Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 17 – 24
ScienceDirect
1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.278
QG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP1(:0(75232/,7$13(563(&7,9(66WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ
VSDWLDOSODQQLQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPVDQGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWWRROVWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
+RUL]RQ(XURSH,67+5HJJLR&DODEULD,WDO\0D\
9DOXDWLRQVXSSRUWVJUHHQXQLYHUVLW\FDVHDFWLRQDWMediterranea
FDPSXVLQ5HJJLR&DODEULD
'RPHQLFR(QULFR0DVVLPR
D&LQ]LD)UDJRPHQL
D$OHVVDQGUR0DOHUED
D0DULDQJHOD0XVROLQR
Da
PAU Department, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, 25 Via Melissari, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
$EVWUDFW
&LYLOVRFLHW\HFRQRPLHVJRYHUQPHQWVDUHDVNLQJWR8QLYHUVLWLHVWRILQGDVROXWLRQIRU*OREDO:DUPLQJSUREOHPV6LQFHWKH\DUH PDLQO\ GXH WR KXPDQ VHWWOHPHQW DQG FRQWLQXRXV GHYHORSPHQW DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ UHVHDUFK VWUDWHJ\ KDV VLQJOHG RXW $UFKLWHFWXUH 3DVVLYDWLRQ RU %XLOGLQJ *UHHQLQJ DV D ILUVW VROXWLRQ WKHUHE\ HVWDEOLVKLQJ DV LWV PDLQ JRDO WKH VWDUWXS RI UHDO ZRUOG SURWRW\SH ZRUNVH[SHULPHQWDOchantiersRUEXLOGLQJVLWHVDVZHOODVWKHLULPSOHPHQWDWLRQVDQGPRQLWRULQJ*HRPDWLF9DOXDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\ /DERUDWRU\*H9D8/LVFDUU\LQJRXWDGLUHFWH[SHULHQFHLQUHDOZRUOGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\GHVLJQLQJDVWUDWHJ\IRU WKH Mediterranea 8QLYHUVLW\ FDPSXV JUHHQLQJ DQG ³SDVVLYDWLRQ´ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ ,W LV GRQH WKURXJK FDUHIXO FOLPDWLF FDOFXODWLRQ RI DFDGHPLF EXLOGLQJ WKHUPDO EHKDYLRU DQG WKH FRQVHTXHQW HFRQRPLF DQG SK\VLFDO FRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVV YDOXDWLRQ RI LQWHUYHQWLRQVIRUSDVVLYDWLRQi.e. IRUUDGLFDOHQKDQFHPHQWRIHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\.QRZOHGJHRIFRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVVYDOXDWLRQKDV EHHQ DSSOLHG WR DUFKLWHFWXUHV i.e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
E-mail address:GHPDVVLPR#JPDLOFRP
$WWULEXWLRQV0DVVLPR'(SDU)UDJRPHQL&SDU0DOHUED$,QWURGXFWLRQ0XVROLQR0SDU
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords:*UHHQ8QLYHUVLW\6XVWDLQDELOLW\(QHUJ\(IILFHQF\9DOXDWLRQ8UEDQ5HJHQHUDWLRQ
,QWURGXFWLRQ
