Russell Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, USA Udo A

(1)

W

(2)

James W. Russell, Udo A. Zifko Atlas of Neuromuscular Diseases

A Practical Guideline

SpringerWienNewYork

(3)

IV

Eva L. Feldman

Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, USA

Wolfgang Grisold

Department of Neurology, Ludwig Boltzman-Institute for Neurooncology, Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital, Vienna, Austria

James W. Russell

Udo A. Zifko

Klinik Pirawarth, Bad Pirawarth, Austria

This work is subject to copyright.

All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by pho- tocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.

Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book. This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

SpringerWienNewYork is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com

Typesetting: Grafik Rödl, 2486 Pottendorf, Austria

Printing and Binding: Druckerei Theiss GmbH, 9431 St. Stefan, Austria, www.theiss.at Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper

SPIN 10845698

Library of Congress Control Number: 2004109783

With partly coloured Figures

ISBN 3-211-83819-8 SpringerWienNewYork

(4)

Eva L. Feldmann

Wolfgang Grisold

Department of Neurology, Ludwig Boltzman-Institute for Neurooncology, Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital, Vienna, Austria

James W. Russell

Udo A. Zifko

Klinik Pirawarth, Pirawarth, Austria

This work is subject to copyright.

All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by pho- tocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.

Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book. This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

SpringerWienNewYork is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeroline.com

Typesetting: Grafik Rödl, 2486 Pottendorf, Austria

Printing and Binding: Druckerei Theiss GmbH, 9431 St. Stefan, Austria Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper

SPIN 10845698

Library of Congress Control Number: 2004109783

With partly coloured Figures

ISBN 3-211-83819-8 SpringerWienNewYork

(5)

V

Dedication

This book is dedicated to Professor P. K. Thomas (London, UK), our friend, teacher and leader in neuromuscular diseases and to our families whose help and support made this book possible.

Special acknowledgements are made to Dr. Mila Blaivas (Michigan), Dr. An- drea Vass (Vienna), Ms. Judy Boldt, Ms. Denice Janus, Ms. Piya Mahendru (Michigan), Ms. Claudia Steffek (Vienna), and Mr. Petri Wieder from Springer.

The authors are grateful to Mr. James Hiller who provided financial assistance for the colour photographs.

(6)

Introduction . . . . 1

Tools . . . . 5

Cranial nerves . . . . 31

Olfactory nerve . . . . 33

Optic nerve . . . . 35

Oculomotor nerve . . . . 39

Trochlear nerve . . . . 43

Trigeminal nerve . . . . 46

Abducens nerve . . . . 53

Facial nerve . . . . 56

Acoustic nerve . . . . 62

Vestibular nerve . . . . 64

Glossopharyngeal nerve . . . . 67

Vagus nerve . . . . 70

Accessory nerve . . . . 74

Hypoglossal nerve . . . . 77

Cranial nerves and painful conditions – a checklist . . . . 80

Cranial nerve examination in coma . . . . 81

Pupil . . . . 82

Multiple and combined oculomotor nerve palsies . . . . 84

Plexopathies . . . . 87

Cervical plexus and cervical spinal nerves . . . . 89

Brachial plexus . . . . 91

Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS) . . . . 104

Lumbosacral plexus . . . . 106

Radiculopathies . . . . 117

Cervical radiculopathy . . . . 119

Thoracic radiculopathy . . . . 126

Lumbar and sacral radiculopathy . . . . 129

Cauda equina . . . . 137

Mononeuropathies . . . . 141

Introduction . . . . 143

Mononeuropathies: upper extremities . . . . 145

Axillary nerve . . . . 147

Musculocutaneous nerve . . . . 151

Median nerve . . . . 154

Ulnar nerve . . . . 162

Radial nerve . . . . 168

Digital nerves of the hand . . . . 173

Contents

(7)

VIII

Mononeuropathies: trunk . . . . 175

Phrenic nerve . . . . 177

Dorsal scapular nerve . . . . 180

Suprascapular nerve . . . . 182

Subscapular nerve . . . . 184

Long thoracic nerve . . . . 186

Thoracodorsal nerve . . . . 189

Pectoral nerve . . . . 191

Thoracic spinal nerves . . . . 192

Intercostal nerves . . . . 194

Intercostobrachial nerve . . . . 196

Iliohypogastric nerve . . . . 197

Ilioinguinal nerve . . . . 199

Genitofemoral nerve . . . . 201

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves . . . . 202

Pudendal nerve . . . . 204

Mononeuropathies: lower extremities . . . . 209

Obturator nerve . . . . 211

Femoral nerve . . . . 213

Saphenous nerve . . . . 217

Cutaneous femoris lateral nerve . . . . 219

Cutaneous femoris posterior nerve . . . . 221

Sciatic nerve . . . . 222

Peroneal nerve . . . . 226

Tibial nerve . . . . 230

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (posterior and anterior) . . . . 233

Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome . . . . 236

Sural nerve . . . . 237

Mononeuropathy: interdigital neuroma and neuritis . . . . 239

Nerves of the foot . . . . 241

Peripheral nerve tumors . . . . 243

Polyneuropathies . . . . 247

Metabolic diseases . . . . 253

Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy . . . . 253

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy . . . . 256

Diabetic mononeuritis multiplex and diabetic polyradiculopathy (amyotrophy) . . . . 258

Distal symmetric polyneuropathy of renal disease . . . . 260

Systemic disease Vasculitic neuropathy, systemic . . . . 262

Vasculitic neuropathy, non-systemic . . . . 265

Neuropathies associated with paraproteinemias . . . . 266

Amyloidosis (primary) . . . . 269

Neoplastic neuropathy . . . . 271

Paraneoplastic neuropathy . . . . 273

Motor neuropathy or motor neuron disease syndrome . . . . 276

(8)

Infectious neuropathies

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 neuropathy . . . . 278

Herpes neuropathy . . . . 281

Hepatitis B neuropathy . . . . 282

Bacterial and parasitic neuropathies . . . . 284

Inflammatory Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) . . . . 288

Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) . . . . 289

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP, Guillain- Barre syndrome) . . . . 290

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) . . . . 292

Demyelinating neuropathy associated with anti-MAG antibodies . . . . 295

Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) . . . . 296

Nutritional Cobalamin neuropathy . . . . 297

Post-gastroplasty neuropathy . . . . 299

Pyridoxine neuropathy . . . . 300

Strachan’s syndrome . . . . 301

Thiamine neuropathy . . . . 302

Tocopherol neuropathy . . . . 303

Industrial agents Acrylamide neuropathy . . . . 304

Carbon disulfide neuropathy . . . . 305

Hexacarbon neuropathy . . . . 306

Organophosphate neuropathy . . . . 307

Drugs Alcohol polyneuropathy . . . . 308

Amiodarone neuropathy . . . . 310

Chloramphenicol neuropathy . . . . 311

Colchicine neuropathy . . . . 312

Dapsone neuropathy . . . . 313

Disulfiram neuropathy . . . . 314

Polyneuropathy and chemotherapy . . . . 315

Vinca alkaloids . . . . 316

Platinum-compounds (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin) . . . . 317

Taxol . . . . 318

Metals Arsenic neuropathy . . . . 320

Mercury neuropathy . . . . 322

Thallium neuropathy . . . . 323

Hereditary neuropathies Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1, CMT) . . . . 324

Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, CMT) . . . . 327

(9)

X

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) . . . . . 329

Porphyria . . . . 331

Other rare hereditary neuropathies . . . . 333

Neuromuscular transmission disorders and other conditions . . . . 335

Myasthenia gravis . . . . 337

Drug-induced myasthenic syndromes . . . . 346

LEMS (Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome) . . . . 349

Botulism . . . . 352

Tetanus . . . . 354

Muscle and myotonic diseases . . . . 357

Polymyositis . . . . 362

Dermatomyositis . . . . 365

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) . . . . 368

Focal myositis . . . . 370

Connective tissue diseases . . . . 372

Infections of muscle . . . . 375

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) . . . . 380

Becker muscular dystrophy . . . . 383

Myotonic dystrophy . . . . 385

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy . . . . 388

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) . . . . 393

Fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHMD) . . . . 396

Distal myopathy . . . . 400

Congenital myopathies . . . . 403

Mitochondrial myopathies . . . . 409

Glycogen storage diseases . . . . 413

Defects of fatty acid metabolism . . . . 417

Toxic myopathies . . . . 420

Critical illness myopathy . . . . 423

Myopathies associated with endocrine/metabolic disorders and carcinoma . . . . 425

Myotonia congenita . . . . 428

Paramyotonia congenita . . . . 431

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis . . . . 433

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis . . . . 436

Motor neuron disease . . . . 439

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . . . . 441

Spinal muscular atrophies . . . . 444

Poliomyelitis . . . . 447

Bulbospinal muscular atrophy (Kennedy’s syndrome) . . . . 451

General disease finder . . . . 453

Subject index . . . . 469