Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; diagnostics, treatment and outcome

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LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

VETERINARY ACADEMY

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Disa M. Stattin

Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; diagnostics, treatment and

outcome

MASTER THESES

Integrated Studies of Veterinary Medicine

Supervisor: Lekt. DVM. Giedrė Vokietytė-Vilėniškė

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2 THE WORK WAS DONE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF LARGE ANIMAL SURGERY

CONFIRMATION OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF DONE WORK

I confirm that the presented Master Theses “Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; Diagnostics, Treatment and Outcome’’

1. has been done by me;

2. has not been used in any other Lithuanian or foreign university;

3. I have not used any other sources not indicated in the work and I present the complete list of the used literature.

Disa M. Stattin

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CONFIRMATION ABOUT RESPONSIBILITY FOR CORRECTNESS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE IN THE DONE WORK

I confirm the correctness of the Lithuanian language in the done work. Disa M. Stattin

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CONCLUSION OF THE SUPERVISOR REGARDING DEFENCE OF THE MASTER THESES

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THE MASTER THESES HAVE BEEN APPROVED IN THE DEPARTMENT/CLINIC

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Evaluation of defence commission of the Master Theses:

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18/12/19

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SUMMARY

Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; Diagnostics, Treatment and Outcome

Disa Stattin Master Theses

Not many studies have been done regarding the tarsal bursae, its diagnostics and treatment. The literature review section includes articles of calcaneal bursitis as well as the more prominent and highly studied navicular bursa. In this study 16 horses with calcaneal bursitis were examined and treated with bursoscopy. Horses were diagnosed by ultrasound and synoviocentesis, and radiography was done to identify bone injuries. The nomenclature of the calcaneal bursae is described differently in a range of literatures, in this study the calcaneal bursae is referred to as the bursae in the tarsal region; the subcutaneous calcaneal bursa (SCB), the intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB), the gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB) and the cunean calcaneal bursa (CCB). Synovia, synovial fluids, and the lining of the bursa can get inflamed and irritated due to trauma with or without penetrating wounds. The bursal lining gets thickened, and the synovial fluid gets more viscous at the inflammation site, causing pain and lameness.

Key words: Bursitis, Bursoscopy, Synoviocentesis, Intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB), Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa (SCB), Gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB)

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SANTRAUKA

Arklių kalkanalinis bursitas; diagnozavimas, gydymas ir baigtis

Disa Stattin

Magistro baigiamasis darbas

Studijų apie tarzalinių bursų tyrimus, jų diagnozavimą ir gydymą yra atlikta nedaug. Literatūros apžvalgoje yra apžvelgiami moksliniai straipsniai apie kalkanalinį bursitą, taip pat apie dažniau pasitaikančią ir labiau išstudijuotą navikuliarinę bursą. Šiame darbe buvo ištirta 16 arklių, kuriems nustatytas kalkanalinis bursitas ir gydyti naudojant bursoskopiją. Arkliai buvo tiriami naudojant ultragarsą ir sinovijos centezę, rentgenologinis tyrimas atliktas siekiant nustatyti sužalojimus. Kalkanalinio bursito terminas literatūroje apibrėžiamas įvairiai. Šiame darbe kalkanalinė bursa yra apibrėžiama kaip bursa tarzalinėje srityje; poodinė kalkanalinė bursa (SCB), intertendinous kalkanalinė bursa (ICB), gastrocnemius kalkanalinė bursa (GCB) ir cunean kalkanalinė bursa (CCB). Sinovijos, sinovijos skysčių ir bursos pamušalų uždegimas gali kilti esant traumoms kai yra atviros arba uždaros žaizdos..Uždegimo vietoje bursos pamušalas sustorėja, o sinovijos skysčiai tampa klampūs dėl ko atsiranda skausmas ir lameness.

Raktažodžiai: bursitas, bursoskopija, sinovijos centezė, intertendinous kalkanalinė bursa (ICB), poodinė kalkanalinė bursa (SCB), gastrocnemius kalkanalinė bursa (GCB)

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ABBREVIATIONS

ICB: Intertendinous Calcaneal Bursa SCB: Subcutaneous Calcaneal Bursa GCB: Gastrocnemius Calcaneal Bursa CCB: Cunean Calcaneal Bursa

GT: Gastrocnemius Tendon CT: Cunean Tendon

SDFT: Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon DDFT: Deep Digital Flexor Tendon

A-RILP: Antibiotic perfused Regional Intravenous Limb Perfusion RILP: Regional Intravenous Limb Perfusion

LH: Left Hind (Limb) RH: Right Hind (Limb) BH: Both Hind (Limbs) IB: Intra bursae

PO: Per Os IV: Intravenously IM: Intramuscular US: Ultrasound

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INTRODUCTION

Depending on the severity of the bursitis, its infection type, and the health status of the horse together with the realistic thoughts of owners and their future with the horse, a treatment program is discussed. Bursitis of the tarsal regional bursas occurs often in correlation to trauma whereas a puncture wound into the bursa can cause a septic process. All cases in the study (septic and aseptic) were treated with bursoscopy in form of diagnostic means and treatment by lavage and debridement of the bursae. 87,5% of cases in the study had a penetrating wound into bursae whereas 12,5% of them had a septic process with microorganisms in the luminal cavity of the bursae. All cases except one was treated with IB injection and/or A-RILP together with systemic antibiotic treatment. The standard endoscopic approach used in the study was a proximal and/or distal approach to the insertion sites of retinaculum of the SDFT. The proximal end of calcaneus encounters an enlarged osseous structure and has minimal soft tissue protection, causing an increased risk of injuries to the bone. The tendons attaching to the tuber calcanei has by that, also less protection, that is one reason why there are two main bursae located in the calcaneal region (SCB and ICB). A septic process of the bursae interior structures might also affect the tendons and ligaments coursing through its synovial structure.

Objective

The objective of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic features, response to medical and endoscopic treatment and long‐term outcome of horses with bursitis.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome and treatment for cases with bursitis.

Tasks

1. To find percentage of bursitis cases treated with bursoscopy (endoscopy) that came back to their previous training form.

2. Ascertain techniques of treatment for aseptic versus septic bursitis, their outcome and prognosis

3. To find out the most common placement of portals into bursae. 4. To find out anatomic communication between bursae.

5. To find out most common bacterial flora in septic bursitis.

6. Ascertain differences in comparison of A-RILP and IB injections.

7. To find out if direct approach with the endoscope is better than transtechal approach due to the transition of a membrane.

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1. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. General clinical anatomy of the tarsal region of the horse

The tarsal region also called the hock is situated distal to the tibia and proximal to the cannon bone of the distal hoof of the hind limb. The tarsal or hock joint is a ginglymus joint; with the tarsocrural joint being a cochlear joint. This composite, uniaxial joint has a one-way momentum that only moves over one axis, craniocaudal. (1) Joints are synovial fluid filled gaps between bones that make movement possible, the synovial fluid acts as lubrication for the bones as they move against each other. The tarsal region is made up out of the tarsocrural joint that attaches cochlea of tibia with trochlea of talus, talus also attaches to calcaneus via talocalcaneal joint. Talus and calcaneus creates the first/proximal row of bones in the tarsal region, they attaches to the central tarsal and 4th tarsal bone via proximal intertarsal joint. The distal intertarsal joint is situated between central tarsal bone and 1st to 3rd tarsal bones. The tarsometatarsal joint is situated between the 1st to 4th tarsal bones and 2nd to 4th metatarsal bones. Intertarsal joints are vertical joints situated between the tarsal bones. (2) The tarsal bones stick together by the articulations described above and ligaments coursing from bone to bone and tendons cursing from muscles to bone. The interosseous ligament follows metatarsal bone 3 (MTB-III), and the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) courses over all the way to the distal hoof and to the last phalanx. The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) courses over the DDFT from femur to tuber calcanei and down to the second phalanx of the distal foot.

