❢0♦♠ ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✇❛0♠✐♥❣ ✭▼❛♥❛❜❡ ❛♥❞ ❙*♦✉✛❡0✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❲♦♦❞ ❡* ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❙❝❤❛❡✛❡0 ❡* ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❩✐❝❦❢❡❧❞ ❡* ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ M❛❧❡♦ ❞❛*❛ )*0♦♥❣❧② )✉❣❣❡)* *❤❛* ❧❛*✐*✉❞❡ )❤✐❢*) ♦❢ ❝♦♥✈❡❝*✐♦♥ ✭❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *❤❡ ◆♦0❞✐❝ ❙❡❛) ❛♥❞ *❤❡ 0❡❣✐♦♥ )♦✉*❤ ♦❢ ■❝❡❧❛♥❞✮ ❤❛✈❡ ♦❝❝✉00❡❞ ✭❆❧❧❡② ❛♥❞ ❈❧❛0❦✱ ✶✾✾✾✮ ❛♥❞ *❤❛* ❛* ❝❡0*❛✐♥ *✐♠❡) ◆❆❉❲ ❢♦0♠❛*✐♦♥ ✇❛) ✐♥*❡00✉♣*❡❞ ✭❑❡✐❣✇✐♥ ❡* ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦)* ♣0♦♥♦✉♥❝❡❞ ❛❜0✉♣* ❝❧✐♠❛*❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡) ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐❞❡♥*✐✜❡❞ ❛) *❤❡ ❉❛♥)❣❛❛0❞✲❖❡)❝❤❣❡0 ✭❉✴❖✮ ✇❛0♠ ❡✈❡♥*)✱ ✇✐*❤ ❛ ✇❛0♠✲ ✐♥❣ ❡①❝❡❡❞✐♥❣ ✶✵◦❈ ✇✐*❤✐♥ ❛ ❞❡❝❛❞❡ ♦0 )♦ ✭❙❡✈❡0✐♥❣❤❛✉) ❡* ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❞✉0✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ *❤❡ ◆♦0❞✐❝ ❙❡❛) ❝♦♥✈❡❝*✐♦♥ )✐*❡) )❤✐❢*❡❞ *♦ ♠✐❞✲❧❛*✐*✉❞❡) ❛♥❞ *❤❡ ❆*✲ ❧❛♥*✐❝ ❚❍❈ ✇❡❛❦❡♥❡❞✳ ❖*❤❡0) ♠❛❥♦0 ❝❧✐♠❛*✐❝ ❡✈❡♥*)✱ *❤❡ )♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❍❡✐♥0✐❝❤ ❡✈❡♥*) *❤❛* ♦❝❝✉00❡❞ ♠♦)*❧② ✐♥ *❤❡ ❧❛**❡0 ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❧❛)* ❣❧❛❝✐❛❧ ✭❘❛❤♠)*♦0❢✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛))♦✲ ❝✐❛*❡❞ ✇✐*❤ ❛ ❧❛0❣❡ ❞✐)❝❤❛0❣❡ ♦❢ ✐❝❡❜❡0❣) ✐♥*♦ *❤❡ ♥♦0*❤❡0♥ ❆*❧❛♥*✐❝ ✭❍❡✐♥0✐❝❤✱ ✶✾✽✽✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ )❤✉*❞♦✇♥ ♦❢ ◆❆❉❲ ❢♦0♠❛*✐♦♥ ✭❑❡✐❣✇✐♥ ❡* ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❢0❡)❤✲ ✇❛*❡0 ❢♦0❝✐♥❣ ❞✐)❝❤❛0❣❡❞ ✐♥*♦ *❤❡ ❆*❧❛♥*✐❝ ❤❛) ❜❡❡♥ ❡)*✐♠❛*❡❞ ♦❢ *❤❡ ♦0❞❡0 ♦❢ ✵✳✶ ❙✈ ✭❍❡♠♠✐♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆* *❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❧❛)* ❣❧❛❝✐❛❧ ♣❡0✐♦❞✱ ❛) *❤❡ ❝❧✐♠❛*❡ ✇❛0♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐❝❡ )❤❡❡*) ♠❡❧*❡❞✱ *❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥ ❝✐0❝✉❧❛*✐♦♥ ✇❡♥* *❤0♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡0 ♦❢ ♦)❝✐❧❧❛*✐♦♥) *❤❛* ♠❛② ❜❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ♠❡❧*✇❛*❡0 ✐♥♣✉* ✭✐✳❡✳✱ *❤❡ ❨♦✉♥❣❡0 ❉0②❛) ❛♥❞ *❤❡ ✽✳✷ ❦②0 ❝♦❧❞ ❡✈❡♥*✮ ✭❑✉❤❧❜0♦❞* ❡* ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ▼❛♥② ❛)♣❡❝*) ♦❢ *❤❡ ❛❜0✉♣* ❡✈❡♥*) ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ♣0♦①② ❞❛*❛ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ 0❡♣0♦✲ ❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ )✐♠✉❧❛*✐♦♥)✳ ▲❛0❣❡ ❢0❡)❤✇❛*❡0 ✐♥♣✉*✱ )✉❝❤ ❛) *❤❛* ❛))♦❝✐❛*❡❞ ✇✐*❤ ❍❡✐♥0✐❝❤ ❡✈❡♥*)✱ ❤❛) ❜❡❡♥ 0❡♣0♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ♠♦❞❡❧) ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❆*❧❛♥*✐❝ ❚❍❈ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛0 0❡)♣♦♥)❡ ✇✐*❤ ♠✉❧*✐♣❧❡ ❡\✉✐❧✐❜0✐✉♠ )*❛*❡) ❤❛) ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ 0❡)♣♦♥)❡ *♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ )✉0❢❛❝❡ ✢✉①❡) ✭❙*♦♠♠❡❧✱ ✶✾✻✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ )❤♦✇) ❛ ❜✐)*❛❜❧❡ 0❡❣✐♠❡ ✐♥ ✐*) ♣❛0❛♠❡*❡0 )♣❛❝❡ ✇❤❡0❡ *❤❡ ❞❡❡♣✲✇❛*❡0 ❢♦0♠❛*✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✧♦♥✧ ✭❛) ✐♥ *❤❡ ♣0❡)❡♥* ❝❧✐♠❛*❡✮ ♦0 ✧♦✛✧✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ♦♥ ✐♥✐*✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐✲

