• Non ci sono risultati.

POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE"

Copied!
7
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

13 November 2021

POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE

Multi Scale Numerical Modelling Related to Hydrofracking for Deep Geothermal Energy Exploitation / Insana, Alessandra; Barla, Marco; Elmo, Davide. - In: PROCEDIA ENGINEERING. - ISSN 1877-7058. - ELETTRONICO. - 158(2016), pp. 314-319. [10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.448]

Original

Multi Scale Numerical Modelling Related to Hydrofracking for Deep Geothermal Energy Exploitation

Publisher:

Published

DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.448

Terms of use:

openAccess

Publisher copyright

(Article begins on next page)

This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository

Availability:

This version is available at: 11583/2650270 since: 2016-09-20T21:39:59Z

Elsevier

(2)

Procedia Engineering 158 ( 2016 ) 314 – 319

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016 doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.448

ScienceDirect

9,,7$/,$1&21)(5(1&(2)5(6($5&+(56,1*(27(&+1,&$/(1*,1((5,1*±

*HRWHFKQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJLQ0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFKIURP0LFURVFDOHWR5HJLRQDO6FDOH

&15,*

0XOWLVFDOHQXPHULFDOPRGHOOLQJUHODWHGWRK\GURIUDFNLQJIRUGHHS

JHRWKHUPDOHQHUJ\H[SORLWDWLRQ

$OHVVDQGUD,QVDQD

D

0DUFR%DUOD

D

'DYLGH(OPR

E



D'LSDUWLPHQWRGL,QJHJQHULD6WUXWWXUDOH(GLOHH*HRWHFQLFD3ROLWHFQLFRGL7RULQR&RUVR'XFDGHJOL$EUX]]L7RULQR,WDO\

E1RUPDQ%.HHYLO,QVWLWXWHRI0LQLQJ(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI%ULWLVK&ROXPELD6WRUHV5RDG9DQFRXYHU%&97=&DQDGD

$EVWUDFW

3UHGLFWLRQRIIUDFWXUHSURSDJDWLRQWKURXJKURFNPDVVHVLVLQYHVWLJDWHGLQWKLVSDSHUE\DGRSWLQJWKH'LVWLQFW(OHPHQW0HWKRG

'(0 DQGWKH9RURQRLWHVVHOODWLRQ$PLFURVWUXFWXUHEDVHGPRGHOZDVFUHDWHG0LFURSDUDPHWHUVJRYHUQLQJ9RURQRLVXEEORFNV

FRQWDFWV EHKDYLRXU ZHUH FDOLEUDWHG DJDLQVW ODERUDWRU\ WHVWV UHVXOWV IRU GLIIHUHQW URFNV $Q XSVFDOLQJ SURFHGXUH LV SURSRVHG WR

EXLOGUHOLDEOHDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHQXPHULFDOPRGHOVDWLQVLWXVFDOHWRVWXG\IUDFWXUHSURSDJDWLRQIRUGHHSJHRWKHUPDOZHOOV

‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG

3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJDQGVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHVRI&15,*

.H\ZRUGV)UDFWXUHSURFHVV9RURQRLWHVVHOODWLRQJHRWKHUPDOZHOOV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

(QKDQFHG *HRWKHUPDO 6\VWHP (*6  DUH HQJLQHHUHG UHVHUYRLUV FUHDWHG WR H[WUDFW KHDW IURP HFRQRPLFDOO\

LPSURGXFWLYHJHRWKHUPDOUHVRXUFHVW\SLFDOO\NQRZQDV+RW'U\5RFN +'5 $Q(*6XVHVGULOOLQJIUDFWXULQJDQG

LQMHFWLRQ WR SURYLGH IOXLG DQG SHUPHDELOLW\ LQ DUHDV WKDW KDYH KRW EXW GU\ XQGHUJURXQG URFN >@ +HDW LV WKH RQO\

FRPSRQHQW WKDW QHHGV EH QDWXUDO ,QVXIILFLHQW SHUPHDELOLW\ LV UHPHGLHG E\ DUWLILFLDO PHDQV VXFK DV K\GUDXOLF

IUDFWXULQJE\ PHDQVRI ZKLFKKLJKSUHVVXUH ZDWHULVLQMHFWHGIURPWKHVXUIDFHWKURXJK ZHOOVLQWRDERG\RIGHHS

KRW FRPSDFW URFN WR HQODUJH SUHH[LVWLQJ VHDOHG IUDFWXUHV RU WR FUHDWH QHZ RQHV :DWHU SHUPHDWHV WKHVH IUDFWXUH





&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO

(PDLODGGUHVVPDUFREDUOD#SROLWRLW

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016

(3)

