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Health, Environment and Economic Growth: Theoretical Study on China

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(1)❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❚➚ )❖▲■❚❊❈◆■❈❆ ❉❊▲▲❊ ▼❆❘❈❍❊ ❉♦22♦3❛2♦ ❞✐ ❘✐❝❡3❝❛ ✐♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥2 ❛♥❞ ▲❛✇ ❳❱ ❈✐❝❧♦ ◆✉♦✈❛ ❙❡3✐❡ ❚❡A✐ ❞✐ ❞♦22♦3❛2♦. ❍❡❛❧$❤✱ ❊♥✈✐+♦♥♠❡♥$ ❛♥❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ●+♦✇$❤✿ ❚❤❡♦+❡$✐❝❛❧ ❙$✉❞② ♦♥ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❨✐ ❩❤✉. ❙✉♣❡3✈✐A♦3❡ )3♦❢✳ ▲✉❝❛ ❉❡❧ ❇❡♥❡ ❈♦✲A✉♣❡3✈✐♦3 )3♦❢✳ ▼❛3✐❛ ❈✳ ❘❡❝❝❤✐♦♥✐. ❈♦♦3❞✐♥❛2♦3❡ )3♦❢✳ ▲✉❝❛ ❉❡❧ ❇❡♥❡.

(2) ✷.

(3) ❈♦♥#❡♥#% ✶ ❆❜#$%❛❝$. ✼. ✷ ▼♦$✐✈❛$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡#❡❛%❝❤ ❇❛❝❦❣%♦✉♥❞. ✾. ✸ ❊✈♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✬# ❍❡❛❧$❤ ❈❛%❡ ❙②#$❡♠ ❋%♦♠ C♦❧✐❝② C❡%✲ #♣❡❝$✐✈❡✿ ❊✛♦%$# ❚♦✇❛%❞ ❊J✉❛❧✐$② ✶✸ ✸✳✶. ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸. ✸✳✷. ❋♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ ◆❛%✐♦♥❛❧ ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❈❛&❡ ❙②8%❡♠ ✭✶✾✹✾✲✶✾✼✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹. ✸✳✸. ❉✐❧❡♠♠❛ ❛♥❞ A&❡❧✐♠✐♥❛&② ❘❡❢♦&♠8 ✭✶✾✽✵✲✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽. ✸✳✹. ✸✳✺. ✸✳✸✳✶. ❙♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❇❛❝❦❣&♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽. ✸✳✸✳✷. ❊♠❡&❣✐♥❣ A&♦❜❧❡♠8 ♦♥ ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❈❛&❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾. ✸✳✸✳✸. A♦❧✐❝② ❉❡8✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❈❛&❡ ❘❡❢♦&♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷. ✸✳✸✳✹. ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❈❛&❡ ❘❡❢♦&♠ ❋&♦♠ ✷✵✵✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼. ❈♦♥%❡♠♣♦&❛&② ❙❡%%✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❈❛&❡ ❙②8%❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✹✳✶. ●♦✈❡&♥♠❡♥% ❛♥❞ ❆❞♠✐♥✐8%&❛%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾. ✸✳✹✳✷. ❍❡❛❧%❤ ■♥8✉&❛♥❝❡ ❙②8%❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾. ✸✳✹✳✸. ❖&❣❛♥✐③❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❈❛&❡ ❉❡❧✐✈❡&② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹. ❚❤❡ ❘♦❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚&❛❞✐%✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❤✐♥❡8❡ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✬8 ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❈❛&❡ ❙②8%❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✺✳✶. A❤✐❧♦8♦♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚&❡❛%♠❡♥% ♦❢ ❚❈▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽. ✸✳✺✳✷. ❍✐8%♦&✐❝❛❧ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥% ♦❢ ❚❈▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾. ✸✳✺✳✸. ❚❈▼✬8 ❘♦❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❈❛&❡ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✹✶ ✸.

(4) ✸✳✺✳✹ ✸✳✻. ❚❈▼✬( )♦+❡♥+✐❛❧ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥ ❲♦5❧❞✇✐❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸. ❈♦♥❝❧✉(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻. ✹ ❊♥✈✐%♦♥♠❡♥) ❉❡❣%❛❞❛)✐♦♥✱ ❍❡❛❧)❤ ❙❤♦❝❦5✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✉5)❛✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ●%♦✇)❤ ✹✾ ✹✳✶. ✹✳✷. ✹✳✸. ■♥+5♦❞✉❝+✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶✳✶. )✉5♣♦(❡ ❛♥❞ ❙+②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝+( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾. ✹✳✶✳✷. ▲✐+❡5❛+✉5❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶. ✹✳✶✳✸. ❖✉+❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❘❡(✉❧+( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸. ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ●5♦✇+❤ ✇✐+❤ ❍❡❛❧+❤ ❛♥❞ ❊♥✈✐5♦♥♠❡♥+ ❯♥❝❡5+❛✐♥+✐❡( ✺✻ ✹✳✷✳✶. ❆♥❛❧②+✐❝❛❧ ❚5❡❛+♠❡♥+ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽. ✹✳✷✳✷. ❆♥ ❛♥❛❧②+✐❝❛❧ ✐❧❧✉(+5❛+✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻. ✹✳✷✳✸. ◆✉♠❡5✐❝❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②(✐( ♦❢ +❤❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠② ✉♥❞❡5 ❍❡❛❧+❤ ❛♥❞ ❊♥✈✐5♦♥♠❡♥+❛❧ ❙❤♦❝❦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶. ❈♦♥❝❧✉(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽. ✺ ❍❡❛❧)❤ ❙❤♦❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❙)♦❝❤❛5)✐❝ ●%♦✇)❤ ❯♥❞❡% )❤❡ ❚❤%❡❛) ♦❢ ❈❛)❛5)%♦♣❤❡ ✽✶ ✺✳✶. ■♥+5♦❞✉❝+✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✶✳✶. ✺✳✷. ❖✉+❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❘❡(✉❧+( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷. ❍❡❛❧+❤ ❙❤♦❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❙+♦❝❤❛(+✐❝ ●5♦✇+❤ ❯♥❞❡5 +❤❡ ❚❤5❡❛+ ♦❢ ❈❛+❛(+5♦♣❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✷✳✶. ❚❤❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸. ✺✳✷✳✷. ❚❤❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝( ♦❢ +❤❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹. ✺✳✷✳✸. ❖♣+✐♠❛❧ ●5♦✇+❤ )❛+❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽. ✺✳✸. ❈❛❧✐❜5❛+✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹. ✺✳✹. ❈♦♥❝❧✉(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽. ✻ ❈✉❧)✉%❛❧ ❋❛❝)♦%5 ✐♥ ❍❡❛❧)❤ ❈❛%❡ ❈♦♥5✉♠♣)✐♦♥✿ ❚❤❡♦%❡)✐❝❛❧ ❙)✉❞② ❖♥ ❚❤❡ ❘♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❡5❡ ❚%❛❞✐)✐♦♥❛❧ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✶✵✶ ✻✳✶. ■♥+5♦❞✉❝+✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✹.

(5) ✻✳✷. ✻✳✸. ✻✳✹. ✻✳✶✳✶. ▼♦%✐✈❛%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡-❡❛.❝❤ ❇❛❝❦❣.♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶. ✻✳✶✳✷. ▲✐%❡.❛%✉.❡ .❡✈✐❡✇ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥%.✐❜✉%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹. ✻✳✶✳✸. ❖✉%❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ %❤❡ ❘❡-✉❧%- ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻. ❚❤❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✷✳✶. ❈♦♠♣❡%✐%✐✈❡ ❊E✉✐❧✐❜.✐✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶. ✻✳✷✳✷. ❯.❜❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❘✉.❛❧ ❉✐✛❡.❡♥❝❡✿ ❛ ❲❡❧❢❛.❡ ❆♥❛❧②-✐- ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼. ❈✉❧%✉.❡ ❋❛❝%♦.- ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❡-❡ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❙②-%❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✻✳✸✳✶. ▼♦❞❡❧ ●❡♥❡.❛❧✐③❛%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷. ✻✳✸✳✷. ❚❤❡ ❊✛❡❝% ♦❢ ❉❡❞✉❝%✐❜❧❡-. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺. ❈♦♥❝❧✉-✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻. ✼ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐①. ✶✷✾. ✼✳✶. ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆✿ ❚❤❡ ❆♥❛❧②%✐❝❛❧ ❚.❡❛%♠❡♥% ♦♥ %❤❡ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛.❦ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✉♥❞❡. ❲✐❡♥❡. ❯♥❝❡.%❛✐♥%② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾. ✼✳✷. ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❇✿ ❚❤❡ ❆♥❛❧②%✐❝❛❧ ❚.❡❛%♠❡♥% ♦♥ ❊①%❡♥❞❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✉♥❞❡. T♦✐--♦♥ ❯♥❝❡.%❛✐♥%② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹. ✼✳✸. ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❈✿ ❆♥❛❧②%✐❝❛❧ ❚.❡❛%♠❡♥% ♦♥ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛.❦ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❖♣%✐♠✐③❛%✐♦♥✲❊①♦❣❡♥♦✉- T.❡❢❡.❡♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶. ✼✳✹. ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❉✿ ❆♥❛❧②%✐❝❛❧ ❚.❡❛%♠❡♥% ♦♥ %❤❡ ●❡♥❡.❛❧✐③❡❞ ❖♣✲ %✐♠✐③❛%✐♦♥ T.♦❜❧❡♠✲❊♥❞♦❣❡♥♦✉- T.❡❢❡.❡♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸. ✽ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣1❛♣❤②. ✶✹✼. ✺.