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³VXVWDLQDELOLW\´ZKHQ DSSOLHGWRWKHXQLYHUVLW\FDPSXVFRQWH[W$GHILQLWLRQRI³6XVWDLQDEOHXQLYHUVLW\´LVJLYHQE\9HOD]TXH]HWDO µµ$KLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQDVDZKROHRUDVDSDUWWKDWDGGUHVVHVLQYROYHVDQGSURPRWHVRQDUHJLRQDORUD JOREDOOHYHOWKHPLQLPL]DWLRQRIQHJDWLYHHQYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLFVRFLHWDODQGKHDOWKHIIHFWVJHQHUDWHGLQWKHXVH RIWKHLUUHVRXUFHVLQRUGHUWRIXOILOOLWVIXQFWLRQVRIWHDFKLQJUHVHDUFKRXWUHDFKDQGSDUWQHUVKLSDQGVWHZDUGVKLSLQ ZD\V WR KHOS VRFLHW\ PDNH WKH WUDQVLWLRQ WR VXVWDLQDEOH OLIHVW\OHV¶¶ *LYHQ WKH ODUJH VFDOH RI SRWHQWLDO LPSDFWV WKH KHWHURJHQHRXV QDWXUH RI XQLYHUVLW\ FDPSXVHV WKH GLIIHUHQW ODQG XVHV DQG DFWLYLWLHV RQ FDPSXV DQG WKH IDFW WKDW XQLYHUVLWLHV KDYH WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR WUDLQ DQG HGXFDWH VRFLHW\ HQYLURQPHQWDO PDQDJHPHQW DQG VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DW XQLYHUVLW\OHYHOUHTXLUHDKROLVWLFDSSURDFKVLPLODUWRWKHRQHDSSOLHGDWWKHWRZQVVFDOH8QLYHUVLWLHVKDYHEHHQLQ IDFWFRQFHSWXDOL]HGDVµVPDOOFLWLHV¶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
6WUDWHJLF3ODQIRU6XVWDLQDELOLW\DW0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\
0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\LVORFDWHGLQWKH1RUWKRIWKHUHEXLOWWRZQRI5HJJLR&DODEULD$V3RO\WHFKQLFIRUWKH (QYLURQPHQW GHJUHH SURJUDPV DFDGHPLF FRXUVHV DQG VLQJOH VXEMHFWV DUH GHYRWHG WR LPSOHPHQW 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ UHODWLQJWKHPHVRIVXVWDLQDEOHDUFKLWHFWXUHODQGVFDSHXUEDQLVPDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRVWHUXSHQYLURQPHQWWUHDVXULQJ DQG SURWHFWLRQ DQG JUHHQ HFRQRP\ GHYHORSPHQW 0HGLWHUUDQHD 8QLYHUVLW\ DV RWKHU 8QLYHUVLWLHV ZRUOGZLGH KDV HPEUDFHGWKHLPSHUDWLYHPLVVLRQWRUHGXFHHQHUJ\RYHUFRQVXPSWLRQDQGFRQVHTXHQW&2HPLVVLRQV7RLPSOHPHQW
LWD6WUDWHJLF3ODQIRU6XVWDLQDELOLW\DW0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\!KDVEHHQGUDZXSE\*H9D8/7KHPDLQJRDOLV WR LGHQWLI\ SURJUDPV PHDVXUHV DFWLRQV SURFHGXUHV LQWHUYHQWLRQV DQG UHDO ZRUNV WR SURPRWH D µ5DWLRQDO 8VH RI (QHUJ\¶ DQG UHGXFH HQHUJ\ RYHU FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG &2 HPLVVLRQV 7KH 3ODQ VHWV LQ SODFH WKH 8QLYHUVLW\¶V WDUJHW
UHGXFWLRQV LQ FDUERQ GLR[LGH &2 HPLVVLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ DQG :RUOG VWUDWHJLHV DQG
LGHQWLILHV D IUDPHZRUN RI DFWLRQV RYHU WKH QH[W \HDUV WR JHW HQHUJ\ DQG &2 VDYLQJV DQG WR PHHW LQWHUQDWLRQDO
8QLYHUVLW\ WDUJHWV VHW E\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO *UHHQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 1HWZRUN ,*81 UHTXLUHV D QHZ SRVWFDUERQ LQYHVWPHQW SURJUDPPHWREHLPSOHPHQWHG*UHHQ8QLYHUVLW\IRUHVHHVDQDYHUDJHWDUJHWRIHQHUJ\VDYLQJFRPSDUHGWRWKH FRQYHQWLRQDOO\XQVXVWDLQDEOHGHVLJQHG8QLYHUVLW\
