Abdominal circumference, 31–32; see also Body mass index (BMI)

Index

529 A

Abdominal adiposity, 26, 30, 74

Abdominal circumference, 31–32; see also Body mass index (BMI)

ACT, see Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) Activity Counseling Trial (ACT), 291 Adiposity rebound, 34, 429 Adult-onset obesity, 98 Advergames, 212

African Americans see blacks/African Americans Analysis grid for environments linked to obesity

(ANGELO), 107

ANGELO, see Analysis grid for environments linked to obesity (ANGELO)

Appetite and activity, 461–462 Asthma, 73, 76

B

Behavioral counseling, 88 Behavioral economics theory, 379

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 47, 52, 150

Behavior change theories and frameworks, 378–379 behavioral economics theory, 379

diffusion theory, 380

social ecological model, 379–380 social learning theory, 379 transtheoretical model, 379 Behavior modification

antecedent situations, modify, 380 enhance awareness, 380 feedback, 382

functional analysis of behavior (FAB), 381 goal setting, 381

positive reinforcement strategies, 382 reinforce, 380

self-monitoring, 380–381 stimulus control, 381–382 Benign prostatic hypertrophy, 73

BIA, see Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), 27–28 Birth weight, 405

relative to gestational age, 405–406 Blacks/African Americans and obesity, 46 BMI, see Body mass index (BMI) Body dissatisfaction and dieting, 469

Body mass index (BMI), 8–10, 14, 27, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 48, 49, 98, 108, 230, 276, 352

classification of overweight and obesity by, 29 concept of shifting distribution of, 101 and obesity from childhood to adulthood, 59 standard deviation score, see Z-score

BRFSS, see Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)

Broad public benefit, 175

Built environment interventions, opportunities for, 186–188

Burger King Bill of Rights, 200

C

Call to Action, 85 Caloric excess, 8

Canadian Population Health Model, 104 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 76, 87, 95 Cardiovascular prevention, four generations of, 90 CARU, see Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) Cataracts, 73

CCM, see Chronic Care Model (CCM)

CDC, see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP), 141, 147 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 10, 46,

133–140, 182, 364 Charting course, 515–516

developmental perspective, 516 intervention effectiveness, 518–519

additional environmental and policy interventions, 519–520

cost and cost-effectiveness, 519 effective programs into practice, 520–521 natural experiments, 520

measurement of intermediate indicators, 516–517

multi-level and systems models, 522

neighborhood and community-level correlates of obesity, 517

surveillance policy-related variables, 518 work across sectors and systems, 522–523 Cheese value meals, 117

Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 363–364 Child behaviors

dietary behaviors, 439–440

physical activity/sedentary behaviors, 441–442 Child-care center model, 353

Child care center stakeholders external, 367

internal school layers, 367 local community, 367 Childhood obesity, 37–38

consequences of, 430–432

Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, 153, 360 Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU), 213–214 Chronic Care Model (CCM), 301–302

Chronic diseases, prevention of, through environmental and policy change, 269

Clean Air Act, 181

CLI, see Community Level Indicators (CLI)

Clinical Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preventive Services, 49

CNPP, see Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP) Cognitive changes, 461

Colon cancer, 76

Combating childhood obesity in North Carolina-7 Steps, 267–268

Commercial marketing to ethnic groups, 216–217 Community-based participatory research (CBPR), 266 Community Level Indicators (CLI), 279–280 Computerized tomography (CT) scans, 27–28 Consumer action, 122–124

Consumer perspective, 115–116 Consumer protection, 124 Consumers-stimulated action, 123 Continuum

of action, obesity prevention, 102–104 concept of, 97

CT scans, see Computerized tomography (CT) scans CVD, see Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

D

DASH, see Division of Adolescent and School Health (DASH)

Decanalization, 37

Department of Education (DOE), 147

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 133 Department of transportation appropriations, 155 Department of Transportation (DOT), 147–149 Depression, 74

DHHS, see Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

Diffusion theory, 380

Direct and immediate application of effective strategies to benefit the public’s health, 86

Direct costs and obesity, 73–75

Division of Adolescent and School Health (DASH), 139 Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity (DNPA), 135–139 DNPA, see Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity

(DNPA)

DOE, see Department of Education (DOE) DOT, see Department of Transportation (DOT) Dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 27–28 DXA, see Dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

