New and interesting Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Costa Rica forest litters

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Quad. Bot. Ambientale Appl., 19 (2008): 125-152.

New and interesting Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Costa Rica forest litters

ANGELO RAMBELLI ¹

&

CLAUDIO CICCARONE²

1 Dpt. DECOS - Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università. 01100 Viterb

2 Facoltà di Agraria. BIOAGROMED, Via Napoli 52. 71100 Foggia.

ABSTRACT. - New and interesting Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes /rom Costa Rica forest litters. A new genus (Parabeltrania), eight new species and thirtysix Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, interesting for their presence in Costa Rica, are described and documented: many of these are newly reported from the country.

Key words: Costa Rica, Dematiaceous, Hyphomycetes.

I TRODUCTIO

In spite of the outstanding biodiversity involved in the theme of litter-degrading Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes in the different forest ecosystems of Costa Rica this group of fungi is not among main published subjects as to forest mycology.

Goo ( 1960) described the rhizosphere fungu popula- tion of a banana plantation in Panama and of a forest soil in Costa Rica, hence isolating 4 7 pure strains of microfungi belonging to 33 genera. The Author examined also abando- ned banana stand soil samples after a Fusarium oxysporum

f

cubense W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen pathological epide- mics without isolating the parasite. Bill and Polishook (1994) utilized a new technique to study (in pure culture regime too) microfungal coloni es collected from leaf litter ofCosta Rican rain forest. The Authors isolated several species and, in particular Coelomycetes, Mycelia Sterilia, endophytes and parasites. A contribution obtained by direct ob ervation from various localities of Costa Rica was carried out by Morris (1972) who identified 34 Hyphomycetes and proposed new genera (Heteroseptata, Nyctalospora) and different new species. Two interesting contributions to the knowledge of Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from leaves and rotten wood of Costa Rica forest litter were carri ed out by Mercado Sierra, Gené and Guarro (1997, 1997 bis);

the Authors described a new species of Gangliostilbe ( G costaricensis Mercado, Gené & Guarro ), proposed a dicho- tomous key to species of this genus, segnalations new for Costa Rica of 22 already known species of Hyphomycetes, and traced some notes on similar genera. In their second contribution, which represents again a new and important record for the mycobiota of that country, they described a new pecies of Piricauda (P longispora Mercado, Gené &

Guarro) and many other species of Hyphomycetes.

Costa Rican forest environment gradates from atlantic-

coastal, low-level conditions up to high volcanic ridges, highlands and sierras and, then, again, down towards the oceanic climate of the Pacific gulf which is notoriou ly different from the caribbean sea. Such a rich variety of tropi- ca! climates, of floristic and zoologica! biodiversity creates the bases for foresights of many years of intense investigations in arder to clearly define the yet unvealed populations of rare mycobiota.

In this work we examined 200 samples, we describe 44 species of Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, some of these with incomplete determination because of the poor materia!

examined, we propose a new genus, Parabeltrania, and 8 new species, nevertheless our investigations, even if carri ed out on different ecosystems in the years 2004 and 2005, are merely introductory to the study that needs to be done to point out the presence ofDematiaceous Hyphomycetes also in the litter of the different plants species. Only with some exceptions unfortunately we didn't have the possibility to identify the leaves collected, for this reason we described a very short number of fungal species, those resembling more interesting as rare or new under a taxonomically point of view.

MATERIAL A D METHODS

Because of the great variability of morphological characters of some species when cultured on artificial media all the fungi were microscopically examined while growing on litter directly collected from natural environments. Samples were collected in new paper bags and transported to the laboratory where they were remoisted with tap water in Petri dishes on filter paper. A first examination at the ste- reornicroscope was carried out after 48 hours and a second after 1 O days. With the aid of fire forget glass tools as need- les, chisels and lancets we picked mycelial reproductive structures from the colonies developed on the natural

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matrix in order to prepare microscopie slides, to study for a taxonomic determination and to photograph. Some species were not present as colonies but scattered as isolated conidiophores. Others were unique and we described and documented them for their peculiar characters. To respect the proportions of the different morphological parts composing the mycological structures all the drawings were obtained directly from microscopie pictures. The slides examined and photographed were preserved in our personal collection.

Index Fungorum (CABI) was utilized for nomenclatura!

controls of fungal species and genera. All the natural substrata colonized by the Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes described were deposited into the Herbarium USJ and isotypes into the herbarium ROHB. Samples were collected in the following forestry areas: Tapanti National Park, Braulio Carrillo N ational Park, La Amistad Intemational Park, Volcan Rincon Forestry Area, Rio Zapote Gallery Forest, Rio Pejevalle Gallery Forest, Park of S. Antonio Institute, Lankester Botanica! Garden in Cartago, Colonia Blanca F orestry Area, San Ramon F orestry Area, Wilson Botanica!

Garden, Volcan Miravalle Forestry Area. The dimensions of the morphological characters of examined materiai not always were like those of the originai descriptions.

ECOLOGICAL NOTES

In this work we described dematiaceous reperta selected among a much bigger number of ascomycetous, hyphomy- cetous and coelomycetous taxa; a big number of these enti- ties were found in scarcely probatory conditions for a dia- gnosis: moreover, the pertinent treatment of the declared theme, which involves only dematiaceous hyphomycetes sensu stricto from sub-tropical rainforest litter, willingly ruled out the possibility to treat different groups of fungi.

With astonishing approximation the ascomycetous consor- tium isolated from Tapanti National Park litter reminds the observer to the ascomycetous list of a mixed oak-grove:

among them Ascotricha, Botryosphaeria (Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia, Sphaeropsis and Botryodiplodia), Didymosphaeria (Periconia), Ceratocystis (Endoconidio- phora), Gibberella (Fusarium), Guignardia (Phyllosticta), Khuskia (Nigrospora), Glomerella (Colletotrichum), Nectria (Calostilbella, Cylindrocarpon), Sphaerostilbella (Gliocladium), Xylaria, Valsa (Gnomoniella) and such pure anamorph as Acremonium, Selenodriella, Chalara.

Strong evidence of the mesoamerican provenience of the litter materiai is offered as well as by the convergent foliar morphological characters by intricate superficial webs of dark hyphopodial maths (prevailingly Clasterosporium, some species of Asterostomella and Asterinaceae), by remarkably tropical taxa as Togninia.

Coelomycetous biodiversity hits frequency apices on Phomaceae and appendiculate genera such as Pestalotiopsis, Hyalotia, Labridella. Litter samples from Tapanti N. P. seem to be free from ant activ1ty, while proto- zoa, as amoebae and rotifers, predatory mites and nemato- des may be easily seen: entomopathogens should be abun- dantly represented even if only some minor samples of Cordyceps (nutans ?) on leaves and traces of Metarhizium sp., Beauveria sp., Paecilomyces sp. with synnemata of Hirsutella emerged from in vitro transplanting.

From leaves collected at the Volcan Rincon Forestry 126

Area we reisolated an already published clavicipitaceous species previously seen by one of us in Tai Forest (lvory Coast): Polynema perlaceum C. Ciccar. (1988). Some spo- res of Microthecium sp. were found common to the african site too. The efficiency of species spreading on substrata collected along the course of Rio Zapote well reflects the gallery structure of the forestal canopy and the water check, as a consequence of the diffusion of epiphytic plants sup- ports numerous orchids pathogens and their allied opportu- nists.

TAXONOMIC PART

Beltrania querna Harkn., Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.

Type species: Beltrania rhombica Penzig.

Setae very dark, smooth, originating from cells of the superficial mycelium, base characteristically lobed, up to 400 µm long and 4-5 µm thick. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, slightly flexuous, clear brown smooth septate, generally originating from the basal cells of the setae.

Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, polyblastic, sympodial, clear brown, with cylindrical denticles. Separating cells oval, subclavate. Conidia acropleurogenous, fusiform, clear brown, 0-septate, smooth, with a clear band just in the largest part, 18-30x7-10 µm, with a short appendage.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Colonia Blanca Forestry Area, Costa Rica.

ROHB: isotype n. 488.

References examined:

Ellis 1971; Ellis & Ellis 1998; Hughes 195ld; Munjal &

Kapoor 1963; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Pirozynski 1963.

13 µm

Fig. 1 -Beltrania querna.

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Beltrania maxima Rambelli, sp.nov.

Etym.: maxima related to the general dimensions.

Type species: Beltrania rhombica Penzig.

Coloniae effusae, farinaceae, atrobrunneae. Setae erectae, vel modice curvatae, crassitunicate, atrobrunneae, obscure septatae, cellulis basilaribus radiatimlobatis oriundae, 550x2.3-6 µm. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, erecta, rarius flexuosa, brunnea; ab eadem basi setarum oriuntur, 230x5-6 µm. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasti- cae, integrate, brunneae, ad lateraiiter locus fertile longascentia, dentibus conspicuis praedita et 5 µm crassa.

Cellulae separantes absentes. Conidia rhombica, apice acute rostrata, dilute olivacea, zona supraequatoriali subhyalina, 44-46x 16-18 µm, appendix 2-4 µm longa.

In foliis dejectis. Costa Rica.

Colonies effuse, velutinous, brown, golden-brown. Setae unbranched, dark brown, smooth, arising from a radially lobed base, septate, up to 550 x 2,3-6 µm. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, never branched, erect or slightly flexuous, arising from the setae basal cells, brown, smooth, including the conidiogenous cells up to 230 x 5-6 µm. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, discrete, integrate, brown, elongating laterally of the previous fertile apical locus, almost always at the same site and producing a succession of cells, each with one, rarely two, cicatrized locus, scars up to 5 µm wide. Separating cells never present.

Conidia solitary, biconic, with clear transverse band just above the middle part, yellow brown, smooth, 44-46x 16-18 µm; appendage 2-4 µm long.

Fig.2 - Beltrania maxima. Setae and conidiophores.

On dead leaves of Clusia sp., along the road to San !sidro de El Genera! at 3200 metres of altitude. Costa Rica.

Holotype: USJ; isotype: ROHB n. 489.

If compared to Beltrania rhombica Penzig the fungus examined presents some morphological characters very different, also considering that the type is characterized by a large morphological and dimensiona! variability mainly on different substrata (Rambelli & Pasqualetti 1990). Because of the very peculiar structure of the conidiogenous cells, the absence of separating cells and the genera! dimensions we had serious <l'fficulties to include this speciemens in the genus Beltrania and to determine it as a new species. B.

maxima presents conidia that could be dimensionally relat- ed to B. africana Hughes, but in the former single conidia are directly produced by single cicatrized loci, that could be regarded as big denticles, and the conidiogenous cell elon- gates laterally to produce other cells fertile through prominent scars (Ellis, 1971 ).

Bhat & Kendrick 1993; Castaneda Ruiz & Arnold 1985;

Ellis 1971, 1976; Ellis & Ellis 1998; Hughes 195ld;

Matsushima 1971, 1975; 1 Munjal & Kapoor 1963; Onofri, Lunghini, Rambelli & Lustrati 1981; 2 Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Penzig 1882;

Pirozynski 1963; Pirozynski & Patil 1970; 3 Tubaki, Koon

Tan & Ogawa 1993; Zhang & Zhang 2003; Mulas,

Pasqualetti & Rambelli 1993; Pasqualetti, Fonk, Rambelli

& Mulas 1999; Rambelli & Pasqualetti 1990.

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Materiai examined:

ROHB 411, Beltrania onzrzca on Duboscia viridiflora, 475/e on Uapaca guineensis; 417, Beltrania rhombica on Tarrietia utilis, 426/b on Didelotia idae.

Parabeltrania Rambelli gen. nov.

Coloniae effusae, in caespitulis modice brunneis. Setae absentes. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, simplicia, flexuosa, brunnea modice brunnea, leves, septata, cellulis basilaribus radiatim lobatis oriundae. Cellulae conidiogenae integratae, intercalares, polyblasticae, sympodiales, cicatricibus conidialibus modice manifesti. Cellulae separantes absentes. Conidia solitaria, acropeta, lageniformia, obclavata, continua, leves vel verrucosa, modice lutea, apices subhyalinae.

Colonies effuse, caespitose, clear brown. Stroma, hyphopodia and setae absent. Conidiophores macronematous mononematous, simple, flexuous, brown, yellow brown, smooth, septate, arising from radially lobed basal cells.

Conidiogenous cells integrated, intercalary, holoblastic, sympodial, cicatrized; separating cells absent. Conidia solitary, lageniform, pyriform, obclavate, smooth or echinulate, not appendiculate, 0-septate, pale yellow, with a distinct hyaline transverse band in the upper part.

Type species: Parabeltrania persianii Rambelli.

The new genus Parabeltrania is proposed to include the species with morphological characters of the group of Beltranieae, like non septated conidia but with clear transverse band, the lobed basal cells of setae or conidiophores and holoblastic or polyblastic conidiogenous cells, but with conidiogenesis originating through small scars and not through denticles, important and distinctive character of the genus Beltrania O. Penzig (1882), Beltraniopsis Batista &

Bezerra (1960), Beltraniella Subramanian (1952), Pseudobeltrania P. Hennings (1902), Hemibeltrania Pirozynski (1963).

Parabeltrania persianii Rambelli sp.nov.

Etym. dedicated to Anna Persiani, mycologist.

Coloniae effusae in caespitulis brunneis, longa conidiophora composita. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, simplicia, septata, flexuosa, modice brunnea, leves, cellulis basilaribus radiatim lobatis oriundae, 400x5 µm.

Cellulae conidiogenae integratae, polyblasticae, sympodiales, cicatricibus conidialibus modice manifestis et parvissi- mae. Cellulae separantes absentes. Conidia solitaria, acropeta, lageniformia, obclavata, obpiriformia, continua, leves, modice lutea, apices subhyalinae, 24-28x7-8 µm.

In foliis emortuis arboris latifoliae. Colonia Blanca. Costa Rica.

Colonies effuse, caespitose, shining, clear bro"·n, composed by long tufted conidiophores. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, simple, flexuous, yellow-brown, smooth, septate, arising from radially lobed basal cells of the superficial mycelium, 400 µm and more long, 5 µm wide near the base. Conidiogenous cells integrated, intercalary, holoblastic, sympodial, cicatrized, not denticulate, with not prominent but very small scars; separating cells absent.

Conidia solitary, lageniform, obclavate, smooth, not appendiculate, with dome-like apex and pointed base, 0-septate,

pale yellow, with a distinct hyaline transverse band just below the dome-like apex, 24-28x 7-8 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Colonia Blanca. Costa Rica.

Holotype: USJ; isotype: ROHB n. 490.

Parabeltrania persianii has conidia very similar to Pseudobeltrania summa Matsushima ( 1981 ), but our species can't be included in the genus Pseudobeltrania since characterized by not denticulate but cicatrized conidiogenous cells. Parabeltrania persianii is characterized by a conidiogenesis through very small scars visible only over 1000 magnifications.