7\SLFDOHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHHQKDQFHPHQWVLQFOXGH x 0RUHHIILFLHQWOLJKWLQJ
x 0RUHHIILFLHQWKHDWLQJDQGFRROLQJV\VWHPV x %HWWHULQVXODWHGZDOOVDQGURRIVSDVVLYDWLRQ x 0RUHHIILFLHQWZLQGRZVDQGJODVVSDQHV
7KH 6WUDWHJLF 3ODQ IRU 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ DW 0HGLWHUUDQHD 8QLYHUVLW\! LV EDVHG PDLQO\ RQ WKH RSHUDWLRQDO VWHSV GHVFULEHGEHORZ
Step1 “Physical analysis” DFWLYLW\ i.e. WHFKQLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV TXDQWLILFDWLRQ LQ WHUPV RI EHKDYLRXUDO DQG PHWDEROLVPPRGHOOLQJDQGLQWHJUDWHGHQHUJ\HFRORJLFDOHFRQRPLFILQDQFLDODQDO\VLV
Step2“Impact”TXDQWLILFDWLRQieYDOXDWLRQDQGVSUHDGRXWRIDOOWKHDFWLYLW\FDUULHGRXWDQGFRQVHTXHQWGHVLJQ RIHFRORJLFDOLQWHUYHQWLRQV7KHWRRODGRSWHGLV(QHUJ\3OXVLQWHJUDWHGZLWK'HVLJQ%XLOGHULQWHUIDFH
Step3 “Ecological passivation” i.e EXLOGLQJ KHDW GLVSHUVLRQ UHGXFWLRQ WKURXJK URRI LQVXODWLRQ SODVWHU UHQRYDWLRQ ZLQGRZV UHSODFHPHQW PRUH HIILFLHQW ZLQGRZ SDQHV DQG JODVV ZDOO VRODU FRQWURO ZLQGRZ ILOPV DSSOLFDWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWRDZHOONQRZQPHWKRGRORJ\WHVWHGLQSURWRW\SHH[SHULPHQWDOEXLOGLQJV
Step4. “Decentralized energy production”³HQHUJ\GHPRFUDF\´i.e.GHVLJQDQGLQVWDOODWLRQRIJHRWKHUPDODQG SKRWRYROWDLF V\VWHPV IRU HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ DV ZHOO DV IRU KHDWLQJ DQG FRROLQJ HQHUJ\ *HRWKHUPDO HQHUJ\ QHHGV VXSSO\WKDQSKRWRYROWDLFSODWIRUPURRILQVWDOODWLRQFDQEHXVHGIRUJHRWKHUPDOV\VWHPHQJLQHDQGHOHFWULFDOQHHGV 1.1. Ecological Passivation through alternative scenarios: Sustainable versus Business as Usual (BAU)
6WUDWHJLF3ODQIRU6XVWDLQDELOLW\DW0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\!LVEDVHGXSRQUHDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRILWVREMHFWLYHV WKURXJK UHDO ZRUOG ZRUNV LQWHUYHQWLRQV EXLOGLQJ VLWHV chantier. )LUVW SULRULW\ IRU VWUXFWXUDO SHUSHWXDO DQG SHUPDQHQWUHGXFWLRQRIHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGXVHLVWKHGHILQLWLYHSDVVLYDWLRQRIZDOOVURRIVJODVVHVZLQGRZV i.e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
DSSURDFKHV7KHFKRLFHRIWKHEHVWDOWHUQDWLYHLVGULYHQE\PDWHULDOVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGEHQHILWVDFKLHYDEOHLQWKH VKRUW PLGGOH DQG ORQJ WHUP $OWHUQDWLYH VFHQDULR RI LQWHUYHQWLRQ FRQVLVW LQ WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR DFW IRU HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG &2 HPLVVLRQ UHGXFWLRQ E\ GHVLJQLQJ WKH VDPH NLQG RI LQWHUYHQWLRQ XVLQJ DOWHUQDWLYH PDWHULDOV
,QWHUYHQWLRQFRVWVDUHDQDO\WLFDOO\HVWLPDWHGDQGUHODWHGWRHIIHFWLYHQHVV$GHHSYDOXDWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWH[DQWHRQ JRLQJDQGH[SRVWYDOXDWLRQVHYHQWKDQNVWRWKHXVHRIGDWDORJJHUV