E

Eating behavior and physical activity, framework for determinants of, 12

Eating patterns and dietary composition food purchased away from home, 462–464 skipping breakfast, 464–465

snack food and soda consumption, 464

Ecological models and obesity prevention, 102–104; see also socio-ecologic framework; ecological perspective;

social ecological model Endometrial cancer, 76 Energy gap, modelling of, 8

Environmental and policy changes, 385–386 Environmental factors, childhood obesity

home influences, 435–436 media and advertising, 210, 438

neighborhood built environment, 431, 437–438 school policies, 436–437

Ethnic minority populations and obesity, 45–46 Ethnic differences, 50–54

Evidence-based obesity prevention, components of, 92–93

F

The Family Dining Chain, 199

Farm Bill, see Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002

Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, 154 Fast food, 197–199

FCC, see Federal Communications Commission (FCC) FDA, see Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 213 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 149, 213 Financial cost and obesity

direct costs, 75–77

incidence-based approach, 78–79 indirect costs, 77–78

FNS, see Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) Food advertisements and commercial marketing, 216 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 141 Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), 146 Food Nazis, 117

Food police, 117

Food Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, 154 FTC, see Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

G

Gallbladder disease, 76–77

Gestational Age at Birth, 404–405

Globalization, 129, 227–228

Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, 132 Gold standard, 91

“Grayfield” redevelopment, 178

H

Health halos, 205

Health & human services, and education (HHS), 153 Health Impact Assessments (HIA), 186

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 320, 338

Health outcomes, bias and discrimination linked to, 122 Health professionals, 102

Health promotion and public health, 89

Health Protection Research Initiative (HRPI), 140 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA),

141–142

Healthy Cities movement, 185–186 Healthy Cities program, 185 Healthy eating, promotion of

access to healthy ready-to-eat foods, 271 food and beverage availability in schools, 271 food pricing and incentives, 271

media and marketing policies, 272 nutrition labeling and information, 271–272

HHANES, see Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES)

HHS, see Health & human services, and education (HHS) HIA, see Health Impact Assessments (HIA)

High cholesterol, 73

High-risk populations, 126, 519–520

HIPAA, see Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Hispanic ethnicity and obesity, 47

Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 53, 150

HRPI, see Health Protection Research Initiative (HRPI) HRSA, see Health Resources and Services Administration

(HRSA)

Hydrodensitometry, 27–28 Hypertension, 73, 76

I

IAT, see Implicit Associations Test (IAT)

IBCT, see Interactive behavior change technology (IBCT) IMF, see International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Implicit Associations Test (IAT), 121

Incidence-based approach and obesity, cost of, 78–79 Indirect costs and obesity, cost of, 77–78

Infancy, 400–401, 404 Infertility, 73

Institute of Medicine Committee, 85

Interactive behavior change technology (IBCT), 296 Interactive Web sites, 212

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), 180 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 228

International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), 86, 104, 132 Internet and obesity, 212–213

IOTF, see International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)

ISTEA, see Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA)

K

Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), 211, 221 Kraft, 199

L

Law of Least Effort, 196–197 LEAN campaign, 219

LEM, see Location Efficient Mortgages (LEM) Life insurance industry, 2

Location Efficient Mortgages (LEM), 183

M

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 27, 28

MALPF, see Maryland Agricultural Land Preservation Foundation (MALPF)

Maryland Agricultural Land Preservation Foundation (MALPF), 179–180

Mass media and social marketing, 387–389 McDonald’s, 117, 203, 214, 234, 236

Media advertising influence on eating and shopping behavior, 217–218

Media and body image, 218 Menstrual irregularities, 73

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MLIC), 28 Metropolitan planning organization (MPO), 180–181 Mexican Americans and obesity, 46

MI, see Myocardial infarction (MI)

Michigan’s Department of Community Health, 158 Minority population, ethnic, 15–17, 45–46

“Mindless eating” principles, 201

MLIC, see Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MLIC) MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Myocardial infarction (MI), 33

N

National action plan for childhood obesity prevention, 97 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 46 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

(NHANES), 8, 28–29, 36, 149–150, 455 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 47, 53–54 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 87–88, 140–141 National School Breakfast (NSB), 350

National School Lunch Program (NSLP), 350 National Task Force on Prevention and Treatment

of Obesity, 86–87

NCHS, see National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Nestle, 117

New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 162

New York City’s health department, 162

NHANES, see National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

NHIS, see National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Nicotine, 118

NIH, see National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 4 NSB, see National School Breakfast (NSB) NSLP, see National School Lunch Program (NSLP) Nutrition, 326–328

