Abeta Peptide and Alzheimer’s Disease

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Colin J. Barrow and David H. Small (Eds)

Abeta Peptide and

Alzheimer’s Disease

Celebrating a Century of Research

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Abeta peptide and Alzheimer’s disease: celebrating a century of research 1. Amyloid beta-protein 2. Alzheimer’s disease - Molecular aspects I. Barrow, Colin J. II. Small, David H.

616.8′31

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006924588

ISBN-10: 1-85233-961-6 e-ISBN-10: 1-84628-440-6 Printed on acid-free paper ISBN-13: 978-1-85233-961-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-85233-961-6

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature.

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Springer Science+Business Media springer.com

Colin J. Barrow, BSc (Hons), PhD, MBA Vice President of Research and Development Ocean Nutrition Canada

Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

David H. Small, BSc, PhD Associate Professorial Fellow Department of Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Preface

The year 2006 is the centenary of Alois Alzheimer’s presentation to a meeting of German psychiatrists held in Tübingen, Germany. In 1906, Alzheimer described the results of his studies on a female patient known as Auguste D., who had suffered from a progressive pre- senile dementia. In 1907, Alzheimer published this study in a paper entitled “Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde” in Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin. This paper was a landmark in our understanding of the disease that now bears his name. The paper described the major lesions that are now known to be common to all forms of Alzheimer’s disease.

After 100 years it is time to reflect upon the enormous progress that has been made since Alois Alzheimer’s first observations were reported. The chapters within this book describe some of the major conceptual advances of the last few years, particularly in understanding Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, and the research that may lead to successful therapies.

Central to the story of Alzheimer’s disease is the β-amyloid protein or Aβ, a 4-kDa polypeptide that is intimately involved in the pathogenic cascade. Increasingly it is recognized that Aβ is a causative agent that plays a key role in disease pathogenesis.

The chapters in this book are written by experts in their respective fields, and each author provides individual insight into the role of Aβ in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. The chapters contain innovative ideas on the biochemical, cellular, and behavioral pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease that should propel research over the next few years.

Colin J. Barrow, PhD Ocean Nutrition Canada Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Canada David H. Small, PhD Monash University Clayton, Victoria Australia

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Contents

Preface . . . . v Contributors . . . . ix

1. A Brief Introduction to the History of the β-Amyloid Protein (Aβ) of

Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 1 David H. Small and Colin J. Barrow

2. The Aβcentric Pathway of Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 5 Victor L. Villemagne, Roberto Cappai, Kevin J. Barnham, Robert A. Cherny, Carlos Opazo, Kathy E. Novakovic, Christopher C. Rowe,

and Colin L. Masters

3. The Function of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Family . . . . 37 Roberto Cappai, B. Elise Needham, and Giuseppe D. Ciccotosto

4. The Involvement of Aβ in the Neuroinflammatory Response . . . . 52 Piet Eikelenboom, Willem A. van Gool, Annemieke J.M. Rozemuller,

Wiep Scheper, Rob Veerhuis, and Jeroen J.M. Hoozemans

5. Amyloidβ-Peptide(1-42), Oxidative Stress, and Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 83 D. Allan Butterfield

6. Amyloid Toxicity, Synaptic Dysfunction, and the Biochemistry of

Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 93 Judy Ng, Marie-Isabel Aguilar, and David H. Small

7. Aβ Variants and Their Impact on Amyloid Formation and

Alzheimer’s Disease Progression . . . . 102 Laszlo Otvos, Jr.

8. Copper Coordination by β-Amyloid and the Neuropathology of

Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 125 Cyril C. Curtain and Kevin J. Barnham

9. Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 142 Joanna M. Cordy and Benjamin Wolozin

10. Amyloidβ-Peptide and Central Cholinergic Neurons: Involvement

in Normal Brain Function and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology . . . . 159 Satyabrata Kar, Z. Wei, David MacTavish, Doreen Kabogo, Mee-Sook Song,

and Jack H. Jhamandas

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11. Physiologic and Neurotoxic Properties of Aβ Peptides . . . 179 Gillian C. Gregory, Claire E. Shepherd, and Glenda M. Halliday

12. Impact of β-Amyloid on the Tau Pathology in Tau Transgenic Mouse

and Tissue Culture Models . . . . 198 Jürgen Götz, Della C. David, and Lars M. Ittner

13. Glial Cells and Aβ Peptides in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis . . . 216 Gilbert Siu, Peter Clifford, Mary Kosciuk, Venkat Venkataraman, and