1.1.1. The present state scenario 6WDWXVTXRGRQRWKLQJ 1.1.2. Sustainable Scenario
7KLV VFHQDULR LV FRQVHUYDWLYH DQG KLJKO\ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQW ,W XVHV DW EXLOGLQJ OHYHO HFRORJLFDO WHFKQLTXHV DQG RUJDQLF!RUELR!PDWHULDOVLQRUGHUWRSXUVXHKHDOWKLHULQGRRUHQYLURQPHQWPLWLJDWHLOOQHVVDQGDOOHUJLHV UHGXFHRXWGRRUKHDWGLVSHUVLRQFXWIRVVLOIXHOVFRQVXPSWLRQIRUKHDWLQJDQGDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ7KHVHIDFWRUV OHDGWRORZHU&2HPLVVLRQV
7KHVWHSVWRLPSOHPHQWDVXVWDLQDEOHVFHQDULRDFFRUGLQJWRWKHHFRORJLFDOSDVVLYDWLRQFULWHULDDUHDVIROORZV 3ODVWHUUHQRYDWLRQRIH[WHUQDOZDOOFRDWLQJIRULQVXODWLRQPDNLQJXVHRI³YROFDOLWH´LHPRUWDUPDGHRIQDWXUDO K\GUDXOLF OLPH FOLQNHUFHPHQW IUHH ZLWK VSHFLDO KLJKO\ LQVXODWLQJ LQHUW HOHPHQWV VXFK DV H[SDQGHG SHUOLWH YHUPLFXOLWHDQGSXPLFH
5RRILQVXODWLRQZLWKDHUDWLQJYHQWLODWLQJDQGLQVXODWLQJJURRYHSDQHOVPDGHRIQDWXUDOPDWHULDOVVXFKDVIOXWHG FRUNDQGZDWHUSURRILQJUHQRYDWLRQHPSOR\LQJQDWXUDOSHUVSLULQJPHPEUDQHV
:LQGRZVUHSODFHPHQWDOXPLQLXPZLQGRZVDUHUHSODFHGE\QHZRQHVPDGHRIKLJKO\LQVXODWLQJPDWHULDOV 6LQJOHJOD]LQJRUSDQHZLQGRZUHSODFHPHQWVLQJOHJOD]LQJVWUXFWXUHLVUHSODFHGE\GRXEOHJOD]LQJRQH
6RODU&RQWURO:LQGRZ)LOPVDSSOLFDWLRQWRUHGXFHWKHEXLOGXSRILQGRRUVXPPHUKHDW
3KRWRYROWDLF DQG JHRWKHUPDO KHDWLQJ V\VWHPV GHVLJQ DQG LQVWDOODWLRQ 6FHQDULR HQFRPSDVVHV WKH ³GHFHQWUDOLVHG HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ´ ie WKH GHVLJQ DQG LQVWDOODWLRQ RI SKRWRYROWDLF V\VWHPV IRU HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ DV ZHOO DV JHRWKHUPDOV\VWHPIRUKHDWLQJDQGFRROLQJQHHGVVXSSO\
1.1.3. Business as Usual (BAU) scenario
7KLVVFHQDULRHPSOR\VSRSXODUPDWHULDOVFRPPRQO\XVHGLQRUGLQDU\FRQVWUXFWLRQ\DUGVEXLOGLQJVLWHVchantiers 7KHVH PDWHULDOV DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ SRRU WKHUPDO EHKDYLRXU DQG PHGLRFUH DOPRVW LQH[LVWHQW LQVXODWLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVZKLFKVRPHWLPHVZRUVHQWKHHQHUJ\GLVSHUVLRQFRPSDUHGWRWKHstatusquoante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ost, effects, benefits estimation (impact)
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
UHGXFWLRQ ,Q FRQFOXVLRQ HDFK LQWHUYHQWLRQV VKRXOG EH GULYHQ QRW RQO\ RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH SXUH LQLWLDO LQWHUYHQWLRQ FRVWVEXWJLYLQJVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWRWKHRYHUDOORYHUWLPHEDODQFHRIFRVWVDQGEHQHILWVWKHODWWHUUHIHUWRWHFKQLFDO EHQHILWVVHWRXWDERYHDVZHOODVWRIXWXUHSRWHQWLDOSRVLWLYHLPSDFWDVGHVFULEHGEHORZLQVXEVHTXHQWSDUDJUDSK 1.3. Impact 