Paper and paper-mills in Southern Italy. Notes on a historiographical evaluation

PAPER HISTORY

Journal of the

International Association of Paper Historians

Zeitschrift der

Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Papierhistoriker

Revue de

l’Association Internationale des Historiens du Papier

ISSN 0250-8338

Excerpts of the 1st

Convention in Italy on

industrial paper archaeology

7KH ,QGXVWULDO 3DSHU +HULWDJH LQ ,WDO\ ,WV KLVWRU\ places and enhancement

)DEULDQR,WDO\0D\

Giancarlo Castagnari

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News on the acquisition of the sample-collection “Raccolta Augusti Zonghi” We are delighted to inform you of the acquisition RI WKH FROOHFWLRQ µ´$QWLFKH FDUWH IDEULDQHVL´ WKDQNV WR WKH JHQHURXV ¿QDQFLDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI D VXSSRUWLQJPHPEHURIWKH)RQGD]LRQH³*LDQIUDQFR Fedrigoni” Istituto Europeo di Storia della carta e delle Scienze cartarie foundation. This collection RI KLVWRULFDO LPSRUWDQFH FUHDWHG E\ 3URI$XJXVWR =RQJKLDQGLOOXVWUDWHGE\KLVEURWKHU $XUHOLR D FOHUJ\PDQ  ERWK FXUUHQWO\ renown in Europe for their research on the study of ZDWHUPDUNV FRQVLVWV LQ  FROOHFWLRQV RI  ¿OHV each containing samples of ancient watermarked SDSHUV GDWLQJ IURP ;,,, WR ;9,,, FHQWXU\ $ORQJ ZLWKWKHFROOHFWLRQDGHWDLOHGKDQGZULWWHQLQYHQWRU\ DQGDSUHFLRXVDOEXPFRQVLVWLQJLQSODWHVWKDW DVVHPEOH  ZDWHUPDUNV ZDWHUPDUNV LQ OLJKW ¿QHO\ RXWOLQHG E\$XJXVWR =RQJKL7KH FROOHFWLRQ ZDVHYDOXDWHGDVEHLQJ³XQLTXHLQLWVW\SH´ZRUOG ZLGHDWWKH8QLYHUVDO([KLELWLRQLQ3DULVLQ $UDWKHUH[KLODUDWLQJMXGJPHQWSDVVHGRQDFRUSXV (collection) consisting in watermarked sheets of SDSHU RQ WKH EDVLV RI ZKLFK ZH DUH QRW RQO\ DEOH WRWUDFHEDFNWKHWLPHOLQHDQGSHUWLQHQFHEXWDOVR ZKHUHWKH\KDYHEHHQPDQXIDFWXUHGLHLQ)DEULDQR the cradle of Western paper in Europe.

Introduction

A status report of historical studies of european paper

Anna-Grethe Rischel

President of International Association of Paper Historians IPH

National Museum of Denmark

The art of European papermaking is presented 1761 in 'H/D/DQGH¶VSXEOLFDWLRQ³/¶$UWGHIDLUHOH3DSLHU´ with illustrations of tools and technology similar to 'LGHURW¶V(QF\FORSpGLHWKHJUHDWHVWSXEOLFDWLRQLQ the Age of Enlightenment. European paper history

KDG KLWKHUWR EXLOW RQ ZULWWHQ LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKHQ $XJXVWRDQG$XUHOLR=RQJKL¶VKLVWRULFDOVWXGLHVRI Italian paper start the registration of watermarks DFFRUGLQJWRPRWLIV7KH\SXEOLVKHVWZRFDWDORJXHV while Charles Moïse Briquet documents handmade paper production in Swiss paper mills.

7KH¿UVWVFLHQWL¿FSDSHUDQDO\VLVFRPSOHWHO\FKDQJHV (XURSHDQ SDSHU KLVWRU\  ZKHQ :LHVQHU¶V PLFURVFRSLF DQDO\VHV RI $UDELF PDQXVFULSWV documents that these 10th century papers consist of UHF\FOHG OLQHQ DQG KHPSHQ ¿EUHV MXVW DV (XURSHDQ rag paper. His chemical spot tests illustrate that $UDELFSDSHULVVL]HGZLWKVWDUFKDQGKLVFRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VHVRI$UDELFDQG(XURSHDQSDSHUGHPRQVWUDWH WKDWJHODWLQUHSODFHVVWDUFKLQ,WDO\7KH¿EUHFRQGLWLRQ illustrates development during the 14th century of WKH,WDOLDQVWDPSLQJSURFHVV7KH)DEULDQHVHPRXOG ZLWKD¿[HGPHWDOZLUHFORWKZKHUHWKHVLJQRIRULJLQ DQGJHQXLQHQHVVRIWKHSDSHULVPRXQWHGUHVXOWVLQ impression of the watermark during sheet formation of the paper.

