New data for the exotic flora of Campania

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Quad. Bot. Amb. Appl., 16 (2005): 213-218.

New data for the exotic flora of Campania

EMANUELE DEL GUACCHIO

Via Monticelli di Fuorni 25, l-84131, Salerno

ABSTRACT. - New data for the exotic flora of Campania -New data for the exotic flora of Campania are reported. Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd., Acacia saligna (Labili.) H. L. Wendl., Bidens pilosa L., Bidens subalternans DC., Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Asch. et Graebn., Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf. subsp. annuus, Kalanchoe daigremontiana Hamet et H.

Perrier and Macfura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. are new reports for the region. Anredera cordifo/ia (Ten.) Steenis, G/editsia lriacanthos L., Ligustrum lucidum Aiton, Oxalis articulata Savigny, Passiflora coerulea L., Plumbago auricula- /a Lam. and Tradescantia jluminensis Velloso are now confirmed to be naturalized in Campania. Some second reports of naturalized plants and severa! first regional reports of casual aliens have been included.

Key words: flora, Campania, exotic plants.

INTRODUCTION

Exotic plants appear more and more spread and well established in Campania. Nevertheless, they are sometimes poorly known because of the lack of research on the sub- ject, and their regional distribution is often obscure. This work includes some notes on their distribution, based on data gathered during numerous field-trips across the whole region carried up in 2001-2004. Severa! new naturalized entities are reported for Campania, as well as entities formerly reported as established plants but not confirmed later, or alien plants formerly reported only as casual adventitious (TUTIN & al., 1993). Some naturalized aliens, formerly reported only as "sub-spontaneous" (casual aliens escaped from cultivation) are reported as well. Finally, entities considered only as casual aliens at present are listed in the appendix, if they are new for the region.

Naturalization, not always easy to perceive, has been recognized by considering the tempora! or geographical distance of the observations ( either persona I or from literature), the distance from cultivated areas, the type ofhabitat, the age and the number of the observed individuals. As to nomenclature, Flora Europaea (TunN & al., 1968-1980;

TUTIN & al., 1993), Med-Checklist (GREUTER & al., 1984- 1989) and especially CONTI et al. (2005) were followed, by mentioning other sources when deemed necessary. Besides, the most frequently occurring synonyms have been reported. For each naturalized entity, the reason ofthe report, the

geographical area of origin as well as the occurrence of cultivation in Campania are recorded.

lnterpreting literature data has not always been easy, as some authors persist in considering exotic plants just like

"entities with a large distribution", without adequately commenting upon their status¹. This is probably due to the reduced interest towards aliens plants shown by various botanists. Consequently, terms such as "naturalized",

"adventitious" or "sub-spontaneous" are often used as synonyms (e. g. RICCIARDI, 1996).

For simplicity's and clarity's sakes, the definition ofthe status follows the scheme of Med.Checklist (GREUTER &

al., 1984) and Flora Europaea (TUTI & al., 1993). Ali the reported specimens are preserved in the author's herbari- um.

ALPHABETICAL LIST

An asterisk marks the entities reported for the first time as naturalized aliens in the region.

*Acacia /ongifo/ia (Andrews) Willd.

Fabaceae -Australia - Cultivated

§ New naturalized species for Campania

LOCALITIES -Eboli (SA), Capaccio (SA): in severa! places along the coastal road, especially in the pine-wood of loc. Laura.

1 The word status, even ifinitially reserved only to taxonomical purposes (art. 7.4 ofthe ^l.C.B.N^.),is now largely and internationally used in connection to the indigenous or invasive state of an organism living in a certain territory (e. g.: GREUTER & al., 1984; POLDINI & al., 2001). With this meaning (used among other ones), the term status has been used in this work.

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*Acacia saligna (Labili.) H. L. Wendl.

[Syn.: A. cyanophylla Lindi..]

Fabaceae - Australia - Cultivated

LOCALITIES - Capaccio (SA), Eboli (SA), Marina di Camerata (SA): sands and pine-woods along the coast.