(6) ✻.

(7) ✶ ❆❜#$%❛❝$ ❚❤✐# ❞✐##❡&'❛'✐♦♥ ❝♦♥#✐#'# ♦❢ ❢♦✉& &❡❧❛'❡❞ ❡##❛②# ♦♥ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❛❧②#✐#✳ ▼♦&❡ ♣&❡❝✐#❡❧②✱ '❤✐# ❞✐##❡&'❛'✐♦♥ ❢♦❝✉#❡# ♦♥ '❤&❡❡ ♠♦#' #'&✐❦✐♥❣ ❤❡❛❧'❤ &❡✲ ❧❛'❡❞ ✐##✉❡# ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✿ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛&❡ #②#'❡♠ &❡❢♦&♠✱ ♣♦❧❧✉'✐♦♥✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❞❡❣&❛❞❛'✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❝✉❧'✉&❡ ❡✛❡❝' ♦♥ '❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ❚❤❡ ✜&#' ❡##❛② ❣✐✈❡# ❛ =✉❛❧✐'❛'✐✈❡ #'✉❞② ♦♥ '❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✬# ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛&❡ #②#'❡♠ ✇✐'❤ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤' ♦♥ '❤❡ &❡❢♦&♠ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡#✳ ❲❡ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♠♣❧✐✲ ❝❛'✐♦♥# ❜② #'❛'✐#'✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# '♦ ✈❛&✐♦✉# ❈❤✐♥❡#❡ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❞❛'❛ ♦♥ ♠♦&'❛❧✐'② &❛'❡✱ ❧✐❢❡ ❡①♣❡❝'❛♥❝②✱ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛&❡ ❡①♣❡♥❞✐'✉&❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛&❡ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡&#✳ C♦❧✐❝② ✐♥#✐❣❤'# ❢♦& '❤❡ ❢✉&'❤❡& ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛&❡ &❡❢♦&♠ ❛&❡ '♦ ❡①♣❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ✐♥#✉&❛♥❝❡ ❝♦✈❡&❛❣❡✱ ❧♦✇❡& ❝♦♣❛② ♦& ❞❡❞✉❝'✐❜❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❛&'✐❝✉❧❛&❧②✱ ✐♥'❡❣&❛'❡ ❞✐✈❡&#❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♥#✉&❛♥❝❡ #②#'❡♠# ✐♥'♦ ❛ ✉♥✐✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ #'❛♥❞❛&❞✐③❡❞ #②#'❡♠ ♥❛'✐♦♥✇✐❞❡✳ ❚❤✐# ❡##❛② ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤'# '❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦& ❞✐♠✐♥✐#❤✐♥❣ '❤❡ ✉&❜❛♥✲ &✉&❛❧ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛&❡ ✐♥❡=✉❛❧✐'✐❡#✱ ♣&♦♠♦'✐♥❣ ❞✐✈❡&#❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❝❛&❡ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡&# ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣&✐✈❛'❡ ❤♦#♣✐'❛❧✮ ❛♥❞ ♣&♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❜❛#✐❝ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❝❛&❡ ❛##✐#'❛♥❝❡ ❢♦& ❡①✲ '&❡♠❡ ♣♦♦& ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇✐'❤♦✉' ✐♥#✉&❛♥❝❡✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐'✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❞✐#❝✉## ❚&❛❞✐'✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❤✐♥❡#❡ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✭❚❈▼✮ ❛♥❞ ✐'# &♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✬# ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛&❡ #②#'❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ #❡❝♦♥❞ ❡##❛② ♣&❡#❡♥'# ❛ '❤❡♦&❡'✐❝❛❧ ❢&❛♠❡✇♦&❦ '♦ #'✉❞② ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝② #✉❜❥❡❝' '♦ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❛♥❞ ♣&♦❞✉❝'✐♦♥ ✢✉❝'✉❛'✐♦♥#✳ ❚❤❡ ♣&♦♣♦#❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❤❛# '❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥'❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♥❛❧②'✐❝❛❧❧② '&❛❝'❛❜❧❡ ✇✐'❤ ❝❧♦#❡❞✲❢♦&♠ #♦❧✉'✐♦♥# ❢♦& '❤❡ ♦♣'✐♠❛❧ ❛❜❛'❡♠❡♥' ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣&♦✇'❤ &❛'❡✳ ■' ❛❧#♦ ❞❡♠♦♥#'&❛'❡# '❤❛' '❤❡ &❡❧❛'✐♦♥#❤✐♣ ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ♠✐'✐❣❛'✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣&♦✇'❤ &❛'❡ ✐# ✐♥✈❡&'❡❞✲❯ #❤❛♣❡❞✳ ❖✉& ♥✉♠❡&✐❝❛❧ #'✉❞② #❤♦✇# '❤❛' '❤❡ ♦♣'✐♠❛❧ ❛❜❛'❡♠❡♥' ♣♦❧✐❝② &❡❛❝'# #❡♥#✐'✐✈❡❧② '♦ '❤❡ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ♣❛&❛♠❡'❡& ❛♥❞ ✉♥❝❡&'❛✐♥'② ♣❛&❛♠✲ ❡'❡&#✳ ❲❡ ✜♥❞ '❤❛' '❤❡ ❛❜❛'❡♠❡♥' ♣♦❧✐❝② #❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✵✳✹✻✪✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛'✐♥❣ ✸✸ ❯✳❙✳ ❞♦❧❧❛& ♣❡& '♦♥ ❝♦❛❧✱ ♦& ✵✳✻✾✪✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛'✐♥❣ ✺✵ ❯✳❙✳ ❞♦❧❧❛& ♣❡& '♦♥ ❝♦❛❧✱ ✐❢ '❤❡ ❛❜❛'❡♠❡♥' '❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐♠♣&♦✈❡♠❡♥' ✐# ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡## ♦♣'✐♠✐#'✐❝ ✇❛②✳ ❇♦'❤ ♥✉♠❜❡&# ❛&❡ ❝♦♠♣❛&❛❜❧❡ ❜✉' ❤✐❣❤❡& '❤❛♥ ❡①✐#'✐♥❣ ❧✐'❡&❛'✉&❡✳ ❚❤✉#✱ ✇❡ #✉❣❣❡#' '✐❣❤' ❡♥✈✐&♦♥♠❡♥'❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✇❤❡♥ ♣♦❧❧✉'✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✉♥❝❡&'❛✐♥'② ✐# ❝♦♥#✐❞❡&❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ '❤✐&❞ ❡##❛② ❛✐♠# '♦ ❡①'❡♥❞ '❤❡ #'♦❝❤❛#'✐❝ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜② ✼.

