Strengthening and redesigning flood risk governance in Europe: an overview of seven key issues and how they are being dealt with in six European countries
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(4) production between public and private actors; (iv) improving fragmented and often non-enforceable rule systems; (v) optimising available resources for FRM; (vi) operationalising . country-specific way; (vii) follow general design principles for improving FRM that are sufficiently tailored to local circumstances. Drawing on all project deliverables, this paper will briefly review each key issue, discuss salient similarities and differences between the countries and point at ways forward.. 1 Introduction This report discusses the key conclusions of the EU FP7 project STAR-FLOOD. This project focused on analysing, explaining, evaluating and designing flood risk governance in six European countries: Belgium, England, France, The Netherlands, Poland and Sweden [1, 2]. The key conclusions are intended to help develop policy design principles for flood risk governance arrangements and to derive implications for policies and law at the level of the EU, its member states, regional authorities, and public-private partnerships. In so doing, the report reflects on two starting assumptions of the project (see box 1) [1]: Box 1: STAR-)/22'¶VVWDUWLQJDVVXPSWLRQV [1] Assumption 1: Societal resilience to floods is enhanced if multiple Flood Risk Management Strategies are implemented simultaneously and are aligned. Assumption 2: A successful implementation of a diverse, resilient, set of FRSs ± requiring a combination of old and new strategies and coordination of different strategies ± in a certain area is only possible if these strategies and their coordination are appropriate. They should enhance make efficient use of re-sources and should be considered legitimate by actors involved, thus ensuring proper institutional embedding given the opportunities and constraints of their physical and social context. Both starting assumptions have been derived from current debates in literature, policies (including the EU Floods Directive, Directive 2007/60/EC) and practice on flood a Corresponding author: d.l.t.hegger@uu.nl. risk governance in times of increasing flood risks due to urbanisation and the effects of climate change. Riskbased approaches to flood risk management are emerging that address exposure, likelihood and magnitude of flood hazards as well as the consequences should floods occur [2-6]. While flood defence focuses on reducing the likelihood of floods, additional strategies help to take into account the other aspects of flood risk. Flood prevention helps to reduce exposure; flood mitigation focuses on the magnitude of the flood hazard; while flood preparation and recovery both deal with the potential consequences of floods [2]. Strategies should, however, be implemented in such a way that they fit in their physical and institutional contexts. Our key findings, which have been listed below, provide the building blocks for scrutinising and elaborating the two starting assumptions. To each key finding, a separate section has been devoted, providing an explanation of each key finding and referring to those STAR-FLOOD products that provide the main evidence for this finding.. 2 Necessity and importance diversification of Flood Management Strategies. of a Risk.
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