7KDQNVWRWKHDQDO\VLVFDUULHGRXWLWLVSRVVLEOHWRHVWLPDWHIRUHDFKEXLOGLQJRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\FDPSXV x WKHLQWHUYHQWLRQFRVWVLQHDFKVFHQDULRieIRUWKHVXVWDLQDEOHVFHQDULRDVZHOODVIRUWKHEXVLQHVVDVXVXDORU ³DFFRUGLQJWRFRGH´ x WKHHQHUJ\QHHGVLQHDFKVFHQDULR x WKHHQHUJ\VDYLQJSHU\HDUFRPSDULQJWZRDOWHUQDWLYHVVFHQDULR x WKHWLPHVRIWKHILQDQFLDOSD\EDFNRIWKHKLJKHUFRVWVi.e.FRVWSUHPLXPGXHWRWKHVXVWDLQDEOHLQWHUYHQWLRQ IRU³HFRORJLFDOSDVVLYDWLRQ´RIEXLOGLQJV x WKHDPRXQWRI&2UHOHDVHGLQWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGLWVUHGXFWLRQLQVXVWDLQDEOHVFHQDULR 6XVWDLQDEOHSDVVLYDWLRQLVWKHDSSURDFKWKDWSXUVXLWWKHELRFOLPDWLFKHDOWKDQGWKHHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LWKDVEHHQ WHVWHG DQG H[SHULPHQWHG WKURXJK UHDO EXLOGLQJ SURWRW\SHV WKDW PLJKW EH DQG EHFRPH JRRG H[DPSOHV DQG FUHDWH UHSOLFDEOHDEDFXVRIDFWLRQVDQGPHDVXUHVIRURWKHUXQLYHUVLW\FDPSXVHV
&DVH6WXG\DW0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\
7KH GHHS WKHUPDO NQRZOHGJH DQG FRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVV YDOXDWLRQ KDYH EHHQ DSSOLHG WR 8QLYHUVLW\ FDPSXV DUFKLWHFWXUHVie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
)LJ&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\LVLQWHJUDWHGZLWKWKH/DWLQ4XDUWHULQSK\VLFDODQGFROODERUDWLYHDVSHFW
7KHILUVWVWHSDOORZVPHDVXULQJWKHFDUERQIRRWSULQWRIWKH0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\FDPSXVWRSURYLGHDEHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQV DQG &2 HPLVVLRQV DQG DOVR WR HVWDEOLVK D EDVHOLQH DJDLQVW ZKLFK
SURJUHVVFDQEHPHDVXUHG7KH3ODQKDVWKHPDLQJRDOWRORZHUGRZQDURXQGRIHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQG&2 HPLVVLRQV3HUIRUPDQFHWDUJHWVDUHVXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH 7DEOH3ODQSHUIRUPDQFHWDUJHWV2EMHFWLYHLQHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQG&2HPLVVLRQVUHGXFWLRQ WKHRUHWLFDO7RWDO HQHUJ\XVH 7KHRUHWLFDOHQHUJ\XVH SHUP DUHD 7RWDOWKHRUHWLFDO &R(PLVVLRQV 7KHRUHWLFDO (PLVVLRQVSHU P DUHD kWh per year kWh/m2 per year Kgs per year Kgs/m2 per year %DVHOLQH ? ? 2EMHFWLYH ? ? 6WUDWHJ\DGRSWVDVWHSE\VWHSSURFHGXUHVWDUWLQJZLWKDILUVWH[SHULPHQWDOH[DPSOH7KLVH[DPSOHRI³VXVWDLQDEOH SDVVLYDWLRQ´LVWKHZRUNSHUIRUPHGRQWKH'HSDUWPHQW3$8EXLOGLQJXVLQJ³JUHHQ´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³%XVLQHVVDV8VXDO´VFHQDULRDQG³6XVWDLQDEOH´VFHQDULRUHWXUQRIDGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWPHQWLVLQMXVW\HDUV $UFKLWHFWXUH'HSDUWPHQWV DWMediterranea8QLYHUVLW\ LQ/DWLQ4XDUWHU