1. Tarsocrural/tibiotarsal joint 2. Talocalcaneal joint

3. Proximal intertarsal joint 4. Distal intertarsal joint 5. Tarsometatarsal joint

Fig. 1.1. Schematic drawing of the hock joint of the horse

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9 Bursas are anatomically similar to joint capsules by their inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous layer. They are different in structures where the bone surfaces for bursas are covered with fibrocartilage rather than hyaline cartilage as it is for joints. Bursas are situated at places where tendons courses over bone, they work as a cushion to prevent friction of the tendon against the bony surface, like tendon sheaths they work to promote the gliding motion of tendons. An example is the intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB) that lies between calcaneus and SDFT. (3)

Several bursas are located in the plantaroproximal aspect of tuber calcanei, including: the potential subcutaneous bursa (SCB), where the presence of a true bursa is debatable and is, in some articles considered a ’’fake bursa’’ because of the upcoming of the bursa is often associated to trauma rather than genetics in some cases. (4) The SCB develops superficial to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). The intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB), also called subtendinous calcanean bursa is located between the SDFT and gastrocnemius tendon (GT). Another bursa is situated dorsally to the insertion of the GT on tuber calcanei and is by its position named gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB)(5)(6) The GCB often communicates with ICB.(7)(8) On the medial aspect of the tarsus triangled between tibia, calcaneus and talus is the cunean calcaneal bursa (CCB) situated, where the cunean tendon (CT) courses over the surface where tarsal bone 1 and 2 fuses. The small CCB is said to be of clinical importance.(9)

Bursas are located in different places in the tarsal region were tendons courses over bone, they do not surround the tendinous structure like tendon sheaths do, as they are only located on one side of the tendon. SDFT has bursae on each side of its most prominent section where it courses over tuber cancanei. As seen in Figure 1.2 the superficial SCB (B), situated above the SDFT (dark blue), and the ICB (C) situated below the same tendon as it courses over bone (tuber calcanei of calcaneus). As shown in the picture the ICB is at least double the size of the smaller SCB. GT (red) courses behind ICB, and attaches at tuber calcanei, it is sandwiched between ICB (C) and the GCB (D), these bursae often communicates.(10) Behind GCB in the lateral view of the bone a branch of DDFT, the Lateral DFT is situated (pink)(11)(12) In the medial aspect of the tarsal region lateral to the bone, the CCB (A) is situated as the CT (green) courses over bone in a horizontal aspect where tarsal bone 1 and 2 fuses. Letters and numbers for Fig 1.2 are described in Table 1.3 and 1.4.

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Fig 1.2. Schematic drawing of bursas, tendons and tendon sheaths

Letter Name of bursae

A Cunean calcaneal bursa B Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa C Intertendinous calcaneal bursa D Gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa Number Name of bone

1 Tibia 2 Talus 3 Central tb 4 3rd tb 5 3rd mt 6 Tuber calcanei 7 Calcaneus 8 4th tb 9 4th mt 10 1st_{& 2}nd_tb 11 2nd_mt

Table 1.3. Translating of schematic drawing of bones shown in Fig 1.2.

Table 1.4. Translating of schematic drawing of bursae shown in Fig 1.2.

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1.2. Calcaneal bursae in the horse

In the anatomical study of Post et al. (2007) a communication between the ICB and the GCB was confirmed in the study. The result was based on emersion of synovial fluid from the GCB, following water injection of the ICB. Latex was injected into the ICB, and emersion of latex was confirmed from the GCB.(10) The study identified a communication on the medial aspect in all 18 (100%) limbs in the study, and a lateral communicative aspect in limbs between the ICB and GCB. In more than one third (39%) of the 18 limbs a communication between SCB and ICB was identified, and therefore also the GCB. As the study inflicts the ICB and GCB is to be considered as one synovial structure due to the communicating compartments, this hence that synoviocentesis in a septic calcaneal bursitis could be considered in the GCB as well as for the ICB.(12)(10) Diagnostic tools for bursitis used are endoscopy, ultrasonography and radiography. (4) (13) (14)

1.3. Bursitis

1.3.1. Etiopathogenesis

Wounds to the tarsal region due to trauma are commonly seen in cases with bursitis of the calcaneal bursas. Tendon tears and ligament raptures can be examined during diagnostic procedures of the bursae by endoscopy and ultrasonography. Commonly seen in equine practice are mares in heat, which kicks against the surrounding walls causing trauma or crapped hock that results in inflammation of the SCB. If the trauma caused a penetrating wound into the bursal lumen there are large chances of infection to occur in the bursa. The infection can become chronic if not taken care of by correct means as endoscopy and antibiotic treatment. In a study by Richardson et al. (1986) bacterial cultures was examined from 9 horses with navicular bursitis. (16)_{The results of the 9 horses} tested for bacterial growth in the navicular bursae showed bacterial growth of Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enteric gram-negative rods, Escherechia coli or was without any bacterial growth.(16)

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12 Sensitivity testing for the infected cases of navicular bursitis showed positive for Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Amikacin, Trumethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Carbenicillin, Tobramycin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Aampicillin. All Streptococcus spp. was considered sensitive to penicillin at the clinic where the study was done. The antibiotics used were Penicillin G for Proteus spp, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enteric gram-negative rods, Streptococcus aeroginosa and Escherechia coli. Penicillin G was used together with Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for 5 cases and alone for the horse with no bacterial growth. In total 34 horses out of 38 received antibiotics (one or more in combinations) in the study. In the study the horses were hospitalized for 1-708 days (mean 44,8 days). (16)

1.3.2. Synoviocentesis

A synoviocentesis is applied to measure the synovial fluids in synovial structures to rule out inflammation or infection in the luminal cavity. Infection in synovial structures in horses is a potential threat to the athletic function of the horse, as the infection can cause intraluminal structures to break down. If the wound penetrating the cavity is large enough, causing a drainage of the effused fluid, the lameness may not show until the wound granulates and the draining stops, imprisoning the fluid inside the cavity causing a out pouching of the area due to the distension of the fluid filling the cavity, causing the lameness due to pain.(17)

In the procedure of synoviocentesis the area should be aseptic and the procedure should be done with precision not to cause infection or injuries of the membrane. Normal synovial fluid is light yellow in color and viscous but does not clot, it has a cell count of ≤0,5x109 cells/L while a infected or inflamed synovia has synovial fluid which is yellow to red-brownish in color and has low viscosity with a cell count of >20x109 cells/L with some variations. In normal synovia the Neutrophil percentage is around <10 %, a increased percentage of the neutrophil count indicates on synovitis. Synovitis cases can include a neutrophil cell count in percentage up to ≥85 % in some cases.(17)