NOTE - Nomenclature follows GREUTER & al. ( 1989).

Amorpha fruticosa L.

Fabaceae -Northern America - Not cultivated

§ Second report far Campania

LOCALITIES - Salerno, Contursi: along the A3 motorway.

Agropoli, Rutino: along the "var. 18" road. Hedges between Casa/velino and Omignano. Velia: hedges along the coastal road. Ali localities are in the Salerno province.

NOTE -The only former report for the region is in MORALDO

& al. ( 1979), who indicated it for the Picentini Massif.

Anredera cord~folia (Ten.) Steenis [Syn.: Boussingaultia cordifolia Ten.]

Basellaceae -South America - Cultivated

§ Naturalized species confirmed far Campania

LOCALITIES - Salerno: ravine under Risorgimento street;

Spinosa street; railway near "La Carnale" tower. Angri and Nocera inferiore: along the A3 motorway. Cava de' Tirreni: loc. S. Lucia. Eboli: escarpment at the entrance ofthe A3 motorway. Altavilla Silentina: bank vegetation between Borgo Scanno and Cerrelli. Al! localities are in the Salerno province.

NOTES - GUARINO & al. ( 1996) indicated this species as established in Naples. On the other hand, other authors (LA VALVA & al., 1996) reported it only as cultivated in the same area. However, the species has not been reported recently (DE NATALE & LA VALVA, 2000; CONTI & al., 2005). The present report, therefore, confirms the naturalization of A. cordifolia in Campania. As to nomenclature, see GUARINO & al. ( 1996).

* Bidens pilosa L.

Asteraceae -Southern America - Not cultivated

§New naturalized species for Campania

LOCALITIES - Salerno: around the commerciai harbour, in wet meadows along the streets and under the rocks.

Junction of Fratte.

NOTE - Far purposes of identifications, TUTIN (1980) and BALLARD (1986) are more suitable than PIGNATTI (1982).

According to the latter author capitula have no ligulate tlowers, which is in contrast witb our observations and other literature indications.

* Bidens subalternans DC.

Asteraceae -Northern America - Not cultivated

§New naturalized species far Campania

LOCALITIES - Salerno: along the Fuorni river at Giovi Altimari. S. Cipriano Picentino (SA): escarpments and canals along the road to S. Mango Piemonte.

* Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Asch. et Graebn.

Poaceae -Southern America - Cultivated

§ New naturalized species far Campania

LOCALITIES - Caianello (CE), Mignano Monte Lungo (CE):

along the Caserta-Rame motorway (more abundant in 214

contiguous Latium). Salerno: junction of Fratte, Lungomare at Colombo street, walls of the cemetery.

Pontecagnano (SA): near the banks of Faiano torrent.

Battipaglia (SA): at the junction of A3 motorway.

* Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf. subsp. annuus [Syn.: Phalacroloma annuum (L.) Dumort.]

Asteraceae -Northern America - Not cultivated

LOCALITY - Salerno: uncultivated grasslands and pots in Monticelli street.

NOTE - The recent report of Erigeron annuus s. I. for Naples (DE NATALE & LA VALVA, 2000) is not considered in CONTI & al. (2005). However, the species has not been found where it was indicated ("Gaiola") and, moreover, the sample on whicb the report was based is here newly identified as E. karvinskianus DC. This latter species is not present in the recent urban flora of Naples (DE NATALE & LA VALVA, 2000).

Gleditsia triacanthos L.

[Syn.: Gleditschia triacanthos L.]

Fabaceae -Nothern America - Cultivated

§ Naturalized species confirmed for Campania

LOCALITIES - Salerno: along Trincerone street, in the ditch and on the aquaeduct ruins. Pontecagnano: hedges at Picciola. Altavilla Silentina: along the canals of loc.

Cerrelli, loc. Falagato and loc. Campolongo. Felitto:

Calore river's canyon, near the provincia! road. Ali localities are in the Salerno province.