O

Obese, see Obesity Obesity:

adults

across racial/ethnic groups and in older men and women, 32–34

body fat ranges, 30

interpretation of measures based on weight and height, 28–29

regional obesity, 30–31

causal web of societal processes influencing population prevalence of, 105

children, 34–38

definition, 2, 25–26, 38–40 adults, 48

children and adolescents, 48–49 ethnic groups, 49–50

descriptive epidemiology of, in the United States, 45–46 blacks/African Americans, 46

data sources, 46–48 Hispanic ethnicity, 47

lower socioeconomic status (SES), 45–46 Mexican Americans, 46

non-Hispanic black, 47 non-Hispanic white, 47 prevalence, adults, 50–56

prevalence, children and adolescents, 56–59 subgroup estimates, 46

trends, children and adolescents, 63–64 whites, 46

health conditions associated with, 4 health consequences of, 5 health problems and, 4–6 measurements, 26–28 prevalence of

adults, 50–51

by gender and race/ethnicity, 52, 75–76 region and degree of urbanization, 55–56 socioeconomic status (SES) differences, 54–55 and United States, 2–3

in United States, see Obesity prevention, role of government in

Obesity, cost of, 73 disease burden, 73–74 financial cost

direct, 75–76

incidence-based approach, 78–79 indirect, 77–78

psychosocial toll, 74–75 in US, 76

Obesity, global context of, 227–228 food system, change in, 232–234 global obesity pandemic, 228–230 mass media changes, 234

multinational “fast food” and soft-drink companies, 234–236

technology innovations, rapid shift in, 230–232 Obesity, media, marketing and advertising, 209–210

media

effects on health, 214 influence on obesity, 214–215 and physical activity, 219

promotion of diets and diet products, 218 regulation, 213–214

media, food intake and obesity, 216

commercial marketing to ethnic groups, 216–217 food advertisements and commercial marketing, 216 media advertising influence on eating and shopping

behavior, 217–218 media and body image, 218 television and food intake, 218 media and obesity prevention

media advocacy, 220–221 media and public policy, 221–222 social marketing, 219–220

working with entertainment media, 221 types and trends in media

Internet, 212–213 print, 210 radio, 210–211 television, 211–212

Obesity and built environment, 171 integrated efforts, 183–184

health-based efforts, 185–186 planning-based efforts, 184–185 local land use planning, 172–175

“broad public benefit,” 168, 175 capital improvement program (CIP), 173 community development corporations (CDC), 174 comprehensive plan, 173

land development code, 173

obesity, approaches with benefits for, 177–180 obesity, implications of traditional approach

for, 182–183 opportunities, 187–189 rationale, 172

regional transportation planning, 180–182 obesity, approaches with benefits for, 177

obesity, implications of traditional approach for, 182 Obesity prevention, 1–6

evaluation, 108–109

food intake, physical activity, and energy balance, 6–8 impact of policy and environmental change to date

physical activity, 269–271

promotion of healthy eating, 271–272 modifiable determinants, identifying, 11–13 motivation for, 396–397

populations of interest, identifying population approaches, 13–15 principle of energy balance, 6–7 process, 17–19

public health perspective on, 95

reducing incidence and prevalence, 8–11

task of, 13, 16

Obesity prevention, community-based approaches to, 263–264

community action, concepts for coalitions and partnerships, 266–268

community-based participatory research (CBPR), 266 socio-ecologic framework, 264–266

community partnerships and coalitions, development of, 273

evaluating outcomes coalition success, 275–276

policy and environmental changes, impact of, 275–281 leadership identification and/or development, 273–274 organizational structures and management, 274 planning and implementation

community engagement, 272–273 problem assessment and identification, 274 resource mobilization, 274–275

Obesity prevention, concepts and frameworks, 85–86 challenges and controversies, 94–96

elements for success, 96–97 evaluation, 108–109 evidence base, 91–94 guiding frameworks

disease continuum, 97–99 levels of influence on the problem

analysis grid for environments linked to obesity (ANGELO), 107

continuum of action, 105–107 ecological models, 102–104 obesity causal web, 104–105 portfolio approach, 105–107 population focus, 99–102 role of obesity prevention research

emergence of the field, 86–89

shifting the emphasis toward health promotion and public health, 89–90

treatment research paradigm, limitations of, 88–90 Obesity prevention, during pre-school and elementary school

age years child behaviors

dietary behaviors, 439–441

physical activity/sedentary behaviors, 441–442 childhood overweight and obesity, consequences