The viscosity of the synovial fluid is created by polymerized hyaluronic acid that binds the fluid, creating the viscosity. If taking a drop of synovial fluids between two fingers the normal synovial fluid stretches 2-4cm before breaking, if synovitis is present these polymerized hyaluronic acid bonds breaks earlier. In normal synovial fluids the mononuclear cells together with neutrophils is around 10% of the total cell count, which increases to ≥90% in septic cases.(18)

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2. SURGICAL APPROACH OVERVIEW

2.1. Endoscopic surgical approach comparisons

There are two mostly used approaches in the endoscopic vision of the bursae; direct or transtechal approach. Other articles have described modified approaches to bursas of cadavers, and in all articles observed for the study, the authors agree on the fact that an endoscopic visualization is necessary for the treatment process and diagnostics of bursitis. In a study where two approaches into the navicular bursa by an endoscope through a single portal in 16 cadavers, a modified straightforward approach allowed near-complete examination of the navicular bursa with minimal iatrogenic damage to the intrabursal structures.(19) The study was based on two original reports whereas the first had synoviocentesis as the main diagnostic technique as well as bursoscopy. The authors agree that the most appropriate approach of treatment is a surgical exploration and debridement of the bursae together with regional perfusion of antimicrobial drugs. (14) In the second article, radiography was used as the main diagnostic approach for endoscopy of the bursae and its pathological findings. 17 cadavers front limbs was used in the study. A podotrochlear bursa endoscopy was used to identify abnormalities associated with podotrochleosis, the endoscopical approach was done on the ipsilateral side of the bursa which was described in the report as a difficult portal to observe the bursal linings. Podotrochlear endoscopical approach to the bursa could assist in the identification of podotrochleosis pathological changes within the bursa hence the author. (20) Transtechal approach has been described in navicular bursas by dissection through the distal part of the distopalmar recess of the DDFT sheath. A single ipsilateral portal was done that created a vision of the whole navicular bursa and allowed free movement of the endoscope. The results support earlier studies where the modified approach of the portal increased the access to the bursa. (21)(19)

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14 In a study by Ingle-Fehr et al (1998) an endoscopic diagnostic approach was done to the calcaneal bursa of 12 cadavers and 2 adult horses with a direct approach that enabled a complete assessment of the bursal cavity through a single portal on the plantar medial or plantar lateral aspect distally to the bursa below the attachment of the SDFT. Positioning of the horse on the operation table was discussable due to the easier positioning of the lateral recumbence while the dorsal recumbence allowed access to both aspects of the bursa, medial and lateral. The GT was used as a landmark for the proximal aspect of the ICB as it attaches to tuber cancanei of calcaneus. By this approach no damage was done to the SDFT as evaluated during gross dissection of the bursa. The use of an endoscope to the bursa for diagnostic approach provided a direct observation of the whole bursa, and with a single endoscopic portal.(13) The study by Ingle-Fehr and Baxter (1998) is also described as the main surgical approach in the literature of the book ’’Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse’’ that refers to the article when describing the insertion of the instrument in the standard approach to the bursae. The endoscope is inserted between the SDFT and the plantar ligament (PL) in a distal to medial or lateral approach to the retinacular insertion of the SDFT. A portal is created distal to the retinaculum into the bursa medial or lateral to the retinaculum distally. The approach enables a thorough full view of the bursa through one portal. The approach could, as mentioned be a lateral approach or a medial approach called ’’standard approaches’’. Depending on circumstances for the specific bursa, eg. Wounds, different approaches can be made in a proximal or distal approach to the retinaculum. That may be ipsilateral or contralateral to the endoscope.(22)

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2.2. Treatment

After diagnostically observed the bursitis to evaluate the possibility of inflammation and/or infection of the bursa, the treatment plan can be done for the individual horse. Regional intravenous (saphenous vein) limb perfusion (RILP) together with endoscopic lavage of the bursae was used as treatment reported by Wright et al. (1999) for treatment of contaminated and infected bursae, in all recorded articles one method of treatment was done by endoscopy.(14)(11) (23) (12) Median of the horses hospitalized was 16 days with a mean of 17 days and the interval of 7-40 days following surgery. 10 horses returned to their previous training form, 2 were euthanized due to persistent lameness. Synoviocentesis was performed as the main diagnostic technique, and endoscopic treatment resulted in a shorter hospitalization period. In a report by Richardson et al. (1986), a study of 38 horses with puncture wounds into the navicular bursa was examined. The age of the horses ranged from 3 months to 20 years of age, with a mean age of 8,3 years. Treatment was done by debridement and endoscopy of the bursae. 15 horses needed a repeated surgical treatment. 34 horses received antibiotic treatment in form of penicillin G, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Kanamycin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, and Oxacillin some with combinations.(16) It does not say in the report how the antibiotics were administrated (per os (PO), intravenoursly (IV), intrabursal (IB)). The mean hospitalized period for the horses were 44,8 days, septic cases had a bad prognosis. The author recommends the use of penicillin G and Aminoglycoside as an initial therapy before the sensitivity test results are available. 12 (31,6%) of the horses in the study had a satisfactory outcome.(16) (14)

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3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Case selection

16 cases with bursitis treated with bursoscopy between the years of 2016 and 2018 at UDS in Uppsala, was used for the study to enable an understanding of endoscopic techniques of bursae in the tarsal region, how to diagnose the pathology its prognosis, diagnostics, treatment and outcome of endoscopic surgery due to bursitis. Cases were observed during pre- and post-surgery for observation of the treatment plan; owners were contacted years/months after the surgery for a follow-up. Synovial samples from the bursa was tested for most cases, and its parameters was observed for a indication of severeness of the bursitis, observation of choice of treatment plan depending on the synovial tests was used as guidance.

RLP is done in the saphenous vein of the hind limb to assemble the antibiotics in the tarsal region. The procedure is done by placement of a tourniquet on the hind limb to compress the saphenous vein to a stasis. The vein is then locally sedated with lidocaine or carbocaine before gentamicin or amikacin is injected into the vein during a period of time. In the IB injection, a dose of gentamicin is directly administrated into the bursa and the accumulation of the antibiotics assembles in the closed cavity of the pouch. The techniques were used together in most cases.

Diagnostic codes for the pathology of relevance was selected: MB412: Bursitis (acute)

MB71: Trauma to synovial structures (tendon sheath and bursae) MB422: Bursitis (chronic)

These codes were sent to insurance companies whereas statistics was sustained from one company ‘’Sveland djurförsäkringar’’ (translated into Sveland animal insurance company). The insurance company replied that the statistics of cases with the diagnostic codes MB412, MB71 and MB422, from the years of 2017 and 2018 show less than 1% out of all injury enquiries they receive in equine medicine, which concludes that these diagnostic codes (MB412, MB71 and MB422) are uncommon. The results of the statistics only shows if the horse got euthanized or got a continuous treatment by veterinarian, and not the specific question of potential athletic training form post surgery. The statistics is shown in Annex 1, used as an elective interest in the diagnostic codes.

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17 3.1.1. Case descriptions

All 16 cases (named from A to P) their diagnostics, treatment, synovial test results and outcome are described in the following section below. All cases were treated with Geepenil (bensylpencillin natrium/Penicillin G), Gentaject (Gentamicin) and Flunixin (NSAID) systemically. Variation was done in the matter of A-RILP and/or IB injections with either Biklin (Amikacin) or Gentaject (Gentamicin). During A-RILP a concentration of lidocaine or procaine was first administrated IV into the saphenous vein of the hind limb before start of the infusion. The horses stayed hospitalised for 3 to 18 days (mean 9,5 days) post surgery. All cases got a sterile bandage post surgery and got sterile bandage change throughout the hospitalization. Horses with an insufficient vaccination status of the tetanus vaccine, got a vaccination if a penetrating wound into the bursae was present.

