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PBT assessment and prioritization of Contaminants of Emerging Concern:

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(1)

PBT assessment and prioritization of Contaminants of Emerging Concern:

Pharmaceuticals

Alessandro Sangion and Paola Gramatica*

QSAR Research Unit in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

E-mail: paola.gramatica@uninsubria.it; http://www.qsar.it; Tel: +39-0332-421573

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

-Insubria PBT Index

The model was originally developed on a set of 180 various organic pollutants by the combination of the available evidences for P, B and T. A trend in the cumulative PBT behaviour was identified by Principal Component Analysis, mainly explained by the PC1 score (EV%:

77.1). This trend (the PC1 score) was modelled by structural descriptors as a new aggregate dependent variable in the QSAR modelling procedure.

This PBT Index model was recently recomputed with descriptors calculated in the open source software PaDEL-Descriptor (Yap, 2011) and now implemented in the module QSARINS-Chem (Gramatica et al., 2014) of the QSARINS (QSAR-Insubria) software (Gramatica et al., 2013) for an easier application.

The final equation of the model is reported in the main text.

The equation of the split PBT Index model and related statistical parameters are the following:

PBT Index = -1.42 + 0.65 nX + 0.22 nBondsM - 0.41 nHBDon_Lipinksi - 0.09 MAXDP2

Q7UDLQLQJ Q([W3UHGLFWLRQ .[[ ǻ. 5

2

= 0.89; RMSE = 0.52, Q

2LOO

= 0.88, Q

2LMO30%

= 0.87, R

2

Y

SCR

= 0.05, RMSE

CV

= 0.55,

Q

2EXT

F1

1

= 0.89; CCC

EXT 2,3

= 0.94; RMSE

EXT

= 0.49

(2)

-US-EPA PBT Profiler

The US-EPA PBT Profiler is a tool that gives separately predictions for P, B and T and it is based on different QSAR models included in the Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite software (US EPA, 2012). The threshold criteria used in the US-EPA PBT Profiler are the following, for each endpoint: i) for P, a chemical is considered persistent if the half-life for the biodegradation in water, soil and sediment is greater than 2 months (60 days) and very persistent if these half-lives are greater than 6 months (180 days); the half-life in air is not used in the PBT Profiler's Persistence summary; ii) for B, a chemical is considered bioaccumulative if the predicted BCF is greater than 1000 and very bioaccumulative if the BCF is greater than 5000; iii) for T, a molecule is considered toxic (chronic long-term toxicity) if the predicted fish ChV is lower than 10 mg/L and very toxic if the value is lower than 0.1 mg/L. The PBT Profiler reports its individual predictions in different colors: green, orange, red, here represented respectively as 1, 2 and 3.



-Applicability domain

In this work we verified the applicability domain of the Insubria PBT Index to ensure reliable predictions by three complementary methods:

-Range of descriptors that considers the range of individual descriptors used to build the PRGHO :H FRQVLGHUHG LQVLGH WKH DSSOLFDELOLW\ GRPDLQ WKH FKHPLFDOV ZKRVH GHVFULSWRUV¶

values fall in the range of all the descriptors of the model training set.

-Leverage, based on the diagonal elements of the hat matrix of the molecular descriptors that gives a measure of the distance of a compound from the centroid of the model structural space. The leverage for new chemicals without data can be verified by the Insubria graph (Gramatica et al., 2012): chemicals with an hat values greater than the cut-off value h* (the K LVFDOFXODWHGDVS¶QZKHUHS¶LVWKHQXPEHUof molecular descriptors plus one and n is the number of training compounds) are considered out of the structural AD.

-Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that defines a sub-structural space, based on the PC1

and PC2 of the modelling molecular descriptors, delimited by the training set. We considered

inside the applicability domain chemicals with PC1 and PC2 scores of the modelling

descriptors of PBT Index included between the minimum and maximum PC1 and PC2 scores

of the model training set.

(3)

Figure S1: PCA of modeling descriptrors; the chemicals inside the AD are in the Bounding Box. 

(4)

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-References

Gramatica, P., Cassani, S., Roy, P.P., Kovarich, S., Yap, C.W., Papa, E., 2012. QSAR Modeling LVQRW³3XVKD%XWWRQDQG)LQGD&RUUHODWLRQ´$&DVH6WXG\RI7R[LFLW\RI %HQ]R- )triazoles on Algae. Mol. Inform. 31, 817 ±835. doi:10.1002/minf.201200075

Gramatica, P., Chirico, N., Papa, E., Cassani, S., Kovarich, S., 2013. QSARINS: A new software for the development, analysis and validation of QSAR MLR models. J Comput Chem 34, 2121±2132. doi:10.1002/jcc.23361

Gramatica, P., Cassani, S., Chirico, N., 2014. QSARINS-Chem: Insubria Datasets and New QSAR/QSPR Models for Environmental Pollutants in QSARINS. J.Comput.Chem. 35, 1036 ±1044. doi:10.1002/jcc.23576

US EPA, 2012. Estimation Programs Interface SuiteTM for Microsoft® Windows. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.

Yap, C.W., 2011. PaDEL-Descriptor: An open source software to calculate molecular descriptors and fingerprints. JComput Chem 32, 1466±1474.



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  Paper II

Paper II

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