Journal
of
Work
and
Organizational
Psychology
w w w . e l s e v i e r . e s / r p t oThe
Italian
version
of
the
Passion
for
Work
Scale:
First
psychometric
evaluations
Margherita
Zito,
Lara
Colombo
∗UniversityofTurin,Italy
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
Articlehistory: Received19May2016 Accepted23January2017 Availableonline28February2017
Keywords:
Dualisticmodelofpassion Passionforwork Scaleadaptation
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
Passionisastronginclinationtowardanactivitythatpeoplelikeandfindimportant,characterizedby harmoniouspassionandobsessivepassion.Thisstudyaimstoprovideapsychometricevaluationofthe ItalianversionofthePassionScaledevelopedbyVallerandandcolleagues,appliedtowork.Toassessthe factorialvalidityoftheItalianscale,anexploratoryfactoranalysis(N=101)andaconfirmatoryfactor analysis(N=234),alongwithcorrelationstoassessthevalidity,wereperformed.Theexploratoryfactor analysisrevealedatwo-factorstructure,inlinewiththeoriginalstudy,andoneitemfromtheharmonious passiondimensionwasdeleted.Theconfirmatoryfactoranalysisthatwasconductedconfirmedthe two-factorstructure.ResultssuggestthattheItalianversionofthePassionScaleappliedtoworkcanbeused inresearch,allowingtodetectanimportantindividualfactorinfluencingwell-beingandthequalityof workinglife.
©2017ColegioOficialdePsic ´ologosdeMadrid.PublishedbyElsevierEspa ˜na,S.L.U.Thisisanopen accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
La
versión
italiana
de
la
Escala
de
Pasión
por
el
Trabajo:
primeras
evaluaciones
psicométricas
Palabrasclave:
Modelodualistadepasión Pasiónporeltrabajo Adaptaciónalaescala
r
e
s
u
m
e
n
Lapasióneslafuerteinclinaciónhaciaunaactividadquegustaalaspersonasyqueconsideranimportante, teniendodosvertientes,lapasiónarmoniosaylapasiónobsesiva.Esteestudiosecentraenlaevaluación psicométricadelaversiónitalianadelaEscaladePasión,desarrolladaporVallerandycolaboradores, aplicadaalámbitodeltrabajo.Conelfindeobtenerlavalidezfactorialdelaescalaitaliana,serealizó unanálisisfactorialexploratorio(N=101)yunanálisisfactorialconfirmatorio(N=234)ysecalcularon lascorrelacionesparaevaluarlavalidez.Elanálisisfactorialexploratoriodescubrióunaestructurade dosfactores,comoenelestudiooriginal,suprimiéndoseunelementodeladimensiónpasiónarmoniosa. Elanálisisconfirmatorioconfirmólaestructuradedosfactores.Losresultadosindicanquelaversión italianadelaEscaladePasiónaplicadaaltrabajopuedeutilizarseeninvestigación,permitiendodescubrir unimportantefactorindividualqueinfluyeenelbienestaryenlacalidaddevidalaborales.
©2017ColegioOficialdePsic ´ologosdeMadrid.PublicadoporElsevierEspa ˜na,S.L.U.Esteesun art´ıculoOpenAccessbajolalicenciaCCBY-NC-ND(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).
Inthelastfifteenyears,psychologydevelopedanewfieldof interestnamedPositivePsychology(Seligman&Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).Contraryto“traditional”studies,thatgenerallyapply psy-chology to negative experiences and to what impedes a good
∗ Correspondingauthor.UniversityofTurin.DepartmentofPsychology.ViaVerdi 10.10124Turin,Italy.
E-mailaddress:lara.colombo@unito.it(L.Colombo).