The discovery of the importance of watermarks for the origin of archival papers have united ¿OLJUDQRORJLVWVDQGSDSHUKLVWRULDQVLQDQHZUHVHDUFK ¿HOGRIZDWHUPDUNVSDSHUPLOOVSDSHUPDNHUVDQG SDSHUPDWHULDOV(XURSHDQ¿OLJUDQRORJLVWVIROORZLQ =RQJKL¶VIRRWVWHSZLWKUHJLRQDOZDWHUPDUNVWXGLHV DQG%ULTXHW¶VFDWDORJXH³/HV)LOLJUDQHV´IURP illustrates the importance of watermarks for paper trade information. A watermark terminology and registration method is needed and documentation of paper makers and mills.

The interest for European paper history communication results 1951 in the international SXEOLFDWLRQ SODWIRUP µ3DSLHUJHVFKLFKWH¶ LQ 0DLQ] ZLWK SDSHU KLVWRULFDO FRQWULEXWLRQV LQ (QJOLVK *HUPDQ DQG )UHQFK ,3+ WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO DVVRFLDWLRQ RI SDSHU KLVWRULDQV DQG ¿OLJUDQRORJLVWV LV RUJDQL]HG  LQ %DPEHUJ DQG IRXQGHG  LQ 0DLQ] ZLWK µ3DSLHUJHVFKLFKWH¶ DV WKH RI¿FLDO IPH organ. IPH periodicals serve since 1966 as the international communication platform. Inspired E\ ,3+¶V ELHQQLDO FRQJUHVVHV DUH HLJKW QDWLRQDO associations organized with annual conferences and SHULRGLFDOVIRUUHJLRQDOSDSHUKLVWRULFDOVWXGLHVDQG  SDSHU PXVHXPV HVWDEOLVKHG ZLWK H[KLELWLRQV RI HTXLSPHQWDQGSDSHUPDNLQJLQRULJLQDOEXLOGLQJV 3DSHU FRQVHUYDWLRQ GHYHORSHG VLQFH WKH )ORUHQFH ÀRRGLVDQHZLQWHUQDWLRQDO¿HOGZLWKLQSDSHU KLVWRU\ IRU SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI YDOXDEOH FROOHFWLRQV DQG HGXFDWLRQ LV HVWDEOLVKHG DW XQLYHUVLWLHV DQG

The development of the industrial heritage of paper from XVIII century

Ivo Mattozzi

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+RZ GLG WKH H[LVWLQJ LQGXVWULDO KHULWDJH RI SDSHU FRPHWREHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDQDUFKDHRORJLFDODQG LQGXVWULDOKHULWDJHGXULQJ;,;DQG;;FHQWXULHV",Q UHSO\WRWKLVTXHVWLRQ,ZRXOGOLNHWRDQVZHUZLWK D VRUW RI SURORJXH WR WKH FRQIHUHQFH D SURORJXH that would provide an overall view on the future prospects of industrial archaeology of paper-mills. I shall hence highlight their presence throughout the Italian states in the late eighteenth century as well as GHVFULEHWKHLURXWGDWHGVWUXFWXUHV,VKDOOWKHQRXWOLQH the sequence with which some industrial innovations took place during the nineteenth century that replaced these outdated methods of paper-manufacturing. Which and how many Italian paper-mills were DEOH WR WUDQVIRUP WKHLU RZQ SURGXFWLRQ VWUXFWXUHV E\ DGRSWLQJ LQQRYDWLRQV" :KHQ" +RZ PDQ\ RI WKHPGLGUHVLVWWKHFKDQJHVEURXJKWLQE\SROLWLFDO UHJLPHV DQG E\ VWDWH ERXQGDULHV" $W ZKDW SDFH did the economic convenience and entrepreneurial tendencies take place which led to the creation of new paper-mills or to the restoration of some of the H[LVWLQJRQHV"7KHVHTXHULHVDUHJRLQJWRKHOSPH tracing the dynamics that developed along with the RXWGDWHGSDSHUPLOOVWKDWZHUHLQGLVXVHWKHVHWWLQJ XS RI QHZ SODQWV DV ZHOO DV SODQWV WKDW KDG EHHQ UHVWRUHG DQG H[SDQGHG LQ RUGHU WR DGDSW WKHP WR QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV WKH HYHQWXDO GHFOLQH RI WKH QHZ industries. The transformation of the Italian paper-PLOOVWRQHZSURGXFWLRQPHWKRGVZDVVORZSHULRGLF VFDWWHUHG WR WKH H[WHQW WKDW LQ  WKHUH ZHUH still 687 vats and only 59 continuous papermaking PDFKLQHV ZLWK D SURGXFWLYH RXWSXW HVWLPDWHG DW 24.000 tons a year. But in the second half of the QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ WKH IRXQGDWLRQ RI FDSLWDOLVW EDVHGHQWHUSULVHVDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQWVHWWLQJXSRI ERWKODUJHPLOOVDVZHOODVWKHQHZVLWHVIDFLOLWDWHG E\WKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIHOHFWULFSRZHUVXSSO\ZHUHWR

Paper and paper-mills in Liguria (XV-XX centuries)

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The study aims at outlining the essential stages in the rise and decline of the paper manufacturing industry LQ/LJXULDRYHUWKH\HDUV2IPHGLHYDORULJLQSDSHU PDQXIDFWXULQJ EHWZHHQ WKH ¿IWHHQWK DQG VL[WHHQWK century was mainly concentrated in the valleys DURXQGWKHVPDOOFLW\RI9ROWULDQGZRXOGZLWQHVVD long and steady growth over much of the seventeenth FHQWXU\'XULQJWKHVHGHFDGHVWKHSDSHUIURP9ROWUL would gain a foothold on European markets and in 6RXWK$PHULFDE\YLUWXHRIDYHU\HI¿FLHQWWHFKQLFDO productive model which also featured a constant growth in productivity that resulted from an increase in the yields of rags used for paper-manufacturing.