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✸✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✶✺ ✐♦♥$✳ ❋♦' ✐♥❝'❡❛$✐♥❣ ❢'❡$❤✇❛ ❡' ✐♥✢♦✇ ♦ ❆ ❧❛♥ ✐❝✱ ❤✐$ ❜✐$ ❛❜❧❡ '❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❛$$❡$ ❛ $❛❞❞❧❡✲♥♦❞❡ ❜✐❢✉'❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♦ ❛ ♠♦♥♦$ ❛❜❧❡ '❡❣✐♠❡ ✇❤❡'❡ ❤❡ ❞❡❡♣ ✇❛ ❡'$ ❞♦ ♥♦ ❢♦'♠ ✭♦✛ $ ❛ ❡✮ ✭❘❛❤♠$ ♦'❢✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❋♦' ❧❡$$❡' ❢'❡$❤✇❛ ❡' ✐♥✢♦✇✱ ❛♥♦ ❤❡' ♠♦♥♦$ ❛❜❧❡ '❡❣✐♠❡ ❡①✐$ $ ✇❤❡'❡ ❤❡ ◆❆❉❲ ❢♦'♠ ✭♦♥ $ ❛ ❡✮ ✭❍♦❢♠❛♥♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❛❤♠$ ♦'❢✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❚❤✐$ ♥♦♥ ❧✐♥❡❛' ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦' ✐$ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❤❡ ♣♦$✐ ✐✈❡ $❛❧ ✲❛❞✈❡❝ ✐♦♥ ❢❡❡❞✲ ❜❛❝❦ ✜'$ ❞❡$❝'✐❜❡❞ ❜② ❙ ♦♠♠❡❧ ✭✶✾✻✶✮✳ ❍✐❣❤❡' $❛❧✐♥✐ ② ✐♥ ❤❡ ❞❡❡♣✲✇❛ ❡' ❢♦'♠❛ ✐♦♥ ❛'❡❛ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡$ ❤❡ ❝✐'❝✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❝✐'❝✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✉'♥ '❛♥$✲ ♣♦' $ ❤✐❣❤❡' $❛❧✐♥✐ ② ✇❛ ❡'$ ✐♥ ♦ ❤❡ ❞❡❡♣✲✇❛ ❡' ❢♦'♠❛ ✐♦♥ '❡❣✐♦♥$ ✭❘❛❤♠✲ $ ♦'❢✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❋✉' ❤❡'♠♦'❡✱ ❘❛❤♠$ ♦'❢ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ $✉❣❣❡$ ❡❞ ❤❛ ❤❡ $❛❧ ✲ '❛♥$♣♦' ❢❡❡❞✲ ❜❛❝❦ ✐$ ♥♦ ❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❤❡ $②$ ❡♠ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛'✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝ ✐✈❡ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ♣'♦❝❡$$ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❛ ✐ ✉❞❡$ ✐$ ✐ $❡❧❢ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛'✱ $❡❧❢✲$✉$ ❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♣'♦❝❡$$✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ ❧❡❛$ ✐♥ ♠♦❞❡❧$ ❝❛♥ ❧❡❛❞ ♦ ♠✉❧ ✐♣❧❡ $ ❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝ ✐♦♥ ♣❛ ✲ ❡'♥$✳ ❘❡❝❡♥ $ ✉❞✐❡$ $✉❣❣❡$ ❤❛ ❤❡ ❞✐'❡❝ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♥❡ ❢'❡$❤✇❛ ❡' '❛♥$✲ ♣♦' ❛ ❤❡ $♦✉ ❤❡'♥ ❜♦✉♥❞❛'② ♦❢ ❤❡ ❆ ❧❛♥ ✐❝ ❜② ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈✱ ❛$ ❛ ♠❡❛$✉'❡ ♦❢ ❙ ♦♠♠❡❧✬$ $❛❧ ✲❛❞✈❡❝ ✐♦♥ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦✱ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛ ✉$❡❢✉❧ ♣❤②$✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦' ♦❢ ❤❡ ❡①✐$ ❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜✐$ ❛❜✐❧✐ ② ✭❍❛✇❦✐♥$ ❡ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ■❢ ❤❡ ❢'❡$❤✇❛ ❡' '❛♥$✲ ♣♦' ✐$ ♣♦$✐ ✐✈❡ ❤❛♥ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❡①♣♦' $ $❛❧ ❀ ✐♥ ❤✐$ ❝❛$❡ ❛ $♠❛❧❧ ❞❡❝'❡❛$❡ ✐♥ ❤❡ $ '❡♥❣ ❤ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣♦' ❧❡$$ $❛❧ ❡♥❝♦✉'❛❣✐♥❣ ❛ '❡❝♦✈❡'② ♦❢ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ❛$ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡' $❛❧✐♥✐ ② ❡♥❞$ ♦ ♣'♦♠♦ ❡ ❞❡❡♣ ♠✐①✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛ $ '♦♥❣❡' ❆❚❍❈✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡' ✐❢ ❤❡ ❢'❡$❤✇❛ ❡' '❛♥$♣♦' ✐$ ♥❡❣❛ ✐✈❡ ❤❡♥ ❤❡'❡ ✐$ ❛ ♣♦$✐ ✲ ✐✈❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦✱ '❡✐♥❢♦'❝✐♥❣ ❛♥② ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ✐♥ ❤❡ $ '❡♥❣ ❤ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❆❚❍❈ ✭❍❛✇❦✐♥$ ❡ ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❡$ ✐♠❛ ❡$ ♦❢ '❡❝❡♥ ✐♠❡ ❡✈♦❧✉ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❢'❡$❤✇❛ ❡' '❛♥$✲ ♣♦' ❛ ✸✹◦❙ ✐♥ ❤❡ ❆ ❧❛♥ ✐❝ ❜❛$✐♥ $❤♦✇ ②♣✐❝❛❧ ♥❡❣❛ ✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡$ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜✐$ ❛❜❧❡ '❡❣✐♠❡✳ ■♥$ '✉♠❡♥ ❛❧$ '❡❝♦'❞$ $❤♦✇ ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ $✉'❢❛❝❡ ❡♠♣❡'❛ ✉'❡ ♠❡❛♥ ✐♥❝'❡❛$❡ ♦❢ ✵✳✼✹ ◦❈ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ❤❡ ✷✵ ❤ ❝❡♥ ✉'② ❛♥❞ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣'♦❥❡❝ ✐♦♥$ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡ ❤❛ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ❤❡ ✷✶$ ❝❡♥ ✉'② ✐ ✇✐❧❧ '✐$❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② ♦❢ ❛❜♦✉ ✶✳✺◦❈ ♦ ✶✳✾ ◦❈ ❢♦' ❤❡ ❧♦✇❡$ ❡♠✐$$✐♦♥$ $❝❡♥❛'✐♦ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ✸✳✹◦❈ ♦ ✻✳✶◦❈ ❢♦' ❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡$ ✭■V❈❈✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆$ ❛ ❝♦♥$❡W✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ '❡❝❡♥ ✇❛'♠✐♥❣✱ ❛ '❛♣✐❞ ♥♦♥ ❧✐♥❡❛' '❡$♣♦♥$❡

