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HIGH ENERGY SPECTROSCOPIES OF Cu COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING THE NEW

SUPERCONDUCTORS

M. Grioni, J. Fuggle, P. Weijs, J. Goedkoop, G. Rossi, F. Schaefers, J. Fink, N. Nücker

To cite this version:

M. Grioni, J. Fuggle, P. Weijs, J. Goedkoop, G. Rossi, et al.. HIGH ENERGY SPECTROSCOPIES

OF Cu COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING THE NEW SUPERCONDUCTORS. Journal de Physique Col-

loques, 1987, 48 (C9), pp.C9-1189-C9-1192. �10.1051/jphyscol:19879214�. �jpa-00227335�

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HIGH ENERGY

SPECTROSCOPIES OF Cu COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING

THE NEW

SUPERCONDUCTORS

M. G R I O N I * , * * ,

J.C.

~ G G L E * , P.J.W. WEIJS', J.B. GOEDKOOP*,

G. ROSSI"

, F.

SCHAEFERS* *

,

J.

FINK*

* * * and

N. N ~ K E R *

* *

' ~ e s e a r c h Institute for Materials, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands

'"LURE,

Universit6 Paris-Sud,

F-91405

Orsay Cedex, France ' * * ~ e r l i n e r Elektronenenspeicherring-Gesellschaft fiir Synchrotronstrahlung

mbH

(BESSY),

0 - 1 0 0 0

Berlin

33. F.R.G.

* * * *

Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut far Nukleare Festkdrperphysik. Karlsruhe,

F.R.G.

Abstract

High e n e r g y s p e c t r o s c o p i e s a r e w e l l s u i t e d t o a d d r e s s t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s s u e of Cu v a l e n c e i n t h e new high Tc s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s , as t h e y can d i s c r i m i n a t e b e t w e e n v a r i o u s o s s i b l e Cu c o n f i g u r a t i o n s (d8, d9 o r dlO). XAS, XPS and AES s p e c t r a of cu1, Cu

PI

and culI1 compounds show that, as a r e s u l t s of h y b r i d i z a t i o n , t h e a c t u a l Cu d-count can be q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f r o m what i s e x p e c t e d f r o m s i m p l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s b a s e d on t h e f o r m a l v a l e n c e . A v a l u e o f

-

9.3 i s i n f e r r e d e l e c t r o n s f o r t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t e r s . D i s c r e p a n c i e s i n t h e p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t s a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o i n s u f f i c i e n t s a m p l e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n : we p r o p o s e t o adopt t h e

0

1s XPS s i g n a l as a s t a n d a r d p r o b e of s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n i n t h e s e m a t e r i a l s .

l n t r o d u c t i ~ n

F o r high e n e r g y s p e c t r o s c o p i s t s t h e new h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s u p e r c o n d u c t o r m a t e r i a l s a r e i n t e r e s t i n g b e c a u s e t h e y g i v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e p o w e r o f t h e i r t e c h n i q u e s and b e c a u s e t h e y show i n t e r e s t i n g s p e c t r o s c o p i c phenomena. The use o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s p e c t r o s c o p i e s (XPS, UPS, s y n c h r o t r o n PSI, A u g e r s p e c t r o s c o p i e s (AES) and X-ray a b s o r p t i o n and e m i s s i o n (XAS, XES) should be a b l e t o p r o v i d e i n s i g h t i n t o questions such as: I s cu3+ (Cu d8) r e a l l y p r e s e n t ? A r e p e r o x i d e - l i k e species p r e s e n t ? and, how i m p o r t a n t a r e e l e c t r o n c o r r e l a t i o n and h y b r i d i z a t i o n (mixing) of t h e bands? U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r u s h of p u b l i c a t i o n s h a s l e d t o d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e data, and even i n p u b l i s h e d e x p e r i m e n t a l data. The v a r i a t i o n s of r e s u l t s f r o m n o m i n a l l y s i m i l a r compounds i n d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s i s an i n d i c a t i o n of t h e c o m p l e x i t y of t h e s e m a t e r i a l s . The m a t e r i a l s LafCuO and YBazCu306 a r e i n t r i n s i c a l l y s e m i c o n d u c t o r s ( o p t i c a l