(8) ✶✳ ❆❜$%&❛❝% ✐♥"#♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ "✇♦ ❦✐♥❞+ ♦❢ ❝❛"❛+"#♦♣❤✐❝ +❤♦❝❦✿ ♥❛"✉#❡ ❞✐+❛+"❡# ❛♥❞ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❧♦+❡❞✲❢#♦♠ +♦❧✉"✐♦♥ ❢♦# ❛❜❛"❡♠❡♥" ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣#♦✇"❤ ❛#❡ ❞❡✲ #✐✈❡❞✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐"✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡ "❤❡ ♥❡❝❡++❛#② ❛♥❞ +✉✣❝✐❡♥" ❝♦♥❞✐"✐♦♥ ❢♦# "❤❡ ❡①✐+"❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐>✉❡♥❡++ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❡>✉✐❧✐❜#✐✉♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥♥♦✈❛"✐✈❡ ♠❡++❛❣❡ ❢#♦♠ ♦✉# >✉❛♥"✐"❛"✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②+✐+ ✐+ "❤❛" ♦♣"✐♠❛❧ ❛❜❛"❡♠❡♥" ♣♦❧✐❝② #❡❛❝"+ +❡♥+✐"✐✈❡❧② "♦ "❤❡ ♣❛#❛♠❡"❡#+ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❛♥❞ ❝❛"❛+"#♦♣❤❡ ✐♥"❡♥+✐"②✳ ❖✉# ❝❛❧✐❜#❛"✐♦♥ +✉❣✲ ❣❡+"+ ❤✐❣❤❡# ❝❛#❜♦♥ "❛① ❛♥❞ ♠♦#❡ +"#✐♥❣❡♥" ❝❧✐♠❛"❡ ♣♦❧✐❝②✿. ❛ "❛①❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢. ✶✵✸ ❯✳❙✳ ❞♦❧❧❛# ♣❡# "♦♥ ❝♦❛❧ ♦# ✺✻ ❯✳❙✳ ❞♦❧❧❛# ♣❡# "♦♥ ❝♦❛❧ ✇❤❡♥ "❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✲ ♠❡♥" ♦❢ "❤❡ ❛❜❛"❡♠❡♥" "❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐+ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ♦♣"✐♠✐+"✐❝ ✇❛②✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ "❤❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❡①"#❡♠❡ ❡✈❡♥"+ ❛#❡ ✉♥❞❡#❡+"✐♠❛"❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ "❤❡ +♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦+" ♦❢ ❝❛#❜♦♥ ✐+ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛"❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥✈❡♥"✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣♣#♦❛❝❤✳. ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉#"❤ ❡++❛② ❞❡♠♦♥+"#❛"❡+ "❤❛"✱ ✐♥ ❛♥ ♦♥❡✲♣❡#✐♦❞ "✇♦✲+"❛❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ "❤❡ #❡❧❛"✐♦♥+❤✐♣ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❚❈▼ ❛♥❞ ❲▼ ❞❡♣❡♥❞+ ♦♥ ❜♦"❤ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❝✉❧"✉#❡ ❡✛❡❝"✳. ❲❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ "❤❡♦#❡"✐❝❛❧ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❞❡♠❛♥❞. ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡❝"❡❞ ✉"✐❧✐"② ❢#❛♠❡✇♦#❦ "♦ ✐❧❧✉+"#❛"❡ ❝✉❧"✉#❡ ❡✛❡❝" ✐♥ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✬+ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❞❡❝✐+✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝" ♦❢ ❚❈▼ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✬+ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❝❛#❡ +②+"❡♠✳ ❲❡ ❞❡♠♦♥+"#❛"❡ "❤❛" "❤❡ ♠❛#❣✐♥❛❧ ❡✛❡❝" ♦❢ ❝♦♣❛② #❛"❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥+✉#✲ ❛♥❝❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛#❡ ✐♥✈❡#" #❡❧❛"❡❞✳. ▼♦#❡♦✈❡#✱ "❤❡ #❡❧❛"✐♦♥+❤✐♣ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ ❝♦♣❛②. #❛"❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛#❡ ✐+ ✐♥✈❡#"❡❞✲❯ +❤❛♣❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❛ +♠❛❧❧❡# ❝♦♣❛② #❛"❡ ♠❛② ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❧❡ #❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ +"❡❛❞②✲+"❛"❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛#❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❣❡♥❡#❛❧✐③❡ "❤❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛#❦ ♠♦❞❡❧ "♦ +"✉❞② ❤♦✇ "❤❡ ❛❣❡ ❡✛❡❝" ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✬+ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ ❚❈▼ ❛♥❞ ❲▼✳. ✽.

(9) ✷ ▼♦#✐✈❛#✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡+❡❛,❝❤ ❇❛❝❦❣,♦✉♥❞ ❍❡❛❧$❤ ✐' ✏❛ '$❛$❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡$❡ ♣❤②'✐❝❛❧✱ ♠❡♥$❛❧ ❛♥❞ '♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♥♦$ ♠❡6❡❧② $❤❡ ❛❜'❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✐'❡❛'❡ ♦6 ✐♥✜6♠✐$✑✭❲❍❖✱ ✶✾✻✹✮ ✶✳ ❍❡❛❧$❤ $♦ ❡✈❡6②♦♥❡ ✐' $❤❡ ♠♦'$ ❜❛'✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❡''❡♥$✐❛❧ ❛''❡$✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥$❛✐❧' ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ $♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ $♦ $❤❡✐6 ♣♦$❡♥$✐❛❧' ❢♦6 ❛ ❧✐❢❡ ✐♥ ❞✐❣♥✐$②✳ ●♦♦❞ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ✐' ❛ ❝6✐$✐❝❛❧ ❡❧❡✲ ♠❡♥$ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ '♦❝✐❡$❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✱ ✐♥ ❧✐❣❤$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❢❛❝$ $❤❛$ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡'$ ❛$$❛✐♥❛❜❧❡ '$❛♥❞❛6❞ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧$❤ 6❡E✉❡'$' ❢♦6 ❛ '❡$ ♦❢ '♦❝✐❛❧ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❛66❛♥❣❡♠❡♥$' ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐' ❝♦♥❞✉❝✐✈❡ $♦ $❤❡ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❚❤✐' ✐♠♣❧✐❡' $❤❛$ ❤❡❛❧$❤ '❡6✈✐❝❡'✱ ❣♦♦❞' ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝✐❧✐$✐❡' '❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ '✉✣❝✐❡♥$ E✉❛♥$✐$②✱ ♣❤②'✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❛❝❝❡''✐❜❧❡✱ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ❝✉❧$✉6❛❧❧② ❛❝❝❡♣$❛❜❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♣6♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❣♦♦❞ E✉❛❧✐$② ❛♥❞ ✇✐$❤♦✉$ ❛♥② ❞✐'❝6✐♠✐♥❛$✐♦♥✳ ▼♦6❡♦✈❡6✱ ❛' ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥$❛❧ ♣❛6$ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ 6✐❣❤$'✱ ❣♦♦❞ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ✐' ❝❧♦'❡❧② 6❡❧❛$❡❞ $♦ $❤❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐'❤♠❡♥$ ♦❢ ♦$❤❡6 ❤✉♠❛♥ 6✐❣❤$'✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ '❛❢❡ ❢♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ✇❛$❡6✱ ❛❞❡E✉❛$❡ ❤♦✉'✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ '❛♥✐$❛$✐♦♥✱ ❤❡❛❧$❤② ✇♦6❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡♥✈✐6♦♥✲ ♠❡♥$❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐$✐♦♥'✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧$❤✲6❡❧❛$❡❞ ❡❞✉❝❛$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦6♠❛$✐♦♥ ✭❯♥✐$❡❞ ◆❛$✐♦♥'✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❚❛❦✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❛♥❣❧❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧$❤✱ $❤✐' ❞✐''❡6$❛$✐♦♥ ✐' ♠♦$✐✈❛$❡❞ ❢6♦♠ $❤6❡❡ '$6✐❦✐♥❣ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✿ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ✐♥❡E✉❛❧✐$②✱ 6❛♣✐❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛✲ $✐♦♥ ❛❣❡✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ '❡✈❡6❡ ❞❡$6✐♠❡♥$❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝$ ♦❢ ❡♥✈✐6♦♥♠❡♥$❛❧ ♣♦❧❧✉$✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❤❡❛❧$❤✳ ❍❡❛❧$❤ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡♠❡♥$ ✐' ✉'✉❛❧❧② ❛''♦❝✐❛$❡❞ ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣6♦✇$❤✳ ❊♠✲ ♣✐6✐❝❛❧ '$✉❞✐❡' '✉❣❣❡'$ ❛ '$6♦♥❣ 6❡❧❛$✐♦♥'❤✐♣ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣6♦✇$❤ ✭❋♦❣❡❧✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❇❛66♦✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❇❧♦♦♠✱ ❈❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❡✈✐❧❧❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ■♥✲ ❞❡❡❞✱ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❤❛' ❜❡❡♥ '✉❝❝❡''❢✉❧ ✐♥ ✐♠♣6♦✈✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❛' ✇❡❧❧ ❛' ✐♥❝6❡❛'✐♥❣ ♣❡6 ❝❛♣✐$❛ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✭❲♦6❧❞ ❇❛♥❦✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ◆❡✈❡6$❤❡❧❡''✱ ❞❡'♣✐$❡ $❤❡ ✉♥♣6❡❝❡❞❡♥$❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣6♦✇$❤✱ 6❡♠❛6❦❛❜❧❡ ♣6♦❣6❡'' ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧$❤ '$❛$✉' ❛♥❞ ❧✐❢❡ ❡①♣❡❝$❛♥❝② ❣❛✐♥❡❞ ♦✈❡6 $❤❡ ♣❛'$ ❞❡❝❛❞❡'✱ $❤❡6❡ 6❡♠❛✐♥ '✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥$ ✐♥❡E✉❛❧✐$✐❡' ❛❝6♦'' ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ❣6♦✉♣' ✇✐$❤ ❞✐✛❡6❡♥$ '♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ '$❛$✉' ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ✉6❜❛♥ ❛♥❞ 6✉6❛❧ ❛6❡❛'✱ ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡6❡♥$ 6❡❣✐♦♥' ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✳ ❋❛❝✐♥❣ ♣✉❜✲ ❧✐❝ ❞✐'❝♦♥$❡♥$✱ ❈❤✐♥❡'❡ ❣♦✈❡6♥♠❡♥$ ❤❛' ❧❛✉♥❝❤❡❞ '❡✈❡6❛❧ 6♦✉♥❞' ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝❛6❡ 6❡❢♦6♠' '✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵ ✐♥ $❤❡ ♣✉6♣♦'❡ $♦ ♣6♦✈✐❞❡ ✉♥✐✈❡6'❛❧ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝♦✈❡6❛❣❡ ✶. ❉❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✹✻ ❈♦♥,-✐-✉-✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲♦1❧❞ ❍❡❛❧-❤ ❖1❣❛♥✐③❛-✐♦♥✳. ✾.