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✶✻ ✸✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛*❡❞ ♠❡❛♥ .*❛*❡✿ .❡♥.✐*✐✈✐*② *♦ CO2 ❢♦4❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❚❍❈✱✇✐"❤ ❛ ❝♦♥❝♦♠✐"❛♥" ❝❧✐♠❛"✐❝ ✐♠♣❛❝" ✐♥ ✇❡1"❡2♥ ❊✉2♦♣❡✱ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♦❝❝✉2 ✭●❛♥♦♣♦❧1❦✐ ❡" ❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❚❤✐1 ❝❤❛♣"❡2 ❛✐♠1 "♦ ✐♥✈❡1"✐❣❛"❡ "❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡1 ✐♥ "❤❡ ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ ❖❝❡❛♥ ♠❡❛♥ 1"❛"❡ ❛1 ❛ ❝♦♥1❡B✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡1 ♦❝❝✉22✐♥❣ "♦ ❞❡♥1✐"② ❛♥❞ 1❛❧✐♥✐"② ✜❡❧❞1 ❜❡❝❛✉1❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥❝2❡❛1❡ ✐♥ "❡♠♣❡2❛"✉2❡ ❛11♦❝✐❛"❡❞ ✇✐"❤ ❛ CO2 ❢♦2❝✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ♣❛2"✐❝✉❧❛2✱ "❤✐1 ♣❛2" ♦❢ "❤❡ 1"✉❞② ❛✐♠1 "♦ ❛♥1✇❡2 "♦ "❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ B✉❡1"✐♦♥1✿ ✶✳ ❲❤✐❝❤ ✐1 "❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝" ♦❢ "❤❡ 2❛❞✐❛"✐✈❡ ❢♦2❝✐♥❣ ♦✈❡2 "❤❡ ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ ❖❝❡❛♥ ♠❡❛♥ 1"❛"❡❄ ✷✳ ❍♦✇ ❞♦ "❤❡ ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ ❚❍❈ 2❡1♣♦♥❞ "♦ "❤❡ 1"2♦♥❣ CO2 ♣❡2"✉2❜❛"✐♦♥❄ ❚❤✐1 ❝❤❛♣"❡2 ✐1 ♦2❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛1 ❢♦❧❧♦✇1✿ 1❡❝"✐♦♥ ✸✳✷ ❛♥❛❧②③❡1 "❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ CO2 ♣❡2"✉2❜❛"✐♦♥ ♦✈❡2 "❤❡ ♣2♦❝❡11❡1 ♦❝❝✉22✐♥❣ ❛" "❤❡ ❛"♠♦1♣❤❡2❡✲ ♦❝❡❛♥ 1✉2❢❛❝❡✱ 1❡❝"✐♦♥ ✸✳✸ ✐♥✈❡1"✐❣❛"❡1 "❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ 1"❛"❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ ❖❝❡❛♥ ❝✐2❝✉❧❛"✐♦♥✱ 1❡❝"✐♦♥ ✸✳✹ 1❤♦✇1 "❤❡ "2♦♣♦1♣❤❡2✐❝ 2❡1♣♦♥1❡ "♦ "❤❡ 2❛❞✐❛"✐✈❡ ❢♦2✲ ❝✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ 1❡❝"✐♦♥ ✸✳✺ ❣✐✈❡1 1♦♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ 2❡♠❛2❦1✳ ❆1 1♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣"❡2 ✷✱ "❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②1✐1 ✐1 ❢♦❝✉1❡❞ ♦♥ "❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ♠❡❛♥ 1"❛"❡ ❛✈❡2❛❣❡❞ ♦✈❡2 "❤❡ ❧❛1" ✶✵✵ ②❡❛21 ♦❢ ✐♥"❡❣2❛"✐♦♥ ❢♦2 ❡❛❝❤ ❡①♣❡2✐♠❡♥"✳ ❆ "❛❜❧❡ ✐1 ✐♥1❡2"❡❞ "♦ 1✉♠♠❛2✐③❡ "❤❡ ✐♥"❡♥1✐"② ♦❢ 1♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♠❡"2✐❝1✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ "❡2♠1 ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡2❡♥❝❡1 ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ CO2 ❡①♣❡2✐♠❡♥"1 ❛♥❞ ❈❚❘▲✱ ❝❤❛2❛❝"❡2✐1"✐❝1 ♦❢ ♦❝❡❛♥✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛"♠♦✲ 1♣❤❡2✐❝ ♣2♦♣❡2"✐❡1 ✭"❛❜❧❡ ✸✳✶✮✳