First Session:

The paper production in Italy between history and industrial heritage

Giancalo Castagnari

9LFHSUHVLGHQWRI)RQGD]LRQH*)HGULJRQL,672&$57$ Chairman of the 1st session of the Convention

The historical and territorial scenario of the industry and archaeology of paper-manufacturing LQ ,WDO\ LV D WRSLF WKDW LQHYLWDEO\ OHDGV XV WR KDYH D ZLGHU YLVLRQ DLPHG DW VWDQGDUGLVLQJ RXU JOREDO SHUFHSWLRQ DQG NQRZOHGJH RI WKLV UHDOLW\ ZKLFK LV ZLGHVSUHDG WKURXJKRXW ,WDO\ ERWK LQ WHUPV RI WLPH DQGVSDFH,WJRHVZLWKRXWVD\LQJWKHQWKDWSXWWLQJ together the stories of each place concerned under D VLQJOH ZRUN FRXOG UHSUHVHQW WKH µQDWXUDO¶ YLHZ of a historiographical research-study which was SHUFHSWLEOHGXULQJWKH¿UVWVHVVLRQRIWKHFRQIHUHQFH KHOGRQµ3DWULPRQLRLQGXVWULDOHGHOODFDUWDLQ,WDOLD /D VWRULD L VLWL OD YDORUL]]D]LRQH¶ 7KH ,QGXVWULDO 3DSHU+HULWDJH LQ ,WDO\ 7KH +LVWRU\ WKH VLWHV DQG its Enhancement). Therefore three important geo-KLVWRULFDODUHDVZHUHLGHQWL¿HG1RUWK,WDO\±*HQRD DQG /LJXULD /RPEDUG\ 9HQHWLD &HQWUDO ,WDO\ ± 7XVFDQ\ UHJLRQV WKDW PDGH XS WKH 3DSDO 6WDWHV 6RXWKHUQ,WDO\LQDEURDGHUVHQGV±6LFLO\

academies of Fine Arts.

Paper historical studies are communicated in (QJOLVK*HUPDQDQG)UHQFKLQ,3+SXEOLFDWLRQVLQ ELOLQJXDOSXEOLFDWLRQVDQGLQPXOWLOLQJXDOGDWDEDVHV ZLWKIXUWKHUODQJXDJHVDGGHG3XEOLFDWLRQVLQRWKHU ODQJXDJHV DERXW (XURSHDQ DQG 2ULHQWDO SDSHU KLVWRULFDO WRSLFV DUH FRPSUHKHQVLEOH IRU QXPHURXV UHDGHUVDQGQRWRQO\IRUDOLPLWHGJURXSLIVXPPDULHV LQ(QJOLVK*HUPDQRU)UHQFKDUHDGGHG

GHWHUPLQHWKHFUHDWLRQRIERWKDQLQGXVWULDOKHULWDJH that would rank the Italian paper manufacturing industry amongst the top industrial powers in (XURSHDQGZRUOGZLGHDQGRIDFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHWR EHHQKDQFHGZLWKWKHFUHDWLRQRIPXVHXPV/DVWO\, ZRXOGOLNHWRH[SUHVVVRPHRIP\FRQVLGHUDWLRQVDV regards to industrial archaeology.

7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIWHFKQLFDODQGPHUFDQWLOHVNLOOV ZDVWKHNH\IDFWRUWKDWFRQWULEXWHGWRWKLVVXFFHVV During the eighteenth century this model managed WR IDFH XS WR WKH FRPSHWLWLRQ DGDSWLQJ WR WKH FKDQJLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV PDGH E\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO GHPDQGVKRZHYHUWKHPDMRULW\IRUWKHPRVWSDUW missed out on this opportunity with the industrial transformations taking place. During the nineteenth FHQWXU\IHZHQWUHSUHQHXUVEURXJKWLQWKHHVVHQWLDO LQQRYDWLRQV DQG H[SDQGHG WKH SURGXFWLRQVFDOH ZKLOHZLWKLQWKLVFRQWH[WWKHQXPEHURISDSHUPLOOV DQGZRUNHUVZHUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\EHLQJUHGXFHG7RGD\ the paper-manufacturing sector occupies a marginal place in the economic framework of Liguria.