)LJ&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\%XLOGLQJ3URWRW\SH3$8'HSDUWPHQW D E )LJ&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\%XLOGLQJ3URWRW\SH3$8'HSDUWPHQW9HQWLODWLQJDQGLQVXODWLQJSDQHOVPDGHRI QDWXUDOPDWHULDOFRUND5LEEHGFRUNSDQHOIRUZLQWHULQVXODWLRQDQGVXPPHUYHQWLODWLRQ6RXUFHwww.lis.itE&RUNRDNIRUHVW 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ
7KH VWUDWHJLF 3ODQ IRU 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ DW WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHD 8QLYHUVLW\ DLPV DW UHGLUHFWLQJ HYHU\GD\ PDLQWHQDQFH ZRUNV WRZDUGV EXLOGLQJ ³VXVWDLQDEOH ELR SDVVLYDWLRQ´ XVLQJ VSHFLILF HFRORJLFDO LQWHUYHQWLRQV 3UHVHQW UHVHDUFK LQYROYHV H[WHUQDO IODW URRI UHQRYDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ ZLQWHU LQVXODWLRQ DV ZHOO DV WKH XVH RI QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ LQ WKH VXPPHU7KLVFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\LWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQDUHDOZRUOG&DVH6WXG\
3.1. Total monetary intervention costs
7KHWKHUPDOLQVXODWLRQDQGYHQWLODWLRQLQFOXGLQJPDQGDWRU\IORRUUHQRYDWLRQRIWKHIODWURRILQWKH&DVH6WXG\ FRYHULQJ P ZLWK DHUDWLQJ FPWKLFN QDWXUDO FRUN KDV D WRWDO FRVW RI ¼P 7KH WRWDO LQYHVWPHQW DPRXQW FRPHV WR ¼ IRU WKH ZKROH EXLOGLQJ P [ ¼P ¼ vs ¼ LQ WKH %$8
VFHQDULR ,W LV RI SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH WR NHHS LQ PLQG WKDW PRVW RI WKLV VXP PXVW EH VSHQW LQ DQ\ FDVH RQ XQDYRLGDEOH PDLQWHQDQFH ZRUN FDUULHG RXW LQ DQ XQVXVWDLQDEOH WUDGLWLRQDO ZD\ IRU PDQGDWRU\ ZDWHUSURRILQJ UHQRYDWLRQ 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ DFFRXQWV RQO\ IRU D VPDOO SDUW RI WKH H[SHQVH ZKLFK LV WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ SULFH EHWZHHQ XVXDO%$8DQGELRHFRORJLFDOPDWHULDOV
7DEOH&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\%XLOGLQJ3URWRW\SH3$8'HSDUWPHQW3DVVLYDWLRQ,QYHVWPHQW
%$8 6XVWDLQDEOH + +
€ € € %
,QWHUYHQWLRQFRVWV
7KH FRVW QHJDWLYH GLIIHUHQWLDO LQ WKH VXVWDLQDEOH VFHQDULR GHSHQGV RQ WKH KLJKHU TXDOLW\ DQG PXFK ORQJHU GXUDELOLW\RIWKHVSHFLILFELRHFRORJLFDOPDWHULDOXVHG7KLVDGGLWLRQDOH[SHQVHLVTXLFNO\SDLGEDFNWKDQNVWRWKH VLJQLILFDQWDQQXDOVDYLQJRQHQHUJ\ELOOVVDYLQJSD\VWKHPRUWJDJHSD\PHQWVDVGHVFULEHGDQGTXDQWLILHGDERYH
3$8'HSDUWPHQWDW
3.2. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions
(QHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHDQDO\VLVFDUULHGRXWLQWKH&DVH6WXG\WKH3DX'HSDUWPHQWEXLOGLQJKDVVKRZQDQDYHUDJH WKHRUHWLFDOHQHUJ\QHHGSHUPD\HDURIN:K?PLQWKH%$8VFHQDULRDQGRIN:K?PLQDOWHUQDWLYH