Bhat & Kendrick 1993; Castaneda Ruiz & Arno Id 1985; Ellis 1971, 1976;; Gusmao, Grandi & Milanez 2000; Hughes 1951 d, 1958; Hughes & Pirozynski 1971; Karandikar &

Patwardhan 1992; Matsushima 1971, 1981, 1993; Mulas, Pasqualetti & Rambelli 1993; Onofri, Lunghini, Rambelli &

Lustrati 1981; Penzig 1882; Pasqualetti, Fonk, Rambelli &

Mulas 1999 a,; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Pirozynski 1963, 1972; Pirozynski & Patil 1970;

Rambelli & Ciccarone 1985; Rambelli & Pasqualetti 1990;

Tubaki, Koon Tan & Ogawa 1993.

Materiai examined.

ROHB 455/a Pseudobeltrania penzigii on Combretum dolichopetalum; ROHB 405 Beltrania onirica on Anthonotha fragrans; ROHB 408 B. rhombica on Dichapetalum toxicarium.

Beltraniopsis asperisetifer Matsushima. Microfungi of the Salomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. Ed. by the Author, 1971.

Type species: Beltraniopsis esenbeckiae Batista & Bezerra.

20µm 12 µm

Fig 3 - Parabeltrania persianii, conidiophores and conidia with apical clear band.

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Conidiophores setiform erect, flexuous in the upper part, clear brown, brown, septate, up to 1200 µm long and 5-6 µm wide near the lobed base. Conidiogenous cells integrate, intercalary, ovoid, obclavate, percurrent, denticulate, clear brown, 7-9x7-8 µm. Separating cells oval, obclavate, denticulate, very clear brown 8-l lx5-7 µm. Conidia biconic, fusiform, with a clear band just above the largest part or on the largest part, 28-29x5-6 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. San Ramon Forestry Area.

Costa Rica.

Isotype: ROHB n. 491.

Matsushima ( 1971) described Beltraniopsis asperisetifer with some dimensiona! characters not exactly coinciding with those of our specimens, differences that we think deter- mined by the different substratum.

Castaneda Ruiz & Arnold 1985; Ellis 1976; Gusmao, Grandi & Milanez 2000; Hughes 1958; Hughes &

Pirozynski 1971; Karandikar & Patwardhan 1992;

Matsushima 1971, 1993; Pirozynski 1963, 1972; Pirozynski

& Patil 1970; Rambelli & Ciccarone 1985.

Hemibeltrania ovalispora Rambelli sp. nov.

Type species: Hemibeltrania cinnamomi (Deighton) Pirozynski.

Coloniae circumscriptae, brunneis. Setae absentes.

Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, in caespitulis brunneis, flexuosa, rami absentes, leves, cellulis basilaribus radiatim lobatis oriundae, 750x4-6 µm. Cellulae conidiogenae polyblasticae, integratae, terminales et intercalares, dilute brunneae, sympodiales, denticulatae, loci qui

20µm

Fig. 4 - Beltraniopsis asperisetifer.

conidia generant in capituli aggregata. Conidia solitaria, acrogena, continua, hyalina, ovoidea vel cylindrica-ovoidea, basi saepe minuta apiculata, 12-14x7 µm.

In foliis emortuis arboris latifoliae. Rincon. Costa Rica.

Colonies circumscribed, caespitose, velvety, brown. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, caespitose, straight or more frequently flexuous, unbranched, brown, smooth, arising from radially lobed basal ells, 750 µm and more long and 4-6 µm wide near the base. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal and becoming intercalary, sympodial, denticulate, denticles very small and aggregated in terminal elongations of the conidiogenous cell. Conidia solitary, acrogenous, simple, obovoid, with pointed base, smooth, hyaline or very clear yellow, 0-septate, l 2-14x7 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Rincon Forestry Area. Costa Rica.

Holotype: USJ; Isotype: ROHB n. 480, 492.

Hemibeltrania ovalispora has some morphological charac- ters related to H. cinnamomi (Deighton) Pirozynski (1963) like the shape of the conidia, but with different dimensions.

H. ovalispora has very small denticles aggregated at the apex of the conidiogenous cell that continue its elongation through a succession of denticulated capitula of conidial production.

Castaneda Ruiz & Amold 1985; Castaneda Ruiz &

Kendrick 1991; Castaneda Ruiz, Kendrick, Guarro & Gene 1998; Kirk 1982, 1983, 1983, bis; Matsushima 1996;

60µm

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12 µm

Fig. 5 - Hemibeltrania ovalispora: conidiogenous cells with denticles aggregated in capitula.

Pirozynski 1963; Pirozynski & Patil 1970; Shin & Braun 1998;Zucconi 1992.

Materiai examined:

ROHB 420 Hemibeltrania cymbiformis on Uapaca esculen- ta.

Bipolaris sacchari (E.J. Butler) Shoemaker, Can. J. Bot.

Basionym: Helminthosporium sacchari E.J. Butler Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single, brown to dark brown, paler towards the apex, septate, smooth, up to 200 µm long and 5-8 µm thick on natural substratum. Conidiogenous cells nodose, smooth. Conidia gently curved, ellipsoidal, golden brown, 5-9 distoseptate, 50- 77x14-16.5 µm, hilum not prominent.

On dead leaves of Orchid 2819 D.B. Costa Rica.

Alcom1983, 1991; Chen, Swart & Nieuwoudt 2000;

Ciccarone & Rambelli 1998; De Hoog, Guarm, Gené &

Figueras 2000; Ellis 1971, 1976; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1989; Mercato Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Muchovej & Muchovej 1990; Muntanola 1957;

Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Sivanesan 1987; Sutton 1993; Watanabe 2002.

Bipolaris cynodontis (Marignoni) Shoemaker, in Azbukina

& al., Overs. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh.

Medlemmers Arbeider. Current name: Cochliobolus cyno- dontis R.R. Nelson.

Basionym: Helminthosporium cynodontis Marignoni.

130

15 µm

Fig. 6 - Bipolaris sacchari.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single, gently flexuous, mid brown, smooth, septate, up to 200x7 µm on natural substratum. Conidiogenous cells nodose.

Conidia almost cylindrical, . tapering towards the apices, golden brown, smooth, 7-8 distoseptate, 42x12-18 µm.

On dead leaves of Clusia sp. Lankester Botanica! Garden, Cartago, Costa Rica.

Isotype: ROHB n. 494, 498.

Alcom1983, 1991; Ciccarone & Rambelli 1998; De Hoog,

Fig. 7 - Bipolaris cynodontis.

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Guarro, Gené & Figueras 2000; Ellis 1971, 1976;

Matsushima1971,1975, 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà- Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Muntanola 1957; Nelson 1964; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005;

Shoemaker 1959; Sivanesan 1987; Subramanian & Jain 1966; Sutton 1993; Watanabe 2002.

Curvularia eragrostidis (Henn.) J.A. Mey., Pubi. Inst. nat.

Etude agron. Congo beige, Ser. 1959 - Current name:

Pseudocochliobolus eragrostidis Tsuda & Ueyama, 1985.

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleomorph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single, not branched, flexuous, septate, brown, up to 5 µm wide.

Conidiogenous cells sympodial, clear brown, cicatrized.

Conidia large ellipsoidal, 3 septate, with septa appearing as black bands, apical cells clear brown, centrai cells brown, smooth, 24-30x14-18 µm, hilum not protuberant.

On dead leaves of indeterminate pfant. Costa Rica.

Isotype: ROHB n. 501-513.

.References examined:

Alcom 1983, 1991; Chung & Tsukiboshi 2005; Ciccarone &

Rambelli 1998; De Hoog, Guarro,Gené & Figueras 2000;

Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1975, 1980, 1983, 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997;

Muntanola 1957; Rozman, Hennebert, Kunej, Dechock &

Komel 1996; Sivanesan 1987; Tsuda & Ueyama 1985;

Zhang & Zhang 2007; Watanabe 2002.