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19879214

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C9-1190 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

d a t a i n d i c a t e a g a p o f

-

2 eV i n La2CuOq a n d s o m e w h a t l e s s i n Y B a ~ C u 3 0 7 / I , 2, 3 / ) . M o r e o v e r , " d o p i n g " w i t h v a c a n c i e s , i n c r e a s i n g o x y g e n c o n t e n t , a n d s u b s t i t u t i o n o f L a b y S r o r Ba a l l i n t r o d u c e s t a t e s i n t o t h e gap. C l e a r l y s m a l l a n d a t p r e s e n t p o o r l y d e f i n e d c h a n g e s i n t h e d o p a n t , a s w e l l a s s u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n , a l l l e a d t o l a r g e c h a n g e s i n t h e p h y s i c a l a n d s p e c t r o s c o p i c p r o p e r t i e s of t h e m a t e r i a l s .

R e s u l t s a n d d i s c u s s i o n

M a n y o f t h e p r o m i n e n t h i g h - e n e r g y s p e c t r o s c o p i e s (XPS, AES, UPS) a r e s u r f a c e s e n s i t i v e t e c h n i q u e s , a n d b e c a u s e o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e new s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o p r e p a r e s u r f a c e s o f k n o w n c o m p o s i t i o n . T h e s i t u a t i o n w i l l n o t i m p r o v e u n t i l l a r g e , n o n - p o r o u s s a m p l e s a r e m o r e w i d e l y , a v a i l a b l e f o r c l e a v a g e a n d f r a c t u r e u n d e r v a c u u m . I n o u r o p i n i o n t h e 0 1 s s i g n a l i s one o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t m o n i t o r s o f s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n . U n s c r a p e d s a m p l e s s h o w a l a r g e

0

1s s i g n a l a t

-

532 eV w h i c h m a y b e a t t r i b u t e d t o h y d r o x i d e ( t h e y a l s o show a l a r g e

C

1s XPS s i g n a l ) . W h e n w e s c r a p e a f a i r l y c o m p a c t s a m p l e o f L a z C u O q o r ( L a S r ) z C u O q t h a t h a s b e e n k e p t a w a y f r o m a l l m o i s t u r e , w e f i n d t h a t t h r o u g h s c r a p i n g (with, w e t h i n k , c o n s e q u e n t f r a c t u r e o f m o s t g r a i n s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e XPS s i g n a l ) w e o b s e r v e a s i n g l e 0 I s p e a k a t 528.5 eV. I f t h e f r e s h l y s c r a p e d s a m p l e s a r e l e f t i n v a c u u m a s h o u l d e r g r o w s i n t h e XPS p e a k a t

-

531 eV (Fig.

I). T h i s c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o s o m e s o r t o f h y d r o x i d e f o r m e d b y d i f f u s i o n of s m a l l a m o u n t s o f h y d r o g e n f r o m t h e b u l k , o r t o t h e e f f e c t of o x y g e n v a c a n c i e s i n t h e l a t t i c e , o r t o u n k n o w n e f f e c t s . I n o u r p u b l i c a t i o n s w e a l w a y s r e f e r t o s p e c t r a f r o m (LaSr)zCuOq s a m p l e s w h i c h g a v e a s i n g l e b r o a d 0 1 s p e a k a t 5 2 8 . 5 eV.

he

s i t u a t i o n f o r Y B a 2 C ~ 3 0 7 _ ~ c o m p o u n d s i s m o r e c o m p l e x . We do s t r o n g l y r e c o m m e n d p u b l i c a t i o n o f 0 1s XPS s p e c t r a t o p r o v i d e a b a s i s f o r c o m p a r i s o n o f s p e c t r a f r o m d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s .

1.5 day

afier .

scraping

I

,.U..--~w

. ,.5 -- ..*-

*.+-wm- scraped

F i a u r e 1 : 01s XPS s i g n a l f r o m a s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g s a m p l e , s h o w i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f p e r m a n e n c e u n d e r v a c u u m .