315 Alessandra Insana et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 ( 2016 ) 314 – 319

V\VWHP IORZV DORQJ SHUPHDEOH SDWKZD\V H[WUDFWLQJ KHDW IURP WKH VXUURXQGLQJ URFN 7KLV UHVHUYRLU LV ODWHU

SHQHWUDWHGE\DVHFRQGZHOOZKLFKLVXVHGWRH[WUDFWWKHKHDWHGZDWHU8SRQOHDYLQJWKHSODQWWKHIOXLGLVUHWXUQHGWR

WKHUHVHUYRLUWKURXJKLQMHFWLRQZHOOVWRFRPSOHWHWKHFLUFXODWLRQORRS

'HVSLWH K\GUDXOLF IUDFWXULQJ WHFKQRORJ\ KDYLQJ EHHQ XVHG IRU PRUH WKDQ  \HDUV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI HQHUJ\

H[SORLWDWLRQXQGHUJURXQGIRUPDWLRQVUHSUHVHQWDFRPSOH[V\VWHPRI YDULDEOHV ERWKURFNDQG ZHOOSURSHUWLHV WKDW

PDNHIUDFWXULQJSURFHVVHVDQRWIXOO\XQGHUVWRRGSUREOHPWKDWUHTXLUHVIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ>@3UHGLFWLRQRIWKH

HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH IUDFWXULQJ SURFHVV FDQ EH LQYHVWLJDWHG E\QXPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQV >@ )RU SUREOHPV LQ ZKLFK

ODUJHVFDOHSKHQRPHQD HJURFNVOLGHVRUUHVHUYRLUVWLPXODWLRQ DUHVWURQJO\ LQIOXHQFHGE\SURFHVVHVRFFXUULQJDW

PXFK VPDOOHU VFDOHV HJ IUDFWXUH LQLWLDWLRQ DQG SURSDJDWLRQ  LW LV QRW SUDFWLFDO WR JHQHUDWH FRPSUHKHQVLYH

VLPXODWLRQVWKDWLQFOXGHDQH[SOLFLWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHIUDFWXULQJSURFHVVHVRYHUDZLGHUDQJHRIVFDOHV7RDGGUHVV

WKLV SUREOHP QXPHULFDO PHWKRGV PD\ EH XVHG ZLWK D PXOWLVFDOHDSSURDFK FRPELQLQJ PXOWLSOH PRGHOV GHILQHG DW

IXQGDPHQWDOO\GLIIHUHQWOHQJWKVFDOHV ZLWKLQWKHVDPHRYHUDOOVSDWLDOGRPDLQ>@)RUH[DPSOHDVPDOOVFDOH

PRGHOZLWKKLJKUHVROXWLRQFDQEHXWLOL]HGLQDIUDFWLRQRIWKHRYHUDOOGRPDLQDQGOLQNHGWRDODUJHVFDOHPRGHOZLWK

FRDUVHUHVROXWLRQRYHUWKHUHPDLQGHURIWKHRYHUDOOGRPDLQSURYLGLQJQHFHVVDU\HIILFLHQF\RIFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDQG

FRPSXWDWLRQWKDWZLOOUHQGHUVROXWLRQRIWKHVHSUREOHPVSUDFWLFDO

7KLVSDSHUZLOOIRFXVRQWKHVLPXODWLRQRIK\GURIUDFNLQJSURFHVVHVIRUWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQ(*6V\VWHPE\DPXOWL

