München, Germany, for financial support which made possible the use of color illus-

(1)

The editors thank Lisa Cluver, Editorial Today, Sunrise Beach, Missouri, USA; Sigrid

Petermann and Assem Dittmann, Department of Dermatology, University of Düssel-

dorf, Germany, for copy editing the manuscripts; and Essex Pharma GmbH,

München, Germany, for financial support which made possible the use of color illus-

trations. Furthermore, this work was supported by a Heisenberg professorship from

the German Research Association (DFG) to A. Kuhn.

(2)

A

ACAs (anticardiolipin antibodies) 195, 316 ACLE (actue CLE) 37, 53, 59ff, 178, 268,

318, 324

ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 33, 53, 178, 179, 184

Actinic keratoses 148 Acute CLE see ACLE Acute cutaneous LE see ACLE

ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cyto- toxicity) 246, 253

Adhesion molecules 11, 79, 213, 267, 270ff Agranulocytosis 378

Allergic contact eczema 287 Alopecia 63, 66, 98ff, 194, 228 Alopecia areata 139

American College of Rheumatology see ACR

American Rheumatism Association see ARA

ANAs (antinuclear antibodies) 35, 119, 133, 179, 181, 190, 194, 313, 316, 323ff Anemia 118, 316

Animal model 127, 221ff Anti-B7 antibody 425 Antibiotics 407, 440

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity see ADCC

Anticardiolipin antibodies see ACAs Anti-CD4 antibodies 233, 268, 424, 442 Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies 7ff,

36, 94, 193, 318

Antigen-presenting cells see APCs Anti-La/SSB antibodies 36, 64, 109, 182,

239, 252, 308, 319

Antimalarials 313, 347ff, 421, 439 Antinuclear antibodies see ANAs Antiphospholipid syndrome see APS Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies 36, 48, 61, 94, 102,

103, 109, 170, 182, 183, 195, 208, 239, 252, 253, 259, 267, 268, 308, 318

Anti-SjD antibody 103, 135 Anti-SjT antibody 103, 135 Anti-Sm autoantibodies 13, 183 Anti-U1RNP antibodies 94, 99, 102, 103,

109, 182, 183, 308, 319

APCs (antigen-presenting cells) 251, 285 Aphtous ulcers 152

Apoptosis 16, 48, 127, 214, 239ff, 251ff Apoptotic bodies 241

APS (antiphospholipid syndrome) 41, 95, 367

ARA (American Rheumatism Association) 53, 138, 168, 189

Arthritis 36, 101ff, 118, 180, 309 Atopic dermatitis 156, 287

Autoimmune disease 3ff, 48, 208, 221, 251, 258, 259

Autoimmunity 6ff, 162, 232 Azathioprine 314, 405, 442

B

B cells 5, 252, 403 B lymphocytes 4, 259 B7-1(CD80) 269 B7-2(CD86) 269

Basal cell carcinoma 149, 196 Biological agents 124, 410, 424ff BLE (bullous lupus erythematosus) 80,

100, 187, 302 β-blocker 122 Bowen’s disease 148 Bullous LE see BLE

Bullous lupus erythematosus see BLE Bullous pemphigoid 82, 138

C

Calcipotriene 439 Camouflage 112

CCLE (chronic cutaneous CLE) 37, 53, 65ff, 177, 268, 297, 318, 324

CD1a 285ff

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CD4

⁺

CD25

⁺

24ff CD40 5, 258, 410 CD45RA

⁺

269 CD45RO

⁺

269 Cefuroxime 423, 440 Central nervous system 180 CH50 427

Cheilitis 384

Chilblain lupus erythematosus see CHLE Children 65, 107ff, 193

CHLE (Chilblain lupus erythematosus) 71ff, 98ff, 177, 305, 319

Chloroquine 313, 347ff, 439 Chronic CLE see CCLE Chronic cutaneous LE see CCLE CHS (contact hypersensitivity) 19ff Classification 53ff

Clofazimine 408

Complement 127, 210, 256, 427 Contact hypersensitivity see CHS Corticosteroid see CS

CS (corticosteroid) 315, 337, 404

CTLA-4 (cytotoyxic T-lymphocyte activation molecule-4) 5, 25, 233, 269, 425 Cyclophosphamide 405, 442 Cyclosporine (CsA) 314, 406, 420, 442 Cyproterone acetate 409

Cytarabine 442

Cytotoyxic T-lymphocyte activation mole- cule-4 see CTLA-4

D

Danazol 409

Dapsone 101, 313, 373ff, 440 DC (dendritic cells) 251, 258, 283ff DDCs (dermal dendritic cells) 283, 287ff Dehydroepiandrosterone see DHEA Delayed-type hypersensitivity see DTH Dendritic cells see DC