Curvularia crepinii (Westend.) Boedijn, Bull. Jard. Bot.

Buitenz 1933.

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleo- morph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, singly, straight, flexuous in the upper part, sometimes nodose, brown, smooth, 138-150x5-6 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, sympodial, clear brown, cicatrized.

16 µm

Fig. 8 - Curvularia eragrostidis.

Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, clavate, gently curved, 3 septated, end cells paler brown, the other brown, smooth, hilum slightly protuberant, 21-25x7-12 µm.

On dead leaves of Orchid 5808 F. Pupulin. Costa Rica.

Rambelli 1998; De Hoog, Guarro, Gené & Figueras 2000;

Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Mun.tanola 1957; Rozman, Hennebert, Kunej, Dechock & Komel 1996; Sivanesan 1987; Zhang & Zhang 2007; Watanabe 2002.

Curvularia oryzae Bugnic., Catalogue des Cryptogames, 1959.

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleomorph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells integrated, sympodial, cicatrized. Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, ellipsoidal, pyriform, 3 septate, with large septa, with the second cell near the base larger, brown, end cells clear brown, hilum not protuberant but with basai scar up to 9 µm wide, 28-37x14- 20 µm.

On dead leaves of indeterminate plant. Rio Zapote Gallery Forest. Costa Rica.

Isotype: n. 499.

Rambelli 1998; De Hoog, Guarro, Gené & Figueras 2000; Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Muntanola 1957; Rozman, Hennebert, Kunej, Dechock & Komel 1996; Sivanesan 1987;·Zhang & Zhang

2007; Watanabe 2002.

10 µm

Fig. 9 - Curvularia crepinii.

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14 µm Fig. 1 O - Curvularia oryzae.

Curvularia brachyspora Boedijn, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz, 1933.

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleomorph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single, not branched, straight, apically flexuous, septate, brown, smooth, 56-120x6 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, clear brown, flexuous, nodose, sympodial, cicatrized. Conidia ellipsoidal, acropleurogenous, 3 septate, with middle septum large and darker, cells at each end clear brown, centrai cells brown, smooth, hilum not protuberant, 17-2lxl0-12 µm.

On dead leaves of Clusia sp., Lankester Bot. Gard. Cartago, Costa Rica.

Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Muntanola 1957; Rozman, Hennebert, Kunej, Dechock & Komel 1996; Sivanesan 1987; Zhang & Zhang 2007; Watanabe 2002.

Curvularia affinis Boedijn, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz, 1933 Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleomorph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single, flexuous, septate, brown, smooth, 124-173x5 µm.

Conidiogenous cells integrated, clear brown, sympodial, septate, cicatrized. Conidia acropleurogenous, straight, more commonly gently curved, ellipsoidal, cells brown, large at the base and apex attenuated, with 3 or 4 septa and hilum not protuberant, 29-35xl2-14 µm.

On dead leaves of indeterminate plant. Rio Zapote Gallery F orest, Costa Rica.

16 µm

Fig. 11 -Curvularia brachyspora

Rambelli 1998; De Hoog, Guarro,Gené & Figueras 2000;

Curvularia senegalensis (Speg.) Subram., J. Indian bot.

Soc., 1956.

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleomorph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single, not branched, septate, flexurous, brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells integrated, frequently nodose, sympodial, cicatrized.

Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, ellipsoidal, curved, 4 septate, with two large dark septa delimiting the centrai cell, brown, end cells clear brown, hilum not protuberant, 25- 30x9-13 µm.

On dead leaves of indeterminate plant. Rio Zapote Gallery Forest. Costa Rica.

In locality Rincon (Costa Rica) and on indeterminate dead leaves we collected a strain of C, senegalensis (n. 75) with conidia (22-28x9-11 micron) less pigmented.

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~ A

~

16

µm Fig. 12 - Curvularia affinis.

Curvularia clavata B.L. Jain, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc., 1962.

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleo- morph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, single, straight, apically flexuous, brown, septate, smooth.

Conidiogenous cells clear brown, sympodial, septate, smooth, not nodose, cicatrized. Conidia clavate, acropleurogenous, gently curved, 3 septate, brown with basai cell clear brown, smooth, hilum slightly protuberant, 21-3 lxl2- 14 µm.

On dead leaves of indeterminate plant. Costa Rica.

Alcoml983, 1991; Chung & Tsukiboshi 2005; Ciccarone &

12 µm

Fig. 14 -Curvularia clavata.

Fig. 13 -Curvularia senegalensis.

Curvularia pallescens Boedijn, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz, 1933.

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleo- morph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Current name: Pseudocochliobolus pallescens Tsuda &

Ueyama.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, irregularly flexuous, clear brown, smooth, up to 500 µm long. Conidiogenous cells integrated, sympodial, cicatrized, septate, clear brown. Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous,

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irregularly ellipsoidal and slightly curved, frequently comiform, 3, rarely 4 septate, clear brown, hilum not protuberant, 23-32xl2-13 µm.

On dead leaves of Orchid 2819 D. B. Costa Rica.

Alcom1983, 1991; Chung & Tsukiboshi 2005; Ciccarone &

Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Muntanola 1957; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas &

Tempesta 2005; Rozman, Hennebert, Kunej, Dechock &

Komel 1996; Sivanesan 1987; Tsuda & Ueyama 1985;

Zhang & Zhang 2007; Watanabe 2002.

Curvularia sp. V. 74

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleo- morph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Colonization of the substratum by isolated conidiophores.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, brown, smooth, up to 124 µm long and 5-7 µm wide.

Conidiogenous cells polytretic, integrated, terminal, sympodial, cicatrized, clear brown, up to 64 µm long and 5-9 µm wide. Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, ellipsoidal, obovoid, with 4 large and dark septa, brown, smooth, hilum not protuberant, 25-30xl2-14 µm.

On dead leaves of indeterminate plant. Lankester Bot.

Gard., Cartago. Costa Rica.

Holotype: USJ. Isotype: ROHB n. 203.

Alcom 1983; De Hoog, Guarro, Gené & Figueras 2000;

Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1980, 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997.

Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Sivanesan 1987; Tsuda & Ueyama 1985; Watanabe 2002.

Curvularia sp. strain 87 e

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, teleo- morph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

15 µm

Fig. 15 -Curvularia pallescens.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, arising from aerial hyphae, brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells sympodial, cicatrized, clear brown, smooth. Conidia ellipsoidal, obovate, with 1,2, or (rarely) 3 septa, smooth, brown as the conidiogenous cells, 12-16x7-9 µm, but varied as to dimensions, hilum not protuberant.

Holotype USJ. Isotype: ROHB n. 504, 510, 514.

Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1980, 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Sivanesan 1987; Tsuda

& Ueyama 1985; Watanabe 2002.

Curvularia sp. 81

Type species: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn.

Teleomorph: Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis.

Colonization carried out by isolated conidiophores.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, flexuous, brown, smooth, up to 170x3-6 µm. Conidiogenous cells polytretic, integrated, terminal, sympodial, cicatrized, clear brown, 85-120x7 µm. Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, simple, ellipsoidal, obovoid, 3 septate, but with septation very irregular, less frequently 4-septate or also 1 or 2 septate; very irregular in shape and dimensions, yellow-brown, or clear yellow-brown, hilum not protuberant, smooth, 12- 23x7-8 µm.

On dead leaves of Orchid n.2819 D.B. Costa Rica.

Holotype USJ. ROHB n. 493, 502.