VFDOH DSSURDFK 7KH 9RURQRL WHVVHOODWLRQ >@ DQG WKH 'LVWLQFW (OHPHQW 0HWKRG '(0  >@ ZLOO EH XVHG WR

UHSURGXFH URFN EHKDYLRU DW WKH ODERUDWRU\ VFDOH $Q XSVFDOH SURFHGXUH ZLOO EH SUHVHQWHG WR ILQDOO\ PRGHO WKH

IUDFWXULQJ SURFHVV DW WKH VLWH VFDOH 7KH WKHRUHWLFDO EXW UHDOLVWLF FDVH VWXG\ RI D PDQPDGH JHRWKHUPDO ILHOG

FRQFHUQLQJDJUDQLWLFURFNPDVVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG

0XOWLVFDOHPRGHOOLQJDSSURDFK

7KH PXOWL VFDOH PRGHOOLQJ DSSURDFK ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG ZLWK WKH '(0 DQG WKH 8'(& VRIWZDUH >@ 9RURQRL

WHVVHOODWLRQZDVXVHGWRJHQHUDWHWKHV\QWKHWLFURFNPDWHULDO7KH9RURQRLWHVVHOODWLRQLVDVSHFLDOMRLQWJHQHUDWRUWKDW

FUHDWHV UDQGRPO\ VL]HG SRO\JRQDO RU WULDQJXODU RSWLRQ 7ULJRQ  EORFNV 7KH JUDLQ ERXQGDULHV LQ WKH SRO\FU\VWDO

VWUXFWXUH SURGXFHG E\ 9RURQRL WHVVHOODWLRQ FDQ EH XVHG WR UHSUHVHQW IODZV LQ LQWDFW URFN DQG WKHUHIRUH DOORZ IRU

VLPXODWLRQRIFUDFNGDPDJHGHYHORSPHQWWKURXJKLQLWLDWLRQDQGSURSDJDWLRQRIIUDFWXUHVDORQJJUDLQERXQGDULHV>@

7KH SDUDPHWHUV JRYHUQLQJ WKH EHKDYLRU RI 9RURQRL HOHPHQWV KDYHWR EH FDOLEUDWHG DQG YHULILHG DJDLQVW UHOLDEOH

ODERUDWRU\ H[SHULPHQWV 7R WKLV H[WHQW XQLD[LDO FRPSUHVVLRQ WHVWV 8&6  DQG LQGLUHFW WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK WHVWV ZHUH

VLPXODWHG IRU D QXPEHU RI URFN W\SHV 6\QWKHWLF VSHFLPHQV RI  PP LQ GLDPHWHU DQG  PP LQ KHLJKW ZHUH

SUHSDUHG )LJD LQZKLFKD9RURQRLHGJHRIPPZDVFKRVHQ)LYHGLIIHUHQWURFNVZHUHFRQVLGHUHG3ODVWHURI

3DULV>@7UDQVMXUDQHVDQGVWRQH>@7DJLNLVWDQVLOWVWRQH$XJLJJUDQLWH>@DQG%DUUHJUDQLWHDOORZLQJWRDVVHVV

WKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHFDOLEUDWLRQRIWKH9RURQRLVXEEORFNVFRQWDFWVPLFURSDUDPHWHUV

7KH FRQVWLWXWLYH PRGHO RI WKH VXEEORFNV LV DVVXPHG DV LVRWURSLF HODVWLF ZKLOH DQ HODVWRSODVWLF EHKDYLRU ZLWK

VRIWHQLQJDQGD0RKU&RXORPEIDLOXUHFULWHULRQLVDVVLJQHGWRWKH9RURQRLFRQWDFWV$FRQVWDQWORDGLQJUDWHRI

PVZDVDSSOLHGWRWKHWRSDQGERWWRPSODWHQVWRVLPXODWHXQLD[LDOORDGLQJWHVWV7KHORDGLQJUDWHZDVIRXQGWREHD

JRRGFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQFRPSXWDWLRQDOWLPHDQGSUHFLVLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVLQSUHYLRXVVWXGLHV

7KH FDOLEUDWLRQ SURFHVV ZDV SHUIRUPHG E\ PHDQV RI D WULDODQGHUURU SURFHGXUH ZKHUH WKH PDWHULDO PDFUR

SURSHUWLHVDUHPRGLILHGE\WZRIDFWRUV6DQG5GHILQHGDVIROORZV

 

