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Project financed by ROP ERDF 2014/2020 funds
Investment Priority 1 “ RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION’’.
AUTOMATING TICKET VALIDATION
A KEY STRATEGY FOR FARE CLEARING AND SERVICE PLANNING
http://www.simple-cluster.it/ 2
Giovanni Tuveri
Marco Garau
Eleonora Sottile Lucia Pintor
Matteo Gravellu Luigi Atzori
Italo Meloni
giovanni.tuveri@unica.it
Research Centre for Mobility Modelling (CRiMM)
University of Cagliari
http://www.simple-cluster.it/
I N T R O D U C T I O N
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• An integrated fare system can increase the number of sustainable modes users.
• The system has to be user friendly, but fair for the many service providers.
• Thus, users should be asked to complete as few
actions as possible, while companies should receive as many benefits as possible.
http://www.simple-cluster.it/
O P T I O N S : V A L I D A T I O N
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• The more commonly used schemes of user actions when entering and leaving the transport vehicle, are:
➢ Check-In only (CI), the user only has to act when boarding;
➢ Check-In Check-Out (CICO), where the user has to act both when boarding and when alighting;
➢ Check-In Be-Out (CIBO): the users only acts when boarding, and the alighting is automatic;
➢ Be-In Be-Out (BIBO), the user is detected automatically both while boarding and when alighting.
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• The ticket may be stored on different supports:
➢ A simple paper ticket / receipt.
➢ A smart card, which can be either a contact-based or contactless.
➢ Mobile devices, when the ticket is implemented through SMS, optical recognition or NFC.
O P T I O N S : M E D I U M
http://www.simple-cluster.it/
A I M O F T H E P R O J E C T
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• Ignoring the widespread access to mobile devices
would be unwise, and a mobile ticketing solution was identified: Beep4Me
• The users will obtain an automatic ticket validation system, improving their daily experience.
• The service providers will receive priceless data on the number of users and on the usage level of each of their vehicles and lines, in real time.
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S T A T E O F T H E A R T
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B L E B E A C O N S
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• A BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) beacon is a device whose broadcasted signal allows receiving devices to perform one or more actions.
• An iBeacon, the most successful protocol developed by Apple Inc., provides the following information:
➢ a UUID (16 bytes)
➢ a Major ( 2 bytes)
➢ a Minor ( 2 bytes)
• Smartphone applications can interact mainly in 2 ways:
➢ Region Monitoring – a region can be defined by at least a UUID
➢ Ranging – an approximate level of distance is returned
https://www.blueupbeacons.com
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A D A P T I V E
• The new system will expand the current ones allowing to validate tickets with more than one of the technologies installed on modern smartphones.
• The new prototype will add the option to use it as a BIBO
system, giving the users a completely hands-free experience.
• The used services can work either independently or in combination, by taking into consideration each user’s smartphone configuration.
Beep4Me
GPS
Bluetooth Accelerometer
QR codes
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S I M P L I F I E D
• Currently, in order to validate a ticket, the users have repeat a long sequence of different steps every time they board a bus.
• Using the proposed system, instead, thanks to the automated validation process, users will have to follow similar steps, but only once for every ticket, i.e. the first time they use it. This will be
particularly useful when using seasonal passes.
• The users will have to activate the Bluetooth and the location services on their devices whenever they want to use automatic validation.
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THOROUGH
• The system will include three main checks to make sure the automated process is working correctly.
• A boarding check, to make sure a user has actually boarded the bus, and is not simply in the vicinity while the bus is passing by.
• A permanence check, after the boarding check, to makes sure the passenger is still on board, and measure journey duration.
• An alighting check, to verify with certainty that a passenger has left the vehicle.
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P R E L I M I N A R Y T E S T S
• A series of tests was performed with the developed prototype, installed on an iPhone and an iPod, to analyse the accuracy in the detection of all the phases of ticket usage.
• These tests were split into the following categories:
➢ Approaching beacons placed in an indoor setting
➢ Detecting beacons while riding on a bus
➢ Waiting at a bus stop
➢ Detecting beacons placed on two different buses
➢ Waiting at a bus stop where a bus is idle
➢ Switching bus
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T W O N E A R B Y B U S E S
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• The testers were riding on a bus, while another bus was passing by / moving closer to the one they were riding on.
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I D L E B U S
A T A S T O P
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• The testers, before boarding on a bus, were
waiting at a bus stop where another bus was idle / stationary.
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S W I T C H I N G B U S
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• The testers were first riding on a bus, then
boarded one placed immediately behind / in front the first one.
http://www.simple-cluster.it/ 16 Further testing will be needed
before distributing the new functions to the general public.
T E S T I N G
The gamification layer will be developed and deployed, in order to motivate users (old and new) to
use public transport.
G A M I F I C A T I O N
The Android app will have to be developed, after having perfected
the process through the iOS app.
A N D R O I D
F U T U R E
D E V E L O P M E N T S
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The SIMPLE project (Tools and models for sustainable mobility) is a technological transfer project carried out by the University of Cagliari towards companies and other subjects interested in the theme of sustainable mobility.
S I M P L E
This prototype aims to motivate users to use public transport, while helping service providers to distribute revenue (clearing), by means of an automatic validation system.
B E E P 4 M E
This prototype will allow users to reserve on-demand transport services, in a simple way an at an affordable cost, through a system which will consider car-sharing, car-pooling, public transport, rental with driver services, and taxies.
P O O L B U S
http://www.simple-cluster.it/
http://www.simple-cluster.it/
CLUSTER’S P A R T N E R S
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Espereal Technologies
THANK YOU!
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