NOTE - Even if TROTTER ( 1906) had noted this plant in hedges at Avellino, he does not make statements about its status. On the other hand, AGOSTINI ( 1956, sub var.

ferox) observed it at the Royal Palace in Caserta, but only as a sub-spontaneous plant. CONTI & al. (2005) do not indicate the plant far the region. Therefore, naturalization ofthis entity in Campania was to be confirmed.

Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl

Boraginaceae -Southern America - Cultivated

§ Second report for Campania

LOCALITIES - Salerno: carried aver soils along the coast, near Colonia S. Giuseppe, and below the coastal rocks at Ligea street.

NOTE - Unti! now, in Campania the species had only been collected in Naples (DE NATALE & LA VALVA, 2000).

* Kalanchoe daigremontiana Hamet & H. Perrier [Syn.: Bryophyllum daigremontianum (Hamet & H. Perrier)

Berger]

Crassulaceae -Madagascar - Cultivated

§ New naturalized species far Campania

LOCALITIES - Naples: concrete walls near the airport at Capodichino. Torre Annunziata (NA): SA-NA motorway, on volcanic rocks and concrete walls. Salerno: in the slits of the walls at Ligea street and on the coastal rocks. Marina di Camerata (SA): sea-front and port.

NOTES - Some specimens (and many of them cultivated nearby) appear to be hybrids between this species and K.

delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh. (= K. tubiflora [Harv.]

Hamet) (SPRINGATE, 1995). Far Europe, the only reports known to the author are from the Balearic lslands (RITA

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& al., 2004) and Sicily (CONTI & al., 2005). However, a small population was observed on the roof of a building near the railway station ofOstia Lido Nord (Latium), but its status needs to be clarified.

ligustrum lucùlum Aiton O/eaceae -Asia -Cultivated

LOCALITIES - Avellino: Viale Italia. Atripalda (AV):

Pietramara. Salerno: aquaeduct ruins at Pellezzano, Gatto street, turn-off of the ring way at Mariconda.

Pontecagnano (SA): abandoned fields near the station and Faiano torrent. Ballipaglia (SA): Main road 19, near Eboli. However, the species appears more and more common ali over the region.

NOTE - In Campania this species was already known, but only as sub-spontaneous for Naples (DE NATALE & LA VALVA, 2000) and reported as present in Ischia (RICCIARDI & al., 2004). As CONTI & al. (2005) do not report the species for the region, a confirmation of its naturalization in Campania seems appropriate.

* Mac/ura pomijera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid.

[Syn.: M. aurantiaca Nutt.; Toxylon pomiferum Raf.]

Moraceae -Northern America -Cultivated

§New naturalized species for Campania

LOCALITIES - Altavilla Silentina (SA): from loc.

Campolongo to loc. Borgo Carillia, along the canals.

Ebo/i (SA): uncultivated lands between loc. Fiocche and Borgo Scanno up to the A3 motorway. Pontecagnano (SA): on the A3 motorway, near Salerno.

Oenothera g/azioviana Micheli [Syn.: O. erythrosepala Borbas]

Onagraceae -Southern America -Cultivated

LOCALITIES - Gricignano d'Aversa (CE): along the motor- way Nola-Villa Literno. Serino (AV): main road to Mount Terminio. Cava de' Tirreni (SA): along the SA- NA motorway, near the fuel station. Lancusi (SA): junc- tion of the SA-AV motorway. Cento/a (SA): along the Mingardo river, near the railway bridge.

NOTE -This species had already been reported once for the region, between Avellino and Serino (AV) (MORALDO &

al., 1980), where it is stili common.

Oxalis articulata Savigny

[Syn.: Oxalis violacea Auct. p. p., non L. nec Thunb.]

Oxalidaceae - Southern America - Cultivated

LOCALITIES - Benevento, Montesarchio (BN): hedges and escarpments, especially in suburban areas. Salerno, at Fuorni and S. Leonardo. Pontecagnano (SA): loc. S.