qualityoflife,thisperspectiveparticularlyfocusesonindividual well-being.Recognizingpositiveexperiencesandfactorsmaking lifeworthliving,alsothroughtheimprovementofsocialand cul-turalenvironments,infactcharacterizesthisnewpositiveview. Accordingtothistheoreticalframework,whichismoreandmore interestingpsychologists,theconceptofpassionisalsoincreasingly assumingrelevance,sinceitcancontributetoansweringwhatleads toabetterlife(Marshetal.,2013).Vallerandetal.(2003)define pas-sionasastronginclinationtowardanactivitywhichtheindividual http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2017.01.003
1576-5962/©2017ColegioOficialdePsic ´ologosdeMadrid.PublishedbyElsevierEspa ˜na,S.L.U.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
likes(orloves),findsimportant,andspendsenergyandtimeinit. Therefore,thepassionateactivityisverysignificantinthe indivi-dual’slifeandbecomesanessentialfeatureofanindividual’s iden-tity(Carpentier,Mageau,&Vallerand,2012;Mageauetal.,2009). InlinewiththeSelf-DeterminationTheory(Deci&Ryan,2000), Vallerandetal.(2003)suggestthatthiscentralityofactivityinthe individual’sidentityoccursbecauseofthebasichumaninclination toahigherorderorganizationtakingplacethroughthe integra-tionprocessbetweentheindividualandthecontext.According toVallerandetal.(2003),infact,theactivitythattheindividual likes(orloves)engageshim/herregularlysothatsuchactivityis internalizedintheperson’sidentityandhighlyvalued.Thisprocess flowsintopassiontowardtheactivityandisfunctionaltodefinethe individual.AccordingtotheDualisticModelofPassionproposedby Vallerandetal.(2003),indeed,dependingonthewayandonthe contextinwhichtheactivityisinternalizedintheindividual’s iden-tity,itispossibletoliveaHarmoniousPassion(HP)oranObsessive Passion(OP)fortheactivity.Vallerandetal.(2003)operationalized thisdualisticmodelina14-itemscalewhichprovides7itemsforHP and7itemsforOP.Morespecifically,HPoccurswhentheindividual actsanautonomousinternalizationoftheactivityinhis/her iden-tity.Thisautonomousinternalizationariseswhentheparticipation intheactivityisfeltasfree,withoutpressure,andisperformed becauseitis importantfor theindividual.Thistype of interna-lizationproducesmotivationandengagementincarryingoutthe activity,whichissignificantfortheindividual,butnotpervasivein his/heridentity.WhileexperiencingHP,infact,theactivityresults asinharmonywithotherelementsoftheindividual’slife.An exam-pleofHPitemofthescaleproposedbyVallerandetal.(2003)is “thisactivityisinharmonywiththeotheractivitiesinmylife”. Onthecontrary,OPoccurswhentheinternalizationofthe acti-vity in the individual’s identity is controlled. It is character-izedbyintrapersonal/interpersonalpressuresand contingencies linkedtotheactivity(suchasemotionalstatesreferredtosocial acceptanceorself-esteem,ortotheuncontrollableenthusiasmto engagetheactivity)thatdrivesobsessivelytheindividualto par-ticipateintheactivity.Asitisapassionateactivity,theindividual likestheactivity,butitisasifhe/herisforcedtodoitbecauseof theinternalforcesandconnectionscontrollinghim/her.Thislack ofcontrolmakestheactivitypervasiveintheindividual’sidentity andtheactivitycanbeinconflictwiththeotherelementsofthe individual’slife.AnexampleofOPitemofthescaleproposedby Vallerandetal.(2003)is“theurgeissostrong,Ican’thelpfrom doingthisactivity”.
Some studies applied the concept of passion also to work activity(Donahue etal.,2012; Lavigne,Forest,&Crevier-Braud, 2012; Marsh et al., 2013; Vallerand &Houlfort, 2003), and for the crucial role of the topic in the field of work and organi-zationalpsychology, other studiesapplied the Scale of Passion for general activity (Vallerand et al., 2003)to the work activ-ity,suchastheSpanishversionofthescale(Orgambídez-Ramos, Borrego-Alés,& Gonc¸alves, 2014)or thePortuguese adaptation (Gonc¸alves, Orgambídez-Ramos, Ferrão, & Parreira, 2014). The translations of the scale to different languages, moreover, are a sign of the growingrelevance of the topic. Work, indeed, is oneofthemostimportantanddurableactivitiesalongthe indi-vidual’s life and requires time and energy. As highlighted by VallerandandHoulfort(2003),workisacentralaspectand con-tributes todefining individuals, and can become a part of the person’sidentity.Therefore,asotheractivities,thedualisticmodel of passion can be applied to the work experience and both dimensionsaredescribedascrucialforunderstandingthe indivi-dual’sengagementinhis/herwork(Lavigneetal.,2012).Moreover, inthisview,passionforworkcanalsobeakeyindividualfactorthat canaffecttheperceptionofwell-beingordistress(Vallerandetal., 2003;Lavigneetal.,2012)and,therefore,thequalityofworkinglife.
Consideringtheimportanceofthetopicforstudiesdetecting factorsrelatedtowell-beingatworkandtotheperceptionofthe qualityofworkinglife,theaimofthisstudywastoprovideafirst psychometricevaluationoftheItalianversionofthePassionScale developed byVallerand et al.(2003) and appliedtowork acti-vity.ThestudyshowsthefactorialvalidityoftheItalianPassionfor WorkScalethroughtwostepsofanalyses:anexploratoryfactor analysisperformedonasampleof101workers,anda confirma-toryfactoranalysisperformedonasampleof234workers.The twodimensionscomposingthedualisticmodelofpassion,HPand OP,areexpectedtobefound,inlinewiththeoriginalstudyby Vallerandetal.(2003).Moreover,inordertoassessthevalidity oftheconstruct,thestudyperformedalsocorrelations between thetwodimensionsofpassionandotherconstructsthatliterature indicatesasrelated.
TheItalianresearchlacksthismeasure,thatseemstobecrucial inunderstandingthedynamicsofwell-beingatwork.Havinga reli-ablemeasureofpassionforworkactivitycanbeaveryimportant source,sinceitisanindividualfactorabletoinfluencehow indi-vidualsliveaveryimportantandpredominantpieceoftheirlife: work.