of, 430–432

developmental context, 433–434 elementary school aged children, 447–448 environmental factors

home influences, 435–436 media and advertising, 438

neighborhood built environment, 437–438 school policies, 436–437

ethnic minorities and low-income children, 448–450 parental behaviors

control of child’s food intake, 442–443

facilitation of children’s recreational and sports physical activity, 443

role models for eating and physical activity, 443–444 parents, recommendations for, 444–445

preschool children, 445–446

risk factors for obesity development, 434–435

Obesity prevention, health care system approaches to, 285–286

components of, 286

discrete components of the health care system, 287–288 integrated systems approach, 300–302

in US health care system, 286–289 accountability/regulation, 299–300 financing, 298–299

human interactions/relationships, 292–293 information technology, 295–296 infrastructure/facilities, 293–294 in-reach activities, 298

medical technology/resources, 294 networking capacity/coordination, 294–295 non-clinical support staff, 292

outreach activities, 297–298 patient, 289–290

patient flow management, 296–297 providers, 290–292

repeated communication, 295

Obesity prevention, organizational change for, 239–240 environments and policies to

characteristics of organizations, 244–245 organizations as social systems, 243–244 organizational problem-solving process, 247–255 policies to support

ecological perspective, 240–241 organizational settings, 242–243

‘whole setting’ approach, 241–242 processes, 246

types of change

inter-organizational, 245–246 operational, 246

structural, 246 transformational, 246

Obesity prevention, role of food industry in, 193–194 de-marketing obesity, 200–201

extra-small and extra-large packages, 201–202 good tasting formulations, 203–204

keep it affordable, 205

packing products to facilitate portion control, 202–205 simple labeling of food, 204–205

evolution of response, 194–195

food acquisition and consumption, principles that drive, 195–196

law of least effort, 196–197

principles that influence food companies, 199–200 21

century marketing, 206–207

taste-nutrition tradeoff, 197–199

Obesity prevention, role of government in, 129–130 federal obesity prevention activities, funding of, 146–147 funding mechanisms, 146–147

legislative processes, organizations that influence, 152–153

global frameworks, 132–133 monitoring and surveillance activities

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 150

Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

(HHANES), 150

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I, II, III, 1999–2004), 149–150

Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance Survey (PedNSS), 150 Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance Survey (PNSS), 150 School Health Policies and Programs Survey

(SHPPS), 150

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBSS), 151

pertinent legislation

agriculture and related agencies, 153–154 department of transportation appropriations, 155 labor, health & human services, and education (HHS),

153–154

state and local governments, 155–156 local initiatives, 161–162

state health costs and state health spending, 156 state level authority and actions, 156–161 U.S. federal government

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP), 147 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC), 133–135

Department of Education (DOE), 149 Department of Health and Human Services

(DHHS), 133

Department of the Interior, 147

Department of Transportation (DOT), 149

Division of Adolescent and School Health (DASH), 139 Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity (DNPA),

135–136

Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 149 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 141 Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), 143–147 Health Protection Research Initiative (HRPI), 140 Health Resources and Services Administration

(HRSA), 141–142

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 140–141 obesity prevention activities of independent federal

organizations, 149

Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 149 Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS), 142 Prevention Research Centers (PRC), 140 Steps to a Healthier US (STEPS), 140 United States Department of Agriculture

(USDA), 142–143

Obesity prevention, schools and child care settings for, 349–350

child care center interventions, 357–359 conceptual framework, 351–353 evaluation, 369

implementing and evaluating interventions engaging child care center stakeholders, 367–369 engaging school stakeholders, 365–367 school needs assessment, 364–365 integrated comprehensive model, 351 planning interventions, 359–360

child care center environments for nutrition and physical activity, 363

total school environments for physical activity, 362–363 total school food environments, 360–362

recommendations, 369–371 school-based interventions, 353–357

Obesity prevention, workplace approaches to, 317–318 definitions and conceptual framework, 319–320

diffusion of innovations, 322–324 methodological issues, 324

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), 321–322 environmental and policy initiatives and research

combined/comprehensive wellness policy/programmatic efforts, 329

interface with interventions targeting other public health issues, 330–331

interface with obesity prevention intervention outside workplace, 329–330

nutrition, 326–327 physical activity, 325–326 weight management, 328–329

in ethnic minority and/or low-income populations, 331–332

evaluation, 332–335

needs and opportunities, assessing policy climate for, 332–334

program/policy elements & cost considerations, 335–336

rationale

economic consequences, 318–319

limitations of individually-focused approaches, 319 workforce characteristics, 318