Antonio and along the coast. Ballipaglia (SA), Eboli (SA): common on the internal side of the coastal pine- wood. Cava de' Tirreni (SA): at Croce and Arcara. The species is becoming increasingly more common throughout the region.

NOTES -The species has already been reported for Naples, but only as a sub-spontaneous plant (DE NATALE & LA VALVA, 2000), while it is not reported for Campania by CONTI & al. (2005). RIPPA ( 1939) indicated O. violacea,

a name sometimes misapplied for O. articulata, for the Botanica! Garden of Naples. However, the study of synonyms cited by Rippa excludes that he may have indeed alluded to O. articulata.

Passiflora coeru/ea L.

Passifloraceae -South America -Cultivated

§ Confirmed species for Campania

LOCALITIES - Salerno: hedges at Arbostella and Pastena, abandoned gardens in the industriai area, and in Monticelli street.

NOTE - The former report for Campania (V1EGI & CELA RENZONI, 1981) was to be confirmed on account of its vagueness and because it is not recorded in CONTI & al.

(2005).

Plumbago auriculata Lam.

[Syn.: P/umbago capensis Thunb.]

Plumbaginaceae - Southern Africa -Cultivated

§ Confirmed species for Campania

LOCALITIES - Salerno: in Diaz street. Vietri (SA): in the niches ofthe concrete walls along the SA-NA motorway and on some walls along the coastal road.

OTES - Close to the locai gardens, the species becomes spontaneous very easily. According to CERIO ( 1939), the species was established in Capri, but it has not been reported recently (RICCIARDI, 1996). In ltaly it is also known for Liguria (PECCENINI, 1989), but only as a

"half-established" species, and has not been reported in CONTI & al. (2005).

Senecio inaequidens DC.

Asteraceae -Southern Africa - Not Cultivated

LOCALITIES -Salerno: between the shrubs on Tonnazzi hill.

Buonabitacolo (SA): junction of the A3 motorway.

NOTE -The species had been already reported fora locality in Sorrento Peninsula (CAPUTO & al., 1994).

Sicyos angulatus L.

Cucurbitaceae -Northern America - Not cultivated

LOCALITY - Atripalda (AV): Parco Tiratore, on the enclo- sures above Sabato river.

NOTE - Unti! now, the only regional locality for this plant was Ercolano (NA) (R1cc1ARDI & al., 1986).

Tradescantia .fluminensis Velloso

Commelinaceae - Southern America -Cultivated

LOCALITIES: Portici (NA): Parco Gussone, above the holm oaks. Sorrento (NA): Vallone dei Mulini, above Tasso Square, at the bottom of the canyon. Salerno: common at Canalone. Pontecagnano (SA): canals of Colombo street. Felitto (SA): rocks near the town's main square. NOTES - In the region, the species had already been

observed only in Naples, at Capodimonte (LA VALVA &

al., 1996). However, as DE NATALE & LA VALVA (2000) have considered that population only as sub-spontaneous and CONTI & al. (2005), given the scope of their work, indicate it only generically for the region, the naturalization in Campania was to be confirmed.

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APPE DIX: EW CASUAL ALIENS

The following entities were found for the first time as spontaneous in Campania. However, it is not yet appropriate to consider them as naturalized entities.

Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell

Euphorbiaceae - Northern America -Not cultivated LOCALITIES - Salerno: parking area of the "G. Marconi"

seafront.

NOTES - We do not know previous reports for ltaly. lts appearance in Salerno is surely due to the presence of the commerciai port.

Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott subsp. scoparia [Syn.: Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.]

Chenopodiaceae -Temperate Asia - Cultivated

LOCALITIES - Altavilla Silentina (SA): wastes of loc.

Campolongo. lt has been observed in severa! other places, but always as ephemeral alien.

Melia azedarach L.