Method
Participants
Toassessthefactorialvalidityofthescale,thetwostepsof ana-lysesofthisstudyconsideredtwodifferentsamplesofworkers. Bothgroupsofparticipantsarerandomsamples.
Thefirstsampleusedtoperformtheexploratoryfactoranalysis isaheterogeneoussampleandiscomposedby101participants: 54.5%female,averageage42.29years(SD=12.86),79.2%work full-time,averageseniority15 years(SD=11.70).Moreover,76%are employees,13%workers(workingclass),and11%managers.
Twohundredandthirty-fourparticipantsbelongingtoa profes-sionalassociationofprojectmanagerscomposethesecondsample, used toperform theconfirmatory factor analysis.In particular, 77.3%aremale,averageage44.82years(SD=6.90),90.5%work full-time,averageseniority11years(SD=6.55).Moreover,65.3% ofthemaresupervisors,20.5%employees,and14.2%directors. Measures
Participantscompletedaself-reportquestionnairecomposedby thefollowingscales:
Passion.Asmentioned,tomeasurepassion,thePassionScaleby Vallerandetal.(2003)andadaptedtoworkactivitywasused.The scalewasassessedby14items(7itemsforHPand7itemsforOP) onaLikertscalerangingfrom1to7,where1meansnotagreeat alland7verystronglyagree(HP:M=4.25,SD=1.39;OP:M=2.03, SD=1.01).
Jobsatisfaction.Jobsatisfactionwasassessedwiththescaleby Pejtersen,Kristensen,BorgandBjoner(2010)witha4-item Lik-ertscalerangingfrom1to5,where1meansstronglydisagreeand 5stronglyagree.TheCronbach’salphaforthepresentstudyis.82 (M=3.43,SD=0.72).
Lifesatisfaction.Lifesatisfactionwasassessedwiththescaleby PavotandDiener(1993)witha4-itemLikertscalerangingfrom 1to7,where1meansstronglydisagreeand7stronglyagree.The Cronbach’salphaforthepresentstudyis.91(M=4.42,SD=1.29).
Positive emotions at work. Positive emotions at work were assessedwiththescalebyWarr(1990)andoperationalizedas psy-chologicalwell-being.Theyweremeasuredwitha6-itemLikert scalerangingfrom1to6,where1meansneverand6always.The Cronbach’salphaforthepresentstudyis.75(M=3.70,SD=1.01).
Negativeemotions at work. Negativeemotionsat workwere assessedwiththescalebyWarr(1990)andoperationalizedas psy-chologicaldiscomfort.Theyweremeasuredwitha6-itemLikert scalerangingfrom1to6,where1meansneverand6always.The Cronbach’salphaforthepresentstudyis.84(M=2.82,SD=0.96).
Flow at work. Flow at work were assessed with the scale by Bakker (2008), using the Italian adaptation by Zito, Bakker, Colombo, and Cortese (2015), with a 13-item Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7, where 1 means never and 6 always. The Cronbach’s alpha for the present study is .90 (M=3.91, SD=1.05).
Procedure
Before the administration of the Italian version of the pas-sion for work scale, the original version was translated from EnglishtoItalian, andbacktranslatedfromItaliantoEnglishin ordertocontrolandverifyitemsconformity.Moreover,thescale hasbeenadaptedfrom“passionfor ageneralactivity”to “pas-sionforwork”.Thisprocesswasmadewiththesupervisionofan expertwithEnglishasmothertongue,withasatisfactory corres-pondencebetweenitems.Datawerecollectedthroughanonline questionnaire,placedonaplatformimplementedbyresearchers, butwithdifferentprocedures:thefirstsamplewasrandomly con-tacted,whereasthesecondsamplereceivedanemailfromtheir professionalassociationofprojectmanagerwithalinktothe ques-tionnaire,alsopublishedontheintranetoftheassociationwebsite. Theboardofdirectorsoftheassociationauthorizedthestudyand, sincethere wasnomedicaltreatmentorother proceduresthat couldcausepsychologicalorsocialdiscomforttoparticipants, addi-tionalethicalapprovalwasnotrequired.
Beforestartingthequestionnaire,participantshadinformation aboutthevoluntarynatureoftheparticipationinthestudy,the anonymityoftheirdata,andinstructionstocompletethe ques-tionnaire.
DataAnalysis
Toassess thefactorialstructure of theItalianversion ofthe PassionforWorkScale,dataanalysesfollowedtwomainstages: thefirst concernedthe heterogeneoussample (N=101)for the exploratoryfactoranalysiswithSPSS22.Thesecondstageinvolved thesampleofprofessionalworkers(N=234)fortheconfirmatory factoranalyses,conductedwithMplus7.Themodelgoodnessof fitwastestedconsideringthefollowingindices:chi-squarevalue (2),ComparativeFitIndex(CFI,Bentler,1990),Tucker-LewisIndex
(TLI;Tucker&Lewis,1973),RootMeanSquareErrorof Approxima-tion(RMSEA;Steiger,1990),andStandardizedRootMeanSquare Residual(SRMR;Jöreskog&Sörbom,1993).