Ellis 1971; Matsushima 1980; 1989; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Sivanesan 1987; Tsuda

& Ueyama 1985; Watanabe 2002.

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12 µm

Fig. 16 -Curvularia sp. V 74

Dactylaria chrysosperma (Sacc.) G.C.Bhatt & Kendrick.

Can. J. Bot., 46: 1257 (1968). n.55.

Type species: Dactylaria purpurella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect or flexuous, sometimes branched, septate, brown, up to 230 µm long and 4-5 µm thick. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal, sympodial, denticulate, clear brown. Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, 0-1 septate, fusiform, smooth, hyaline, 18-26x3-4 µm.

On dead leaves of indeterminate plant. Colonia Bianca Forestry Area. Costa Rica.

Baker, Partridge & Morgan-Jones 2001; Bhatt & Kendrick 1968; Braun & Crous 1992; Castaneda Ruiz & Kendrick 1990, 1991; Castaneda Ruiz, Cano & Guarro, 1996; Cazau, Arambarri & Cabello 1990; De Hoog 1985; Ellis 1976; Ellis

& Ellis 1998; Larone 2002; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980, 1987, 1996; Pasqualetti & Rambelli 1999; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Watanabe 2002.

Dactylaria sp. Strain n. 40.

Type species: Dactylaria purpurella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, flexuose mainly in the upper part, yellowish, clear brown at the base, 60-74x3.4 µm. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal, sympodial, denticulate, denticles cylindrical, flat-topped. Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, hyaline, straight, pointed in the upper part and gently flat- topped at the base, O septated, 7 6-78x3 .4 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Rincon Forestry Area. Costa Rica.

Holotype USJ. Isotype: ROHB n. 507.

The materiai observed is not enough fora species determination.

12 µm

Fig. 17 - Curvularia sp. V 87.

Baker, Partridge & Morgan-Jones 2001; Bhatt & Kendrick 1968; Braun & Crous 1992; Castaneda Ruiz & Kendrick 1990, 1991; Castaneda Ruiz, Cano & Guarro 1996; Cazau, Arambarri & Cabello 1990; De Hoog 1985; Ellis 1976; Ellis

& Ellis 1998; Larone 2002; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980,

1987, 1996; Pasqrialetti & Rambelli 1999; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Watanabe 2002.

Dactylaria sp. Strain 38.

Type species: Dactylaria purpurella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect or flexuose, brown, dark brown at the base, up to 170 x 6 µm.

Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal, sym-

15

µm

Fig. 18 - Curvularia sp. V 81.

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Fig. 19 - Dactylaria chrysosperma.

podial, denticulate, denticles cylindrical, flat-topped.

Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, clear-brown, fusiform, straight, scolecoid, pointed at the upper part and flat-topped at the base, smooth, generally four septate, with evident septa, 25-30x5 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Rincon Forestry Area, Costa Rica.

Holotype USJ. Isotype: ROHB n. 508, 524.

The morphology of conidiophore and conidiogenous cell of our specimens is closed to D. triomoteana Matsushima (M.M.M. 1987) and also to D. chrysosperma (Sacc.) Bhatt &

Kendrick ( 1968), but differs for the navicular shape and four septate conidia pointed in the upper part and with a visible scar at the base and yellow-brown pigmentation. The poor materia! collected and examined is not enough for a species determinati on.

Baker, Partridge & Morgan-Jones 2001; Bhatt & Kendrick 1968; Braun & Crous 1992; Castaneda Ruiz & Kendrick 1990, 1991; Castaneda Ruiz, Cano & Guarro 1996; Cazau, Arambarri & Cabello 1990; De Hoog 1985; Ellis 1976; Ellis

& Ellis 1998; Larone 2002; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980,

1987, 1996; Pasqualetti & Rambelli 1999; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Watanabe 2002.

Radulidium subulatum (de Hoog) Azzanlou,Gams et Crous. Studies in Mycology, 2007.

Type species: Romichloridium apiculatum (Miller, Giddens et F oster) de Hoog.

Colonies on natural substratum greysh, not crowded.

Conidiophores macronematous, erect, arising from an enlarged cell of the basal mycelium, brown, clear brown, paler towards the apex, smooth, septate, 60-13 8 µm long ( conidiogenous cell included), 2.8-3.4 µm wide.

Conidiogenous cell integrate, pale brown, cylindrical, sympodial, with several prominent denticles about 0.5 µm long and with apical scars. Conidia hyaline or sub-hyaline, 136

11 µm

Fig. 20 - Dactylaria sp. V 40.

smooth, suboval, subcylindrical, 5-7x2-3 µm, with basal scar.

On dead leaves of Maxillaria sp, Costa Rica.

Isotype: Rambelli persona! coll. (slide).

This specimen is characterized by a conidiogenous cell not septated and as long as the conidiophore.

De Hoog 1977; De Hoog, Guarro, Gené & Figueras 2000;

Ellis 1971, 1976; Gams & Holubovà-Jechovà 1976;

Matsushima 1980, 1- 1985, 4- 1987, 5 - 1989, 6- 1993, 7 - 1996, 9; Piccolo Grandi & Attili 1996; Schell, McGinnis

& Borelli 1983; Watanabe 2002.

Monodictys sp. Strain n. 87.

Type species. Monodictys putredinis (Wallr.) Hughes, Can.J.

Bot.

Conidiophores semi-macronematous, mononematous, rarely branched, slightly flexuose, clear yellow, smooth, not swollen. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, terminal, determinate, generally swollen. Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous, subspherical, brown, smooth, with basal cell inflated, composed by several cells constricted at the septa, 18-20 µm in diam.

Holotype: USJ. Isotype: ROHB n. 492, 498, 502.

The specimens examined for some morphological characters, is similar to M. fluctuata (Tandon & Bilgrami) M.B.Ellis (1971) like the structure of the conidiogenous cells and conidia pigmentation. Our specimens was presum- ably observed at the beginning of the reproductive structures development and this could justify the differences in the conidia dimension if compared with M fluctuata. Since we hadn't the opportunity to examine material of this genus we leave our strain indeterminate.

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14 µm

Fig. 21 - Dactylaria sp. V 38.

Ellis 1971, 1976; Castaneda Ruiz, Guarro & Figueras 1997;

Day, Gibas & Fujimura 2006; Hawksworth 1979;

Holubovà-Jechovà & Mercado Sierra 1986; Hughes 1958;

Matsushima 1980, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1993; Mercado Sierra

& Mena Portales 1986, Mercado Sierra, Heredia & Mena

Portales 199 5; Sutton 1993.

Hansfordiellopsis maggii Rambelli sp.nov.

Etym: dedicated to Oriana Maggi, mycologist

Type species: Hansfordiellopsis lichenicola (Batista &

Maia) Deighton.

Coloniae effusae. Hyphae supersubstratum repentes.

Cellulis brunneis simili bus hyphopodiis, 7-12x5-7 µm.

Cellulae conidiogenae monotreticae, integratae, determina- tae, obclavatae, ampulliformiae, brunneae, leves, 9-12x7 µm. Conidia solitaria, acrogena, obclavata, limoniformia, 1-

2, et rariter obliqua, septata, brunnea, leves, 14-21x8-9 µm,

rostro subhyalino 35-39 µm.

In foliis emortuis. Rio Zapote Gallery Forest. Costa Rica.

Colonies effuse, radially spreading, composed by superficial hyphae, brown, with some hyphopodia like cells irregularly distributed and measuring 7-12x5-7 µm.

Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, obclavate, ampulliform, brown, smooth, 9- 12x7 µm. Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous, obclavate, limoniform, with a black and large septum in the middle part and an oblique septum sometimes present, frequently with another septum near the apex, brown, smooth, 14- 2 l x8-9 µm. Apex with a long rostrum clear brown, up to 35- 39 µm long.