Case A:

Diagnostics:

Wound in plantaroproximal aspect of the calcaneus. Effusion of fluids in the ICB causing distension seed in both lateral and medial aspect of the proximal calcaneal region and lateral, medial and dorsal to the SDFT and distal attachment of the GT. No distension of the SCB or other structures (tendons, ligaments) is seen in the ultrasound. Osteitis is suspected by x-ray.

Treatment and surgical approach:

Calcaneal inter- and subtendinous approach with standard distolateral and proximomedial portals. Amikacin was administraded IB right after the surgery and portals were closed. RILP with lidocaine+gentaject (gentamicin) was done. Geepenil (bensylpenicillinnatrium/Penicillin G)+Gentaject (gentamicin) and flunixin was administrated IV during the hospitalization.

Synovial test results:

Synoviocentesis of ICB with high cell count: Leucocytes 1090 10e6/L, Neutrophils 66%, Lymphocytes 14%, mononuclear cells 20%.

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18 Case B:

Diagnostics:

Wound plantaromedial calcaneus. No skeletal damage seen in x-ray. Treatment and surgical approach:

Surgery 1: Standard distolateral portal to ICB, penetration observed in the middle third of the bursa. Additional portal proxomedially to lavage GCB, torn fibers of SDFT is debrided. Drain placed distally. RILP with gentamicin was done and Gentaject (gentamicin) + Geepenil (bensylpenicillinnatrium/penicillin G) was administrated IV.

Surgery 2: ICB accessed from the wound. Purulent material in SCB was debrided and an additional portal proximomedially was made to lavage GCB. Double layer support bandage was applied sterile for support. Ceftiofur+gentamicin IB. Complications after 6 days, horse came back to clinic. Euthanasia due to bad prognosis and economics.

Synoviocentesis of ICB, 2% eosinophils, Leukocytes 21000 10e6/L, Neutrophils 87%, Lymphocytes 4%, mononuclear cells 7%. A second synoviocentesis was sent to the lab, but the answer was not received, it was probably septic due to the outcome (euthanasia).

Case C:

Diagnostics:

Wound plantarolateral aspect of calcaneus. Treatment and surgical approach:

Standard distolateral and medial portals to ICB and additional portals proximolaterally to GCB, the bursae was lavage with 5L saline. SCB debridement. Drain distally placed. ICB injected with gentamicin, portal closed. Geepenil, gentaject, flunixin IV. RILP with gentamicin.

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19 Case D:

Diagnostics:

Wound proximal and dital to calcaneus. Effusion of ICB seen medially to the bone in ultrasound and osteitis evaluated by radiography.

Surgery 1: Standard portals to ICB, injection with gentamicin IB.

Surgery 2: Previous portals opened, partial synovectomy performed but not possible to remove all pannus from proliferative villi, bursae were lavaged with 40L RA. Laterodistal portal left open for drainage rest was closed. RILP with amikacin. Enrofloxacin was considered as anticiotic change due to worsened condition of the horse, but euthanasia was done in the end due to pad prognosis.

Purulent inflammation seen in ICB with particles inside macrophages (phagocytised), actinobacillus susceptible for gentamicin was evaluated as bacterial flora. Leukocytes 36160 10e6/L, Neutrophils 87%, Lymphocytes 1%, mononuclear cells 12%. On the second synovial test Staphylococcus aureus and a non-specific coagulative-negative bacteria was observed. Septic synovitis.

Case E:

Diagnostics:

Wound plantarolateral calcaneus. Treatment and surgical approach:

Gentamicin to ICB injected IB and sterile bandage. Standard portals to ICB and GCB done for endoscopic diagnostics. Split lesion of SDFT communicating with the wound, injury debrided. Drain placed laterodistal to wound. RILP with gentamicin, gentamicin injected IB portals closed. Geepenil

(bensylpencillinnatrium/Penicillin G)+gentaject (Gentamicin)+flunixin administrated IV. Synovial test results:

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20 Case F:

Diagnostics:

Wound horizontal on lateral view of calcaneus. Thickening surrounding the plantaroproximal aspect of the calcaneus and along the plantar aspect of calcaneus, no skeletal abnormalities was seen in radiography. Treatment and surgical approach:

Got tetanus vaccination. Standard proximodistal lateromedial portals into ICB, lavage. RILP with gentamicin, drain distally to wound. Gentamicin IB. Geepenil+gentaject+flunixin.:

Synovial test results

Leukocytes slightly increased but the test was too small for instrumental measurement. Neutrophils 63%, Lymphocytes 22%, mononuclear cells 14%.

Case G:

Diagnostics:

A horizontal wound distally to tuber calcanei, no skeletal abnormalities. Treatment and surgical approach:

Biklin (Amikacin) IB ICB/SCB, gentamicin+geepenil (Bensinpenicillinnatrium/Penicillin G). Bursoscopy was done through wound over distolateral pouch of ICB. Standard medial and lateral approach, plantar ligament rupture. Lavage of bursa and application of drain, closure of portals, biklin (amikacin) was

administrated IB in ICB. Suspected communication with GCB. Bandage. RILP with gentaject (gentamicin). Geepenil (bensynpenicillinnatrium/Penicillin G)+flunixin.

Leukocytes 156300 10e6/L, Neutrophils 91%, Lymphocytes 0%, mononuclear cells 9%. No microorganisms. Synovitis.

Case H:

Diagnostics:

No wound. UL+X-ray, no effusion shown in UL, necrotic bone defect seen in x-ray, osteomyelit. Treatment and surgical approach:

Bursoscopy with standard distolateral and medial portals to ICB and instrument portal in the proximal lateral bursa (GCB), no tendon damage examined with endoscope. Bursae medicated with amikacin and portals closed. Geepenil (Bensylpenicillinnatrium/Penicillin G), flunixin, RILP with gentamicin and placement of a sterile bandage.

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21 Case I:

Diagnostics:

Ventrical wound laterocaudal, distally to tuber calcanei, no skeletal changes seen in x-ray. Treatment and surgical approach:

Geepenil (Bensylpenicillinnatrium/Penicillin G), gentamicin and flunixin IV. A perfusion from wound to ICB was seen plantarolaterally. Proximal mediolateral and distomedial and lateral portals to ICB and GCB. Portals closed. Sterile bandage. RILP with gentamycin. IB injection with gentamicin.

Synovial test results: -

Case J:

Diagnostics:

No wound, effusion of ICB/GCB can be seen. US show echoic fluids in bursae and X-ray shows small defect in skeleton.

Two lateral and three medial portals into ICB and GCB, severe synovitis and a granuloma can be debrided. Lavage of bursae and IB injection of gentamycin together with morphine. Sterile bandage.

Leukocytes 640 10e6/L, Neutrophiles 10%, Lymphocytes 29%, mononuclear cells 61%. No synovitis.

Case K:

Diagnostics:

Wound at tip of calcaneus, no signs of osteomyelitis or sequester on x-ray. Split of SDFT could be seen in US as well as bursitis in GCB and ICB.

