Project financed by ROP ERDF 2014/2020 funds Investment Priority 1“ RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION’’.

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Project financed by ROP ERDF 2014/2020 funds

Investment Priority 1“ RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION’’.

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Lucia Pintor, Matteo Gravellu, Eleonora Sottile, Giovanni Tuveri, Marco Garau, Luigi Atzori, Italo Meloni

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (DIEE) and Research Centre for Mobility Modelling (CRiMM),

University of Cagliari

P O O L B U S

A N I N N O V A T I V E D R T E X P E R I M E N T

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SIMPLE - Tools and models for sustainable mobility by University of Cagliari

www.simple-cluster.it

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POOLBUS

An innovative DRT experiment

Beep4Me

Automating ticket validation

A key strategy for fare clearing and service planning

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Traditional public transport services are often not sufficiently flexible to satisfy people’s mobility requirements, especially in rural areas.

I N T R O

The objective of this project is to study and implement an innovative demand responsive transport system able to satisfy the mobility needs of people living in weak demand areas and to test it in well-identified areas in Sardinia (Italy).

These areas are typically characterized by weak transport demand and it is not economically convenient for public transport agencies to provide scheduled or frequent services.

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www.simple-cluster.it

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S T A T E O F A R T

C O N C E P T O F F L E X I B L E T R A N S P O R T A T I O N

A Guide for Planning and Operating Flexible Public Transportation Services, John F. Potts, Emmett C. Crockett and Joel Washington www.simple-cluster.it

Route Deviation

Fixed scheduled stops Deviation zone

Route Deviation with fixed stops

Fixed scheduled stops Requested stops

Flexible route

Demand responsive connector

Regular service stop (it is a different service)

Requested stops Flexible route

Flexible route segment

Fixed scheduled stops Requested stops

Flexible route Core route

Zone Route

Departure and arrival scheduled stops

Flexible stops Flexible route

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S T A T E O F A R T

F L E X I B L E T R A N S P O R T A T I O N T A X O N O M Y

State-of-the-Art of regional public transport systems and particularly flexible systems, www.interregeurope.eu/lastmile www.simple-cluster.it

Shuttle services

Transport service intended primarily to transport passengers between two fixed points.

Sharing services

Organized collective use of one or more vehicles (usually cars and bikes) for a limited period of time.

Ride pooling

Sharing of car journeys to reduce costs and pollutant emissions.

Other flexible transport services

There are many solutions on mobility services, but usually with increasing flexibility, the cost also increases.

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T H E I D E A : P R O V I D E R S

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PT companies and car rental with driver

Pooling, carsharing and hailing providers

Sharing services

I have unused vehicle to rent/book

We want to advertise our services

We got Open Data APIs

The mobility offer is varied and is not always accessible in the same way: this is the reason that motivated our project to realize an aggregator system of mobility services.

This platform allows different levels of affiliation, so providers can choose whether to interact with customers via phone call, email or through a specific customizable backoffice interface.

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T H E I D E A : C U S T O M E R S

User mobile app I want to travel

from A to B

POOLBUS Server I save the request and query my services to find a

proper match

Open Trip Planner instance

It calculates the transit itineraries

Corridor service App

It calculates the shuttle itineraries

Pooling App

It queries pooling services APIs

Sharing App

It queries carsharing and bike sharing services APIs

Hailing App

It shows external providers contacts

8 www.simple-cluster.it

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Shuttles

Pooling

Sharing

Hailing

S E R V I C E

H I E R A R C H Y

When DRT alternatives are requested, the available options are shown in a hierarchical order: at the top of the list those corridor services already planned that the user can join, followed by corridor services that can be activated, pooling services, sharing services and lastly hailing services.

The proposed hierarchization aims to steer the choice towards the most sustainable option while maximizing vehicle sharing.