Q WULDO Q PDW

N ˜6 N NV WULDO NQ WULDO      

WULDO PDW

F ˜5 F WJ)WULDO ˜ ) 5 WJ PDW VW WULDO ˜5 VW PDW    ZKHUHNQDQGNVDUHWKHQRUPDODQGVKHDUVWLIIQHVVHVFLVWKHFRKHVLRQɎWKHIULFWLRQDQJOHDQGıWWKHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK

$W ILUVW 5 LV NHSW FRQVWDQW DQG 6 LV JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVHG LQ RUGHU WR PDWFK WKH GHIRUPDELOLW\ PHDVXUHG GXULQJ

WULD[LDOODERUDWRU\WHVWV7KHQWKHFDOLEUDWHG6YDOXHLVNHSWFRQVWDQWDQG5LVPRGLILHGWRPDWFKWKHSURSHUVWUHQJWK

7DEOHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHFDOLEUDWLRQSURFHVV

(4)

7DEOH6WUHQJWKDQGGHIRUPDELOLW\SDUDPHWHUVIURPQXPHULFDODQDO\VLVDIWHUFDOLEUDWLRQ

 5 6 ıFL>03D@ (>03D@ ıW>03D@

3ODVWHURI3DULV     

7UDQVMXUDQHVDQGVWRQH     

7DJLNLVWDQVLOWVWRQH     

$XJLJJUDQLWH     

%DUUHJUDQLWH     



















)LJ8&6 D DQGLQGLUHFWWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK E WHVWVSHFLPHQVEHIRUHDQGDWWKHHQGRIWKHWHVWIRU%DUUHJUDQLWH























)LJ D [PVDPSOHZLWKD9RURQRLVL]HRIFP E &DOLEUDWLRQSURFHGXUHDWWKHVLWHVFDOH

)LJXUH D KLJKOLJKWV WKH W\SLFDO D[LDO VSOLWWLQJ EHKDYLRU >@ DW WKH HQG RI WKH VLPXODWLRQ 7KH FDOLEUDWHG

SDUDPHWHUVZHUHWKHQXVHGWRPRGHOLQGLUHFWWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKWHVWV )LJE 7KHPRGHOOHGYDOXHVRIWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK

ZHUH IRXQG WR EH LQ JRRG DJUHHPHQW ZLWK WKH H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD,W ZDV IRXQG WKDW WKH FRPSXWDWLRQDO WLPH IRU WKH

DQDO\VHV ZDV KLJKO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH VL]H RI WKH 9RURQRL HOHPHQW IRU D PRGHO LQWHQGHG WR VLPXODWH WKH LQ VLWX

EHKDYLRU RI D URFN PDVV VFDOH RI WHQV RI PHWHUV  XVLQJ DQ HOHPHQW VL]H RI  PP ZRXOG PDNH WKH VLPXODWLRQ

FRPSXWDWLRQDOO\LPSUDFWLFDO)RUWKHFXUUHQWDQDO\VLVLWZDVGHFLGHGWRXVHD9RURQRLVL]HRIFPZKLFKLQWKH

DXWKRUV¶RSLQLRQUHSUHVHQWVDJRRGFRPSURPLVHEHWZHHQDFFXUDF\RIPRGHOOHGUHVXOWVDQGFRPSXWDWLRQDOWLPH

:LWKWKH QHZ9RURQRLHGJHOHQJWKQHZYDOXHVRI5DQG6 ZHUHFDOLEUDWHGRYHUD[ PVDPSOH )LJD WR

UHSURGXFHGLUHFWO\URFNPDVVGHIRUPDELOLW\DQGVWUHQJWK7KHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHVFDOHZDVWKHQLQYHVWLJDWHGE\FUHDWLQJ