Geepenil (bensylpencillinnatrium/Penicillin G), flunixin IV. ICB sampled for HemoCue 1,7x10^9 cells/L. Distension of ICB via GCB no communication to SCB. Proximolateral and medial portals to ICB, split injury to SDFT, lavage of bursae and injection IB with gentamicin. Portals closed.

3% eosinophils, erythrocytes 11g/L, Leukocytes 1190 10e6/L, Neutrophils 20%, Lymphocytes 22%, mononuclear cells 55%.

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22 Case L:

Diagnostics:

Wound caudally on proximally on tuber calcanei of calcaneus. No luminal fluids in SCB on the tuber calcanei, thickened wall and mild to moderate amount of anechoic fluid in ICB. GCB on the lateral aspect is heterogenous hypoechoic with a thickened wall and hypoechoic content within the lumen. X-ray show bursitis in ICB and GCB, cellulitis in soft tissue surrounding tuber calcanei, possibly tendinitis to SDFT. Treatment and surgical approach:

Gentamicin injected IB. Longitudinal tear of SDFT at tuber calcanei and a corresponding bruising on GCB, Lavage of bursa, attempt to explore SCB but no real synovial space to perform bursoscopy. Closure of portals and injection of gentamycin and morphine IB to GCB. Tetanus vaccination.

Purulent inflammation of bursae, low cell count 8200x10^6/L, possibly chronic inflammation. Leukocytes 8200 10e6/L, Neutrophils 45%, Lymphocytes 11%, mononuclear cells 44% no microorganisms can be visualized.

Case M:

Diagnostics:

A horizontal wound lateroplantar directly proximal to lateral metacarpal bone, distal to tuber calcanei. Small cortical fracture along the plantarolateral aspect of mid-portion of calcaneus. Swelling is seen in area of ICB or SCB. ICB has small effusion of fluids lateral and medial, synoviocentesis taken from GCB.

Gentamycin, geepenil (penicillin G), flunixin. Proximal portals to ICB, lavage with 5L saline, portal closed and bursa injected with gentamicin. Debridement of plantar ligament (10% rupture), drain placed distally to wound. RILP with gentamicin before sterile plamentent of bandage.

Leukocytes 210 10e6/L, Neutrophils 6%, Lymphocytes 10%, mononuclear cells 84% no microorganisms.

Case N:

Diagnostics:

Wound medial to tuber calcanei of calcaneus. No skeletal abnormalities, wound penetrates SCB. Swelling on plantarand medial aspect of calcaneus with no skeletal abnormalities.

SCB debrided. Portal closed, drain placed distally to wound. Gentamicin, Penicillin G and flunixin administrated IV.

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23 Case O:

Diagnostics:

Wound bilateral on BH. LH horizontal wound distal to calcaneus, RH similar wound but more proximal. No skeletal injuries bilateral.

Geepenil (bensylpenicillinnatrium), gentamicin, flunixin IV. Surgery 1: 24-06-18

LH: Synoviocentesis. Wound involving the laterodistal pocket of ICB and therefore used as a portal. Standard portals to the ICB bursa. Severe contamination with hair inbedded in the bone, injury to plantar ligament, mild amount of fibrin. Debrided with shaver. Drain placed distally to wound, sterile bandage. RH: Synoviocentesis. Standard portals to ICB mild injury to synovia is seen in lateral aspect of wound, debrided with shaver. Drain placed distally to the wound, portals closed, bursa injected with gentamicin. Sterile bandage. LH: RILP with gentamicin, RH: IB inj with gentamicin. (LH worse condition). Bilateral IB injection with gentamicin.

Surgery 2: 29-06-18

LH: Distomedial portal open and wound is still involving ICB, lateral aspect of wound reopened. Standard portals to the ICB. Distomedial portal extended for drainage of the bursa. Previous drainportal from the wound left open for drainage. Proximal portals closed and sterile bandage applied. RILP with amikacin. RH: Reopened previous portals. Below lateral apect of wound a mild injury to the synovia could be seen as previously towards the calcaneus. Synovioectomy and debridement of fibrin done, distolateral portal enlarged for draining portal from the bursa. Previous drain portal left open for drainage. sterile bandage. Due to non-responsive to Geepenil(bensylpenicillinnatrium/Penicilling G), gentaject (gentamicin), a change to enrofloxacine is done together with geepenil (bensylpenicillinnatrium/Penicillin G). (enrofloxacin in RILP is not done due to high venous irritant), cannot make IB injection due to drainage. Bad prognosis, 40-50% highly estimated. RILP biklin (amikacin)+carbocaine BH.

First synoviocentesis: 25-06-18

LH ICB synoviocentesis purulent inflammation Leukocytes 138800 10e6/L, Neutrophils 93%, Lymphocytes 0%, mononuclear cells 7%.

RH ICB synviocentesis staphylococcus can be seen in form of a septic purulent inflammation. Leukocytes 429000 10e6/L, Neutrophils 96%, Lymphocytes 0%, mononuclear cells 4%.

Mixed bacterial flora bilateral bursae. Second synoviocentesis: 28-06-18

LH ICB synoviocentesis: Leukocytes 236100 10e6/L, Neutrophils 96%, Lymphocytes 0%, mononuclear cells 4%

RH ICB synoviocentesis: Leukocytes 45710 10e6/L, Neutrophils 98%, Lymphocytes 1%, mononuclear cells 1%. No microorganisms can be seen today.

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24 Case P:

Diagnostics:

Wound dorsal to calcaneus tuber. Treatment and surgical approach:

Left ICB approach with distolateral portals, SCB opened and debrided internally. Drain distally, ICB injected with gentamicin. RILP gentamicin.

Synovial test results: Hemocue 23000 cells/L

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25

4. RESULTS

4.1. Case results

All cases were treated with endoscopy and selected as surgical emergencies due to inflammation of a synovial structure. A sterile bandage was applied for all cases. Intravenous treatment was performed in form of Flunixin (NSAID), Geepenil (bensylpencinillnatrium/penicillin G), and Gentaject (gentamicin). Septic cases were treated more aggressively with IB injections and A-RILP, and a change in antibiotics into to a stronger type to manage the infection (Enrofloxacin) occurred in one septic case with a bacterial infection.

Out of the 16 horses that were observed in this study, 4 (25%) of them had septic bursitis, whereas 3 (20%) of these septic cases needed a second operation. 50% cases with septic bursitis had a positive microbial lab result. And the remaining 12 (75%) cases had aseptic bursitis.

Fig 4.1. Pie chart of 16 cases with different types of bursitis in percentage

12%

75% 13%

Types of bursitis cases in percentage

Septic bursitis Aseptic bursitis Bacterial bursitis _n=16

n=12 n=2

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26 Out of the 16 cases in the study 10 (63%) cases were treated both with IB injections and A-RILP, 3 (19%) cases was treated with RILP only, and 2 (12%) cases was treated only with IB injections and 1 (6%) cases got only systemic treatment. Differences between septic and aseptic antibiotic treatment was not of significant matter. The bursae most often treated were the ICB in both septic and aseptic cases.

Fig 4.2. Pie chart showing treatment methods differences for 16 cases with bursitis.