On dead leaves of indeterminate plant. Rio Zapote. Costa Rica ..

The species described is characterized by short conidiogenous cells and conidia with a very long rostrum. Because of these characters can 't be compared to H. deightonii

8µm

Fig. 22 - Radulidium subulatum.

Batista & Herrera (1964), H. elongata D.Hawksw. (1979), H. lichenicola (Bat. & Maia) Deight. (1965) and H. tenuis- sima D. Hawksw. (1979).It could be related to H. minuta D.

Hawksw. (1979) for the dimension of the conidiogenous cells, but our strain has conidia with a rostrum averaging about 2/1 with the dimension of the pigmented body. Or it could be related to H. variegata D.Hawksw. (1979) for the general morphology, but differs mainly for the conidial septation and the presence in our strain of a large, black band approximately in the middle of the pigmented body. lt differs also from H. aburiensis Deighton (1960) again for its peculiar septation.

Batista & Cavalcanti 1964; Deighton 1960; Ellis 1971;

Hawksworth 1979.

16 µm

Fig. 23 -Monodictys sp. V 87.

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Material examined.

ROHB 41 O Hasfordiellopsis lichenicola on Diospyros gabunensis, 438/a H lichenicola on Caloncoba brevipes.

Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) M.B. Ellis, 1960.

Type species: Pithomyces flavus Berk. & Br.

Conidiophores micronematous, branched, brown, smooth.

Conidia ellipsoidal, muriform, with 3 transverse and 2 lon- gitudinal septa in the middle cells, constricted at the septa, brown, with echinulation very difficult to observe, 22- 28xl 5-16 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Lankester Bot. Gard.

Cartago, Costa Rica.

Ellis 1960, 1971; Holubovà-Jechovà & Mercado Sierra 1986; Hughes 1953a, 1958; Larone 2002; Matsushima 1975, 1980, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1993; Mercado Sierra &

Mena Portales 1986; Sutton 1993; Zhang & Zhang 2003;

Zhang & Wu 2003; Watanabe 2002.

Pithomyces maydicus (Sacc.) M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 1960.

Type species: Pithomyces flavus Berk. & Br.

Conidiophores micronematous, rarely branched, brown, smooth. Conidia ellipsoidal, with 2 transverse and 1 longi- tudinal black septa, constricted at the septa, dark brown, smooth, 14-16x 10-13 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Costa Rica.

Ellis 1960, 1971; Holubovà-Jechovà & Mercado Sierra 1986; Hughes 1953a, 1958; Larone 2002; Matsushima 1975, 1980, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1993; Mercado Sierra &

Fig. 24 -Hansfordiellopsis maggii.

138

Mena Portales 1986; Zhang & Zhang 2003; Zhang & Wu 2003; Watanabe 2002.

Tetracoccosporium paxianum Szabò, Hedwigia, 1905.

Type species: Tetracoccosporium paxianum Szabò.

Conidiophores semimacronematous, sometimes branched, straight of flexuous, clear brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, ampulliform. Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous, spherical, subspherical, very dark brown, verruculose, frequently divided cruciately by black septa, 15-18x14-18 µm.

Isotype: ROHB n. 504, 510, 514.

Cabello, Cazau & Arambarri 1990, 1993; Ellis 1971;

Fernando, Anagnost, Morey, Zhou, Catranis & Wang 2005 Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, Trans. Br. mycol.

Soc., 1927.

Current name: Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds. (teleomorph).

Type species: Nigrospora panici Zimm.

Colonies on the natural substratum very small, black.

Conidiophores micronematous or semimacronematous, branched, clear brown, smooth.Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, solitary, discrete, determinate, subspherical, very clear brown. Conidia acrogenous, solitary, laterally ellipsoidal, black, smooth, simple, 16-21x12-21 µm diam.

On dead leaves of Orchid collection n. 2819 D.Bogarin; on dead leaves of indeterminate plant. Tapanti N ational Park, Costa Rica.

De Hoog, Guarro, Gené & Figueras 2000; Ellis 1971; Larone 2002; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980, 1989;

Watanabe 2002.

Penzigomyces sp. specimen 52.

Type species: Penzigomyces nodipes (Penz. & Sacc.) Subram.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect or gently curved, not branched, brown, septate, smooth, 127x5 µm. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, percurrent. Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous, obclavate, obpyriform, brown, with clear terminal cell, euseptate, with the first septum above the largest part of the conidium and two more septa, 35-40xl2 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Colonia Bianca. -Costa Rica.

This specimens could be related for some characters to Sporidesmium aturbinatum (Hughes) Ellis (1958), collected more recently by Cazau in Argentina and described by Cabello & al, (1990), but some differences are conceming the dimensions and mainly the conidia septation. Specimens 52 is clearly a Penzigomyces (Subramanian 1992) for the percurrent proliferation of the conidiogenous cell and the conidia euseptation, but since we have not the possibility to examine all the species of Penzigomyces we prefer to leave our strain indeterminate.

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15 µm

Fig. 25 - Pithomyces cartharum.

Cabello, Cazau & Arambarri 1993; Ellis 1958, 1971, 1976;

Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989,1993, 1995; McKenzie 1995; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Subramanian 1992;

Sun, Zhang, Zhou & Zhu 2005; Watanabe 2002.

Penzigomyces sp. specimens 23 a

Type species: Penzigomyces nodipes (Penz. & Sacc.) Subram.

Conidiophores macronematous mononematous, branched, gently flexuous, brown, up to 146x7 µm.Conidiogenous

16 µm

Fig. 27 - Tetracoccosporium paxianum.

12 µm

Fig. 26 -Pithomyces maydicus.

cells monoblastic, integrated, percurrent, cylindrical.

Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous,, simple, gently curved, obclavate, brown, paler at the apex, transversely euseptate, smooth, 78-l 18xl3 µm.

Holotype USJ. Isotype: Rambelli persona! coll. (slide).

The conidiophores, the conidiogenous cells and conidia should be characteristic of the genus Penzigomyces Subramanian (1992). lndeed the conidiogenous cell presents a percurrent proliferation and the conidia are euseptate, but the genus does not includes species with branched conidiophores. McKenzie (1995) described Ellisembia leonensis (M.B. Ellis) McKenzie with branched conidiophores as new combination of Sporidesmium leonense (Ellis, 1958), very similar to our specimens that it is clearly euseptate: because of these characters its determinati on appears rather difficult.

Unfortunately we observed only one specimen: for this reason we leave it indeterminate, hoping to have the opportunity to examine other specimens.

Cabello, Cazau &Arambarri 1993; Ellis 1958, 1971, 1976;

Heredia Abarca, Mena Portales, Mercado Sierra & Reyes Estebanes 1997; Matsushima 1971, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1995; McKenzie 1995; Mercado Sierra, Gené, Figueras, Rodriguez & Guarro 1998; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena Portales 1997;

Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Subramanian 1992; Sun, Zhang, Zhou & Zhu 2005;

Watanabe 2002.

Gyrothri.x jlexuosa Rambelli sp. nov.

Type species: Gyrothrix podosperma (Corda) Rabenhorst.

Coloniae circumscriptae, effusae, albae sporulantes. Hyphae supersubstratum septatae, pallidae brunneae, quibus setae et cellulae conidiogenae oriuntur. Setae flexuosae, septatae, brunneae, leves, dichotome ramosae, 300-400x3-4 µm, rami

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14 µm 28 µm

Fig. 28 -Nigrospora sphaerica.

lato extemo flexuoso. Conidiophora micronematosa.