Manufacturing and trading of paper around the area of Lombardy (XIV-XX centuries)

Luca Mocarelli

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7KLVHVVD\EULHÀ\GHDOVZLWKWKHHYHQWVWDNLQJSODFHLQ the paper-manufacturing sector within the economic IUDPHZRUNRI/RPEDUG\LQDORQJWHUPYLHZIURP the Early Middle Ages to the present day. A worthy VWDUWLQJ SRLQW IRU WKLV DQDO\VLV LV WKH H[FHSWLRQDO HFRQRPLF FRQGLWLRQ LQ /RPEDUG\ ZKLFK KDV represented one of the strongest regions in European GHYHORSPHQW VLQFH WKH 0LGGOH$JHV ZKRVH SDSHU PDQXIDFWXULQJ LQGXVWU\ KRZHYHU WKRXJK JDWKHULQJ VLJQL¿FDQWPRPHQWXPKDVQHYHUWDNHQRQDPDMRUUROH The analysis then deals with the paper industry – related events that took place over the long pre-industrial SHULRG LQ /RPEDUG\ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ HFRQRPLF FULWHULDW\SLFDORIWKHUHJLRQLWVHOIDQGWKHQGHVFULEHV WKHH[LVWLQJSURGXFWLRQVLWHVHDFKGLIIHUHQWLQVL]HDQG HDFKSRVVHVVLQJLWVRZQRUJDQL]DWLRQDOIHDWXUHVDQG XQGHUOLQHVWKHUHDVRQVZK\WKH5LYLHUDRI*DUGDWKH PRVWLPSRUWDQWSDSHUPDQXIDFWXULQJFHQWUHLQ,WDO\ DIWHU9ROWULLQ/LJXULDGLGQRWPRQRSROLVHWKHHQWLUH SURGXFWLRQVHFWRULQ/RPEDUG\WKXVOHDYLQJURRPIRU RWKHUVLWHVWRJDLQHFRQRPLFDI¿UPDWLRQLQWKLVVHFWRU )LQDOO\ DQ LQGHSWK VWXG\ LV PDGH RQ WKH FKDQJHV WKDWWRRNSODFHGXULQJWKH¿UVWLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQ HUDWKDWVDZDVLJQL¿FDQWLQFUHDVHLQWKHVHWWLQJXSRI paper-manufacturing sites in the western part of the UHJLRQGXULQJQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHQWREHIROORZHG E\ D VORZ DQG VWHDG\ GHFOLQH HVSHFLDOO\ VLQFH WKH 3RVW6HFRQG:RUOG:DURIZKLFKWKHPDLQWULJJHULQJ IDFWRUVDUHGHVFULEHG

The manufacturing of paper in the Venetian area from the Middles Ages to contemporary times

Giovanni Luigi Fontana

President of Associazione Italiana del Patrimonio Archeologico Industriale AIPAI

7KHZRUNH[DPLQHVWKHSKDVHVDQGIRFDOSRLQWVRI SDSHUPDQXIDFWXULQJ LQ 9HQHWR IURP WKH 0LGGOH $JHV WR FRQWHPSRUDU\ WLPHV E\ DQDO\]LQJ IDFWRUV OLNH ORFDWLRQ ¿UVW DQG IRUHPRVW WKH ZHDOWK LQ ZDWHU VRXUFHV DQG SUR[LPLW\ WR PDUNHWV DQG WKH FRQVROLGDWLRQ RI SDSHU PLOOV RYHU WKH FHQWXULHV FRYHULQJDQDUHDWKDWVWUHWFKHVIURPWKHDUHDRI9HURQD 6DQ0DUWLQR%XRQDOEHUJRWR7UHYLJLDQRVXEXUE &DUERQHUD&HQHGD9LOORUED9DVSDVVLQJWKURXJK 9LFHQWLQR9LFHQ]D'XHYLOOH$UVLHUR/XJR2OLHUR DQG3DGRYDQR%DWWDJOLD&DUPLJQDQRDOWHUQDWLQJ EHWZHHQ ³PRGHOV´ RI GLIIXVLRQ DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RISURGXFWLRQWKHIRUPHUFRQWULEXWLRQEURXJKWE\ WKH PDVWHU SDSHUPDNHUV RI )DEULDQR DQG 6DOz WKH intense migration of professionals along with the ZLGHVSUHDGLQJRINQRZKRZWHFKQLFDOLQQRYDWLRQV and corporate unions among the different poles of papermakers; the causes leading to the increase in the demands and the capacity of innovating SURGXFWLRQ DV ZHOO DV IXO¿OOLQJ PDUNHW GHPDQGV WKHYDULDEOHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKRVHZKRSRVVHVVHG know-how and those who possessed real estate/ ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV LQFOXGLQJ LQWHUHVWV LQ ODQG RZQHUVKLSWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIHQHUJ\UHVRXUFHVDQG entrepreneurship skills in manufacturing; the DOWHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ IDYRUDEOH HFRQRPLF FRQGLWLRQV DQGSHULRGVRIUHFHVVLRQDQGVXEVHTXHQWUHSHUFXVVLRQV RQWKHFUHDWLRQRIQHZSDSHUPLOOVDFFRPSDQLHGE\ the shifting of the sector centre from west to east of the region; the profound technological changes EURXJKWLQWKHELUWKRIDQHZHQWUHSUHQHXUVKLSRI WKH ERXUJHRLVLH FODVV EHWZHHQ WKH HLJKWHHQWK DQG QLQHWHHQWK  FHQWXULHV IURP 5HPRQGLQL WR 1RGDUL IURP 5RVVL WR )HGULJRQL DQG WKH µYDULHJDWHG¶ universe of the entrepreneurship in Treviso) as ZHOO DV WKH DVVRFLDWHG  µFRQFHQWUDWLRQ¶ SKHQRPHQD typical of the twentieth century (Gruppi Burgo and 0DUFKLZKRFRQVROLGDWHGWKHSDSHUPDQXIDFWXULQJ SROHV LQ 9LFHQ]D DQG 7UHYLVR WKXV FRQ¿UPLQJ WKH FDSDFLW\ WR H[SDQG DQG PRGHUQL]H WKH SURGXFWLRQ EDVLVRIWKHVHFWRU7KHVROLGLW\DQGGXUDWLRQRIWKH manufacturing tradition in these provinces leads us seamlessly straight to the present day.