Obesity-prevention counseling, 286

Obesity prevention during adulthood, 489–490 behavior

consumption of sweets and high fat foods, 492–493 fast food consumption, 493–494

high calorie, high fat food intake, 492 physical inactivity, 494

psychological factors, 495 sugar-sweetened beverages, 493 TV viewing, 494–495 opportunities, 496–505 research directions, 505–507 risk for weight gain in, 490–492

Obesity prevention during preadolescence and adolescence appetite and activity, 461–462

body dissatisfaction and dieting, 469 cognitive changes, 461

dietary composition calcium, 467 dietary fat, 466–467

fiber, fruits, and vegetables, 465–466 glycemic index, 467–468

eating patterns and dietary composition food purchased away from home, 462–464 skipping breakfast, 464–465

snack food and soda consumption, 464 maturational issues, 460–461

media use, 478–479 opportunities, 471

parental influences, 472–474

peer influences, 475–476

physical activity and inactivity, 470–471 school environment, 476–477

Obesity-related media coverage, global trends in, 215 Obesity risk factor and prevention, pre-gestation through

infancy, 403–405 developmental context

fetal life and infancy, 407–410 lifecourse perspective, 406–407 intervention settings, 420–421 postnatal period: infants

breastfeeding, 415–417 complementary foods, 417–418 infancy weight gain, 418–419

motor development and activity patterns, 418 postnatal interventions in infants, challenges

of, 419–420 pregnant women

birth weight and gestational age, 413–414 challenges of prenatal interventions in, 414–415 diabetes during pregnancy, 411–413

smoking during pregnancy, 413

weight gain and nutrition during pregnancy, 410–411

weight status, 410 research directions, 421

Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 149 Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS), 142 Omental obesity, 26

“O-Net,” 245

OPHS, see Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS) OPM, see Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Organizational change for obesity prevention, 239–240

dimensions of readiness for, 252 effectiveness, 250

environments and policies to

characteristics of organizations, 244–245 organizations as social systems, 243–244 individual capacity, 251

organizational capacity, 251 plausibility, 250

policies to support

ecological perspective, 240–241 organizational settings, 242–243

‘whole setting’ approach, 241–242 practicality, 250

problem-solving process, 247–255 processes, 246

resistance to, 255

supportive environment, 252–253 types of change

inter-organizational, 245–246 operational, 246

structural, 246 transformational, 246 Osteoarthritis, 73, 76

Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion, 104 Overweight; see also Obesity

definition, 25, 28 and obesity in US, 3 Overweight in infancy, 406

P

PACE, see Patient-centered Assessment Counseling for Exercise and Nutrition (PACE)

PAL, see Physically Active for Life (PAL) Parental behaviors

control of child’s food intake, 442–443

facilitation of children’s recreational and sports physical activity, 443

role models for eating and physical activity, 443–444 Participant characteristics

constituent-involving strategies, 390 evidential strategies, 389–390 linguistic strategies, 390 peripheral strategies, 389 sociocultural strategies, 389

Partnership, characteristic and challenges of, 266 Partnership evaluation steps, 275

Passive overconsumption, 102

Patient-centered Assessment Counseling for Exercise and Nutrition (PACE), 291, 293

Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance Survey (PedNSS), 150 PedNSS, see Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance Survey (PedNSS) Pennsylvania’s Department of Health, 158

Percentiles, 35

Personal responsibility, 116–119 Physical activity, 325–326

and eating behavior, framework for determinants of, 12, 103 Physical education, 353

Physically Active for Life (PAL), 291 Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle, 302

PNSS, see Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance Survey (PNSS) Population-based tobacco control, 240

Population health, 100

Population levels of prevention measures, 99 Portfolio approach, obesity prevention, 107–108

“Positive energy balance,” 6–7 Postmenopausal breast cancer, 76 Practice-based evidence, 91 Prader-Willi Syndrome, 1 Pregnancy complications, 73

Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance Survey (PNSS), 150 Pregnant women

birth weight and gestational age, 413–414 challenges of prenatal interventions in pregnant

women, 414–415

diabetes during pregnancy, 411–413 smoking during pregnancy, 413

weight gain and nutrition during pregnancy, 410–411 weight status, 410

Premature Infants, 405 Preschool children, 445–446 Prevalence-based approach, 75 Prevention Research Centers (PRC), 140 Primary prevention, 97