(4)

/ 5 / . They a r e s u g g e s t i v e o f a Cu d - c o u n t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 . 3 . We h a v e n o t f o u n d any e v i d e n c e f o r cu3+ (d8) i n o u r s p e c t r a , a n d w e h a v e n o t been c o n v i n c e d b y a n y o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e w e h a v e s e e n w h i c h q u o t e d h i g h e n e r g y s p e c t r o s c o p i c d a t a as e v i d e n c e f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f c u 3 + . We h a v e a l s o p u b l i s h e d / 6 / o u r o p l n i o n t h a t Cu LVV A u g e r s p e c t r a , s a t e l l i t e s i n v a l e n c e b a n d p h o t o e m i s s i o n , and c o m p a r i s o n o f XPS v a l e n c e b a n d s w i t h c a l c u l a t e d d e n s i t y o f s t a t e s c u r v e s , a l l g i v e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e C o u l o m b i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e Cu 3 d e l e c t r o n s i s t o o h i g h f o r t h e Cu d8 c o n f i g u r a t i o n t o c o n t r i b u t e m o r e t h a n s o m e p e r c e n t t o t h e t o t a l w a v e f u n c t i o n i n t h e g r o u n d s t a t e o f t h e u n d o p e d m a t e r i a l s , a n d t h a t t h e o x y g e n a t o m s a r e n o t p u r e 0'-. We a r e n o t a l o n e i n t h e s e o p i n i o n s / 7 - 1 2 / . The d8 c o n f i g u r a t i o n m a y h a v e a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r w e i g h t i n t h e s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g (doped) m a t e r i a l s , b u t t h i s i s n o t i m m e d i a t e l y o b v i o u s f r o m t h e s p e c t r a .

A n o t h e r t e c h n i q u e w h i c h c a n g i v e s o m e i n s i g h t i n t o t h e e l e c t r o n i c s t r u c t u r e o f Cu i n i t s c o m p o u n d s i s x - r a y a b s o r p t i o n . I n F i g . 2 w e i l l u s t r a t e t h e s p e c t r a o f t h e Cu L 3 a n d L Z e d g e s a t 932 a n d 9 5 2 eV. When i t i s a v a i l a b l e , t h e 2p-3d e x c i t a t i o n c h a n n e l i s s t r o n g e r t h a n t h e 2p+4s c h a n n e l . T h u s d i v a l e n t Cu ions, w h i c h a r e n o m i n a l l y Cu d9 a n d h a v e one d h o l e , g i v e s t r o n g s h a r p p e a k s a t t h e Cu L a n d L2 edges, w h e r e a s c u O ( e . g . Cu m e t a l ) a n d cul, w h i c h a r e n o m i n a l l y Cu d

i

O, g i v e n o s h a r p p e a t . T h u s i f one c a n s a t i s f a c t o r i l y n o r m a l i z e t h e s p e c t r a , o n e c o u l d u s e t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e p e a k s n e a r t h e e d g e s t o e s t i m a t e t h e Cu d - c o u n t i n Cu c o m p o u n d s . We h a v e n o t y e t f o u n d a m e t h o d o f n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f t h e

CU LP

XAS

u.

930 940 950 960

h v (eV)

F i a u r e 2 : Cu L z , ~ XAS s p e c t r a o f n o m i n a l l y c u O n cul, CU" compounds, n o r m a l i z e d t o t h e s a m e i n t e n s i t y b e l o w t h e edge, a n d o f a h i g h Tc s a m p l e . A r r o w s m a r k t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g XPS b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s .

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C9-1192 JOURNAL

DE

PHYSIQUE

s p e c t r a s a t i s f a c t o r f o r t h i s p u r p o s e , b u t it i s c l e a r l y p o s s i b l e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n c u l a n d CuP1 c o m p o u n d s . N o t e t h a t CuzO, w h i c h i s n o m i n a l l y cur, i s a s p e c i a l c a s e . T h e s p e c t r u m s h o w s a w e a k f e a t u r e a t

-

0 9 3 0 . 7 eV due t o CuO i m p u r i t y , a n d t h e n a s t r o n g p e a k a t 9 3 3 . 7 eV. T h i s l a t t e r i s p r o b a b l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Cu 3 d c h a r a c t e r w h i c h i s p r e s e n t i n c a l c u l a t i o n s of t h e u n o c c u p i e d s t a t e s ( t o b e p r e s e n t e d i n a d i f f e r e n t p a p e r ) . T h i s s h o w s t h a t e v e n C U ' c o m p o u n d s n e e d n o t b e s t r i c t l y d l 0 b e c a u s e o f t h e e f f e c t s o f h y b r i d i z a t i o n . T u r n i n g t o L a 1 . g S r 0 . 2 C u 0 4 , w e f i n d a s i n g l e s t r o n g p e a k a t t h e edge. We f i n d n o s e c o n d p e a k a s o b s e r v e d i n CUI" c o m p l e x e s a n d c o m p o u n d s l i k e NaCu02 / 13, 1 4 / .