✸✳✷ ❈❤❛♥❣❡ ❛) ♦❝❡❛♥✲❛)♠♦.♣❤❡0❡ ✐♥)❡0❢❛❝❡

❚❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ♠❡❛♥ ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ 1❡❛ 1✉2❢❛❝❡ "❡♠♣❡2❛"✉2❡ ✭✜❣✳ ✸✳✶✮ ✐♥❝2❡❛1❡1 ✐♥ 2❡1♣♦♥1❡ "♦ ❛♥ ❛"♠♦1♣❤❡2✐❝ CO2 ✐♥❝2❡❛1❡ ✭"❛❜❧❡ ✸✳✶✮✳ ■♥ "❤❡ 1✐♠✉❧❛"✐♦♥1✱ "❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ ❖❝❡❛♥ 1✉2❢❛❝❡ "❡♠♣❡2❛"✉2❡ ✐♥❝2❡❛1❡ ✐1 ❧♦❝❛"❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❜❡❧" ❝♦♥✜♥❡❞ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ ✸✵◦❙ ❛♥❞ ✺✵◦❙✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐1 "❤❡ 2❡1✉❧" ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦❧❡✇❛2❞ 1❤✐❢" ♦❢ "❤❡ 1✉❜"2♦♣✐❝❛❧ ❣②2❡ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❛ 1♦✉"❤✇❛2❞ 1❤✐❢" ♦❢ "❤❡ ✇✐♥❞ 1"2❡11 ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❛" "❤❡ ❙♦✉"❤❡2♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✭"❛❜❧❡ ✸✳✶✮✱ ❛1 ♣2♦♣♦1❡❞ ❜② ❈❛✐ ❡" ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❢♦2 ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✇❛2♠✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❞✐"✐♦♥1✳ ❚❤❡ ◆♦2"❤ ❆"❧❛♥"✐❝ ✐1 ❛1 ✇❡❧❧ 1✉❜❥❡❝" "♦ ❛ ✇❛2♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ "❤❡ "❡♠♣❡2❛"✲ ✉2❡ ❣2❛❞✐❡♥" ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ "❤❡ ❧♦✇ ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❛"✐"✉❞❡1✱ ❝♦♠♣✉"❡❞ ❛1 "❤❡ ❙❙❚