4.1.1. Endoscopic approaches used in the study

Direct approach to the bursa was done in all cases of the study. The standard approach to bursae in the tarsal region was done by a direct approach lateral or dorsally with the horse in a dorsal recumbency. The scope was inserted below the retinacular insertion of the SDFT, laterally or dorsally and via one portal, the ICB could be visualized completely, why no other approach was used. 19% 12% 63% 6%

Percentage of treatment application of antibiotics

A-RILP IB inj A-RILP+IN inj Systemic only

n=16

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27 Bursas examined were the ICB, GCB and SCB, in the study no approach was done to the CCB. A hypothesis may be that the CCB is well protected due to the fact that it is situated on the medial side of the bone, some studies discusses about the ability of a lameness due to inflammation of the CCB is even possible. In studies observed in chapter 2, a communication between ICB and GCB has been studied between the bursas and most articles describe the interaction between them. In this study the ICB and GCB was interacting and both were debrided during endoscopy in 9 (56%) cases.

ICB GCB ICB+GCB SCB ICB+SCB ICB+GCB_+SCB

Bursae approached by endoscopy 4 1 7 1 1 2 4 1 7 1 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 T im es of a p p ro ac h Bursae approached

Bursae approached by endoscopy

n=16

(28)

28 The endoscopic approach made in this study of 16 horses with calcaneal bursitis the standard approach to the bursae was done in all 16 (100%) cases with variations due to placement of penetrating wounds used as portals. The portals were done in one or more places of the tarsal region in different cases due to re-surgeries or penetrating wounds. The proximal and/or distal (mediodistal/distomedial) approach was done in 6 cases, and a variation of the distolateral approach (n=6), proximomedial (n=5), proximolateral (n=2), proximodistal (n=1), medial (n=4), lateral (=1), laterodistal (n=1) and lateromedial (n=3).

Fig 4.4. Chart that shows types and number of direct endoscopic approaches.

6 6 5 2 1 4 1 1 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 N u m b er o f a p p ro ac h es Types of approaches

Types of endoscopic approach IB

_{n of horses=16} n of approaches=29

(29)

29 Surgery was done to ICB in 87% cases, to GCB in 31% cases and to SCB in 21% cases. In the cases that involved GCB the ICB was involved as well in 93% of cases, indicating on communication between the bursae in all except one case. 87% of cases had a wound in the calcaneal region whereas 2 (12,5%) cases with a wound had a septic process with microorganism growth. In a follow-up of the 16 cases 2 (12,5%) were euthanized after the procedure (case B and D), while 14 (87,5%) cases was sound including one case of septic bacterial bursitis (case O).

Fig 4.5. Pie chart that shows percentage of approaches with ensocope into bursae, note that CCB was not approached.

48%

31%

21%

0%

Endoscopic surgery IB

ICB GCB SCB CCB n=16 n=14 n=9 n=6 n=0

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30 Horses were 4-22 years (mean 10 years) at the time of the procedure (bursoscopy). The study included horses of different origin and athletic form: trotter (n=2), ponies (n=3), riding horses (n=11). Out of these 16 cases the genders were distributed as geldings (n=6), mares (n=10). The horses had been lame for 0-28 days (mean of 4,5 days) days prior to examination. And horses stayed hospitalised for 3 to 18 days (mean 9,5 days) post surgery.

4.1.2. Synoviocentesis results

Out of the 16 cases in the study 80% of all cases did synoviocentesis to estimate the cell count of synovial fluids in the bursae. Synovial fluids were tested with Hemocue in 3 cases, while 77% was sent to the lab for further investigation. 2 cases got tested for synoviocentesis but the results could not be estimated.

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31 Due to the 2 times bilateral testing of Case O, a median result was estimated. With statistical significants between means (P=0,013;P<0,05) showing the significants between septic (>20x109 to >30x109_{cells/L) and aseptic (≤0,5x10}9 _{cells/L) bursitis.}

0,109 21 36,16 156,3 0,64 1,19 8,2 0,21 2 212,402 0,00023 0,0001 5 Case A Case B Case D Case G Case J Case K Case L Case M Case N Case O Case P cells 10e9/L Thousands Ca se gr ou p s

Leukocytes in synovial Nluids 10e9/L

Case A Case B Case D Case G Case J Case K Case L Case M Case N Case O Case P

P=0,013 n=11

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32 Neutrophils percent count in normal synovia is <10 %, while in a synovitis it can be up to ≥85 %. The other granulocytes percentage was not further investigated due to lack of studies studying their normal values in bursitis. With statistical significants between means (P=0,014;P<0,05) for synovitis, septic synovitis and aseptic synovitis results, septic cases are calculated from 85%.

66% 87% 87% 63% 91% 10% 20% 45% 6% 96% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100%

Case A Case B Case D Case F Case G Case J Case K Case L Case M Case O

P ee rc en ta ge Case groups

neutrophils in synovial Nluids

P=0,014 _n=11

Table 4.7. Comparison of neutrophils in synovia of different bursae, severe septic cases reach above the blue line (85%).

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33

In the study, 100% of cases were treated with a direct approach to the bursa. The most common portals were placed in a proximal lateral or medial direction to the bursae. The communication between ICB and GCB were observed in most cases where the bursae was involved with synovitis. Septic cases in the study were 25% in total where 12,5% of cases had bacterial flora intraluminar in form of: Actinobacillus, Streptococcus aureus, and an unspecific mixed bacterial culture growth. Due to the low caseload, a bacterial culture investigation could not be estimated. In one case (Case O) a stronger antibiotics was used in form of Enrofloxacine, and in one case (Case D) it was considered treatment but the horse was euthanized.

50% cases with septic bursitis were euthanized after surgery due to complications and bad prognosis; the remaining 2 (50%) cases with septic bursitis came back to full athletic training form. The 12 horses that were aseptic 100% came back to some type of training form. The most common complications were relapse of lameness and pain of the tarsal region due to effusion of fluid in the bursa.

Fig 4.8. Chart that shows how many cases with septic or aseptic bursitis came back to their previous training form.

2 2 12 0 Back to training Euthanized 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Outcome of septic/aseptic cases N u m b er o f c ase s

Septic/Aseptic cases outcome

Septic cases Aseptic cases n=16 75% 12,5% 12,5%

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34 4.1.3. Statistics of diagnostic codes

Chart of diagnostic codes from an insurance company in Sweden evaluates the diagnostic codes prone to the study, the outcomes presented as treatment (meaning that the horse got a continuous veterinary treatment of the pathology) or euthanasia. Horse type refers to the type of horse that had the diagnostic code, a sport horse used for riding, eventing etc., trotter or pony. Explanation of the diagnostic codes:

MB412: Bursitis (acute)

MB71: Trauma to synovial structures (tendon sheath or bursae) MB422: Bursitis (chronic)

In the total 83 (100%) cases, the diagnostic code MB71 encountered 67 (80,7%) cases, while codes MB412 and MB422 encountered 8 (9,6%) cases each. Code MB71 consisted of 23 geldings, 7 stallions and 37 mares. Out of these 67 cases for the code MB71 4 (6%) cases were euthanized. For the code MB412 the 8 cases consisted of 0 geldings, 2 stallions and 6 mares. Out of these 8 cases for the code MB412, 2 (25%) cases were euthanized. The code MB422 had 8 cases in total whereas 0 was geldings, 0 were stallions and all 8 cases were mares, out of these 8 cases, 2 (25%) were euthanized. Table seen in Annex 1.