(10) ✷✳ ▼♦$✐✈❛$✐♦♥. ♥❛"✐♦♥✇✐❞❡✳ ❇❡✐♥❣ ❛ +❡❧❢✲♣0♦❝❧❛✐♠❡❞ +♦❝✐❛❧✐+" ❝♦✉♥"0②✱ ✇❤② ❈❤✐♥❛✬+ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❝❛0❡ +②+"❡♠ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❧❡❛+" ✧+♦❝✐❛❧✐+"✧ ✇♦0❧❞✇✐❞❡❄ ❲❤❛" ❝❛✉+❡+ "❤❡ ❞✐+♣❛0✐"✐❡+ ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ♣0♦✈✐+✐♦♥ ❛❝0♦++ "❤❡ ♥❛"✐♦♥❄ ■+ ❈❤✐♥❛ ♦♥ "❤❡ ♣❛"❤ ♦❢ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ "❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ✉♥✐✈❡0+❛❧ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❝♦✈❡0❛❣❡❄ ❚❤❡ ✜0+" ❡++❛② A✉❛❧✐"❛✲ "✐✈❡❧② ❞✐+❝✉++❡+ "❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✬+ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❝❛0❡ +②+"❡♠✱ ✇✐"❤ ❡♠♣❤❛+✐+ ♦♥ 0❡❢♦0♠ ♣♦❧✐❝② +"0❛"❡❣✐❡+ "♦ ❛❞❞0❡++ "❤❡ ✐++✉❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❡A✉❛❧✐"②✳ ❘❛♣✐❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣0♦✇"❤✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡0✱ ❣❡♥❡0❛"❡+ ❛❞✈❡0+❡ ❡✛❡❝" "♦ ❡♥✈✐0♦♥♠❡♥"✱ +✉❝❤ ❛+ ♣♦❧❧✉"✐♦♥✱ CO2 ❡♠✐++✐♦♥+ ❛♥❞ ✐♥"❡♥+✐✜❡❞ +❡✈❡0✐"② ♦❢ ❝❛"❛+"0♦♣❤❡+✳ ❆✐0 ♣♦❧❧✉"✐♦♥ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❤❛③❡✮ ✐+ ♣0♦❜❛❜❧② ❛ ✈❡0② +❡0✐♦✉+ ❝♦♥❝❡0♥ ✐♥ ♠♦+" ❡♠❡0❣✲ ✐♥❣ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡+✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❈❤✐♥❛✳ ❲♦0❧❞ ❍❡❛❧"❤ ❖0❣❛♥✐③❛"✐♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ 0❡♣♦0"+ "❤❛" ♦✉"❞♦♦0 ❛✐0 ♣♦❧❧✉"✐♦♥ ❝❛✉+❡+ ♠♦0❡ "❤❛♥ ✶ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❞❡❛"❤ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✷✱ ❛❝❝♦✉♥"✐♥❣ ❢♦0 ♦♥❡ "❤✐0❞ ♦❢ "♦"❛❧ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡❛"❤+✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥✈✐0♦♥♠❡♥"❛❧ ❞❡❣0❛✲ ❞❛"✐♦♥ ❧❡❛❞+ "♦ +✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥" ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❧♦++❡+ ❛♥❞ "❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ✐♥✲ ❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♥+✉♠♣"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ +❛✈✐♥❣ ❞❡❝✐+✐♦♥+✱ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ✐♥ "✉0♥✱ ❛✛❡❝"+ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣0♦✇"❤✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✐" 0❛♥❦+ ✐♥ "❤❡ "♦♣ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♠❛❦❡0 "♦ ❛♣♣0♦♣0✐❛"❡❧② ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ "❤❡ ♣0♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥+✉♠♣"✐♦♥ ✭♦♥ ❤❡❛❧"❤✮ ❛♥❞ 0❡❞✉❝"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡♠✐+✲ +✐♦♥+ "♦ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ "❤❡ +♦❝✐❡"② ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✳ ❍♦✇ "♦ ❞❡"❡0♠✐♥❡ "❤❡ ♦♣"✐♠❛❧ ❛❜❛"❡♠❡♥" ❛♥❞ ♠✐"✐❣❛"✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❣0♦✇"❤ 0❛"❡✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ "❤❡ ✉♥❝❡0"❛✐♥"② ♦❢ "❤❡ ❞❡"0✐♠❡♥"❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝" ♦❢ ♣♦❧❧✉"❛♥"+ ❛♥❞ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥+ ♦♥ ❤❡❛❧"❤❄ ■+ ✐" ✇♦0"❤ "♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥" "✐❣❤" ❡♥✈✐0♦♥♠❡♥"❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② "❤❛" ✐+ ❤❛0♠❢✉❧ "♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣0♦✇"❤ ❜✉" ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ "♦ ❛ ❤❡❛❧"❤② ❡♥✈✐0♦♥♠❡♥"❄ ❚❤❡ +❡❝♦♥❞ ❡++❛② ❣✐✈❡+ ❛ A✉❛♥✲ "✐"❛"✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②+✐+ ♦♥ "❤❡+❡ A✉❡+"✐♦♥+✳ ❚❤❡ "❤✐0❞ ❡++❛② ❡①"❡♥❞+ "❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜② ❢✉0"❤❡0 ❝♦♥+✐❞❡0✐♥❣ "✇♦ ❦✐♥❞+ ♦❢ ❝❛"❛+"0♦♣❤✐❝ +❤♦❝❦+ ♦♥ ❤❡❛❧"❤✿ ♥❛"✉0❡ ❞✐+❛+"❡0 ❛♥❞ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝✳ ❆❧♦♥❣+✐❞❡ "❤❡ ❞0❛+"✐❝ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣0♦✇"❤ ✐+ "❤❡ ❞0❛♠❛"✐❝ ❞❡♠♦❣0❛♣❤✐❝ ❝❤❛♥❣❡✳ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✐+ 0❛♣✐❞❧② ❛❣❡✐♥❣ ❞✉❡ "♦ ♣0❡❝✐♣✐"♦✉+ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ✐♥ ❢❡0"✐❧✐"② ❛+ ✇❡❧❧ ❛+ ❧♦♥❣❡0 ❧✐❢❡ ❡①♣❡❝"❛♥❝②✳ ❯♥"✐❧ "❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✺✱ "❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥" ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛❣❡❞ ✻✵ ♦0 ♦✈❡0 ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❛❝❝♦✉♥"❡❞ ❢♦0 ✷✹✳✻✹✪ ♦❢ "♦"❛❧ ✇♦0❧❞ ❛❣❡✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛✲ "✐♦♥ ✭❯♥✐"❡❞ ◆❛"✐♦♥+✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡+ ✐♥ "♦"❛❧ ♣♦♣✉❧❛"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❡ +"0✉❝"✉0❡✱ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ❜② "❤❡ ♣0❡✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝❤0♦♥✐❝ ❞✐+❡❛+❡+✱ +✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥"❧② ❞✐✈❡0+✐❢② "❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♣0❡❢❡0❡♥❝❡+ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♠❛♥❞+ ♦♥ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❝❛0❡ +❡0✈✐❝❡+✱ +♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②✱ ❜❡"✇❡❡♥ ❚0❛❞✐"✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❤✐♥❡+❡ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✭❚❈▼✮ ❛♥❞ ❲❡+"❡0♥ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✭❲▼✮✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐"✐♦♥✱ ❚❈▼ ❤❛+ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝0❡❛+✐♥❣❧② ✉♥✲ ❞❡0 "❤❡ +♣♦"❧✐❣❤" ✐♥ 0❡❝❡♥" ②❡❛0+✱ +✐♥❝❡ W0❡+✐❞❡♥" ❳✐ ❏✐♥♣✐♥❣ ❤❛+ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❝♦♠♣❧✐♠❡♥"❡❞ ❚❈▼ ♦♥ ♠❛♥② ✐♠♣♦0"❛♥" ♦❝❝❛+✐♦♥+ +✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❚♦ ♣0♦♠♦"❡ ❚❈▼ ❝♦♥+✉♠♣"✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧"❤ ❝❛0❡ +❡0✈✐❝❡+✱ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥"+ ❛0❡ ✐++✉❡❞ "♦ 0❡A✉❡+" ❢♦0 ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ "❤❡ 0❡✐♠❜✉0+❡♠❡♥" +❝♦♣❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝0❡❛+✐♥❣ "❤❡ 0❡✐♠✲ ❜✉0+❡♠❡♥" 0❛"❡ ♦❢ ❚❈▼ 0❡❧❛"❡❞ ❞0✉❣+ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❞0✉❣ "❤❡0❛♣✐❡+ ❝♦♠♣❛0❡❞ ✶✵.