Moreover,inordertoassessthevalidityofthescaleanddeepen thepsychometriccharacteristicsoftheItalianversionofPassionfor Workscale,thecorrelations(Pearson’sr)betweenthetwo dimen-sionsof theItalian versionofPassionfor WorkScaleandother constructthatliteraturehighlightedtobecorrelatedwiththe dual-isticmodelofpassionwereexamined(inboththesamplesusedfor theexploratoryandtheconfirmatoryfactoranalyses;N=335).In fact,inthelightofthecharacteristicsofthetypeofpassionandof howtheworkactivityisinternalized(Marshetal.,2013;Vallerand etal.,2003;Vallerand&Houlfort,2003),itisexpectedthatHPis morecorrelatedwithjobandlifesatisfaction,flowatwork expe-riences,and positive emotionsat work,and less withnegative emotionsatwork;onthecontraryOPisexpectedtocorrelatewith HP.Also,ananalysisofvariance(independentsamplest-test)was conductedinorder todeepenthecharacteristicsofthepassion construct,bycomparingpassionscoresforwomenandmen.
Finally,inordertoassesstheinternalconsistenciesofmeasures, Cronbach’salphaswerecalculatedbothforthetwofactorsofthe ItalianversionofthePassionforWorkscale,andforeachmeasure consideredinthestudy.
Correlations,analysesofvarianceandCronbach’salphaswere performedwithSPSS22.
Results
ExploratoryFactorAnalysis
Theexploratoryfactoranalysishasbeenconductedwiththe maximumlikelihood(ML)extractionfromthe14items,through differentsolutionsinordertoexploredata:eigenvalues>1with twofactorsextraction,andthentherequirementofone,two,and threefactorswithnorotation,withVarimax,withOblimin,and withPromaxrotationforeachnumberoffactorsextraction.Inline withtheoreticalbasesand previousempiricalfindings, thebest resultwasthetwo-factorsolutionwithObliminrotation(Kaiser’s normalization)and,asexpectedandinlinewiththeoriginalscale by Vallerand et al. (2003), factors can be named Harmonious PassionandObsessivePassion.Withinthissolution,eliminating item7fromthedimensionofHPwaschosen(originalitem“Iam completelytakenwiththisactivity”,Italiantranslation“sono com-pletamentepresodaquestolavoro”),sinceitoverlappedwiththe twofactors.Actually,intheItalianlanguage,thisitemcouldsuggest alsothesensetobeveryoccupiedintheactivity,inlinewiththe conceptofobsessivethought.Theexploratoryfactoranalysiswith 13itemswashenceconductedtoverifythenewfactorsolution, withgoodresults.Thechosensolutionresultedthereforecomposed by13items(seeTable1):HP(sixitems,␣=.92)andOP(sevenitems, ␣=.87).Thefactorloadingforthe13-itemsolutionrangesbetween |.68|and|.95|forHP,andbetween|.56|and|.79|forOP.Moreover, theBartlett’sTestofSphericityissignificant(p<.000),thusmaking thefactoranalysispossible,andtheKMOisverysatisfactory(.87). The factor solution absorbs 61.5% of the total variance (HP explains44.1%ofthevarianceandOPexplains17.4%)andthisis inlinewiththeoriginal14-itemscalebyVallerandetal.(2003) thatabsorbed54.7%ofthetotalvariance.
ThecorrelationbetweenthetwofactorsHPandOPisr=.36. ConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis
Theconfirmatoryfactoranalysiswasperformedonthesecond sample(N=234).AsshowninTable2,differentmodelsweretested withMLmethod:withonefactor,withtwofactorswiththeoriginal compositionoffactors,andwith13itemswithoutitem7,onthe basisoftheexploratoryfactoranalysis.Model1and2gave unsat-isfactoryfitindicesandModel3showedfitindicesnotcompletely acceptable. Evaluating the modifications indices calculated by Mplus(defaultoptionModificationM.I.–3.840),thefitimproved by addingtwo correlations in themodel estimation (Model 4). Morespecifically,correlationsbetweenitems5and6andbetween items8and9wereincluded.Atasemanticlevel,thesuggested correlationsmadesense:items5(“Thisactivityisinharmonywith theotheractivitiesinmylife”)and6(“Formeitisapassion,thatI stillmanagetocontrol”)infacttheyseemtobeparticularlylinked totheaspectsoftheharmoniousbalanceoftheworkingactivity withtheindividual’slifeandofthenon-pervasivenessofworkin thelifetime.Moreover,atasemanticlevel,items8(“Icannotlive withoutit”)and9(“Theurgeissostrong,Ican’thelpdoingthis activity”)seemtobelinkedtotheexclusivityoftheworkandits pervasiveness,asiftheworkwererelatedtotheidentityofthe personcharacterizinghis/herlife.Therefore,Model4was calcu-latedobtaininggoodfitindices.Moreover,thisinclusiondidnot modifyother estimatedparameters, and thedualisticmodel of
Table1
ExploratoryFactorAnalysis-13-itemSolution(MLextraction;Obliminrotation;Kaiser’snormalization).N=101.