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35 4.1.4. Final results

Comparisons Total number of cases Septic bursitis Aseptic bursitis Cases affected with septic or aseptic bursitis. n=16 (25%) cases n=4 (75%) cases n=12 Outcome (Back to athletic training or euthanasia) n=16 (12,5%) euthanasia n=2 (12,5%) back to training n=2 (0%) euthanasia n=0 (75%) back to training n=12 Endoscopic approach

n=16 Direct approach Direct approach

Treatment n=16 Systemic+RILP+IB inj Systemic+RILP/IB inj

Synoviocentesis results n=16 Highly increased neutrophil+leukocyte cell count Normal/slightly increased neutrophil+leukocyte cell count

Bacterial sepsis n=16 Bacterial influenced

n=2 Bacterial influenced n=0 Wound or no wound n=16 Wound (100%) n=4 No wound n=0 Wound (83%) n=10 No wound (17%) n=2

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36

5. DISCUSSION

In the study a large percentage (87,5%) of cases came back to their original training form after the surgery. As seen in the results, the prognosis of aseptic bursitis is of high satisfactory outcome while the septic cases has a lower satisfactory outcome and needs a more aggressive treatment. Some changes could be seen in the treatment of septic and aseptic cases of bursitis, whereas the aseptic cases could be treated systemically only, while septic cases were treated more aggressively, especially the bacterial affected cases.

As seen in the results of the study 87.5% of cases came back to some type of training after the surgery, and 12,5% of cases was euthanized due to bad prognosis. 50% of the eutanasal cases had a septic bacterial process in the ICB, which is the largest bursa compared in the study, the prognosis was bad and the owners did not want to exceed with stronger antibiotics. The second case with a septic bacterial bursitis came back to full training form, this makes a 50/50 chance of the cases in this study to come back to their previous training form from a secondary bacterial infection infiltrating the bursae. As stated from Sveland insurance company, the cases of bursitis only encounter (less than) 1% of all cases they receive each year, whereas out of the 83 cases 9% cases were euthanized and 74% got veterinary care. In the study of Richardson et al (1986), (31,5%) of horses with navicular bursitis had satisfactory outcome and in the study of Wright et al (1999) 10 (38%) horses came back to previous training form and 2 were euthanized due to persistent lameness.

All cases were seen as emergency surgeries and treatment was done immediately in form of systemic treatment (Gentamicin, Penicillin G and Flunixin), as well as A-RILP and IB injections with amikacin or gentamicin. All cases were treated surgically by endoscopy in form of lavage and debridement of the bursa; non-depending on if the specific case was septic or aseptic. One case was treated systemically only; this single case was aseptic without a wound or complications. The cases with a bacterial sepsis IB were treated more aggressively and required a longer convalescence period and treatment plan before coming back to the post-traumatic training form. A-RILP and endoscopy was used as treatment as reported by Wright et al. (1999) for treatment of contaminated and infected bursae.

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37 The arthurs of Wright et al (1999), E. S. Post et al (2007), Whitcomb et al (2006) and Tomlinson JE et al (2003) recommends endoscopy for treatment of bursitis. In Richardson et al (1999) the horses received antibiotic treatment in form of penicillin G, gentamicin and kanamycin and other. Hyaluran was injected IB before closure of portals. Hyaluran acid is used for arthritis cases due to the similarity of the fluids to synovial fluids, which lubricates the joint. It was not used in this study, whereas morphine was used as pain relief for the bursae.

The most common endoscopic approach for bursas is the direct or transtechal approach, a direct approach was used for all 16 (100%) cases in the study. The direct approach is described in most articles to be the preferred approach due to less damage to surrounded tissues. In most cases a medial or lateral approach was done to reach the ICB and GCB, by entering below the retinaculum of the SDFT. In studies reflected from Chapter 2, the most common approach to the calcaneal bursas where, as in this study, the direct approaches. For the navicular bursa however, a transtechal approach was used through the DDFT to access the bursa in some cases. In this study seen in the results of chapter 4, direct proximal medial or lateral approach to the bursae was used.

In the cases approached with the endoscope in this study a communication between the ICB and GCB were described in more than 50% of cases (56.25%). A communication between the GCB and ICB has been described in the studies of Sack W. O and Ferraglio (1978) and E. S. Post et al (2010 and 2007). The communication between the bursas differs a bit from the lateral and medial aspects. Due to this highly suspected communication, the GCB can be used as a site for synoviocentesis for ICB as said in E. S. Post et al (2007) and Tomlindon JE (2003) studies. This study concurred with reviewed articles that communications between the bursas is possible, why synoviocentesis should be received from a smaller bursa (GCB) when the larger ICB is infected as well would make sense in some cases where the ICB is difficult to reach, why testing of the GCB could be done as an option due to the communication.

In the study, cases with a septic bacterial infection IB, both encountered the ICB; the flora was actinobaccillus and streptococcus for one case and a mixed bacterial growth in the other. The later was treated with enrofloxacin and came back to training, while the other was euthanized. In the study of Richardson et al (1986), the IB bacterial growth were aerobic and a wound was present as for the cases in this study. The bacteria’s were Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Escherechia and mixed a flora of bacteriae.

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38 Discussion on however common bacterial infection IB is difficult due to the low caseload. Even tough a high caseload had a wound penetrating the bursae only 25% of cases had a septic process whereas 50% of these had a bacterial infection. This indicates on the fact that a bacterial infection might be uncommon even if a penetrating wound into the bursae is present.

Aseptic cases were differentiated by the upcoming of a wound. In cases without a wound, the prognosis was better without complications and the outcome were preferable. Septic cases were treated more aggressively, but all cases were treated with endoscopy and systemic treatment. Cases with infected synovia went through an invasive surgery with debridement with or without synovectomy, and excessive amounts of lavage. The treatment program was longer for those cases with infected synovia, and aggressive antibiotic treatment was done in form of RILP and/or IB injections together with systemic antibiotic treatment.

In the study only direct approach of the endoscope to the bursae was done, this due to the placement of wounds and the preference of the surgeon and also due to fewer invasions to surrounding tissues. In cases with tendon tears, the approach could be a bit different due to debridement of these. In the study of Smith et al (2007) and Haupt et al (2010) a transtechal approach to the navicular bursa was done in the fact that a dissection through the distal part of the distopalmar recess of the DDFT sheath was done to reach the bursa. In Inger Fehr and Baxter (1998) direct approach to the calcaneal bursas was done without damage to the SDFT.

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39

CONCLUSIONS

Conclusion of tasks

1. In the study a large percentage (87,5%) of cases came back to their original training form after surgery. As seen in the results, the prognosis of aseptic bursitis is of high satisfactory outcome while the septic cases had a lower satisfactory outcome and needed more aggressive treatment.

2. Some changes could be seen in the treatment of septic and aseptic cases of bursitis, whereas the aseptic cases could be treated systemically only, while septic cases were treated more aggressively, especially the bacterial influenced cases. 3. In the study, all 16 cases were treated with a direct approach to the bursa. The most common portals were placed in a proximal lateral or medial direction to the bursae. A transtechal approach could be done in cases were the penetrating wound was used as a portal, and this wound penetrates through any tissue or membrane.

4. A communication between ICB and GCB were observed in 56% of cases where both bursas were involved with synovitis.

5. In the study, 12,5% of cases had a bacterial sepsis IB with an infection of actinobacillus, streptococcus and mixed bacterial growth.

6. Cases with septic bursitis had worse prognosis but with aggressive treatment the outcome could be satisfactory. Septic bursitic cases had more complications and needed longer hospitalized period, and an aggressive treatment program together with a longer convalescence period than aseptic cases. But 50% of horses with septic bursitis came back to full athletic training form.