(11) ✇✐"❤ "❤❛" ♦❢ ❲▼✳ ❚❤✉,✱ ❤♦✇ ✇♦✉❧❞ "❤❡ ❈❤✐♥❡,❡ ❝✉❧"✉4❡ ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ❚❈▼ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡❝✐,✐♦♥❄ ❆♥❞ ❤♦✇ "❤❡ ❞✐✈❡4,✐✜❡❞ ❝♦♣❛② 4❛"❡ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, "❤❡ ❞❡❞✉❝"✐❜❧❡, ❛✛❡❝" ❝♦♥,✉♠❡4✬, ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❄ ❲❡ ❛❞❞4❡,, "❤❡,❡ ❛♣♣❡❛❧✐♥❣ A✉❡,"✐♦♥, ✐♥ "❤❡ ❢♦✉4"❤ ❡,,❛②✳. ✶✶.

(12) ✷✳ ▼♦$✐✈❛$✐♦♥. ✶✷.

(13) ✸ ❊✈♦❧✉&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✬. ❍❡❛❧&❤ ❈❛1❡ ❙②.&❡♠ ❋1♦♠ 6♦❧✐❝② 6❡1.♣❡❝&✐✈❡✿ ❊✛♦1&. ❚♦✇❛1❞ ❊>✉❛❧✐&② ✸✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥. ❖✈❡# $❤❡ ♣❛($ ✜✈❡ ❞❡❝❛❞❡(✱ ❈❤✐♥❛✬( ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝❛#❡ (②($❡♠ ❤❛( ✉♥❞❡#❣♦♥❡ ❛ #♦❧❧❡#✲❝♦❛($❡# #✐❞❡✳ ■♥ $❤❡ ❆❧♠❛✲❆$❛ ♠❡❡$✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✶✾✼✽✱ ❲❍❖ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡❞ $❤❡ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥$( ❣❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❡(♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ ✈❛($ #✉#❛❧ ❛#❡❛( ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❘✉#❛❧ ❈♦♦♣❡#❛$✐✈❡ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❙❝❤❡♠❡ ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ✇♦#❦ ♦❢ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❞♦❝$♦#( ✭❦♥♦✇♥ ❛( ✧❜❛#❡❢♦♦$ ❞♦❝$♦#(✧✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥(♣✐#❡❞ $❤❡ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝❛#❡ ❞❡✲ (✐❣♥ ✐♥ $❤✐#❞✲✇♦#❧❞ ❝♦✉♥$#✐❡( ✭❲❍❖✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ■#♦♥✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ✐$ ✇❛( ✐♥ $❤❡ (❛♠❡ ②❡❛# $❤❛$ $❤❡ ❣♦✈❡#♥♠❡♥$ ($❛#$❡❞ $♦ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥ $❤❡ #✉#❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❝❛#❡ (②($❡♠✳ ❇❡✐♥❣ ❛ (❡❧❢✲♣#♦❝❧❛✐♠❡❞ (♦❝✐❛❧✐($ ❝♦✉♥$#②✱ ✇❤② ❈❤✐♥❛✬( ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝❛#❡ (②($❡♠ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❧❡❛($ ✧(♦❝✐❛❧✐($✧ ✇♦#❧❞✇✐❞❡❄ ❲❤❛$ ❝❛✉(❡❞ $❤❡ ❞✐(♣❛#✐$✐❡( ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝❛#❡ ❛❝#♦(( $❤❡ ♥❛$✐♦♥❄ ❈❤✐♥❡(❡ ❣♦✈❡#♥♠❡♥$ ❤❛( ❧❛✉♥❝❤❡❞ (❡✈❡#❛❧ #♦✉♥❞( ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝❛#❡ (②($❡♠ #❡❢♦#♠( ✐♥ #❡❝❡♥$ ✸✵ ②❡❛#( ✐♥ ❢❛❝✐♥❣ $❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❞✐(❝♦♥$❡♥$ ($❡♠♠✐♥❣ ❢#♦♠ $❤❡ ❣#♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❡P✉❛❧✐$② ❛♠♦♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ❣#♦✉♣( ✇✐$❤ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥$ (♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ($❛$✉( ❛❝#♦(( ❞✐✛❡#❡♥$ #❡❣✐♦♥(✱ ❛♥❞ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ✉#❜❛♥ ❛♥❞ #✉#❛❧ ❛#❡❛(✳ ■( ❈❤✐♥❛ ♦♥ $❤❡ ♣❛$❤ ♦❢ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ✉♥✐✈❡#✲ (❛❧ ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝♦✈❡#❛❣❡❄ ❲❤❛$ ❛#❡ $❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ($#❛$❡❣✐❡( ❛♥❞ ♣#✐♦#✐$✐❡( ♦❢ $❤❡(❡ #❡❢♦#♠( ✐♥ ♦#❞❡# $♦ (✉($❛✐♥ $❤❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥$( ✐♥ $❤❡ ♥❡①$ ❞❡❝❛❞❡(❄ ❚❤✐( (❡❝✲ $✐♦♥ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡( ❛ ❜❛❝❦❣#♦✉♥❞ ✐♥✈❡($✐❣❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✬( ❤❡❛❧$❤ ❝❛#❡ (②($❡♠✱ ✇✐$❤ ❡♠♣❤❛(✐( ♦♥ #❡❢♦#♠ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡( ❛♥❞ ($#❛$❡❣✐❡( $♦ ❛❞❞#❡(( ✐((✉❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❡P✉❛❧✐$②✳ ✶✸.

(14) ✸✳ ❈❤❛♣&❡( ✸. ✸✳✷ ❋♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ ◆❛+✐♦♥❛❧ ❍❡❛❧+❤ ❈❛2❡ ❙②5+❡♠ ✭✶✾✹✾✲✶✾✼✾✮. ❈❤✐♥❛✬& ♥❛'✐♦♥❛❧ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛,❡ &②&'❡♠ ❤❛& ❜❡❡♥ ❡&'❛❜❧✐&❤❡❞ ✉♣ &✐♥❝❡ '❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ 4❡♦♣❧❡✬& ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✐♥ ✶✾✹✾✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡&✐❣♥ ♦❢ ♥❛'✐♦♥❛❧ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ❝❛,❡ &②&'❡♠ ✐& ♠❛✐♥❧② ❡♠❜♦❞✐❡❞ ✐♥ '❤,❡❡ &✉❜✲&②&'❡♠& ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ✐♥&✉,❛♥❝❡✳ ❋✐,&'✱ ▲❛❜♦, ■♥&✉,❛♥❝❡ ❙②&'❡♠✳ ■' ❝❛♠❡ '♦ ❡①✐&'❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✶ ✉♥❞❡, '❤❡ ✐&&✉❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ▲❛❜♦$ ■♥'✉$❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ 1❡♦♣❧❡✬' ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❜② ❙'❛'❡ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❢✉,'❤❡, ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛❝❝♦,❞✐♥❣ ✇✐'❤ '❤❡ ❆♠❡♥❞♠❡♥. ♦♥ ❘✉❧❡' ♦❢ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥.❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▲❛❜♦$ ■♥'✉$❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛.✐♦♥ ❜② ▼✐♥✐&',② ♦❢ ▲❛✲ ❜♦, ✐♥ ✶✾✺✸✳ ■' ✇❛& ❛ ✇♦,❦✲✉♥✐' ❜❛&❡❞ ❤❡❛❧'❤ ✐♥&✉,❛♥❝❡ &②&'❡♠✱ ❝♦✈❡,✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ✇♦,❦❡❞ ✐♥ &'❛'❡✲♦✇♥❡❞ ❡♥'❡,♣,✐&❡& ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❝'✐✈❡❧②✲♦✇♥❡❞ ❡♥'❡,✲ ♣,✐&❡&✱ ❛& ✇❡❧❧ ❛& '❤❡✐, ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛'❡ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♠❡♠❜❡,& ✭♣❛,❡♥'& ❛♥❞ ❝❤✐❧❞,❡♥✮✱ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ,❡'✐,❡❡&✳ ❚❤❡&❡ ✇♦,❦❡,& ✇❡,❡ ❡♥'✐'❧❡❞ ✇✐'❤ ❛❧♠♦&' ❢,❡❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ &❡,✲ ✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❞❡&✐❣♥❛'❡❞ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♥&'✐'✉'✐♦♥&✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ '❤❡✐, ❢❛♠✐❧② ♠❡♠❜❡,& ❤❛❞ '♦ ♣❛② ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ '❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡♥&❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❢✉♥❞✐♥❣ ✇❛& ❡①',❛❝'❡❞ ❢,♦♠ '❤❡ ♥❡' ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❡♥'❡,♣,✐&❡ ✇✐'❤ ❛ ❝❡,'❛✐♥ ,❛'✐♦ ♦❢ '❤❡ '♦'❛❧ ✇❛❣❡& ♦❢ ✇♦,❦❡,& ✶✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ ●♦✈❡,♥♠❡♥' ■♥&✉,❛♥❝❡ ❙②&'❡♠✳ ■' ✇❛& ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥'❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✷ ❜❛&❡❞ ♦♥ '❤❡ ■♥'.$✉❝.✐♦♥ ♦♥ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥.❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ ●♦✈❡$♥♠❡♥. ■♥'✉$❛♥❝❡ ❙②'.❡♠ ✐♥. ●♦✈❡$♥♠❡♥.' ❛. ❆❧❧ ▲❡✈❡❧'✱ 1❛$.✐❡'✱ ❖$❣❛♥✐③❛.✐♦♥' ❛♥❞ ❆✣❧✐❛.❡❞ ■♥'.✐.✉✲ .✐♦♥' ✐&&✉❡❞ ❜② ❙'❛'❡ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧✳ ■' ❝♦✈❡,❡❞ &'❛✛& ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧& ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡,♥♠❡♥'✱. ♣❛,'✐❡&✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♦,❣❛♥✐③❛'✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❛,♠②✱ ❛♥❞ ❧❛'❡, ❡①♣❛♥❞❡❞ '♦ '❤❡ ❝❛❞,❡& ✐♥ ,✉,❛❧ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡& ❛♥❞ '♦✇♥&✱ &'❛✛& ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥&'✐'✉'✐♦♥& ✭❛❧&♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ &'✉❞❡♥'&✮✱ ❛♥❞ ,❡'✐,❡❡& ♦❢ '❤❡&❡ ✐♥&'✐'✉'✐♦♥&✳ ❚❤❡ ❢✉♥❞ ❝❛♠❡ ❢,♦♠ '❤❡ ✜&❝❛❧ ❜✉❞❣❡' ♦❢ ❝❡♥',❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❣♦✈❡,♥♠❡♥'&✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❛& ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ ❜② ❈♦♠♠✐&&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ●♦✈❡,♥♠❡♥' ■♥&✉,❛♥❝❡ ❙②&'❡♠ ✐♥ ❧♦❝❛❧✐'②✳ 4❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ✇❡,❡ ✉♥❞❡, ❝♦✈❡,❛❣❡ ❡♥❥♦②❡❞ ❢✉❧❧ ,❡✐♠❜✉,&❡♠❡♥' ♦❢ ❡①♣❡♥&❡& ✐♥ ❞❡&✐❣♥❛'❡❞ ♠❡❞✲ ✐❝❛❧ ✐♥&'✐'✉'✐♦♥&✷✳. ❚❤✐,❞✱ ❘✉,❛❧ ❈♦♦♣❡,❛'✐✈❡ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❙❝❤❡♠❡✳ ■' ✇❛& '❛,❣❡'❡❞ '♦ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ ,✉,❛❧ ❛,❡❛&✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❝❝♦✉♥'❡❞ ❢♦, ✽✼✪ ♦❢ '♦'❛❧ ♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✸ ✸✳ ❋,♦♠ ❇❛"❡❞ ♦♥ "♦✉(❝❡✿ ▲❛❜♦( ■♥"✉(❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛1✐♦♥ ♦❢ 4❡♦♣❧❡✬" ❘❡♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✳ ❋❡❜(✉✲ ❛(② ✷✻✱ ✶✾✺✶✳ ❆♠❡♥❞♠❡♥1 ♦♥ ❘✉❧❡" ♦❢ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥1❛1✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▲❛❜♦( ■♥"✉(❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛1✐♦♥✳ ❏❛♥✉❛(② ✷✻✱ ✶✾✺✸✳ ✷ ❇❛"❡❞ ♦♥ "♦✉(❝❡✿ ■♥"1(✉❝1✐♦♥ ♦♥ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥1❛1✐♦♥ ♦❢ ●♦✈❡(♥♠❡♥1 ■♥"✉(❛♥❝❡ ❙②"1❡♠ ✐♥ ●♦✈❡(♥♠❡♥1" ❛1 ❆❧❧ ▲❡✈❡❧"✱ 4❛(1✐❡"✱ ❖(❣❛♥✐③❛1✐♦♥" ❛♥❞ ❆✣❧✐❛1❡❞ ■♥"1✐1✉1✐♦♥"✳ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✼✱ ✶✾✺✷✳ ✸ ❇❛"✐❝ ■♥❢♦(♠❛1✐♦♥ ♦❢ ●✐✈❡ ◆❛1✐♦♥❛❧ 4♦♣✉❧❛1✐♦♥ ❈❡♥"✉"✳ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❙1❛1✐"1✐❝❛❧ ❨❡❛(❜♦♦❦ ✷✵✵✶✳ ✶. ✶✹.