ItemNumber Items Factors
HP OP
i2 Lecosenuovechescoproconquestolavoromipermettonodiapprezzarloancoradipiù. [ThenewthingsthatIdiscoverwiththisactivityallowmetoappreciateitevenmore]
.95 -.11 i3 Questolavoromipermettedivivereesperienzemoltopositive.
[Thisactivityallowsmetolivememorableexperiences]
.89 -.01 i1 Questolavoromipermettediviverediverseesperienze.
[Thisactivityallowsmetoliveavarietyofexperiences]
.84 -.03 i4 Questolavororiflettelequalitàcheamodime.
[ThisactivityreflectsthequalitiesIlikeaboutmyself]
.73 .17
i5 Questolavoroèinequilibrioconlealtreattivitàdellamiavita. [Thisactivityisinharmonywiththeotheractivitiesinmylife]
.69 -.04 i6 Questolavoropermeèunapassionechesocontrollare.
[Formeitisapassion,thatIstillmanagetocontrol]
.68 .27
i11 Sonoemotivamentedipendentedaquestolavoro. [Iamemotionallydependentonthisactivity]
.08 .79
i9 Ildesideriodisvolgerequestolavoroècosìfortechenonriescoafarneameno. [Theurgeissostrong,Ican’thelpdoingthisactivity]
.23 .77
i10 Hodifficoltàaimmaginarelamiavitasenzaquestolavoro. [Ihavedifficultyimaginingmylifewithoutthisactivity]
.16 .74
i13 Provounsentimentoquasiossessivoversoquestolavoro. [Ihavealmostanobsessivefeelingforthisactivity]
-.05 .74 i8 Nonpossoviveresenzaquestolavoro.
[Icannotlivewithoutit]
.16 .71
i12 Controllocondifficoltàilmiobisognodisvolgerequestolavoro. [Ihaveatoughtimecontrollingmyneedtodothisactivity]
-.11 .65 i14 Ilmioumoredipendedallamiacapacitàdisvolgerequestolavoro.
[Mymooddependsonmebeingabletodothisactivity]
-.09 .56
Alpha .92 .87
Mean(item) 4.19 2.20
Standarddeviation 1.4 1.3
Correlationbetweenfactors
HP OP
HP 1
OP .36 1
Note.HP=HarmoniousPassion,OP=ObsessivePassion. Table2
ResultsoftheConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis:EstimatedModels(N=234).
MODEL 2 df p RMSEA CFI TLI SRMR AIC BIC
Model1: 14-itemModel (onefactor) 767.374 77 .000 .20 .59 .52 .17 15979.629 16123.477 Model2: 14-itemModel (twofactors) 273.754 76 .000 .11 .88 .86 .08 15488.009 15635.282 Model3: 13-itemModel (withoutitem7) 275.436 64 .000 .12 .89 .86 .08 14722.362 14859.360 Model4: 13-itemModel
(withoutitem7andcorrelationsbetweenitems5and6, andbetweenitems8and9)
179.466 62 .000 .09 .94 .92 .06 14651.726 14795.574
passionemerged fromthe analysis.It hastobenoted thatthe RMSEA value can be improved, but other modifications were not added in the estimation of the model, in order to have a cleanermodel.Thesearepreliminaryanalyses,andaccordingto MacCallum,BrowneandSugawara(1996),RMSEAvaluesranging between.08and.10arestillacceptable.
DeepeningModel4,allitemsloadonlyontheintended fac-torsandfactorsloadingrangebetween|.34|and|.93|forHP,and between|.46|and|.85|forOP(seeFigure1).
Thecorrelationbetweenfactorsispositive,inlinewiththe ori-ginalscaleofpassionbyVallerandetal.(2003).
Validity
Results of correlations between the two dimensions of the ItalianversionofthePassionforWorkScale(thattheliterature
indicatesascorrelatedwiththetwoelementsofpassion),job sat-isfaction,lifesatisfaction,positiveandnegativeemotionsatwork, andflowatworkareshowninTable3.HPshowshighand posi-tivecorrelationswithflowatwork(r=.71),jobsatisfaction(r=54), positive emotionsat work(r=.53),life satisfaction(r=.48),and OP(r=.30),whereasitshowsanegativecorrelationwithnegative emotionsatwork(r=-.27).AsforOP,itshowspositivecorrelations withflowatwork(r=.38),negativeemotionsatwork(r=.20),job satisfaction(r=.16),and–thoughweak–withpositiveemotions atwork(r=.13).
Theresultsofthet-testforindependentsampleswasnot signi-ficant:inthissample,therearenotdifferencesintheperceptionof passion,bothHP,t(330)=-.901,p=.37,andOP,t(330)=.009,p=.99, forwomen(MeanHP=24.71,SD=8.21;MeanOP=14.24,SD=7.90) and men (Mean HP=25.59, SD=8.38; Mean OP=14.24, SD= 6.72).