Primary-secondary-tertiary prevention continuum, 98 Primordial prevention, 97

Print media and obesity, 210

Programming and advertisements, 234

ProgressCheck logic model, 281

PRV, see Prevention Research Centers (PRC) Psychological and social distress, 120 Psychosocial toll and obesity, cost of, 74–75 Public health perspective on obesity prevention, 95

Q

Quetelet Index, 26–27

R

Radio and obesity, 210–211

Randomized controlled trials (RCT), 91 RCT, see Randomized controlled trials (RCT)

“Red Chip” study, 202–203 Relationship based care, 293

Risk factors for obesity development, 434–435 Risk reduction, 98

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 85 Role of obesity prevention research

emergence of the field, 86–87

shifting the emphasis toward health promotion and public health, 89–91

S

Safe routes to schools (SR2S) programs, 178 SAFETEA-LU, 180, 182, 187

School-based interventions, comparison of selected, 353 School Health Index (SHI), 364

School Health Policies and Programs Survey (SHPPS), 150 Schools and child care settings and obesity prevention, 349–350

child care center interventions, 357–359 conceptual framework, 351–353 evaluation, 369

implementing and evaluating interventions engaging child care center stakeholders, 367–369 engaging school stakeholders, 365–367 school needs assessment, 364–365 integrated comprehensive model, 351 planning interventions, 359–360

child care center environments for nutrition and physical activity, 363–364

total school environments for physical activity, 362–363 total school food environments, 360–362

recommendations, 369–371 school-based interventions, 353–357 School stakeholders

external influences, 365 local school community, 367

structural/administrative levels, 365–367 SCT, see Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) Selective prevention, 14

SES, see Socioeconomic status (SES) Severe overweight, 38

SHA, see State health agencies (SHA) SHI, see School Health Index (SHI)

SHPPS, see School Health Policies and Programs Survey (SHPPS)

Skinfolds, 28 Sleep apnea, 73

Smart Growth practices, 184–185

Smokers, 87

Social cognitive theory (SCT), 321–322 Social ecological model, 379–380 Social learning theory, 379 Social support, 382–384 Socio-ecological model, 265 Socio-ecological principle, 338 Socioeconomic status (SES), 54–55

“4-Ss,” 336

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 156 State Departments of Transportation, 160

State health agencies (SHA), 151, 158

“Stealth health” approach, 203

Steps to a Healthier US (STEPS), 140, 162 Supermarkets, 232

Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 47

T

“Targeted prevention,” 14 Taste-nutrition tradeoff, 197–199 Tax foods, 123

TDM, see Transportation demand management (TDM) Television and food intake, 218

Television and obesity, 218 Tertiary prevention, 98

“The Greenbook,” 181

“Thin Mint” packaging, 202 Thrifty gene hypothesis, 2

TIP, see Transportation improvement program (TIP) Tobacco, 97

Tobacco industry, 116 Toxic environment, 380 Traffic calming programs, 178

Transportation demand management (TDM), 183 Transportation improvement program (TIP), 181 Transportation planning agencies and responsibilities, 180 Transtheoretical model, 379

Treatment-oriented paradigms, 88 Type 2 diabetes, 73, 78, 85

U

Ultrasound, 27, 28

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 142–143

“Universal prevention,” 14 U.S. food industry, 117

USDA, see United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) The US Public Health Service, 9

Utah’s Department of Health, 158

V

VERB campaign, 219–220

W

Waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR), 31 WATCH, see Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in

Hyperlipidemia (WATCH) Weight management, 328–329

WHO, see World Health Organization (WHO)

WHR, see Waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia

(WATCH), 291

Workplace obesity prevention, 317–319

definitions and conceptual framework, 319–321 diffusion of innovations, 322–324

methodological issues, 324

social cognitive theory (SCT), 321–322 environmental and policy initiatives and research

combined/comprehensive wellness policy/programmatic efforts, 329

interface with interventions targeting other public health issues, 330–331

interface with obesity prevention intervention outside workplace, 329–330

nutrition, 326–328 physical activity, 325–326 weight management, 328–329

in ethnic minority and/or low-income populations, 331–332

evaluation, 336–338

needs and opportunities, assessing policy climate for, 332–335

program/policy elements & cost considerations, 335–336 rationale

economic consequences, 318–319

limitations of individually-focused approaches, 319 workforce characteristics, 318

Worksite intervention, 319

World Health Organization (WHO), 29, 32, 48, 86, 95, 99, 302

and obesity, 48, 77

Y

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 151, 219

Z

Z-score, 37