(15) ✶✾✺✵$ ✐& ✇❛$ ❧❛✉♥❝❤❡❞ ❛$ ❛ ♣✐❧♦& ♣2♦❣2❛♠ ✐♥ $♦♠❡ ♣2♦✈✐♥❝❡$ ✹ ✱ ❛♥❞ ❣2❛❞✉✲ ❛❧❧② $♣2❡❛❞ ♥❛&✐♦♥✇✐❞❡ ❢2♦♠ ✶✾✻✺ ✇✐&❤ &❤❡ 2❡❧❡❛$❡ ♦❢ ❘❡♣♦$% ♦♥ ❋♦❝✉*✐♥❣ ❍❡❛❧%❤ ❙❡$✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❘✉$❛❧ ❆$❡❛* ❜② ▼✐♥✐$&2② ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧&❤✺✳ ■& ✇❛$ ♦2❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ♦♥ &❤❡ ♣2✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♠✉&✉❛❧ ❛✐❞$ ♦❢ ♣❛2&✐❝✐♣❛♥&$✱ ❝♦❧❧❡❝&✐✈❡❧② ✜♥❛♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ ❜② ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❣2✐❝✉❧&✉2❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥❡$ ✭❲✉✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♦♣❡2❛&✐✈❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❢✉♥❞ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❝❛♠❡ ❢2♦♠ &❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✇❡❧❢❛2❡ ❢✉♥❞ $❡& ❛$✐❞❡ ❜② ❧♦✲ ❝❛❧ ❛❣2✐❝✉❧&✉2❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥❡$ ✭❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛$ G❡♦♣❧❡✬$ ❈♦♠♠✉♥❡$✮✱ ♦&❤❡2$ ❢2♦♠ &❤❡ ❤❡❛❧&❤ ❝❛2❡ ❢❡❡ ♣❛✐❞ ②❡❛2❧② ❜② ❧♦❝❛❧ 2❡$✐❞❡♥&$✳ ▲♦❝❛❧ 2❡$✐❞❡♥&$ ❡♥❥♦②❡❞ ❛❧✲ ♠♦$& ❢2❡❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❞✐❛❣♥♦$✐$ ❛♥❞ &2❡❛&♠❡♥&✱ ❜✉& ♦♥❧② ❢♦2 ♠✐♥♦2 ❞✐$❡❛$❡$✳ ■♥ &❤✐$ ❝❛$❡✱ ❈❤✐♥❡$❡ ❤❡2❜❛❧$ ❛♥❞ $❡❧❢✲♠❛❞❡ ♣❛&❡♥& ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✇❡2❡ ❡♥❝♦✉2❛❣❡❞ &♦ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉$❡ ❜❡❝❛✉$❡ ♦❢ &❤❡✐2 ❧♦✇ ❡①♣❡♥$❡$✱ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝&✐✈❡♥❡$$✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ $❡2✈✐❝❡ ♣2♦✈✐❞❡2✱ ♦2 &❤❡ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❞♦❝&♦2$✱ ✇❡2❡ $❡❧❡❝&❡❞ ❛♥❞ $✉♣♣♦2&❡❞ ❜② &❤❡✐2 ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡$✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐❞ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❢♦2♠ ♦❢ ✧✇♦2❦ ♣♦✐♥&✧ ✭●♦♥❣ ❋❡♥✱ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❡$❡✮✻ ✳ ❚❤❡$❡ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❞♦❝&♦2$✱ ✇❡❧❧ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛$ ✧❜❛2❡❢♦♦& ❞♦❝&♦2$✧✱ ✇❡2❡ ♥♦& ♣2♦❢❡$$✐♦♥❛❧$✱ ❜✉& ✉$✉❛❧❧② ❤❛❞ ♠✐❞❞❧❡ $❝❤♦♦❧ ❡❞✉❝❛&✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥&❤$ &2❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦♥ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ✭❊❣❣❧❡$&♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❨✐♣✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❧② ♣2♦✈✐❞❡ ♣2❡✈❡♥&✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♣2✐♠❛2② ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❝❛2❡✱ $✉❝❤ ❛$ ✐♠♠✉♥✐③❛&✐♦♥$✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❛$✐❧② ❞❡&❡❝& &✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❛2❛❝&❡2✐$&✐❝$ ♦❢ &❤❡ ❤❡❛❧&❤ ❝❛2❡ $②$&❡♠✿ ❝❡♥&2❛❧✐③❛&✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✉2❜❛♥✲2✉2❛❧ ❞✉❛❧ $&2✉❝&✉2❡✳ ❋✐2$&✱ ❛& &❤❡ &✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❈♦❧❞ ❲❛2✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ $❡❧❢✲♣2♦❝❧❛✐♠❡❞ ❛$ ❛ $♦❝✐❛❧✐$& ❝♦✉♥&2② ✐♥ &❤❡ ❝❛♠♣ ♦❢ ❙♦✈✐❡& ❯♥✐♦♥✱ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ &❤❡ ❙♦✈✐❡&✲&②♣❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❢♦2 ♥❛&✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✲ ✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥&✳ ■& ✇❛$ ❛ ❢♦2♠ ♦❢ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ &❤❛& ❝❤❛2❛❝&❡2✐③❡❞ ✇✐&❤ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❝❡♥&2❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥✈❡$&♠❡♥& ❞❡❝✐$✐♦♥$✱ $&❛&❡ ♦✇♥❡2$❤✐♣ ♦❢ ♠❡❛♥$ ♦❢ ♣2♦✲ ❞✉❝&✐♦♥✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐$&2❛&✐✈❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥♣✉&$ ❛♥❞ &❛2❣❡&❡❞ ♦✉&♣✉&$✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥&✐2❡ ❝♦✉2$❡ ✇❛$ ❣✉✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❛ $❡2✐❡$ ♦❢ $♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❋✐✈❡✲❨❡❛2 G❧❛♥$✳ ❚❤✐$ $❡&&✐♥❣ ✇❛$ ♥❛&✉2❛❧❧② 2❡✢❡❝&❡❞ ♦♥ &❤❡ $&2✉❝&✉2❡ ♦❢ ♥❛&✐♦♥❛❧ ❤❡❛❧&❤ ❝❛2❡ $②$✲ &❡♠✳ ❆♥♦&❤❡2 ✉♥✐[✉❡ ❢❡❛&✉2❡ &❤❛& ❡✈❡♥ ❞✐✛❡2❡♥& ✇✐&❤ ♦&❤❡2 $♦❝✐❛❧✐$& ❝♦✉♥&2✐❡$ ✇❛$ &❤❡ ✉2❜❛♥✲2✉2❛❧ ❞✉❛❧ $♦❝✐❛❧ $&2✉❝&✉2❡ ❛2&✐✜❝✐❛❧❧② ❝2❡❛&❡❞ ❜② ❈❤✐♥❡$❡ ❣♦✈❡2♥♠❡♥&✳ ❚❤✐$ ❞❡$✐❣♥ ✇❛$ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ✇✐&❤ ❣♦✈❡2♥♠❡♥& ❛♠❜✐&✐♦♥ ✐♥ &2❛♥$❢♦2♠✐♥❣ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❢2♦♠ ❛ 2✉2❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠② ✐♥&♦ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✉$&2✐❛❧ ❣✐❛♥& ✉♥❞❡2. ❇❛"❡❞ ♦♥ "♦✉(❝❡✿ ◆❛,✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡(❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❘✉(❛❧ ❍❡❛❧,❤✳ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡(✱ ✶✾✺✾✳ ❘❡♣♦(, ♦♥ ❋♦❝✉"✐♥❣ ❍❡❛❧,❤ ❙❡(✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❘✉(❛❧ ❆(❡❛"✱ ▼✐♥✐",(② ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧,❤✳ ❙❡♣,❡♠❜❡( ✷✶✱ ✶✾✻✺✳ ✻ ●♦♥❣ ❋❡♥✿ ❛ ✉♥✐, ♦❢ ♠❡❛"✉(❡♠❡♥, ♦❢ ♣❛②♠❡♥, ❛, ,❤❛, "♣❡❝✐✜❝ ,✐♠❡✱ ♥♦, (❡❛❧ ❝✉((❡♥❝②✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❝❤❡❝❦ ♦( ❝(❡❞❡♥,✐❛❧"✳ ❯♥❞❡( ,❤✐" ✇♦(❦❞❛② ♣❛②♠❡♥, "②",❡♠✱ ●♦♥❣ ❋❡♥ ✇❛" (❡❝♦(❞❡❞ ❛" ♦♥❡ ♣❡("♦♥ ✇♦(❦❡❞ ♣❡( ❞❛②✳ ❆, ,❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ②❡❛(✱ ❝♦❧❧❡❝,✐✈❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡" ✇❡(❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ,♦ ❡✈❡(② ♣❡("♦♥ ❛❝❝♦(❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ,❤❡ ✇♦(❦ ♣♦✐♥," ,❤❡② ❡❛(♥❡❞✳ ✹. ✺. ✶✺.