Harmonious
passion
Obsessive
passion
.23 .62 .58 .34 .78 .91 .93 .88 i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 i8 i9 i10 i11 i12 i13 i13 .02 .01 .02 .03 .06 .04 .49 .40 .04 .04 .03 .03 .03 .04 .05 .71 .73 .85 .81 .74 .46Figure1.ResultsoftheConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis(N=234).
Table3
Means,StandardDeviations,andCorrelations(Pearson’sr)(N=335).
M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.Harmoniouspassion 4.25 1.39 (.92)
2.Obsessivepassion 2.03 1.01 .30** (.87)
3.Jobsatisfaction 3.43 0.72 .54** .16** (.82)
4.Lifesatisfaction 4.42 1.29 .48** .10 .54** (.91)
5.Positiveemotionsatwork 3.70 1.01 .53** .13 .59** .50** (.75)
6.Negativeemotionsatwork 2.82 0.96 -.27** .20** -.35** -.36** -.50** (.84)
7.Flowatwork 3.91 1.05 .71** .38** .50** .40** .56** -.27** (.90)
Note.Cronbach’salphasonthediagonal(betweenbrackets).
**p<.01.
DiscussionandConclusions
Theaimofthisstudywastoassess,throughpsychometric eva-luations,apreliminaryversionofthePassionScaleappliedtowork intheItalianlanguagefromtheoriginalscalebyVallerandetal. (2003).
Theexploratoryfactor analysiswasconductedwithOblimin rotationand showedthedualisticstructure ofthepassion con-struct,reflectingthetheorybyVallerandetal.(2003).Inthisstepof analysis,item7wasdeleted,reducingthescalefrom14to13items. ThisisquiteconsistentwiththestudybyGonc¸alvesetal.(2014)on theadaptationandvalidationofthePassionScaleinPortuguese: item7seemstooverlapwiththetwodimensionsofHPandOP (maybebecauseofthepositiveandnegativeambiguityoftheitem –“I amcompletelytakenwiththis activity”–since it overlaps withHPandOPbothinItalianandPortuguese),suggestinga dele-tionoftheitem.Inthissense,supportingthisdata,theseauthors highlightthefactthatitem7istheonewiththelowestscore load-ing,alsointheoriginalstudybyVallerandetal.(2003).Therefore, onthebasisoftheresultsofthisstudyandofpreviousstudies, the13-itemsolutionwasacceptedandrevealedtwofactors,HP (with6 items)and OP(with 7items), in linewiththeoriginal scale.
The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 13-item model,thatfollowedthemodificationindices(Model4),respected theoriginalfactor-structuresuggestedbyVallerandetal.(2003), andalsothebifactorstructurefoundbyOrgambídez-Ramosetal. (2014),andfittedthedatabetterthantheothermodel(Model1). Addingthecorrelationsbetweenitems5and6andbetweenitems 8and9,infact,didnotalteranyestimatedparameterinthemodel andresultedreasonablefromasemanticstandpoint.Moreover,this procedureisinlinewiththestudyonthePassionScaleforan acti-vitylaterdevelopedbyMarshetal.,2013,whichaddedthistypeof modificationinbothHPandOPdimensions.
Ithastobenotedthattheconfirmatoryfactoranalysisshows someitems(5,6,and13)loadingunderthe.60value.However,this isafirstpsychometricandpreliminaryevaluationofthemeasure, thatcanbeagoodguidelineforfutureanalyses,consideringthat fitindicesofthe13-itemmodelareacceptable.
Thecorrelationsbetweenthetwofactorsresultedpositiveboth in theexploratoryand inthe confirmatoryfactor analysis.This positive relationis in linewiththeoriginalstudy byVallerand etal.(2003)andwithotherstudiesonthevalidationofthescale (Gonc¸alvesetal.,2014;Orgambídez-Ramosetal.,2014).Despite thispositiveassociationbetweenHPandOP,thesestudies under-line,however,thatthetwotypesofpassionaredefinedintheir
differencesbythedissimilarassociationofthetwotypesofpassion withvariousoutcomes.Infact,HPisindicatedbyauthorsasrelated withpositivemood,flow,andengagement,whereasOPappearedto berelatedwithexperiencesofconflict,workaddictionina compul-siveview,andnegativemoods,butalsowithflow,engagement,and performance(Carpentieretal.,2012;Vallerand&Houlfort,2003). Correlationsintheentiresample(N=335)performedinthisstudy seemtoconfirmtheseempiricalevidences:HPandOPareagain positivelyassociated,inlinewiththeoriginalstudy(Vallerandetal., 2003).Moreover,HPishighlycorrelatedwithflowatwork,as sug-gestedbyVallerandandHoulfort(2003)andinlinewithstudies suggestingapositiveassociationbetweenpassionandthepositive experienceofflowatwork(Vallerand&Houlfort,2003),alsoin pro-tectingworkersfromdiscomfort(Lavigneetal.,2012).Moreover,in linewithsuggestionsbyVallerandandHoulfort(2003),HPis pos-itivelyassociatedwithpositiveemotionsatwork,andnegatively associatedwithnegativeemotionsatwork,respectivelyintended asindicatorsofpsychologicalwell-beinganddiscomfort, highlight-ingthepotentialofHPfortheindividualwell-being.Infact,HP resultstobealsohighlyandpositivelylinkedwithbothjob satis-faction(inlinewiththestudybyOrgambídez-Ramosetal.,2014) andlifesatisfaction(inlinewiththestudybyMarshetal.,2013). Allthesepositiveoutcomespositivelyandstronglyrelatedwith HPsuggesttherelevanceofHPandtheimportanceofreinforcethe awarenessaboutHPtobetterfosterworkers’well-beingindaily workingactivity.