Dermal DCs see DDCs

Dermatitis herpetiformis 82, 138 Dermatomyositis 156, 158, 309 Dermatophytic infections 149

DHEA (androgen dehydroepiandrosterone) 428

Discoid LE see DLE

DLE (discoid LE) 37, 45, 53, 65ff, 133, 148, 161, 177, 184, 187, 205, 210, 251, 254, 259, 268, 297ff, 305, 306, 365, 382, 391, 403, 437 Drug-induced lupus erythematosus 117ff DTH (delayed-type hypersensitivity) 19ff

E

EADV (European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology) 54, 190

Endocarditis 181 Epidemiology 33ff

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita 82, 138 Erysipelas 156

Erythema annulare centrifugum 149, 155, 158

Erythema arcuatum 149 Erythema multiforme 39, 134 Erythromelalgia 39, 100 E-selectin 79, 213 Etanercept 442

European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology see EADV

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy 411

F

Folliculitis decalvans 152

G

Genetic susceptibility 206ff Glucocorticosteroid see CS

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) 313, 377

Glutathione S-Transferase 213 β

2

-glycoprotein 96

Gold 408, 441

Granuloma annulare 156 Granuloma faciale 154 Granzyme B 246 GVH (graft-vs-host) 231

H

Heat shock protein genes 211

HLA (human leukocyte antigen) 9, 188, 207, 251

Hormones 13, 196, 409, 428 Human leukocyte antigen see HLA HUVS (hypocomplementemic urticarial

vasculitis) 95

HVLE (lupus erythematosus hypertrophicus/

verrucosus) 70ff, 153, 177, 187, 319 Hybrid mouse 229

Hydralazine 121

Hydroxychloroquine 313, 347ff, 439 Hypertrophic LE see HVLE

Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis see HUVS

I

ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1)

14, 78, 213, 207, 254, 268ff

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ICLE (intermittent cutaneous lupus ery- thematosus) 55, 177

IDECs (Inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells) 283, 288

IFN- α 258, 283, 291, 424, 442 IFN- β 258, 283

IFN- γ 243, 258, 267, 268, 291, 393, 420 IL-1 20, 21, 162, 211, 419

IL-2 4, 258, 267, 420 IL-3 258, 420 IL-4 254, 267, 420 IL-5 267 IL-6 233, 267

IL-10 20, 21, 27, 211, 253, 258, 267, 268, 291, 426

IL-12 26, 253, 255, 267 Immune complexes 7ff Immunosuppression 3, 22, 25ff Immunosuppressive drugs 403ff, 419ff Inducible nitric oxide synthase see iNOS Inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells

see IDECs Infliximab 442

iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) 163, 272

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 see ICAM-1

Interferon see IFN

Intermittent cutaneous lupus erythematosus see ICLE

Intravenous immune globulin 409, 429, 442

Isoniazid 122

J

Jessner’s lymphocytic infiltration of the skin 79, 154, 300, 367

K

Keratoacanthoma 70, 151, 196 Koebner’s phenomenon 69, 73

L

Langerhans’ cells (LC) 21, 224, 283, 285ff Laser therapy 338ff

LAT (linker for activation of T cells) 11 LBT (lupus band test) 305ff

LC see Langerhans’ cells LE profundus see LEP LE tumidus see LET Leflunomide 407, 423

LEP (lupus erythematosus profundus) 74, 153, 177,187, 192, 194, 210, 300, 305, 319, 437

LE profundus/LE panniculitis see LEP LET (LE tumidus) 48, 55, 75ff, 154, 165, 177,

187, 192, 251, 254, 300, 305, 319, 367, 375 Leukopenia 179, 316

Leukoplakia 152

LFA (lymphocyte function-associated antigen) 15

Lichen planopilaris 151 Lichen planus 70, 135, 152, 309 Linear IgA dermatoses 82, 138 Linker for activation of T cells see LAT Livedo reticularis 63, 95ff, 158, 194 LJP-394 427

Lupus anticoagulant 36, 96 Lupus band test see LBT

Lupus erythematosus hypertrophicus/verru- cosus see HVLE

Lupus erythematosus profundus see LEP Lupus erythematosus tumidus see LET Lupus vulgaris 151

Lymphocyte function-associated antigen see LFA

M

Major histocompatibility complex 6, 207 Malar rash 36, 59ff, 179, 193, 194 MED (minimal erythema dose) 164, 341 Methotrexate 314, 406, 419