An Insight in the Tuscan paper

manufacturing sector in the modern and contemporary era 5HQ]R6DEEDWLQL 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LHQD,WDO\ 7KHHVVD\UHFRQVWUXFWVWKH¿UVWWUDFHVRISDSHUPLOOV LQ7XVFDQ\LQ3UDWR&ROOHGL9DOG¶(OVD3RJJLERQVL %DJQLGL/XFFD%RUJR6DQ6HSROFUR3HVFLD9LOOD %DVLOLFD 9RUQR ,W DOVR SURYLGHV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI the smaller manufacturing sites (Papiano and 3UDWRYHFFKLR LQ &DVHQWLQR &DVWLJOLRQH G¶2UFLD 0DVVD/XQLJLDQDVLJQL¿FDQWPDQXIDFWXULQJFHQWUHV EXWZLWKDUHGXFHGQXPEHURIEXLOGLQJV3UDWRZLWK LWV ELJ µFDUWLHUD GHOOD %ULJOLD¶ GDWLQJ EDFN WR WKH HLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\3LVWRLD%DJQLGL/XFFD9RUQR 6DQ 0DUFHOOR 3LVWRLHVH ZLWK WKH µ&LQL¶ ZDWHU SRZHUHG VWDPSLQJ PLOOV IRUHUXQQHUV RI WKH 'XWFK EHDWHU UROO DQG SDSHUPDNLQJ PDFKLQH WR WKHQ focus on the three major areas of the modern era and QLQHWHHQKXQGUHGV&ROOHGL9DOG¶(OVD3HVFLDDQG 9LOOD%DVLOLFD,QWKH\HDUVWKHODQGUHJLVWU\ RI¿FHZDVDOUHDG\UHJLVWHULQJWHQVPDOOSDSHUPLOOVDW &ROOHZKLFKWKHQLQFUHDVHGWRDERXWWZHQW\PLGZD\ WKURXJK WKH HLJKWHHQ KXQGUHGV 1HYHUWKHOHVV  GXHWRDODFNRIFDSLWDOUHGXFHGSURSRUWLRQVLQWKH QXPEHUVEHWZHHQWKHVWDPSLQJPLOOVYDWVDKRVWLOH social resistance to innovation – the sector would miss out on the opportunity to take a foothold on the international market. The development of the WZRYDOOH\VRIWKHULYHU3HVFLDDQGSUHFLVHO\9LOOD %DVLOLFD&ROORGLDQG3LHWUDEXRQD3HVFLDWRRNSODFH LQDVLPLODUPDQQHUWKDQNVWRWKHDUULYDO±IURPWKH HDUO\ VHYHQWHHQ KXQGUHGV ± RI FDSDEOH DQG VNLOOHG master papermakers from Genoa. Mid-way through WKH HLJKWHHQ KXQGUHGV WKHUH ZHUH  SDSHUPLOOV in the area of Pescia and 12 in Lucchesia; in the HDUO\ QLQHWHHQ KXQGUHGV GHVSLWH WKH 1DSROHRQLF ZDUV WKH SDSHUPLOOV DPRXQWHG WR DURXQG  LQ HDFK DUHD ,Q WKH ODWH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ WKH Tuscan paper-manufacturing scene presented three VLWXDWLRQVDÀRXULVKLQJPRGHUQLQGXVWU\RIµ&LQL¶ ZDWHUSRZHUHGVWDPSLQJPLOOVRQWKH0RXQWDLQRI Pistoia; the old and decaying manufacturing paper-PLOO RI &ROOH GL 9DO G¶(OVD D ZLGHVSUHDG DQG \HW YLDEOHHQWUHSUHQHXUVKLS±WKDWKRZHYHUODFNHGDQ\ VLJQL¿FDQWSURVSHFWVRILQQRYDWLRQ±RIWKHYDOOH\V RI 9LOOD %DVLOLFD WKDW VSHFLDOL]HG LQ VWUDZSDSHU DQG 3HVFLD SURGXFHU RI H[FHOOHQW KDQGPDGH SDSHU that was appreciated in the Americas as well.