8&6 VSHFLPHQV DW GLIIHUHQW VFDOHV ZLGWK   P  P  P  P  DGRSWLQJ WKH VDPH 9RURQRL HGJH OHQJWK DQG

PLFURSDUDPHWHUV7KLVKDVDOORZHGWRGHULYHDOLQHDUUHGXFWLRQRIWKHXQFRQILQHGVWUHQJWKZLWKLQFUHDVLQJVFDOH7KH

OLQHDULQWHUSRODWLRQVKRZQLQ)LJXUHEZDVWKHQXVHGWRSUHGLFWWKHVWUHQJWKDWWKHVFDOHRILQWHUHVW [PIRU

WKHDSSOLFDWLRQGHVFULEHGLQVHFWLRQ 7RWKLVH[WHQWLWZDVQHFHVVDU\WRVKLIWWKHOLQHXSZDUGVE\LQFUHDVLQJWKH5

IDFWRU E\ WULDODQG HUURU LQ RUGHU WR PDWFK WKH UHTXLUHG ILHOG VWUHQJWK 6LQFH VWUHQJWK LV RQO\ DIIHFWHG E\ WKH

SDUDPHWHU 5 6 LV NHSW FRQVWDQW 7KLV SURFHGXUH KDV DOORZHG SUHSDULQJ VLWH VFDOH PRGHOV GLVFUHWL]HG ZLWK 9RURQRL

HOHPHQWVWKDWZRXOG\LHOGDUHDVRQDEOHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRU



(5)

317 Alessandra Insana et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 ( 2016 ) 314 – 319

6LPXODWLRQRIWKHK\GURIUDFNLQJSURFHVV

7KHVLPXODWLRQRIWKHK\GURIUDFNLQJSURFHVVDWWKHVLWHVFDOHZDVSHUIRUPHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHFDVHVWXG\RID

WKHRUHWLFDOPDQPDGHJHRWKHUPDOILHOG$QHZ'(0PRGHOZDVEXLOWWRUHSURGXFHWZRYHUWLFDOFLUFXODUERUHKROHV

ZLWKDGLDPHWHURIFPDQGPDSDUWGULOOHGLQDJUDQLWLFURFNPDVV7KHPRGHOVLPXODWHVWKHH[FDYDWLRQSURFHVV

RI WKH ERUHKROHV E\ UHPRYDO RI WKH HOHPHQWV DQG WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI DQ LQWHUQDO SUHVVXUH GXH WR EHQWRQLWH PXG

6XEVHTXHQWO\DQLQFUHDVHRIWKHLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHVLPXODWHVWKHK\GURIUDFNLQJRIWKHURFNPDVVDWDGHSWKRINP

ZLWKWKHDLPRIFUHDWLQJDV\VWHPRIIUDFWXUHV7KHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHURFNPDVVDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH

7DEOH%DUUHJUDQLWHJHRORJLFDODQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV LQWDFWURFNDQGURFNPDVV 

3URSHUW\ 6\PERO 9DOXH 3URSHUW\ 6\PERO 9DOXH

'HQVLW\>NJP@ ȡ  &RKHVLRQ>03D@ F 

3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLR>@ Ȟ  5RFNPDVVWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK>03D@ ıW 

5RFNPDVV<RXQJ¶VPRGXOXV>*3D@ (  5RFNPDVV8&6VWUHQJWK>03D@ ıF 

)ULFWLRQDQJOH>ƒ@ Ɏ    



D  E 

)LJ D *HRPHWU\RIWKH[PPRGHOZLWKPGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHKROHVDQG E JUDGXDOFUHDWLRQRIDSODVWLF]RQHDURXQGWKHERUHKROHV

$QLVRWURSLFLQVLWXVWUHVVVWDWHLVDVVXPHGIRUWKH'VHFWLRQWKHUHIRUHERWKWKHKRUL]RQWDOVWUHVVHVDUHDVVXPHG

HTXDO WR  03D 7KH VL]H RI WKH 9RURQRL  FP  LV DVVXPHG EDVHG RQ WKH FRQFOXVLRQV RI VHFWLRQ  $V WKH

FDOFXODWLRQVSHHGLVHVVHQWLDOO\DOLQHDUIXQFWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURIEORFNVXVHGLQWKHPRGHO>@WKHPRGHOVL]HZDV