VXVWDLQDEOH VFHQDULR DIWHU MXVW RQH ZRUN IRU JUHHQLQJ WKURXJK SDVVLYDWLRQ i.e LQVXODWLRQ %\ PXOWLSO\LQJ WKLV SDUDPHWULFGDWDE\WKHWRWDOPPSHUIORRURQHFDQREWDLQDILUVWURXJKUHVXOWRIWKHWRWDOWKHRUHWLFDO HQHUJ\QHHGIRUWKHHQWLUHEXLOGLQJRIDERXWN:KSHU\HDUIRUWKH%$8VFHQDULRvsN:KSHU \HDUIRUWKHVXVWDLQDEOHVFHQDULRZLWKDGLIIHUHQWLDORIN:K 7DEOH&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\%XLOGLQJ3URWRW\SH3$8'HSDUWPHQW(QHUJ\DQG&2HPLVVLRQVDVVHVVPHQW 3$8'HSDUWPHQW %XLOWDUHDDQGYROXPH %XLOGLQJWRWQHW$UHDP %XLOGLQJWRW9ROXPHP
9DOXH 80 %$8 6XVWDLQDEOH 'LIIHUHQWLDO +
1HW(QHUJ\ N:K
N:KPD
&2 .J
&2 .JP
3.3. Total annual running costs
&RQVLGHULQJWKHSXUHFRVWRIHQHUJ\EHLQJ¼?N:KDQGLWVWRWDOILQDOVHOOLQJSULFHEHLQJ¼?N:KWKHWRWDO H[SHQVHRIHQHUJ\PDQDJHPHQWSHU\HDUIRUHDFKVFHQDULRFDQEHREWDLQHG%\VROHO\FRQVLGHULQJWKHURRILQVXODWLRQ LQWHUYHQWLRQ LQ WKH &DVH 6WXG\ VDYLQJ LQ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG LQ WRWDO H[SHQVH SHU \HDU IRU HQHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW LV DURXQG5HVHDUFKILHOGZRUNFRQVWUXFWLRQ\DUGREVHUYDWLRQVDVZHOODVVSHFLILFH[SHULPHQWDWLRQVSHUIRUPHG RQWKHVDPSOHSURWRW\SDOEXLOGLQJVDVVXPLQJDQLQWHUYHQWLRQRIVXVWDLQDEOHHQHUJ\UHKDELOLWDWLRQKDYHKLJKOLJKWHG DQ DYHUDJH UHGXFWLRQ RI RI WKH WKHRUHWLFDO DPRXQW RI HQHUJ\ QHHGHG E\ DSSO\LQJ DOO WKH RWKHU DGGLWLRQDO LQWHUYHQWLRQV GHVLJQHG LQ D VXVWDLQDEOH SDVVLYDWLRQ SODQ ZDOOV ZLQGRZV JODVV ZDOOV 7KH FRQVHTXHQW ILQDQFLDO EHQHILWV \LHOGHG E\ VXFK \HDUO\ HQHUJ\ VDYLQJ DQG WKH WRWDO FRVW RI &2 HPLVVLRQV DUH VXPPDUL]HG LQ WKH WDEOHV
EHORZ(QYLURQPHQWDOGDPDJHFRVWIRUHDFKNLORRI&2HPLVVLRQLVDVVXPHGEHWZHHQDQG¼NJDFFRUGLQJ WRODWHVWLQQRYDWLYHOLWHUDWXUH0RRUH 'LD] 7DEOH&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\%XLOGLQJ3URWRW\SH3$8'HSDUWPHQW(QHUJ\PDQDJHPHQWFRVWV %$8 6XVWDLQDEOH + + Kwh per y € / kWh € Kwh per y € / kWh € ¼ 0DQDJHPHQWFRVWV3XUHN:KFRVW 0DQDJHPHQWFRVWV7RWDON:KFRVW 7DEOH&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\%XLOGLQJ3URWRW\SH3$8'HSDUWPHQW&2HPLVVLRQFRVWV %$8 6XVWDLQDEOH + + kgs per y € / kg € kgs per y € / kg € ¼ &2HPLVVLRQFRVWV.J&2FRVW &2HPLVVLRQFRVWV.J&2FRVW 3.4. Pay-Back period
&RPSDULVRQ RYHU WLPH RI WKH LQLWLDO H[WUD RU GLIIHUHQWLDO FRVW RU QHJDWLYH FRVW SUHPLXP IRU JUHHQLQJ DQG \HDU VDYLQJGXHWRJUHHQLQJDOORZVXVWRGUDZXSDILQDQFLDOHVWLPDWHFRQFHUQLQJWKHWLPHRIUHWXUQRIH[WUDLQYHVWPHQW 52,IRUSDVVLYDWLRQ7KHSD\EDFNIRUH[WUDGLIIHUHQWLDOFRVWRISDVVLYDWLRQ?JUHHQLQJLVHVWLPDWHGDW\HDUVDQG VKRZVWKHFRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIDELRHFRORJLFDOUHWURILWWLQJVWUDWHJ\LQ8QLYHUVLW\EXLOGLQJDQGIDFLOLWLHV
7DEOH&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\%XLOGLQJ3URWRW\SH3$8'HSDUWPHQW6KRUW3D\%DFN3HULRGL
3XUHFRVW¼N:KDWLQWHUHVW 3ULFH¼N:KDWLQWHUHVW
<HDUV (QHUJ\ 6DYLQJ
3XUHH QHUJ\ FRVW 0DQDJHPHQW FRVWV<HDU 5DWH 6DYLQJ