Robert G. Nagele

14. The Role of Presenilins in Aβ-Induced Cell Death in

Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 234 Maria Ankarcrona

15. Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 245 Josef Karkos

16. Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . 259 Dwight C. German

Subject Index . . . . 274 Author Index . . . . 278

viii Contents

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ix

Contributors

Marie-Isabel Aguilar, BSc, PhD Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology Department of Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia Maria Ankarcrona, PhD Karolinska Institutet

Neurotec, Section for Experimental Geriatrics

Huddinge, Sweden Kevin J. Barnham, PhD Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia;

The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria

Parkville, VIC, Australia

Colin J. Barrow, BSc(Hons), PhD, MBA Ocean Nutrition Canada

Dartmouth, NS, Canada D. Allan Butterfield, PhD Department of Chemistry

Center for Membrane Sciences and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging University of Kentucky

Lexington, KY, USA

Roberto Cappai, BSc(Hons), PhD Department of Pathology, and Centre for

Neuroscience

The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia;

Mental Health Research Institute Parkville, VIC, Australia Robert A. Cherny, PhD Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia;

Giuseppe D. Ciccotosto, BSc, PhD Department of Pathology

The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia;

Mental Health Research Institute Parkville, VIC, Australia Peter Clifford, MS

New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey – SOM

Stratford, NJ, USA Joanna M. Cordy, PhD Department of Pharmacology

Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA

Cyril C. Curtain, PhD, DSc School of Physics

Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia;

Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia Della C. David, PhD

Brain and Mind Research Institute (BMRI) University of Sydney

Camperdown, NSW, Australia Piet Eikelenboom, PhD, MD Department of Neurology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands;

Department of Psychiatry Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Dwight C. German, PhD

The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas

Dallas, TX, USA Jürgen Götz, PhD

Camperdown, NSW, Australia Gillian C. Gregory, PhD

Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute and the University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia

Glenda M. Halliday, BSc, PhD

Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute and the University of New South Wales Ranwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia Jeroen J.M. Hoozemans, PhD Department of Neuropathology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands;

Department of Psychiatry Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands Lars M. Ittner, MD

Camperdown, NSW, Australia Jack H. Jhamandas, MD, PhD Department of Neurology University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada Doreen Kabogo, BSc Department of Psychiatry University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada Satyabrata Kar, PhD

Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Psychiatry

University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada Josef Karkos, MD Clinical Studies CCN Institut “Methodenforum”

Berlin, Germany

Mary Kosciuk, PhD

Stratford, NJ, USA David MacTavish, Dls Department of Neurology University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada Colin L. Masters, MD, FRCPA Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia;

Parkville, VIC, Australia Robert G. Nagele, PhD

New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging University of Medicine and

Dentistry of New Jersey – SOM Stratford, NJ, USA

B. Elise Needham, PhD Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia;

Mental Health Research Institute Parkville, VIC, Australia Judy Ng, MSc

Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology Department of Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia Kathy E. Novakovic, BSc Department of Nuclear Medicine Centre for PET

Austin Hospital

Melbourne, VIC, Australia;

Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia Carlos Opazo, PhD Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia;

x Contributors

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Laszlo Otvos, Jr, PhD, DSc, CBA The Wistar Institute

Philadelphia, PA, USA

Christopher C. Rowe, MD, FRACP Department of Nuclear Medicine Centre for PET

Austin Hospital

Melbourne, VIC, Australia;

Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia

Annemieke J.M. Rozemuller, MD, PhD Department of Neuropathology

Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands Wiep Scheper, PhD

Neurogenetics Laboratory Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands Claire E. Shepherd, BSc, PhD

Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute and the University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia

Gilbert Siu, BSc, PhD

Stratford, NJ, USA David H. Small, BSc, PhD Department of Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia

Mee-Sook Song, PhD Department of Psychiatry University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada Willem A. van Gool, MD, PhD Department of Neurology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rob Veerhuis, PhD

Department of Psychiatry Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands Venkat Venkataraman, PhD Department of Cell Biology

Stratford, NJ, USA Victor L. Villemagne, MD Department of Nuclear Medicine Centre for PET, Austin Hospital Melbourne, VIC, Australia;

Department of Pathology The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia;

Parkville, VIC, Australia Z. Wei, PhD

Department of Psychiatry University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada Benjamin Wolozin, MD, PhD Department of Pharmacology

Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA

Contributors xi