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S Y S T E M A R C H I T E C T U R E

Android User app

Core App

Corridor App

Pooling App

Sharing App

Hailing App

Backoffice web app

Pooling provider API

Sharing provider API

Open Trip Planner

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Django Web server

PostgreSQL DB

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R E Q U E S T P R O C E S S

A user sends a request by the mobile app

The system core app receives the request

The system queries its modules to check if there are DRT alternatives for individual itinerary legs

Open Trip Planner calculates itineraries The system queries its modules to find DRT services that operate the whole itinerary

Did OTP find itineraries? NO

YES

Travel solutions are merged and sent to the user

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Hailing services

The matching function simply returns the list of providers operating in the requested area with contact information to book the service externally from the POOLBUS platform.

MATCHING

MODULES

Pooling & Sharing services

The matching function identifies the providers that operate in the requested area and queries their APIs to show the transport offer to the end user.

Corridor services

The matching function identifies the providers that operate in the requested area and for each of them verifies if compatible itineraries already exist and if new routes can be created.

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A F O C U S O N

C O R R I D O R S E R V I C E S

An available transport service operates in a defined area and works when the user needs it.

A compatible service is a planned corridor service that can pick-up/drop-off the user with little or no detour from the scheduled corridor (spatial compatibility) and/or minor deviations in the time schedule (temporal compatibility).

Demand responsive connector

Regular service stop (it is a different service)

Requested stops Flexible route

Zone Route

Departure and arrival scheduled stops

Flexible stops Flexible route

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Changes of the corridor path and schedule are simplified by grouping similar corridors.

Each corridor is a list of stops that are actually poorly served by PT.

Each group of corridors has a main corridor that includes all the stops in the route, other corridors include a subset of stops.

A F O C U S O N

C O R R I D O R S E R V I C E S

Corridor group

Main corridor

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The cost of the route depends on how many people share the transport service, so the user is asked to consent to a charge equal to or greater than the final price of the ticket.

The cost of the ticket can be reduced if other users decide to share the same vehicle, and it is only charged at the end of the trip.

A F O C U S O N

C O R R I D O R S E R V I C E S

𝐶 _𝑢 = ෍

𝑝=1

𝑛 𝐶 _𝑝

𝑈 _𝑝 + 𝐶 _𝑑

- C_u = cost for the user - C_d = cost of the detour

- C_p= cost for booking the whole vehicle (depends on the distance in km between stops)

- U_p = number of passengers on the bus in that portion of itinerary

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A F O C U S O N C O R R I D O R S E R V I C E S

• Walking threshold

Spatial

compatibility check

• Waiting threshold

• Arrival threshold

Temporal compatibility

check

• Vehicle capacity

• Bigger vehicle availability

Available seats check

• Price threshold

Fare

compatibility check

www.simple-cluster.it 16

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Tests are oriented to verify the efficacy and efficiency of the functionalities of the entire platform and the Level of Service (LOS).

S C H E D U L E D T E S T S

The data for the simulations are taken from Istat (Italian National Statistics Institute) and from the tariff lists of the providers that will participate in the project.

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• For each Accessibility KPI the absolute value, the average value and the standard deviation will be measured

Service availability

• Met/unmet rate

• Number of requests

Accessibility*

• Distance (walk, PT, DRT)

• Time (waiting, ride, windows)

• Cost (comparison with PT)

ICT

• Server response time

• Server errors

S I M U L A T I O N K P I S

O P E R A T I V E K P I S

For every transport alternative will be considered: number of passengers, number and capacity of vehicles, occupation rate, travel distance and time, delay and waiting time.

From a management point of view a benefit-cost ratio will be calculated to understand the financial efficiency of the system (i.e. service provision per kilometre and per passenger).

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The system is actually in

development phase, but tests in real use cases are scheduled

T E S T I N G

Mobility data collected will be published and made

available to the public

R E S U L T S

Shuttle and sharing modules will be implemented in the

coming months

I M P L E M E N T A T I O N

F U T U R E

D E V E L O P M E N T S

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THANKS

luciapintor90@gmail.com

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E X T R A S L I D E S

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Information

• Where is the service?