AsforthecorrelationsofOP,itisinterestingtonoteapositive associationbetweenOPandflowatwork:thesearenotsurprising results,sinceanindividualwhohasdevelopedanOPforworkfinds itimportant,isdedicatedtoit,andisabsorbed.Thesearealso char-acteristicsofflowatwork(Bakker,2008)andareinlinewiththe assumptionthatworkingwithworkload(ordedication)canlead tomoreabsorption,whichisadimensionmakinguptheconstruct offlowatwork(Bakker,2008).Thiscouldexplainalsothepositive correlationsbetweenOPandjobsatisfactionand,evenifweak,with positiveemotionsatwork.Itisimportanttomonitortheaspectsof OP,sincetheindividualfeelshe/sheisworkingonsomethingthat he/shehasinternalizedasimportant,likesorlovesandcouldbe satisfiedwith,butinthelongtermthisactivitycouldbecomein conflictwithotheractivitiesoflife,undermininghealthand well-being.Infact,OPispositivelycorrelatedwithnegativeemotionsat work:thisisinlinewithVallerandandHoulfort(2003),and consi-deringthatnegativeemotionsareoperationalizedasanindicator ofpsychologicaldiscomfort,thisresultsuggestsalsothatOPcanbe damagingfortheindividualwell-being.
InlinewiththestudybyOrgambídez-Ramosetal.(2014),the presentstudydoesnotshowanysignificantdifferencesbetween womenandmenintheperceptionofHPorOP.Itcouldbe interes-tingtodeepenthisaspect,inparticularreferringtotherelation betweenHPandOPandwork-familyconflict.Thissuggestionfor futurestudiescouldbeuseful,first,becausework-familyconflictis depictedintheliteratureandbyempiricalevidencesasagender issue,andsecond,becauseofthelinkbetweenOPandthe possibi-lityofexperimentingconflictwiththelifedomain.
Lookingatthereliabilityofthetwodimensions,theyturned outtobesatisfactory:theCronbach’salphacoefficientsare.92for HP(.79inthestudybyVallerandetal.,2003;.92inthestudyby Gonc¸alvesetal.,2014;.92inthestudybyOrgambídez-Ramosetal., 2014)and.87forOP(.89inthestudybyVallerandetal.,2003;.93in thestudybyGonc¸alvesetal.,2014;.94inthestudyby Orgambídez-Ramosetal.,2014),confirmingagoodinternalconsistencyofthe scales.
Alimitationofthepresentstudyistheuseofaself-report ques-tionnaireandacross-sectionalresearchdesignthatdoesnotpermit toestablishsurerelationsofcausalitybetweenvariables.Another limitationisthesmallsamplesusedinbothstepsofanalysisand
therandomsamplingtechniques thatdo not allowtohave re-presentativesamples.Thisisapreliminarystudyadaptation,but afuturecontinuanceofthepsychometricevaluationofthescale couldfindusefultoincreasethenumberofparticipants.Thiscould alsobefunctionaltoverifythedeletionofitem7,evenifalready anotherstudy(Gonc¸alvesetal.,2014)highlightedproblemswith thisitem.Moreover,enlargingthesamplewouldallowperforming amulti-groupconfirmatoryfactor analysis,whichcouldbevery informativeintheadaptationofthescaletoworkdomain.
Toconclude,thisstudyshowedthattheItalianversionofthe PassionScaleappliedtoworkcanbemeasuredinareliablyway, also considering the good psychometric characteristics. In this sense, thescale can beused in applied researchto assess the passionfor workactivitiesinorganizational contexts. Consider-ingtheextensiveinterestforthepassionconstructandthe dif-ferentlanguagesthroughwhichitisbeingmoreandmoredetected, thepresent Italianscale couldrepresentboth a contributionto thepassion constructthat canbe measuredalsoamong Italian workers,andingeneraltothestudyonpassionforwork.Beyond this,organizationalsurveyswouldinvestigatealsotherelationship betweenperceptionofpassionandwell-being/distressexperience amongworkers,allowingthereflectiononworkdynamics.Human resourcesmanagerscouldfind theawareness oftheseworking aspectsusefulinordertoprojectinterventionsto:developthe pos-itivesideofpassion,makeworkersawareoftherisksassociated toanobsessiverelationwithwork,anddevelopanddiffuse well-beingpracticeorientedtoawareness,suchasindividuals’ skills evaluationsandfocusedtrainingforsupervisorsandemployees.