(16) ✸✳ ❈❤❛♣&❡( ✸ ❤❡ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝,✳ ■♥ ♦/❞❡/ ♦ ,♣❡❡❞ ✉♣ ❤❡ ✐♥❞✉, /✐❛❧✐③❛ ✐♦♥✱ ♥❛ ✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♣/✐♦/✐ ② ✇❡/❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♦ ✐♥❞✉, /✐❛❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ ✉/♥ ❧✐♠✐ ❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ,❛❝/✐✜❝❡❞ ❛❣/✐❝✉❧ ✉/❛❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, /✉/❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛/❡✳ ■ ✐, ✇♦/ ❤ ♦ ♥♦ ❡ ❤❡/❡ ❤❛. ❤❡ ✉/❜❛♥✲/✉/❛❧ ❞✉❛❧ ,♦❝✐❛❧ , /✉❝ ✉/❡ ✐, ♥♦ ♠❛/❦❡❞. ❜② ✇❤❡ ❤❡/ ❛ ♣❡/,♦♥ ✐, ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝✐ ② ♦/ ❝♦✉♥ /②,✐❞❡✱ ♦/ ❞♦✐♥❣ ❢❛/♠✐♥❣ ♦/ ♥♦♥✲❢❛/♠✐♥❣ ✇♦/❦✱ ❜✉. ❜② ❤❡/ ♦✣❝✐❛❧❧② /❡❣✐, ❡/❡❞ ♣❡/♠❛♥❡♥. /❡,✐❞❡♥ ✐❛❧. , ❛ ✉, ✭❍✉ ❑♦✉✱ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❡,❡✮✳ ■❢ ♦♥❡ ✐, /❡❣✐, ❡/❡❞ ♦✣❝✐❛❧❧② ❛, ❛ /✉/❛❧ /❡,✐✲ ❞❡♥ ✱ ,❤❡ ✐, /❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞ ❛, ❛ ❢❛/♠❡/✱ ♥♦ ♠❛. ❡/ ✐♥ ❢❛❝. ✇❤❛. ,❤❡ ❞♦❡, ❛♥❞. ✇❤❡/❡ ,❤❡ ❧✐✈❡✳ ❚❤✐, ,②, ❡♠ ,❡✈❡/❡❧② /❡, /✐❝ , ♣♦♣✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ♠♦❜✐❧✐ ② ♥❛ ✐♦♥✲ ✇✐❞❡✱ ❡,♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢/♦♠ /✉/❛❧ ♦ ✉/❜❛♥ ❛/❡❛,✳ ▼♦/❡♦✈❡/✱ ❤✐, ✉/❜❛♥✲/✉/❛❧ ❞✉❛❧ , /✉❝ ✉/❡ ❤❛, ,✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥ ✐♠♣❛❝. ♦♥ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✬, ❡♥ ✐/❡ ❧✐✈❡❧✐❤♦♦❞✱ ❜❡❝❛✉,❡. ✉/❜❛♥ ❛♥❞ /✉/❛❧ /❡,✐❞❡♥ , ❛/❡ ♣/♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❞✐✛❡/❡♥ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡, ♦❢ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛/❡ ❜② ❣♦✈❡/♥♠❡♥ ✱ ,✉❝❤ ❛, ❣/❛✐♥✱ ❣♦✈❡/♥♠❡♥ ✲❛,,✐❣♥❡❞ ❥♦❜,✱ ❤♦✉,✐♥❣✱ ❡❞✉❝❛✲ ✐♦♥✱ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❝❛/❡✱ ♣❡♥,✐♦♥,✱ ❛♥❞ ,♦ ♦♥✳ ❈♦♠♣❛/❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ✉/❜❛♥ /❡,✐❞❡♥ ,✱ /✉/❛❧ /❡,✐❞❡♥ , ❤❛✈❡ ✈❡/② ❧✐♠✐ ❡❞ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛/❡ ❣✉❛/❛♥ ❡❡❞ ❜② ❣♦✈❡/♥♠❡♥✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ♦ ♠❛✐♥❧② /❡❧② ♦♥ ❤❡♠,❡❧✈❡, ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❡,✳ ❖✈❡/❛❧❧✱ ♥❛ ✐♦♥❛❧ ❤❡❛❧ ❤ ❝❛/❡ ✐, ♣/♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛. ❤/❡❡. ✐❡/,✳ H/✐♠❛/② ❝❛/❡ ✐,. ❞❡❧✐✈❡/❡❞ ❜② ❜❛/❡❢♦♦ ❞♦❝ ♦/, ❛♥❞ ✇♦/❦♣❧❛❝❡ ❝❧✐♥✐❝,✱ ,❡❝♦♥❞❛/② ❝❛/❡ ❜② /✉✲ /❛❧ ♦✇♥,❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ✉/❜❛♥ ❞✐, /✐❝ ❤♦,♣✐ ❛❧,✱ ❛♥❞ ❡/ ✐❛/② ❝❛/❡ ❜② ❝♦✉♥ ② ❛♥❞ ❝✐ ② ❤♦,♣✐ ❛❧, ✭❇❛/❜❡/ ❛♥❞ ❨❛♦✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❝❛/❡ ❛♥❞ ❞/✉❣,✱ ❜✉ ❡/♥♠❡♥. ♣/✐❝❡ ❝♦♥ /♦❧✳. ❍♦,♣✐ ❛❧,✱ ❛❧❧ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ❝❤❛/❣❡ ❢♦/. ❤❡ ♣/✐❝❡ ✐, ❦❡♣. ▼❡❛♥✇❤✐❧❡✱. ❜❡❧♦✇. ❤❡ ❝♦, , ✉♥❞❡/ ❣♦✈✲. ❤❡② /❡❝❡✐✈❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ,✉❜,✐❞✐❡, ❢/♦♠. ❣♦✈❡/♥♠❡♥ ✱ ❛♠♦✉♥ ✐♥❣ ♦ ✺✵✪ ♦ ✻✵✪ ♦❢ ♦ ❛❧ ❝♦, , ✭❨✐♣✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤❡/❡❜②✱ ✉/❜❛♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ✐, ❧❛/❣❡❧② ❝♦✈❡/❡❞ ❜②. ❤❡ ✇♦/❦✲✉♥✐. ❜❛,❡❞ ▲❛❜♦/ ■♥,✉/✲. ❛♥❝❡ ❙②, ❡♠ ❛♥❞ ●♦✈❡/♥♠❡♥ ■♥,✉/❛♥❝❡ ❙②, ❡♠✱ ✇✐ ❤ ,♦♠❡ ❞✐✛❡/❡♥❝❡, ✐♥ ❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❜❡♥❡✜ , ❛♠♦♥❣ ❞✐✛❡/❡♥. ②♣❡, ♦❢ ✇♦/❦ ✉♥✐ ,✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❛,. /✉/❛❧. ♣♦♣✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ❤❛, ❛❝❝❡,, ♦ ❜❛,✐❝ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ,❡/✈✐❝❡, ❤/♦✉❣❤ ❘✉/❛❧ ❈♦♦♣❡/❛ ✐✈❡ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❙❝❤❡♠❡ ❤❛ ❝♦✈❡/✐♥❣ ✾✵✪ ♦❢ ❛❞♠✐♥✐, /❛ ✐✈❡ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡, ✐♥ ✶✾✼✽✳ ❉✉/✐♥❣ ❤✐, ♣❡/✐♦❞✱ ❤❡ ❣♦✈❡/♥♠❡♥ ❤❛, ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✐ , ❛✐♠ ♦❢ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✉♣ ✉♥✐✲ ✈❡/,❛❧ ❤❡❛❧ ❤ ❝❛/❡ ❜② ♣/♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❜❛,✐❝ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ,❡/✈✐❝❡ ✇✐ ❤ ❡♠♣❤❛,✐, ♦♥ ♣/❡✈❡♥ ✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♣/✐♠❛/② ❝❛/❡✳ H♦♣✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ❤❡❛❧ ❤ ❤❛, ❜❡❡♥ /❡♠❛/❦❛❜❧② ✐♠♣/♦✈❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❧❛/❣❡ ❡①♣❛♥,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧ ❤ ✐♥,✉/❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡,,✐❜✐❧✐ ② ♦❢ ❜❛✲ ,✐❝ ❤❡❛❧ ❤ ,❡/✈✐❝❡,✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ❤❡ ✇✐❞❡,♣/❡❛❞ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❤❡❛❧ ❤ ✐♥ ❡/✈❡♥ ✐♦♥,✱ ❞❡,♣✐ ❡ ❤❡ ✈❡/② ❧✐♠✐ ❡❞ ❛♠♦✉♥ ♦❢ ❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ /❡,♦✉/❝❡, ✭❍,✐❛♦✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❊❣❣❧❡, ♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❆❝❝♦/❞✐♥❣ ♦ , ❛ ✐, ✐❝,✱ ❛. ❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ✶✾✹✾✱ ❤❡ ♦ ❛❧. ♣♦♣✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ✇❛, ✺✹✶✳✻✼ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✐/ ❤ /❛ ❡ ✇❛, ✸✻ ✪✘✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ♠♦/ ❛❧✲ ✐ ② /❛ ❡ ✇❛, ✷✵ ✪✘✳ ❯♥ ✐❧ ✶✾✼✾✱ ❜✐/ ❤ /❛ ❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦/ ❛❧✐ ② /❛ ❡ ❞❡❝/❡❛,❡❞ ♦ ✶✼✳✺✷ ✪✘❛♥❞ ✻✳✷✶ ✪✘/❡,♣❡❝ ✐✈❡❧②✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦ ❛❧ ♣♦♣✉❧❛ ✐♦♥ ✐♥❝/❡❛,❡❞ ♦ ✾✼✺✳✹✷ ✶✻.