7. Differentiations between the antibiotic treatment applications of septic VS aseptic bursitis were done due to the severeness of the synovitis. The IB injection is more precise and gives a higher concentration of the antibiotics directly into the luminal cavity of the bursae.

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40

RECOMMENDATION

As the results and conclusion refers to, an endoscopic approach should be applied in the treatment of septic and aseptic bursitis and the pathology should be considered a surgical emergency for the best outcome possible. Septic cases needs to be treated more aggressively than aseptic bursitis, and cases with presence of a penetrating wound should be considered septic, but a synoviocentesis is preferable to be used as differentiation and to estimate prognosis.

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41

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study is based on one especially interesting case where both hind limbs were infected in the ICB bilateral, the prognosis was very bad due to the innervation of two endoscopic surgeries and a mixed bacterial growth bilateral together with an extreme case of hair contamination intra luminal in ICB bilaterally. The case had touch many hearts as a raise of money for the cause was done to enable a second operation for the horse, which came back to full athletic training form after the procedure. This case was very interesting and I am privileged to have been assisting in both surgeries of the case and to have been able to do a follow up of the case and to happily announce the full recovery of the case in the end. I want to thank all nurses working in the operation room of UDS equine clinic in Uppsala, Sweden and their talented surgeons. The help of my supervisor Giedrė Vokietytė-Vilėniškė, DVM and lector in equine anatomy and osteopathy completed the study.

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42

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3. Kathryn A. Seabaugh, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVS and ACVSMR and Gary M. Baxter, VMD, MS, Diplomate ACVS. Veterian Key. Veterian Key. [Online] den 05 09 2017. [Citat: den 31 08 2019.] Veteriankey.com.

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the horse. u.o. : Equine vet J, 2010. ss. 662-668, PhD Thesis.

5. Traumatic subcutaneous calcaneal bursitis (crapped hock) in the horse. Riley, Van Pelt and. u.o. : J. Am. Vet. med. Ass, 1968, ss. 1176-1180.

6. Sisson, S. and Grossman, J.D. The muscles of the leg and foot. [bokförf.] S. sisson and J.D Grossman. The anatomy of domestic animals. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Co., 1974, ss. 364-370. 7. Clinically important structures of the equine hock. Sack W.O and Ferraglio, S. 1978, ss. 172, 277-280.

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septic bursae. WRIGHT, I.M, PHILLIPS, T.J and WALMSLEY, J.P. 1999, Equine veterinary

journal, ss. 31(1) 5-11.

15. VB, Reef. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. Equine diagnostic ultrasound. Philadelphia : W.W. Saunders, 1998, ss. 39-186.

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43 16. puncture wounds of the avicular bursa in 38 horses a retrospective study. RICHARDSON, G.L, O'BRIEN, T.R, PASCOE, J.R, and MEAGHER, D.M. 1986, veterinary surgery, ss. 156-160.

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Riktlinjer för användning av antibiotika inom hästsjukvård. Uppsala : Sveriges veterinärmedicinska

sällskap, 2013. Policies.

18. Forsyth, Sandra. Equine synovial fluid analysis. SVS laboratories. New Zealand : VetScript, 2018. Analysis.

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21. Endoscopic assessment and treatment of lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon in the

navicular bursae of 20 lame horses. SMITH, M.R.W., WRIGHT, I.M., and SMITH. 2007,

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23. Results. Whitcomb, Mary Beth. 2006, Ultrasonography of the equine tarsus, ss. 26-29. 24. Bassage 2, L.H, Ross, M.W. Diagnostic anelgesia. [bokförf.] Dyson, S.J M.W. Ross.

Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse. Philadelphia : Saunders, 2003, ss. 93-124.

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ANNEX 1

Diagnose code Outcome Gender Horse Type Calendar Year Year at trauma MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 8

MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 15 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 15 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 15 MB71 Euthanasia Gelding Trotter 2017 4 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 6 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 6 MB71 Treatment Mare Pony 2017 14 MB71 Treatment Mare Pony 2017 14 MB71 Treatment Mare Pony 2017 14 MB71 Treatment Mare Pony 2017 14 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 0 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 0 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 0 MB71 Treatment Gelding Pony 2018 11 MB71 Treatment Gelding Pony 2018 11 MB71 Treatment Gelding Pony 2018 14 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 5 MB71 Euthanasia Gelding Trotter 2018 6 MB71 Euthanasia Mare Sport horse 2018 4 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 4 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 4 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 10 MB71 Treatment Stallion Sport horse 2018 18 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 19 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 16 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 10 MB71 Treatment Stallion Sport horse 2017 8 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2017 13 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 13 MB71 Euthanasia Gelding Trotter 2018 11 MB71 Treatment Mare Pony 2017 15 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 19 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 19 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 19 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 20 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 19

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MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 21 MB71 Treatment Stallion Sport horse 2018 6 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 11 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 12 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 12 MB71 Treatment Gelding Pony 2018 19 MB71 Treatment Gelding Pony 2018 19 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 4 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 8 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 8 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2017 8 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2017 8 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 8 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2017 7 MB71 Treatment Mare Trotter 2018 2 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 10 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 10 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 10 MB71 Treatment Mare Sport horse 2018 10 MB71 Treatment Stallion Sport horse 2018 3 MB71 Treatment Stallion Sport horse 2018 3 MB71 Treatment Stallion Sport horse 2018 3 MB71 Treatment Stallion Sport horse 2018 3 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2017 16 MB71 Treatment Mare Pony 2018 12 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2017 13 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2018 6 MB71 Treatment Gelding Sport horse 2017 9 MB71 Treatment Mare Pony 2018 14 MB412 Euthanasia Mare Trotter 2018 7 MB412 Treatment Mare Trotter 2018 7 MB412 Treatment Mare Trotter 2018 7 MB412 Treatment Mare Trotter 2017 0 MB412 Euthanasia Mare Trotter 2017 0 MB412 Treatment Stallion Riding horse 2018 10 MB412 Treatment Stallion Sport horse 2018 10 MB412 Euthanasia Mare Sport horse 2017 8 MB422 Euthanasia Mare Pony 2018 9 MB422 Treatment Mare Pony 2017 14 MB422 Euthanasia Mare Pony 2017 14 MB422 Treatment Mare Pony 2017 14

Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; diagnostics, treatment and outcome

Disa M. Stattin

Equine Calcaneal Bursitis; diagnostics, treatment and

outcome

Integrated Studies of Veterinary Medicine

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY

SANTRAUKA

ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Objective

Aim

Tasks

1. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. General clinical anatomy of the tarsal region of the horse

1.2. Calcaneal bursae in the horse

1.3. Bursitis

2. SURGICAL APPROACH OVERVIEW

2.1. Endoscopic surgical approach comparisons

2.2. Treatment

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Case selection

4. RESULTS

4.1. Case results

Types of bursitis cases in percentage

Percentage of treatment application of antibiotics

Bursae approached by endoscopy

Types of endoscopic approach IB

48%

31%

21%

0%

Endoscopic surgery IB

Leukocytes in synovial Nluids 10e9/L

neutrophils in synovial Nluids

Septic/Aseptic cases outcome

5. DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

Conclusion of tasks

RECOMMENDATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LITERATURE LIST

ANNEX 1