Meliaceae -Southern and Eastern Asia -Cultivated LOCALITIES -S. Giorgio a Cremano (NA): on the SA- A

motorway. Salerno: along the ring road, between Fuorni and Mariconda. Felitto (SA): slits of sidewalks near the town hall.

Panicum miliaceum L.

Poaceae -Centrai Asia - Very rarely cultivated

LOCALITY -Salerno: Grassland near the parking of the "G.

Marconi" seafront.

NOTES -According to VIEGI & al. ( 1990), the species would have escaped from cultivation, and now it is widely present in waste places in ltaly. On the contrary, PIGNATTI ( 1982) reports it only as a sub-spontaneous species. In Campania, its cultivation is almost abandoned (PIGNATTI, 1982; RICCJARDI, 1996), but its grains are largely import- ed as bird fodder. This is, in our opinion, the most prob- able ori gin of the plant collected in Salerno.

* Soleirolia soleirolii (Req.) Dandy [Syn.: Helxine soleirolii Req.]

Urticaceae -Western Mediterranean -Cultivated LOCALITIES -Naples: very common in the botanica! garden,

where it is cultivated since the post-war period (CATALANO, 1948). Salerno: travertines in the Villa Comunale.

Some of the species here reported appear to become increasingly more common in Campania. Sometimes they behave as aggressive weeds or dangerous competitors in natural and half-natural environments. As to the origin of their naturalization, these plants are mainly cultivated for ornamental purposes. However, some of them were acci- dentally introduced, for example by sea trade. lt should be noted that, in severa! tloras, some plants treated here have erroneously been considered not really naturalized in ltaly.

Finally, we should also note the need of a more accurate screening ofthe exotic plants in Campania, above ali aimed to detecting the really established xenophytes. To achieve this goal, it is very important to adopt an unambiguous ter- minology, stili lacking in ltalian works.

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LITERATURE CITED

AGOSTINI R., 1956 -Aster squamatus Hier.: nuova avventizia della flora campana. -Delpinoa, n. s., 9: 165-166.

BALLARD R., 1986 - Bidens pilosa complex (Asteraceae) in North and Centrai America. - Amer. J. Bot. 73 (10): 1452-1465.

CAPUTO G., LA VALVA V., AZZARO R. & RICCIARDI M., 1989-1990 [ 1994] - la flora della Penisola Sorrentina (Campania). -Delpinoa, n. s., 31-32: 62.

CATALANO G., 1948 - Delectus sporarum seminumfi-uctuum, anno MCMXLVIJI collectorum. - Delpinoa /: 146.

CERIO E., 1939 - Note sulla flora caprese. - Arch. Bot.

(Forlì) 15 (2): 134-147.

CONTI F., ABBATE G., ALESSANDRINI A. & BLASI C., 2005 - An annotated checklist of the ltalian vascularflora - Palombi Editori, Roma.

DE NATALE A. & LA VALVA V., 2000 - La flora di Napoli: i quartieri della città. -Webbia 54 (2): 271-375.

GREUTER W., BURDET H. M. & Lo G G. (EDS.), 1984-1989 - Med. Check lisi 1 (1984), 2 (1989), 4 (1989). -Ed.

Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique de la Ville de Genève, Genève.

GUARINO C., LA VALVA V., MENALE B. & RAVENNA P., 1996 [ 1991-1992] - Sistematica ed ecologia di Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steen. (Basellaceae), specie sudamericana spontaneizzata nel Napoletano. - Delpinoa, n. s. 33-34: 67-76.

LA VALVA V., GAURI o C., DE NATALE A., Cuozzo V. &

MENALE B., 1996 [ 1991-1992] -La flora del Parco di Capodimonte di Napoli. - Delpinoa, n. s., 33-34:

143-177.

MORALDO B., LA VALVA V., & CAPUTO G., 1979 - Segnalazioni Floristiche italiane: 42. - lnform.

Bot. ltal. 11 (1): 42.

MORALDO B., LA VALVA V., & CAPUTO G., 1980 - Segnalazioni Floristiche italiane: 69. - Inform.