• When is the service?

Accessibility

• Can I reach the service?

• Can I reach opportunities, goods and services?

Waiting

• How long will I wait?

• When is the next service?

Travelling

• Is the service appropriate to my needs?

• Is it the best travel option?

QoS

• Is the service comfortable?

• Does the service satisfy my expectations?

S T A T E O F A R T

T H E N E E D O F I N N O V A T I V E T R A N S P O R T S E R V I C E S

What is Demand Responsive Transport, Transport for Communities 22

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A I M O F T H E P R O J E C T

The project aims to guarantee the right to mobility and encourage sustainable travel habits.

Demand & Supply analysis

Planning of the service

Activation of the service

Monitoring and calibration

Initially, demand and supply were analyzed, in order to plan existing services and new services.

The planning is supported by a continuous analysis of the data in real time, which allows a better calibration of the service.

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The main part of the system is the web server, which is connected to an Open Trip Planner instance and a PostgeSQL database.

W E B S E R V E R M O D U L E S

It is the module that responds to requests, querying internal services and reorganizing the response.

C O R E A P P

This module is an interface between the POOLBUS system and the affiliated carpooling providers APIs.

P O O L I N G A P P

This module queries the Open Data API to check the availability of bikes and vehicles for sharing.

S H A R I N G A P P

This module takes care of activating new on demand shuttle services and of joining new passengers to an existing trip.

C O R R I D O R A P P

All operators who can be contacted externally (via email, telephone number …) are considered hailing services.

H A I L I N G A P P

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Project financed by ROP ERDF 2014/2020 funds Investment Priority 1“ RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION’’.

Lucia Pintor, Matteo Gravellu, Eleonora Sottile, Giovanni Tuveri, Marco Garau, Luigi Atzori, Italo Meloni

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (DIEE) and Research Centre for Mobility Modelling (CRiMM),

University of Cagliari

P O O L B U S

A N I N N O V A T I V E D R T E X P E R I M E N T

www.simple-cluster.it

I N T R O

S T A T E O F A R T

C O N C E P T O F F L E X I B L E T R A N S P O R T A T I O N

S T A T E O F A R T

F L E X I B L E T R A N S P O R T A T I O N T A X O N O M Y

T H E I D E A : P R O V I D E R S

The mobility offer is varied and is not always accessible in the same way: this is the reason that motivated our project to realize an aggregator system of mobility services.

This platform allows different levels of affiliation, so providers can choose whether to interact with customers via phone call, email or through a specific customizable backoffice interface.

T H E I D E A : C U S T O M E R S

Shuttles

Pooling

Sharing

Hailing

S E R V I C E

H I E R A R C H Y

S Y S T E M A R C H I T E C T U R E

R E Q U E S T P R O C E S S

MATCHING

MODULES

A F O C U S O N

C O R R I D O R S E R V I C E S

A F O C U S O N

C O R R I D O R S E R V I C E S

A F O C U S O N

C O R R I D O R S E R V I C E S

𝐶 𝑢 = ෍

𝑝=1

𝑛 𝐶 𝑝

𝑈 𝑝 + 𝐶 𝑑

A F O C U S O N C O R R I D O R S E R V I C E S

Spatial

compatibility check

Temporal compatibility

check

Available seats check

Fare

compatibility check

S C H E D U L E D T E S T S

Service availability

Accessibility*

ICT

S I M U L A T I O N K P I S

O P E R A T I V E K P I S

F U T U R E

D E V E L O P M E N T S

THANKS

E X T R A S L I D E S

S T A T E O F A R T

T H E N E E D O F I N N O V A T I V E T R A N S P O R T S E R V I C E S

A I M O F T H E P R O J E C T

Demand & Supply analysis

Planning of the service

Activation of the service

Monitoring and calibration

W E B S E R V E R M O D U L E S

𝐶 _𝑢 = ෍

𝑛 𝐶 _𝑝

𝑈 _𝑝 + 𝐶 _𝑑