The paper-manufacturing network in the Papal States in the modern era

Augusto Ciuffetti

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The study provides an insight into the various KLVWRULFDO SKDVHV WKDW KDYH EURXJKW WR D GH¿QLWLRQ RIWKHHDUO\LQGXVWULDOQHWZRUNRISDSHUH[LVWLQJLQ WKH3DSDO6WDWHVEHWZHHQWKHVHYHQWHHQDQGHLJKWHHQ KXQGUHGVZKHUHWKHUHZHUHPRUHWKDQVHYHQW\SDSHU manufacturing factories already operating. They not only regarded a group of manufacturing plants that were not merely reminiscent of a production system WKDWKDGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHODWH0LGGOH$JHVDVLQ FLWLHVOLNH)DEULDQR&DPHULQR3LRUDFRDQG)ROLJQR EXW DOVR UHYHDOHG RULJLQDO DQG W\SLFDO IHDWXUHV ,QEULHIWKHVHDUHWKHIHDWXUHVWKDWZHUHW\SLFDOWRWKH paper-manufacturing network in the Papal States: a) it concerned a manufacturing network that was ZLGHVSUHDGWKURXJKRXWWKH3DSDO6WDWHVSRVVHVVLQJ ¿[HGDQGFLUFXODWLQJFDSLWDODVVHWVZKLFKZHUHPRUH VXEVWDQWLDOWKDQLQWKHWH[WLOHPDQXIDFWXULQJVHFWRU E LW ERDVWHG RI UHDO DQG SURSHU IDFWRULHV OLNH WKH FKDUWHUHGSDSHUPLOORI6DQ6LVWR9HFFKLRLQ5RPH LQ6XELDFRRUHYHQWKHIDFWRU\VLWHVLQ)HUPLJQDQR -HVL&KLDUDYDOOH$VFROL3LFHQRZLWKDVLJQL¿FDQW work-force and a particularly advanced internal RUJDQLVDWLRQ ERWK LQ WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI VSDFHV allocated to the various production activities and LQ WHUPV RI ZRUNHUV KLHUDUFK\ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI IXQFWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHGLIIHUHQWZDJHEUDFNHWV F:KLOHFRQVLGHULQJWKLVVHFWRUDVEHLQJEDFNZDUG DQG WHFKQRORJLFDOO\ UXGLPHQWDU\ VRPH SDSHUPLOOV VXFKDVWKHRQHLQ%UDFFLDQREHWZHHQWKHHLJKWHHQWK DQGQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXULHVGLGGHPRQVWUDWHWKHFDSDFLW\ WR SURYLGH WKHPVHOYHV ZLWK WKH ODWHVW PDFKLQHU\ like the so-called Dutch cylinder mould machine. d) This network of paper mills could count on a VLJQL¿FDQW SURYLVLRQ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI HQHUJ\ VRXUFHVQHHGHGIRURSHUDWLQJWKHPDFKLQHVDVZHOO as of raw materials: rags that were collected from the countryside and the cities throughout the Papal States.

Paper and paper-mills in Southern Italy. Notes on a historiographical evaluation

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Paper-manufacturing sites in Sicily

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Even though there is documentary evidence that an H[FHOOHQW SDS\UXV SDSHU ZDV EHLQJ PDQXIDFWXUHG GXULQJ WKH $UDE UHLJQ RYHU 6LFLO\ WKH VDPH FDQQRW EH VDLG RI WKHUH EHLQJ D VXEVHTXHQW SDSHU PDQXIDFWXULQJLQGXVWU\DVEH\RQGDQ\DVVXPSWLRQ or conclusive evidence all related to Palermo and its KLQWHUODQG YL]  $SSUHQWLFHVKLS &RQWUDFW  *XLOG RI PDVWHU SDSHUPDNHUV  VRPH QHZV

Second Session:

The paper production sites and

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and valorization proposal

Eco-museums for Local Sustainable Development

Andrea Galli Director of CIRP

,I ZH FRQVLGHU WKH ODQGVFDSH DV D FRPSOH[ V\VWHP that provides a wide range of territorial functions and VHUYLFHVHFRORJLFDOHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOWKHHFR PXVHXPLQVWLWXWLRQVDSSHDUDQLGHDOWRROIRUHQDEOLQJ D ORFDO VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW $Q HFRPXVHXP LQGHHGFDQEHGH¿QHGDVWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIDFRPPXQLW\ that regains possession of own territory. It undertakes WR WDNH FDUH RI LW E\ LGHQWLI\LQJ NH\ HOHPHQWV RI LGHQWLW\WKURXJKDSDUWLFLSDWRU\H[SHULHQFHDLPLQJDW

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The eco-museum ‘Valle delle Cartiere’: the narration of six centuries on the history of paper in an open-air museum