Bot. ltal. 12 (/): 79.

PECCENINI S., 1989 - Exotic species naturalized in Liguria.

- Atti della Conferenza: "Man and the environ- ment". Roma.: 33-47.

PIGNATTI S., 1982 - Flora d'ltalia, 1-3. - Edagricole, Bologna.

POLDI IL., ORIOLO G., & VIDALI M., 2001 - Vascular flora of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. An annotated catalogue and synonymic index. -Stud. Geobot. 21: 3-227.

RICCIARDI M., 1996 - La Flora di Capri (Golfo di Napoli). - Ann. Bot. (Rome), 54: 83.

RICCIARDI M., APRILE G. G., LA VALVA V. & CAPUTO G., 1986 - La flora del Somma Vesuvio. - Boli. Soc.

Naturalisti Napoli 96: 58-59.

RICCIARDI M., NAZZARO R., CAPUTO G., DE NATALE A. &

VALLARIELLO G., 2004 - La flora dell'isola di Ischia (Golfo di Napoli). - Webbia 59 (/): 1-113.

SPRI GATE L. S., 1995 - Kalanchoe Adanson, in WALTERS, S. M., ALEXANDER J.

c.

M., BRADY A., BRICKELL C.

D., CULLEN J., GREEN P. S., HEYWOOD V. H., MATTHEWS V. A., ROBSON N.K.8., YEO P. F. &

KNEES S. G. (Eds.), The European Garden Flora, 4.

- Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (England): 178-18 l.

TROTTER A., 1906 - Osservazioni ed aggiunte alla Flora irpina. - Malpighia 20: 32.

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TUTI T. G., BURGES N. A., CHATER A. O., EDMO SON J. R., HEYWOOD V H., MOORE D. M., VALE TI E D. H., WALTERS S. M. & WEBB D. A., 1993 - Flora Europaea, voi. 1 (2° edit.). -Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (England).

TUTI T. G., HEYWOOD V H., BURGES N. A., MOORE D. M., VALE TI E D. H., WALTERS S. M. & WEBB D. A., 1968-1980 - Flora Europaea, voli. 2 (1968), 3 (1972), 4 (1976), 5 (1980). -Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (England).

VIEGI L. & CELA RE ZONI G., 1981 - Flora esotica d'Italia:

le specie presenti in Toscana. - C. .R., AQ/1/132, 97 pp.

VIEGI L., CELA RE ZO I G., D'EUGE IO M. L. & RIZZO A.

M., 1990 -Flora esotica d'Jtalia: le specie presen- ti in Abruzzo e Molise (re}.!isione bibliografica e d'erbario). -Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 66: 1-128.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Dr. A. De Natale, for putting some of his exsiccata at my disposal and Prof. P.

Caputo for his encouragement as well as a criticai reading ofthe manuscript, are here kindly acknowl- edged.

RIASSUNTO - Nel presente lavoro sono riportati nuovi dati sulla naturalizzazione di alcune specie esotiche in Campania. Sono risultate nuove per la regione: Acacia longifo/ia (Andrews) Willd., Acacia saligna (Labili.) H. L. Wendl., Bidens pilosa L., Bidens suba/ternans DC., Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Asch. et Graebn., Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf. subsp. annuus (indicata prece- dentemente per errore a Napoli), Kalanchoe dai- gremontiana Hamet & H. Perrier e Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. Di seconda seg- nalazione risultano: Amorpha fruticosa L., Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl, Oenothera glazioviana Micheli, Senecio inaequidens DC. e Sicyos angulatus L. Ancora, sono confermate le naturalizzazioni di Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis, Gleditsia triacanthos L., ligustrum lucidum Aiton, Oxalis articu/ata Savigny, Passiflora coerulea L., Plumbago auriculata Lam.

e Tradescantia jluminensis Velloso. Infine, sono segnalate alcune nuove avventizie casuali per la regione, tra le quali spicca Acalypha ostryifolia Ridde!.

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