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IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...III

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...IV

LIST OF FIGURES ...VIII

LIST OF TABLES ...XI

Chapter 1

Introduction

− 1.1 Composite Materials ...1

− 1.2 Laminar Composites ...2

− 1.3 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composites ...3

− 1.4 Impact Damage: Delamination of Composites ...4

− 1.5 Through-the-Thickness Reinforcement (TTR): Z-Pinning ...5

− 1.6 Thesis Topic ...5

Chapter 2

Literature Review

− 2.1 Delamination ...7

− 2.1.1 Strength of Material Approach ...9

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V

− 2.2 Impact ...14

− 2.2.1 Definition of Low / High Velocity Impact ...16

− 2.2.2 Failure Modes in Low Velocity Impact ...17

− 2.2.3 Post Impact Residual Strength ...18

− 2.2.4 Influence of Different Parameters on the Impact Damage ...19

− 2.3 Through-the Thickness Reinforcement (TTR) ...22

− 2.3.1 Stitching ...23

− 2.3.2 Tufting ...24

− 2.3.3 Z-Pinning ...25

− 2.3.3.1 Z-Fibres ...26

− 2.3.3.2 Preform ...26

− 2.3.3.3 Insertion of the Pins in the Laminate ...28

− 2.4 Previous Work on Z-Pinned Laminates ...31

Chapter 3

Manufacturing Methods

− 3.1 Materials ... ...34 − 3.1.1 G0703 ...34 − 3.1.2 914 Resin ...34 − 3.1.3 Structil Epoxy EA 9685 ...35 − 3.1.4 T300/BMI Rodstock ...35 − 3.1.5 Support Foam ...35 − 3.1.6 Base Foam ...35 − 3.2 Preform Manufacturing ...36 − 3.2.1 Preform Manufacture ...36 − 3.2.2 Pin Insertion ...37 − 3.3 I-Section Manufacturing ...38 − 3.3.1 Prepreg Cutting ...38

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VI − 3.3.2 Lay up ...39 − 3.4 Z-Pinning ...41 − 3.4.1 Preparation ...41 − 3.4.2 Insertion ...43 − 3.5 Curing ...44

− 3.6 I-Joints Cutting & Post-Curing ...46

− 3.7 Test Fixture ...46

Chapter 4

Testing Methods

− 4.1 Tension ...48 − 4.2 Impact ...49

Chapter 5

Results and Discussion

− 5.1 Tests Carried out ...53

− 5.2 Reinforcement Content Verification ...54

− 5.3 Control Tests ...55

− 5.4 Overlap Lenght Tests ...56

− 5.5 Reinforced Overlap Lenght Tests ...58

− 5.6 Impacted I-Section Tests ...60

− 5.7 Analysis of Results ...61

− 5.7.1 Pinning Density Verification ...61

− 5.7.2 Control Tests Analysis ...62

− 5.7.3 Overlap Length Analysis ...62

− 5.7.4 Reinforced Overlap Length Analysis ...63

− 5.7.5 Impacted I-Section Analyses ...66

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VII

Chapter 6

Conclusions

− 6.1 Conclusions ………...………...69

REFERENCES ...71

APPENDIX ...74

Riferimenti

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