ConflictofInterest
Theauthorsofthisarticledeclarenoconflictofinterest.
References
Bakker,A.B.(2008).TheWork-RelatedFlow Inventory:constructionand ini-tial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 400–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.007
Bentler,P.M.(1990).Comparativefitindexesinstructuralmodels.Psychological Bulletin,107,238–246.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 Carpentier,J.,Mageau,G.A.,&Vallerand,R.J.(2012).Ruminationandflow:whydo
peoplewithamoreharmoniouspassionexperiencehigherwell-being?Journal ofHappinessStudies,13,501–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9276-Deci,E.L.,&Ryan,R.M.(2000).The“what”and“why”ofgoalpursuits:humanneeds andtheself-determinationofbehavior.PscyhologicalInquirllly,11,227–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI110401
Donahue,E.G.,Forest,J.,Vallerand,R.J.,Lemyre,P.,Crevier-Braud,L.,&Bergeron, É.(2012).Passionforworkandemotionalexhaustion:themediatingroleof ruminationandrecovery.AppliedPsychology:HealthandWell-Being,4,341–368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2012.01078.x
Gonc¸alves, G., Orgambídez-Ramos, A., Ferrão, M. C., & Parreira, T. (2014). Adaptation and initial validation of the Passion Scale in a Portuguese sample. Escritos de Psicología – Psychological Writings, 7(2), 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5231.psy.writ.2014.2503.
Jöreskog,K.G.,&Sörbom,D.(1993).LISREL8user’sreferenceguide.Chicago,IL: Sci-entificSoftwareInternational.
Lavigne,G.L.,Forest,J.,&Crevier-Braud,L.(2012).Passionatworkandburnout: atwo-studytestofthemediatingroleofflowexperiences.European Jour-nalof Work and OrganizationalPsychology, 21, 518–546.http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/1359432X.2011.578390
MacCallum,R.C.,Browne,M.W.,&Sugawara,H.M.(1996).Poweranalysisand determinationofsamplesizeforcovariancestructuremodeling.Psychological Methods,1,130–149.
Mageau,G.A.,Vallerand,R.J.,Charest,J.,Salvy,S.,Lacaille,N.,Bouffard,T.,&Koestner, R.(2009).Onthedevelopmentofharmoniousandobsessivepassion:theroleof autonomysupport,activityvaluationandidentityprocess.JournalofPersonality, 77,601–645.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00559.x
Marsh, H. W., Vallerand, R. J., Lafrenière, M. K., Parker, P., Morin, A. J. S., Carbonneau, N., ... Paquet, Y. (2013). Does one scale fit all? Con-structvalidityoftwo-factorpassionscaleandpsychometricinvarianceover different activities and languages. Psychological Assessment, 25, 796–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032573
Orgambídez-Ramos,A.,Borrego-Alés,Y.,&Gonc¸alves,G.(2014).Passionateworkers: aSpanishadaptationofthePassionScale.JournalofWorkandOrganizational Psychology,30,43–48.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2014.06.005
Pavot,W.,&Diener,E.(1993).ReviewoftheSatisfactionwithLifeScale.Psychological Assessment,5,164–172.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164 Pejtersen,J.H.,Kristensen,T.S.,Borg,V.,&Bjorner,J.B.(2010).Thesecondversion
oftheCopenhagenPsychosocialQuestionnaire.ScandinavianJournalofPublic Health,38,8–24.http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494809349858
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Steiger,J.H.(1990).Structuralmodelevaluationandmodification:aninterval esti-mationapproach.MultivariateBehavioralResearch,25,173–180.
Tucker,L.R.,&Lewis,C.(1973).Areliabilitycoefficientformaximumlikelihood factoranalysis.Psychometrika,38,1–10.
Vallerand,R. J.,Blanchard, C.,Mageau,G.A.,Koestner,R.,Ratelle,C.,Léonard, M., ... Marsolais, J. (2003). Les passions de l’âme: On obsessive and
harmoniouspassion.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,85,756–767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756
Vallerand,R.J.,&Houlfort,N.(2003).Passionatwork:Towardanew conceptuali-zation.InS.W.Gilliland,D.D.Steiner,D.P.Skarlicki,&C.T.Greenwich(Eds.), Emergingperspectivesonvaluesinorganizations(pp.175–204).Greenwich,CT: InformationAgePublishing.
Warr, P. (1990).The measurementofwell-being and other aspectsof men-talhealth.JournalofOccupationalPsychology,63,193–210.http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x
Zito,M.,Bakker,A.B.,Colombo,L.,&Cortese,C.G.(2015).Atwo-stepsstudyfor theItalianadaptationoftheWork-reLatedFlow(WOLF)inventory:theI-WOLF. TPM-Testing,Psychometrics,MethodologyinAppliedPsychology,22,553–570. http://dx.doi.org/10.4473/TPM22.4.8