-

T h e a s s i s t e n c e o f t h e B e s s y s t a f f i s k i n d l y a k n o w l e d g e d . We a l s o t h a n k G.A.

S a w a t z k y f o r u s e f u l d i s c u s s i o n s . T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d i n p a r t b y t h e N e t h e r l a n d s F o u n d a t i o n f o r C h e m i c a l R e s e a r c h (SON), t h e N e t h e r l a n d s O r g a n i s a t i o n f o r t h e A d v a n c e m e n t o f P u r e R e s e a r c h (FOM) a n d b y a g r a n t o f t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y S t i m u l a t i o n P r o g r a m (CODEST).

References

1. S. E t e m a d e t al., P h y s . Rev.B i n p r e s s 2 . J. O r e n s t e i n e t a]., P h y s . R e v . B i n p r e s s

3. S. T a j i m a e t a l . , J a p . J. A p p l . Phys.

a,

(1987) L 4 3 2

4 . N. N u c k e r , J. Fink, B. Renker, D. E w e r t , C. P o l i t i s , P. J. Weijs, a n d J.C.

F u g g l e

,

2. P h y s .

EGZ,

(1987) 9

5. G. v a n d e l Laan, Ph. D. Thesis, Groningen, 1982; G . v a n d e r Laan, C. W e s t r a , a n d G.A. S a w a t z k y , Phys. Rev.

M

(1981) 4 3 6 9

6 . J.C. F u g g l e , P.J. Weijs, R. S c h o o r l , G.A. S a w a t z k y , J. F i n k , N. N u c k e r , P.S. Durham, a n d W.M. T e m m e r m a n , P h y s . R e v . B i n p r e s s

7 . P.W. A n d e r s o n , S c i e n c e

a,

( 1 987) 1 196; P.W. A n d e r s o n , G. B a s k a r a n , Z . Zou, a n d H. Hsu, P h y s . Rev. L e t t . (1987) 2 7 9 0

8 . S. K i v e l s o n , D. R o k h s a r , a n d J. Sethna, P h y s . Rev. & ( I 9 8 7 1 8 8 6 5 9. V.J. E m e r y , P h y s . Rev. L e t t . x ( 1 9 8 7 ) 2 7 9 4

10. C.M. Varma, G. Schmitt-Rink, a n d A . A b r a h a m s , S o l i d S t a t e Comm. Q (I 987) 6 8 1

11. A. F u j i m o r i , E. T a k a y a m a - M u r o m a c h i , Y . Uchida, a n d B. Okai, P h y s . Rev. m ( 1 9 8 7 ) 8 8 1 4

12. P. T h i r y , G. Rossi, Y . P e t r o f f , A . R e v c o l e s c h i , a n d J. Jegoudez, E u r o p h y s . L e t t . i n p r e s s

13. F . B a u d e l e t , G. C o l l i n , E . D a r t y g e , A . F o n t a i n e , J.P. K a p p l e r , G. K r i l l , J . P . I t i e , J. Jegoudez, M . M a u r e r , P. Monod, A . R e v c o l e s c h i , H.

T o l e n t i n o , G. T o u r i l l o n , M. V e r d a g u e r , P r o c e e d . o f t h i s C o n f e r e n c e 1 4 . A . Bianconi, A . C o n g i u C a s t e l l a n o , S. D e l l a Longa, H. De Santis, A . Di

Cicco, K . Garg, P. Delogu, A . Gargano, R. Giorgi, P. L a g a r d e , A . M . F l a n k , A . M a r c e l l i , P r o c e e d . o f t h i s C o n f e r e n c e

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