(17) ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥✼✳ ❋✐❣✉)❡ ✸✳✶ -❤♦✇- 0❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♠♦)0❛❧✐0② )❛0❡ ❢)♦♠ ✶✾✹✾✲✶✾✼✾ ✽✳ ▼❡❛♥✇❤✐❧❡✱ ❧✐❢❡ ❡①♣❡❝0❛♥❝② ❛0 ❜✐)0❤ ✐♥❝)❡❛-❡❞ ❢)♦♠ ✹✸✳✸✾ 0♦ ✻✺✳✶✾ ❜❡0✇❡❡♥ ✶✾✺✵ 0♦ ✶✾✽✵ ✭❋✐❣✉)❡ ✸✳✷✮✳   

(18) 

(19)  .      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . . ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳✶ ✕ ▼♦$,❛❧✐,② ❘❛,❡ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✭✶✾✹✾✲✶✾✼✾✮✾ ✳. /LIH([SHFWDQF\$W%LUWK,Q&KLQD 

(20) <HDUV        . . . . . . . ❋✐❣✉$❡ ✸✳✷ ✕ ▲✐❢❡ ❡①♣❡❝,❛♥❝② ❛, ❜✐$,❤ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛ ✭✶✾✺✵✲✶✾✽✵✮✶✵ ✳. ✳. ❈❤✐♥❛ ❈♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠ ♦❢ ❙-❛-✐.-✐❝. ✶✾✹✾✲✷✵✵✽✳ ❊❞✳ ◆❛-✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✉<❡❛✉ ♦❢ ❙-❛-✐.-✐❝. ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✳ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❙-❛-✐.-✐❝. =✉❜❧✐.❤✐♥❣ ❍♦✉.❡ ✭❏❛♥✉❛<② ✶✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✽ ❚❤❡ .❤❛<♣ ✐♥❝<❡❛.❡ ♦❢ ♠♦<-❛❧✐-② <❛-❡ ❜❡-✇❡❡♥ ✶✾✺✾ ❛♥❞ ✶✾✻✶ ✐. ❞✉❡ -♦ -❤❡ ✇✐❞❡.♣<❡❛❞ ❢❛♠✐♥❡✱ -❡<♠ ❛. ❚❤<❡❡ ❨❡❛<. ♦❢ ●<❡❛- ❈❤✐♥❡.❡ ❋❛♠✐♥❡✳ ❚❤❡<❡ ❛<❡ ❛ ❧♦- ♦❢ .-✉❞✐❡. ♦♥ -❤❡ ❝❛✉.❡ ❛♥❞ <❡.✉❧- ✭❡.♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② -❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡< ♦❢ ❞❡❛-❤✮✳ ■- ✐. ❣❡♥❡<❛❧❧② ❝♦♥.✐❞❡<❡❞ -❤❛- ❛♠♦♥❣ -❤❡ ✈❛<✐♦✉. ❝❛✉.❡.✱ ❣♦✈❡<♥♠❡♥- .-<❛-❡❣② ✭●<❡❛- ▲❡❛♣ ❋♦<✇❛<❞✮ ❞♦♠✐♥❛-❡. ♦-❤❡<.✱ ❛♥❞ -❤❡ ❞❡❛-❤ ♣♦♣✉❧❛-✐♦♥ ✐. ✉♥❞❡<❡.-✐♠❛-❡❞ ❜② ❣♦✈❡<♥♠❡♥-✳ ✾ ❙♦✉<❝❡✿ ❉❛-❛❜❛.❡ ♦❢ ◆❛-✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✉<❡❛✉ ♦❢ ❙-❛-✐.-✐❝. ♦❢ ❈❤✐♥❛✳ ✶✵ ❙♦✉<❝❡✿ ✷✵✶✺ ❘❡✈✐.✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲♦<❧❞ =♦♣✉❧❛-✐♦♥ =<♦.♣❡❝-.✳ ❯♥✐-❡❞ ◆❛-✐♦♥.✳ ▲✐❢❡ ❡①✲ ♣❡❝-❛♥❝② ❛- ❜✐<-❤ ✐. ✹✸✳✶✾ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✵✲✶✾✺✺✱ ❛♥❞ ✻✺✳✶✾ ✐♥ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✽✵ ✼. ✶✼.

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univoca della risposta di risoluzione tra i due picchi ed il suo trattamento statistico. Anche se il primo disegno sperimentale non è stato utile per ottenere informazioni

For studying the effects of the identified variants in a breast cancer sample, one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in LAMTOR2 (rs7541) and two SNPs in LAMTOR3 (rs2298735