Cellulae conidiogenae subclavatae vel lageniformes, subhyalinae, 14-18x2.6-3.8 µm. Conidia continua, hyalina, omnia agglutinata, cylindracea vel modice falcata, apice subulato, libero rotundato, 9-12x2-3 µm.

In foliis dejectis. Lankester Botanica! Garden, Cartago.

Costa Rica ..

Colonies on natural substratum circumscribed, velvety.

grey-brown. Setae originating from dark brown cells of the superficial mycelium, erect, septate, brown, smooth, sinuous, repeatedly and dichotomously branched, 300-400x3-4 µm. Branches brown, and originating on the extemal side of the sinuous main seta and primary branches. Conidiophores micronematous, originating from the superficial mycelium, near the base of the setae, very pale brown, smooth.

Conidiogenous cells obclavate, flask-shaped, very clear brown, percurrent, up to 14-18x2.6-3.8 µm. Conidia aggregated into a whitish layer at the base of the setae, straight or

Fig. 29 -Penzigomyces sp. V 52.

140

slightly curved, with a rounded apex and a pointed base, hyaline, continuous, 9-12x2-3 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Lankester Bot. Gard.

Holotype USJ. Isotype: ROHB n. 517-518.

For some morphological characters this species is resembling G citrico/a Pirozynski ( 1962), like the very sinuous seta and the conidia dimensions, but G fiexuosa has setae up to 400 µm long, and regularly characterized by branching on the extemal sinuous side and, mainly, the conidiogenous cells are longer. For other characters the species could be related to G macroseta Pirozynski (1962) like the dimen- sion of the setae, but the wall is rough in G macroseta and smooth in G flexuosa and the two species differ in the conidia dimensions.

Castaneda Ruiz 1986, 1987, 1988; Cunningham 1974; Ellis 1971; Ellis & Ellis 1998; Hughes & Pirozynski 1971; Kirk 1992; Mercado Sierra & Mena Portales 1986; Munial &

Lall 1966; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Pirozynski 1962; Pirozynski & Patil 1970; Rambelli, Onofri

& Lunghini 1981; Rao & de Hoog 1986; Reddy & Reddy

1985; Subramanian 1971; Sutton 1993; Zucconi & Onofri 1989.

Materia! examined

ROHB 41 O Gyrothix magica on Diospyros gabunensis; 411 G podosperma on Duboscia viridi.flora; 413/b G magica on Gilbertiodendron limba; 416/b G magica on Scytopetalum tieghemii; 427 /a G citrico/a on Diospyros mannii; 519 G verticillata on Myrtus communis.

Gyrothrix sp. Strain n. 63

Setae erect, flexuous, 3-4 times branched, brown, smooth, branches apically twisted, 140-160x4-4.3 µm.

Conidiophores micronematous, very pale brown, smooth.

Fig. 30 Penzigomyces sp.

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Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, discrete, percurrent, sub- conical, subhyaline, 9-13x2.3-3 µm. Conidia aggregated at the base of the setae, acerose, straight, rarely gently curved, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, 8-1 Ox2 µm.

On dead indeterminate leaves. Lankester Bot. Gard., Cartago. Costa Rica.

Holotype USJ. Isotype: ROHB n. 517, 518.

This strain presents some characters similar to G grisea Pirozynski, mainly in the morphology of the setae, but it has smaller conidia, not comiform and higher conidiogenous cells. Nevertheless the general morphology appears not so distinguished and different from G grisea to propose a new species.

Castaneda Ruiz 1986, 1987, 1988; Ellis 1971; Ellis & Ellis 1998; Hughes & Pirozynski 1971; Kirk 1992; Mercado Sierra & Mena Portales 1986; Munial & Lall 1966;

Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Pirozynski 1962; Pirozynski & Patil 1970; Rambelli, Onofri &

Lunghini 1981; Rao & de Hoog 1986; Reddy & Reddy 1985; Subramanian 1971; Sutton 1993; Zucconi & Onofri 1989.

Gyrothrix pupulini Rambelli n.sp.

Etym. dedicated to the botanist Franco Pupulin.

Coloniae circumscriptae, effusae, albae sporulantes. Hyphae supersubstratum reptantes, pallidae brunneae, quibus setae et cellulae conidiogenae oriuntur. Setae erectae vel modice flexuosae, septatae, leves, atrobrunneae, ramosae, usque ad 115 µm longae et 3.5 µm latae. Ramis brunneis, robustis cum extremitatibus flexuosis. Conidiophora micronematosa, dilute brunneis. Cellulae conidiogenae subclavatae, subhyalinae vel dilute brunneis, 6x3.5 µm. Conidia basi setarum aggregata, cylindracea vel leviter falcata, apicibus rotundata, continua, hyalina, 12x2.3 µm.

In foliis dejectis. Rio Zapote. Costa Rica.

24µm

Fig. 31 - Gyrothrix flexuosa.

Colonies on natural substratum circumscribed, velvety, clear grey. Setae erect, septate, smooth, brown, dark brown at the base, clear towards the apex, 2-4 times branched, up to 115 µm high and 3.5 µm wide near the base. Branches sinuous, straight and strong, slender only in the apical part, with 2-3 verticils. Conidiophores micronematous, clear brown, on the hyphae of the superficial mycelium, near the base of the setae. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, discrete, percurrent, fla k shaped, obclavate, very clear brown, 6x3.5 µm. Conidia aggregated in a continuous slimy layer, aseptate, hyaline, rod shaped or gently curved, not comiform,

12x2.3 µm.

On indeterminate dead leaves. Rio Zapote Gallery Forest.

Costa Rica.

Gyrothrix pupulini presents some characters related to G verticillata Pirozynski (1962), but it differs for the morphology of the setae not so high, in the shape of the branches slender only apically, in the dimension of the conidiogenous cells smaller in G pupulini. For the generai mor- phology of the setae could be related also to G flagelli- ramosa described by Arambarri & al. (1997), but in our strain the apices of the seta and branches are slender and not circinate.

Arambarri, Cabello & Cazau 1997; Castaneda Ruiz 1986, 1987, 1988; Ellis 1971; Ellis & Ellis 1998; Hughes &

Pirozynski 1971; Kirk 1992; Mercado Sierra & Mena Portales 1986; Munial & Lall 1966; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Pirozynski 1962; Pirozynski &

Patil 1970; Rambelli, Onofri & Lunghini 1981; Rao & de Hoog 1986; Reddy & Reddy 1985; Subramanian 1971;

Sutton 1993; Zucconi & Onofri 1989.

Materiai examined

ROHB 41 O Gyrothrix magica on Diospyros gabunensis; 411 G podosperma on Duboscia viridiflora; 427/a G citrico/a

12 µm

Fig. 32 - Gyrothrix sp. V 63.

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16 µm

Fig. 33 -Gyrothrix pupulini.

on Diospyros mannii; 519 G verticillata on Myrtus commu- nis.

Gyrothrixjlagella (Cooke & Ellis) Pirozynski, Mycol. Pap.

1962.

Setae erect repeatedly branched, brown, septate, smooth, 45-60x5 µm at the first branching. Branches of different order, flagellate or spirally twisted. Conidiophores micronematous, arising on the hyphae of the superficial mycelium, near the base of the setae. Conidiogenous cells obclavate, very clear brown, 5-9x3.5 µm. Conidia aggregated at the base of the setae, cylindrical, straight or gently curved, not comiform, aseptate, hyaline, 10-12x2.3 µm.

On dead leaves of Senna spectabilis, Lankester Bot. Gard.

This specimens is characterized by the presence at the branch bases of a bulbous swelling.