Lisa Cervigni

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7KH µ9DOOH GHOOH &DUWLHUH¶ LQ 7RVFRODQR 0DGHUQR covers several centuries of the history of paper-PDQXIDFWXULQJ ZKLFK EHDUV LWV URRWV LQ WKH ;,9 FHQWXU\ LQ IDFW WKH ¿UVW QHZV UHODWLQJ WR WKH FRQVROLGDWHG SUHVHQFH RI SDSHU PLOOV GDWHV EDFN WR  7KH 9DOOH 7KH 9DOOH\ RI 3DSHU PLOOV WUXO\DEXQGDQWLQSDSHUPLOOVDVZHOODVPLOOVDQG EODFNVPLWK VKRSV HQMR\HG D ÀRXULVKLQJ SHULRG EHWZHHQWKH;9DQG;9,FHQWXU\VREHFRPLQJWKH OHDGLQJ SDSHUPDQXIDFWXULQJ DUHD LQ WKH 5HSXEOLF RI 9HQLFH 'HVSLWH WKH DEUXSW LQWHUUXSWLRQ FDXVHG

The eco-museum as a synonymous of local development. Culture and entrepreneurship for a socio-economic revival of the territory

Filippo Cantoni )RQGD]LRQH9DOOHGHOOH&DUWLHUHGL7RVFRODQR0DGHUQR Italy 7KHHFRPXVHXPµ9DOOHGHOOH&DUWLHUH¶LVWKHVHDWRIDQ LPSRUWDQWLIQRWUDWKHUXQLTXHSDSHUWUDGLWLRQ$ORQJ ZLWKWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOKLVWRULFDODQGFXOWXUDOYDOXH WKLVVWULSRIODQGO\LQJHQFORVHGZLWKLQWKHEDQNVRI the Lake of Garda and the highlands of the pre-Alps RI%UHVFLDEHDUVDQLQWHUHVWLQJSRWHQWLDOIDYRUDEOH for a revival of the local economy. The element on ZKLFK WKH HFRPXVHXP EDVHV LWVHOI RQ LV DFWXDOO\ VRPHWKLQJ ZKLFK LV WDQJLEOH WKH PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI SDSHU$ KLVWRULFDO WUDGLWLRQ RI LQWHUHVW ERWK RI KLVWRULFDOGRFXPHQWDU\ YDOXH HQKDQFHG E\ WKH SDSHU PXVHXP µ0XVHR GHOOD &DUWD¶ DQG WKURXJK study and research activities linked to the production SURFHVVHVWHFKQRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVDQDO\VHVRI DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLWHV DQG ORFDO HYHQWV« KRZHYHU MXVWDVYDOXDEOHIRUWKHSURGXFWLWVHOIWKDWLVVWULFWO\ OLQNHG WR LW$ SURGXFW ZKRVH GLVFRYHU\ FDQ OHDG to a concrete revival of a tradition that has so

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The road-map of paper in Tuscany

Enrico Fontana Director of LUCENSE

7KH DUHD FRPSULVHG EHWZHHQ WKH WZR EUDQFKHV of the river Pescia that lies in the municipality of 9LOOD %DVLOLFD DQG 3HVFLD DQG ZKLFK ERUGHUV RQ WKH SURYLQFHV RI /XFFD DQG 3LVWRLD KDV ZLWQHVVHG WKH ELUWK DQG GHYHORSPHQW RI D ÀRXULVKLQJ SDSHU PDQXIDFWXULQJLQGXVWU\LQWKHODVWFHQWXULHVZKLFK today has turned into one of the most important SDSHUPDQXIDFWXULQJGLVWULFWVLQ(XURSHDFFRXQWLQJ for over 120 active industries and 6.000 employees. 7KH RQJRLQJ SURMHFWDVVLJQPHQW µ/D 9LD GHOOD &DUWD LQ 7RVFDQD¶ 7KH URDGPDS RI SDSHU LQ 7XVFDQ\LQFOXGHVWKUHHGLVWLQFWLYHVWHSVRIDFWLRQ $3DSHUPLOO0XVHXPWREHVHWXSLQWKHDQFLHQW SDSHUPLOO³/H&DUWH´LQ3HVFLD±EXLOWLQWKH¿UVW GHFDGH RI WKH ;9,,, FHQWXU\ DW 3LHWUDEXRQD   ZKLFK DOVR HQYLVDJHV D UHTXDOL¿FDWLRQ RI DOO WKH environments and restoration of the machineries. $UHYLYDORIWKHFORVHQHWURDGPDSRISDSHUH[LVWLQJ LQWKHDUHDRI9LOOD%DVLOLFDDORQJWKHDQFLHQWSDWK RIWKHµPDVWHUSDSHUPDNHUV¶LQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKH DUHDRIWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI3HVFLDFRYHULQJDWRWDO GLVWDQFHRIDERXW.P 5HVWRUDWLRQRIWKHSDSHUPLOOµ)OOL1DUGL¶LQ9LOOD %DVLOLFDZKLFKXSXQWLOWKHVKDGSURGXFHGVWUDZ SDSHULQYHQWHGE\DORFDOSKDUPDFLVWLQ7KLV project also envisages the restoration of machineries