MHC 257, 285

Minimal erythema dose see MED Minocycline 122

MMF (mycophenolate mofetil) 407, 422, 442

Morphea 152

MRL/lpr 221, 223ff, 230 Mucinosis 79, 102, 136

Mucous membrane involvement 67, 152 Mycophenolate mofetil see MMF Mycosis fungoides 287

N

Nail 68, 73, 103 Nandrolone 409 Neonatal LE see NLE Nephritis 112, 180 Neuropathy 395ff

NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cell) 11, 420

NLE (neonatal LE) 107ff, 156, 162, 170, 192, 239, 268, 301, 324

O

Oral ulcers 68, 152, 178, 193

Osler nodes 94

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P

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 208 P-DC (plasmacytoid dendritic cell) 258,

269, 283, 290

Pemphigus erythematosus 82, 137 Pemphigus foliaceus 82

Penicillamine 123 Pericarditis 181 Perniosis 73, 98

PHA (phytohemagglutinin) 288 Phenothiazine 123

Phenytoin 408, 428, 441 Phosphatidylserine see PS Phospholipase 11 Photoimmunology 19ff, 26 Photoprotection 340ff, 438

Photosensitivity 36, 37, 69, 74, 97ff, 161ff, 178, 195, 230, 437

Phototesting 47ff, 168, 340, 438 Phototherapy 47, 161, 272 Phytohemagglutinin see PHA Pimecrolimus 340, 439

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell see PDC Plasmapheresis 429

PLE (polymorphous light eruption) 19, 63, 79, 153, 154, 164, 165, 195, 205, 207, 213, 300, 437

Pleurisy 180

Polymerase chain reaction see PCR Polymorphous light eruption see PLE Porokeratosis plantaris and palmaris 153 Porphyria cutanea tarda 82, 101, 138, 309 Pregnancy 364, 378

Procainamide 121 Propylthiouracil 123 Prurigo nodularis 70

PS (phosphatidylserine) 242, 243, 256 Pseudolymphoma 79, 300

Psoriasis 70, 133, 149, 153, 154, 156, 206, 287, 288

Pyoderma gangrenosum 140

Q

Quinacrine 313, 347ff, 440 Quinidine 121

R

Raynaud’s phenomenon 36, 39, 63, 99 Reactive metabolites 125

Regulatory T cells 5, 23ff

REM (reticular erythematous mucinosis) 79

Retinoids 379ff, 441 Rituximab 425

Rosacea 309

Rowells’s syndrome 64, 134

S

SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) 10, 24, 221, 232

SCLE (subacute cutaneous lupus erythe- matosus) 37, 47, 53, 61ff, 97, 107, 109, 133, 162, 164, 177, 183, 192, 205, 207, 251, 254, 257, 259, 268, 297, 298ff, 305, 306, 308, 319, 323, 375, 382, 391, 403, 437

Seborrheic dermatitis 149, 157 Severe combined immunodeficiency

see SCID

Sjögren’s syndrome 61, 63, 76, 102, 103, 139, 183, 189, 195, 325

SLAM (systemic lupus activity measure) 419

SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) 6, 33ff, 45, 61, 93ff, 117ff, 162, 177, 187, 221, 225, 231, 239, 243, 251, 258, 267, 291, 297, 299ff, 307, 313, 366, 391, 419, 428 SLEDAI (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Disease Activity Index) 419 Sneddon’s syndrome 95

SPF (sun protective factor) 341, 438 Squamous cell carcinoma 68, 70, 196 Stem cell transplantation 412, 430 Subacute CLE see SCLE

Sulfasalazine 123, 408, 423, 440 Sulfonamide 123

Sun protective factor see SPF Sunscreen 340, 438 Suntanning parlors 162

Sweet’s syndrome, neutrophilic dermatosis 140

Systemic lupus activity measure see SLAM Systemic lupus erythemaosus see SLE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease

Activity Index see SLEDAI Systemic scleroderma 309

T

T cells 4, 24, 252, 259, 267, 403 Tacrolimus 420, 439

Tazarotene 340, 427, 439 T-cell receptor see TCR TCR (T-cell receptor) 4, 222

Teleangiectoid lupus erythematosus 71ff Teratogenicity 385, 395

Thalidomide 313, 391ff, 421, 441 Thrombocytopenia 108, 179, 409 Tinea capitis 152

Tinea corporis 155

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TNF- α 20, 21, 162, 207, 254, 255, 392, 411, 419, 426

Tolerance 3ff, 22, 23ff, 126, 244 Topical agents 337ff, 421, 438 Toxic epidermal necrolysis 64 Tuberculous leprosy 150 Tumor necrosis factor see TNF Tumor necrosis factor α see TNF α