Castaneda Ruiz 1986, 1987, 1988; Ellis 1971; Ellis & Ellis 1998; Hughes & Pirozynski 1971; Kirk 1992; Mercado Sierra & Mena Portales 1986; Munial & Lall 1966;

Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Pirozynski 1962; Pirozynski & Patil 1970; Rambelli, Onofri &

Lunghini 1981; Rao & de Hoog 1986; Reddy & Reddy 1985; Subramanian 1971; Sutton 1993; Zucconi & Onofri 1989.

Gyrothrix microsperma (Hohnel) Pirozynski, Mycol. Pap.

1962.

Colonies velvety, grey, circumscribed. Setae erect, repeatedly branched, spirally twisted, septate, brown, smooth, 180-200x5 µm. Conidiophores micronematous, arising from the cells of the superficial mycelium near the base of the 142

16 µm ~~J

setae or from the base of the setae, very clear brown.

Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, discrete, percurrent, ampulliform, hyaline or subhyaline, 12-14x3-3.5 µm. Conidia forming a white layer at the base of the setae, oblong, slightly curved, O septate, hyaline, 7-8x2.3 µm.

On dead leaves of Senna spectabilis, Lankester Bot. Gard., Cartago, Costa Rica.

Castaneda Ruiz 1986, 1987, 1988; Castaneda Ruiz &

Kendrick 1991; Ellis 1971; Ellis & Ellis 1998; Hughes &

Pirozynski 1971; Kirk 1992; Mercado Sierra & Mena Portales 1986; Munial & Lall 1966; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas & Tempesta 2005; Pirozynski 1962; Pirozynski &

Patil 1970; Rambelli, Onofri & Lunghini 1981; Rao & de Hoog 1986; Reddy & Reddy 1985; Subramanian 1971; Sutton 1993; Zucconi & Onofri 1989.

Repetophragma cambrense (M.B. Ellis) McKenzie, Mycotaxon 56: 9-29, (1995). Strain 23.

Type species: Repetophragma biseptatum (M.B. Ellis) Subram.

This specimen has conidiophores up to 265 µm long and 1 O µm wide. The percuu·ent conidiogenesis is restricted to the conidiogenous cell apex.

ROHB n. 510.

Castaneda Ruiz, Pascolati Gusmao, Heredia Abarca &

Saikawa 2006; Ellis 1958; Heredia Abarca, Mena Portales, Mercato Sierra & Reyes Estebanes 1997; Hughes 1952;

Matsushima 1980; McKenzie 1995; Subramanian 1992.

Bahusutrabeeja angularis Vasant Rao & de Hoog, Stud.

Mycol., 28: 67 (1986). Strain 23.

Type species: Bahusutrabeeja dwaya Subramanian & Bhat.

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20µm

Fig. 34 - Gyrothrix flagella.

Conidiophores macronematous mononematous, singly, erect or gently flexuous, unbranched, up to 200 µm long and 5-6 µm wide near the base, brown, clear brown towards the apex. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, integrated; phialides with open conical apex, funnel-shaped, 4 µm wide, integrate, intercalary, produced by sympodial growth of the conidiogenous cells. Conidia hyaline, smooth, round with 4 or 6 angles, 10-11 µm diam. aggregated at the apex of the conidiophore, any appendages was observed.

Isotype: Rambelli personal coll. (slide).

Bhat & Kendrick 1993; McKenzie 1997; Rao & de Hoog 1986; Subramanian & Bhat 1977.

Fig. 35 - Gyrothrix microsperma.

Dendryphion comosum Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ., 1833.

Type species: Dendryphion comosum Wallr.

Conidiophores solitary, macronematous, apically branched, straight, brown, dark brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells monotretic, integrated, terminal, sympodial, doliiform, cicatrized. Conidia toruloid, catenate, acropleurogenous, not branched, obclavate, brown, 4 septate, verrucose, 30-40x7- 8 µm.

Ellis 1971, 1976; Hansford 1943; Matsushima 1975, 1985,1987 ; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà & Mena

.

'

.

25 µm

Fig. 36 - Repetophragma cambrense.

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Portales 1997; Morotschkowsky 1933; Saccardo 1891,1892, 1931; Siboe, Kirk & Cannon 1999; Sutton 1993; Von Woronichin 1926.

Dendryphion nodosum Rambelli sp. nov.

Type species: Dendryphion comosum Wallr.

Coloniae absentes. Conidiophora macronematosa, solitaria, erecta aut rarius ramosa et flexuosa, brunnea, septata, levia, 100-200x9 µm. Cellulae conidiogenae polyblasticae, integratae, terminales, sympodiales, cicatricibus conidialibus parum manifestis praeditis. Conidia levia, acropleurogena, cellulis obovoidea usque ad 13 µm composita, in catenis acropetae longascentia, dilute brunnea, in catenis nodosis.

In foliis dejectis. Costa Rica.

Colonies absent. Conidiophores solitary, macronematous, sometimes branched at the apex, generally straight or sligt- ly flexuous, brown, smooth, paler at the apices, 100-200x9 µm. Conidiogenous cells polytretic, integrated, terminal, intercalary, irregularly sympodial, cicatrized with scars large and dark. Conidia acropleurogenous, composed by chains of cells with acropetal development; single cells round, smooth, up to 13 µm in diameter; chains collected in an agglomerate with a knot appearance, clear brown or brown.

Holotype USJ. Isotype: Rambelli personal coll. (slide).

Siboe et al. (1999) described Dendryphion darwinii with acropleurogenous conidia composed by catenate cells. This species is reasonably different for the conidiophores, smooth in D. nodosum that has also conidia without a defined structure because of the acropetal development of the reciprocally intertwined cell chains.

Ellis 1971, 197 6; Hansford 1943; Matsushima 1975,1985,1987; Mercado Sierra, Holubovà-Jechovà &

15 µm

Fig. 37 -Bahusutrabeeya angularis.

144

Mena Portales 1997; Morotschkowsky 1933; Saccardo 1891; Saccardo IV, 1892; Saccardo X, 1892; SaccardoXXII, 1892; Sawada 1959; Siboe, Kirk & Cannon 1999; Sutton 1993; Von Woronichin 1926.

Material examined:

D. comosum, Isotype: ROHB 522.

Scolecobasidium tropicum Matsush. Matsush. Mycol.

Mem. 1983

Type species: Scolecobasidium terreum Abbott.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, originating from the superficial mycelium simple, septate, clear brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal, sympodial, denticulate, denticles cylindrical, very clear brown. Conidia solitary, acropleurogenous, ellipsoidal, fusiform, 2 septate, slightly echinulate, end cells hyaline and central cell brown, apical cell frequently lengthening before germination, 15-20x4-6 µm.

Castaneda Ruiz & Kendrick 1991; De Hoog 1985; De Hoog, Guarro, Gené, & Figueras 2000; Domsch, Gams, &

Anderson 1993; Ellis 197l;Matsushima 1975 - 1980, 1983; Pasqualetti, Rambelli, Mulas, & Tempesta 2005; Watanabe 2002.

Subulispora spinosa Rambelli & Ciccarone, sp. nov.

Type species: Subulispora procurvata Tubaki

Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, erecta, sim- p licia, septata, levia, pallide brunnea, 200x3.4-5 µm.

Cellulae conidiogenae integratae, terminales, sympodiales, polyblasticae, cicatricibus conidialibus manifestis. Conidia solitaria, acropleurogena, erecta, spinosa, basis trunca, apice longo rostro erectus praedita et conidia composita, levia, pallide brunneo flava, continua, 25-35x3 µm.

Fig. 38 -Dendryphion comosum.