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✸✳✷ ❈❤❛♥❣❡ ❛) ♦❝❡❛♥✲❛)♠♦.♣❤❡0❡ ✐♥)❡0❢❛❝❡ ✶✼

❈❚❘▲ 4 × CO2 8 × CO2 16 × CO2

●❧♦❜❛❧ ❛)♠ ❚ ✭◦❈✮ ✲ ✰✼ ✰✶✶ ✰✶✼ ❆)❧❛♥)✐❝ ❙❙❚ ✭◦❈✮ ✲ ✰✹ ✰✼ ✰✶✷ ❆)❧❛♥)✐❝ ❙❙❚ ❣3❛❞✐❡♥) ✭◦❈✮ ✷✼ ✷✻ ✷✺ ✷✹ ▲❛❜3❛❞♦3 ❙❙❚ ✭◦❈✮ ✲ ✰✷ ✰✹ ✰✻ ❆)❧❛♥)✐❝ ❙❙❙ ✭♣7✉✮ ✲ ✰✶ ✰✷ ✰✹ ▲❛❜3❛❞♦3 ❙❙❙ ✭♣7✉✮ ✲ ✲✵✳✺ ✲✶ ✲✷ ❋3❡7❤✇❛)❡3 ✐♥♣✉) ❞✉❡ )♦ 7❡❛✲✐❝❡ ♠❡❧)✐♥❣ ✭❙✈✮ ✲ ✵✳✵✶ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✻ ❆3❝)✐❝ ✐❝❡ 7)❛❜✐❧✐③❛)✐♦♥ )✐♠❡ ♣❡3✐♦❞ ✭②37✮ ✲ ✽✻ ✻✾ ✶✼ ❆)❧❛♥)✐❝ ❚❍❈ ♠❛① ✭❙✈✮ ✸✷ ✷✼ ✷✹ ✶✺ ❆)❧❛♥)✐❝ ❚❍❈ ♠❛① ✷✺◦◆ ✭❙✈✮ ✸✶ ✷✺ ✷✶ ✶✸ ❆)❧❛♥)✐❝ ❍❚ ♠❛① ✭E❲✮ ✶✳✶✻ ✶✳✶✷ ✶✳✵✸ ✵✳✼✷ ❆)❧❛♥)✐❝ ❍❚ ✸✵◦❙ ✭E❲✮ ✵✳✸✻ ✵✳✺✸ ✵✳✺✸ ✵✳✸✷ ✷✻ ❑❣✴m3 ❆)❧❛♥)✐❝ ✐7♦♣②❝♥❛❧ ❞❡♣)❤ ✭♠✮ ✶✷✵ ✶✸✵ ✶✻✵ ✶✽✵ ◆❆ ✈❡3)✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✛✉7✐✈✐)② ✭m2 ✴7✮ ✶✳✹✹ ✶✳✹✸ ✶✳✸✸ ✶✳✷✵ ❙❖ ✇✐♥❞ 7)3❡77 ✭10−2◆✴m2✮ ✼✳✼ ✽ ✼✳✻ ✺✳✾ ❙❖ ✇✐♥❞ 7)3❡77 ♠❛① ✭◆✴m2 ✵✳✶✺ ✵✳✶✻ ✵✳✶✺ ✵✳✶✸ ❙❖ ✇✐♥❞ 7)3❡77 ♠❛① ❧❛) ✹✻◦❙ ✺✶◦❙ ✺✸◦❙ ✺✺◦❙ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✳✶✿ ❋*♦♠ -♦♣ -♦ ❜♦--♦♠ -❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡2 *❡❢❡* -♦ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ♠❡❛♥ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥❝❡2 ✭CO2 ❡①♣❡*✐♠❡♥-2 ♠✐♥✉2 ❈❚❘▲✮ ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✷♠ ❤❡✐❣❤- ❛✐* -❡♠♣❡*❛-✉*❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❙❙❚ ❛✈❡*❛❣❡❞ ✐♥ -❤❡ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ❖❝❡❛♥✱ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ♠❡❛♥ ♠❡*✐❞✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❙❚ ❣*❛❞✐❡♥-✐♥ -❤❡ ◆♦*-❤ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ✭❞✐✛❡*❡♥❝❡ ❜❡-✇❡❡♥ ✵◦ ❛♥❞ ✽✵◦◆✮✱ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥❝❡2 ✭CO 2 ❡①♣❡*✐♠❡♥-2 ♠✐♥✉2 ❈❚❘▲✮ ♦❢ ❙❙❚ ❛✈❡*❛❣❡❞ ✐♥ -❤❡ ▲❛❜*❛❞♦* ❙❡❛ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❙❙❙ ❛✈❡*❛❣❡❞ ✐♥ -❤❡ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ❜❛2✐♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ -❤❡ ▲❛❜*❛❞♦* ❙❡❛✱ ❢*❡2❤✇❛-❡* ✐♥♣✉-❞✉❡ -♦ 2❡❛✲✐❝❡ ♠❡❧-✐♥❣✱ -✐♠❡ ♣❡*✐♦❞ ♥❡❝❡22❛*② -♦ *❡❛❝❤ -❤❡ ❆*❝-✐❝ ✐❝❡ 2-❛❜✐❧✲ ✐③✐♦♥✱ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ♠❡❛♥ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ❚❍❈ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠✱ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ❚❍❈ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❛-✷✺◦◆✱ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ❤❡❛- -*❛♥2♣♦*- ♠❛①✐♠✉♠✱ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ❤❡❛- -*❛♥2♣♦*- ❛- ✸✵◦❙✱ ❞❡♣-❤ ♦❢ -❤❡ ✷✻ ❑❣✴m3 ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ✐2♦♣②❝♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉-❡❞ ❛- -❤❡ ❊R✉❛-♦*✱ ◆♦*-❤ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ✭✷✵◦◆✲✽✵◦◆✮ ✈❡*-✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✛✉2✐✈✐-② ❝♦♠♣✉-❡❞ ❜❡-✇❡❡♥ ✶✵✵✲✷✵✵✵♠ ❢♦* ▼❏❏❆✱ ❙♦✉-❤❡*♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✭✸✵◦❙✲✽✵◦❙✮ ✇✐♥❞ 2-*❡22✱ ❙♦✉-❤❡*♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✇✐♥❞ 2-*❡22 ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❛♥❞ ❧❛-✐-✉❞❡ ♦❢ -❤❡ ❙♦✉-❤❡*♥ ❖❝❡❛♥ ✇✐♥❞ 2-*❡22 ♠❛①✐♠✉♠✱ ◆♦*-❤ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ✭✸✵◦◆✲✾✵◦◆✮ ✇✐♥❞ 2-*❡22✱ ◆♦*-❤ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ✇✐♥❞ 2-*❡22 ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❛♥❞ ❧❛-✐-✉❞❡ ♦❢ -❤❡ ◆♦*-❤ ❆-❧❛♥-✐❝ ✇✐♥❞ 2-*❡22 ♠❛①✐♠✉♠

(26)

CO2

CO

2 CO2

Riferimenti

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