DFWXDOL]HG 6DYLQJ 6XEWR
WD
O
<HDUV (QHUJ\ VDYLQJ 7RWDO
HQHUJ\SULFH 0DQDJHPHQW FRVWV<HDU
5DWH
6DYLQJ
DFWXDOL]HG 6DYLQJ 6XEWR
WD O Q N:K ¼N: ¼ L ¼D ¼D Q N:K ¼N: ¼ L ¼D ¼D 7DEOH&DVH6WXG\5HJJLR&DODEULD0HGLWHUUDQHD8QLYHUVLW\%XLOGLQJ3URWRW\SH3$8'HSDUWPHQW6KRUW3D\%DFN3HULRGL 3XUHFRVW¼N:KDWLQWHUHVW 3ULFH¼N:KDWLQWHUHVW
<HDUV (QHUJ\ VDYLQJ
3XUHH QHUJ\ FRVW 0DQDJHPHQW FRVWV 5DWH 6DYLQJ
DFWXDOL]HG 6DYLQJ 6XEWR
WD
O
<HDUV (QHUJ\ VDYLQJ 7RWDO
HQHUJ\SULFH 0DQDJHPHQW FRVWV 5DWH 6DYLQJ
DFWXDOL]HG 6DYLQJ 6XEWR
WD O Q N:K ¼N: ¼ L ¼D ¼D Q N:K ¼N: ¼ L ¼D ¼D 5HIHUHQFHV
$OVKXZDLNKDW + 0 $EXEDNDU , $Q LQWHJUDWHG DSSURDFK WR DFKLHYLQJ FDPSXV VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH FXUUHQW FDPSXV HQYLURQPHQWDOPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVJournal of Cleaner ProductionSS±
%RHU3$VVHVVLQJVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGVRFLDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDVVHVVPHQWIUDPHZRUNVH[SODLQHG6&DHLUR:/)LOKR& -DEERXU 8 0 $]HLWHLUR (GV Sustainability Assessment Tools in Higher Education Institutions: Mapping Trends and Good Practices
Around the World6SULQJHU+HLGHOEHUJDQG1HZ<RUNSS±
,6&1 Best practice in campus sustainability. Latest Examples from ISCN and GULF School,QFROODERUDWLRQZLWK*8/)WKH *OREDO 8QLYHUVLW\/HDGHUV)RUXPRIWKH:()5HSRUWSUHVHQWHGDWWKH*OREDO8QLYHUVLW\/HDGHUV)RUXP*8/)VHVVLRQRIWKH:RUOG(FRQRPLF )RUXP$QQXDO0HHWLQJ'DYRV.ORVWHUV6ZLW]HUODQG
0DVVLPR ' ( *UHHQEXLOGLQJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVHQHUJ\LPSOLFDWLRQVDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWV&DVH6WXG\LQ5HJJLR&DODEULD ,WDO\
Green Building and Phase Change Materials: Characteristics, Energy Implications and Environmental Impacts3DJHV,6%1
0DVVLPR ' ( 9DOXDWLRQ RI 8UEDQ 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ DQG %XLOLGLQJ (QHUJ\ (IILFLHQF\ $ &DVH 6WXG\ ,Q International Journal of
Sustainable Development9RO1RVSS,661
0DVVLPR'(%DWWDJOLD/)UDJRPHQL&*XLGDUD05XGL*6FDOD&6XVWDLQDELOLW\YDOXDWLRQIRUXUEDQUHJHQHUDWLRQ7KH*HRPDWLF 9DOXDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\/DEUHVHDUFK,QAdvanced Engineering Forum7733XEOLFDWLRQV86$,661SULQW
0RRUH) 'LD]'7HPSHUDWXUHLPSDFWVRQHFRQRPLFJURZWKZDUUDQWVWULQJHQWPLWLJDWLRQSROLF\,QNature, Climate Change± GRLQFOLPDWH
0XVROLQR0 0DVVLPR'(0HGLWHUUDQHDQ8UEDQ/DQGVFDSH,QWHJUDWHG6WUDWHJLHVIRU6XVWDLQDEOH5HWURILWWLQJRI&RQVROLGDWHG&LW\ ,QSabiedriba, integracija, izglitiba9RO,,,SS,6615H]HNQH+LJKHU(GXF,QVW5H]HNQHV$XJVWVNROD 9HOD]TXH] / 0XQJXLD 1 3ODWW $ 7DGGHL - 6XVWDLQDEOH XQLYHUVLW\ ZKDW FDQ EH WKH PDWWHU" Journal of Cleaner Production