Menotre, a river, a valley, an eco-museum along the Umbrian Apennine Chain

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7KHYDOOH\RI0HQRWUHVLWXDWHGLQWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\ RI)ROLJQR8PEULDZKLFKEOHQGVLQDWDULJKWDQJOH with the central Apennine Chain in the southern SDUW RI LW DSSHDUV FRPSDFW DQG ZHOOGH¿QHG E\ the carving of the little river from which it takes LWVQDPH2QWKHZKROHWKHFDWFKPHQWEDVLQRIWKH river Menotre covers a surface area of 113 km2 DQG LWV SHULPHWHU PHDVXUHV DSSUR[LPDWHO\  NP D JUDGLHQW DYHUDJLQJ DERXW  SHU FHQW WKH ULYHU FRXUVH LV  NP ORQJ DQG DOPRVW HQWLUHO\ FRYHUV (for 26 km) the internal area of Foligno. Owing to its geographical-historical and historical-economic IHDWXUHV WKH 9DOOH KDV EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG DV EHLQJ D SDUWLFXODUO\ VXLWDEOH SODFH WR KRVW DQ HFRPXVHXP GHIDFWRQDPHGµ(FRPXVHRGHOOD9DOOHGHO0HQRWUH¶ ,W FRQVWLWXWHV D VRUW RI µ$QWHQQD¶ VLQFH  ZLWK WKH LQIRUPDWLRQµRI¿FH¶ ORFDWHG LQ WKH KDPOHW of Scopoli in the municipality of Foligno; this µ$QWHQQD¶ LV SDUW RI WKH HFRPXVHXP WKDW OLHV RQ WKH8PEULDQ$SHQQLQH&KDLQVLQFHZLWKLWV KHDGTXDUWHUV LQ &HUUHWR RI 6SROHWR 8PEULD 7KH presentation in this congress illustrates the various phases during the creation of the eco-museum of 9DOOHGHO0HQRWUHDUWLFXODWLQJRYHUGH¿QHGWKHPHV with particular reference to century old activities of SDSHUPDQXIDFWXULQJ RXWOLQLQJ WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV WKH system has to deal with in consideration of the crisis DIIHFWLQJWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHOLIHRIORFDOERGLHV In favour of a paper eco-museum in Fabriano. Opportunities and hypotheses

Francesco Chiapparino

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6WDUWLQJ IURP WKH ELEOLRJUDSK\ RQ HFRPXVHXPV open-air museums and their relationship with the economic and social development throughout the DUHD RI )DEULDQR WKLV HVVD\ LGHQWL¿HV WKH IHDWXUHV WKDW FDQ FRQWULEXWH WR WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D µ3DSHU (FRPXVHXP¶LQ)DEULDQR,QWKLVVHQVHWKLVHVVD\

UHVROYHVLQWREHLQJMXVWWKH¿UVWVWHSLQRXWOLQLQJWKH wealth of resources and the variety of opportunities RIIHUHGE\WKHWHUULWRU\RI)DEULDQRDQGVXUURXQGLQJ places for the realization of a similar project. After laying out a report on the archaeological-LQGXVWULDOWHVWLPRQLHVDQGDOUHDG\H[LVWLQJDUFKLYDO GRFXPHQWDU\VWUXFWXUHVDVZHOODVQHZRQHVZKLFK FDQEHFUHDWHGLQUHODWLRQWRSDSHUWUDGLWLRQDQRXWOLQH LVJLYHQRQWKHDEXQGDQFHRIWKHPRVWJHQHUDODUWLVWLF KLVWRULFDO DUFKLWHFWXUDO QDWXUDO DQG ODQGVFDSH KHULWDJHZKLFKRQO\DZLGHVSUHDGPXVHXPFXOWXUH DQGWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQRSHQDLUPXVHXPZRXOGEH DEOHWRHQKDQFHERWKVWULFWO\LQWHUPVRIHFRQRP\DQG tourism as well as in instilling a civil awareness of the cultural and social identity of the local communities. /DVWO\ SDUWLFXODU HPSKDVLV KDV EHHQ SODFHG RQ WKH UROH WKDW ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW ERGLHV FDQ KDYH LQ IRVWHULQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI ORFDO DJULFXOWXUH ZKLFKZRXOGHQKDQFHWKHXUEDQDQGUXUDOODQGVFDSH DQG DOVR SURPRWH DQ DFWLYH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ERWK HFRQRPLFDQGHQWUHSUHQHXULDOLQWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQ open-air museum in the territory. Paper-heritage and UXUDOGHYHORSPHQWFDQLQWKLVZD\EHWKHNH\IDFWRUV WR D UHYLYDO RI WKH DUHD VXFK DV WKDW RI )DEULDQR ZKLFKKDVUHFHQWO\EHHQKHDYLO\KLWE\WKHHFRQRPLF recession.

The paper-manufacturing industry of Lazio and its paper mills

Edoardo Currà

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