OLPLWHG WR  [  P LQ RUGHU WR UHGXFH WKH VL]H RI WKH GLVFUHWL]HG GRPDLQ DQG WKXV OLPLWLQJ WKH UHTXLUHG

FRPSXWDWLRQDO WLPH )LJ D  ,Q WKH ILHOG WKH EHQWRQLWLF PXG LV LQMHFWHG VWDUWLQJ IURP D FHUWDLQ GHSWK ZLWK WKH

SXUSRVH WR UHPRYH FXWWLQJV KHOS SUHYHQW EORZRXWV DQG VWDELOL]H WKH H[FDYDWLRQ ,Q WKH PRGHO PXG LQMHFWLRQ ZDV

VLPXODWHGVWDUWLQJIURPPGHSWK7KHLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHWREHDSSOLHGUHSURGXFLQJPXGSUHVVXUHDWDGHSWKRI

NPZDVWKHUHIRUH03D

7KH VLPXODWLRQ LV FDUULHG RXW E\ PHDQV RI D VHTXHQFH RI VWDJHV 'XULQJ PRGHO LQLWLDOL]DWLRQ HDFK HOHPHQW LV

DVVLJQHGWKHLQVLWXVWUHVVVWDWHDQGVWUHVVERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDUHDSSOLHG2QFHWKHGULOOLQJRIWKHWZRERUHKROHVLV

FRPSOHWHG K\GUDXOLF SUHVVXUH LQVLGH WKH ERUHKROHV LV JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVHG VWDUWLQJ IURP  03D XS WR WKH YDOXH

QHHGHGWRUHDFKWKHFRQWLQXLW\RIWKHIUDFWXUHQHWZRUN 03D03D03D« 7KLVFDXVHVWKHRSHQLQJDQG

SURSDJDWLRQRIDFUDFNLQJV\VWHPZLWKLQWKHURFNPDVV

6LPSOHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDQLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHLQVLGHWKHERUHKROHZRXOGJHQHUDWHDFRQFHQWULFSODVWLF]RQHDURXQG

WKHWZRERUHKROHV)LJXUHEVKRZVDQH[DPSOHRIWKHIUDFWXUHSDWWHUQZKLFKUHVXOWVIURPWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRID

03DLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUH7KLVFOHDUO\GRHVQRWDSSURSULDWHO\UHSURGXFHWKHPHFKDQLVPVRFFXUULQJLQWKHILHOGZKHUH

WKHIOXLGZRXOGSHUPHDWHWKHIUDFWXUHVDVWKRVHDUHSURJUHVVLYHO\H[WHQGLQJ7RSHUIRUPDPRUHUHDOLVWLFVLPXODWLRQ

RIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHIUDFWXUHSURFHVVLQWKHURFNPDVVDQHZSURFHGXUHZDVZULWWHQE\WDNLQJDGYDQWDJHRIWKH

),6+ EXLOWLQ SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH DYDLODEOH LQ WKH 8'(& VRIWZDUH 7KH ),6+ IXQFWLRQ LV EXLOW WR VLPXODWH

SHUPHDWLRQRIWKHIOXLGLQWRWKHIUDFWXUHVDVWKRVHDUHEHLQJIRUPHG)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVVFKHPDWLFDOO\KRZWKH),6+

IXQFWLRQRSHUDWHV)LUVWDSUHVVXUHSLVDSSOLHGWRWKHERUHKROHVERXQGDU\ D %\LQFUHDVLQJWKHSUHVVXUHDWDFHUWDLQ

(6)

SRLQWIUDFWXUHVVWDUWWRRFFXURQWKHERXQGDU\ )LJEVKRZVLQUHGDQH[DPSOHRIILUVWIUDFWXUHVFUHDWHG $WWKLV

SRLQWHYHU\GRPDLQ YRLGRUVSDFHEHWZHHQEORFNVGHILQHGE\WZRRUPRUHFRQWDFWV ZLWKLQWKHPRGHOLVVFDQQHGE\

WKH),6+IXQFWLRQH[FOXGLQJWKHGRPDLQLQGLFHVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHERUHKROHV(DFKGRPDLQFRQWDFWVLQGLFHVDUH

GHWHFWHGDQGWKHFRQWDFWVFRRUGLQDWHVDUHVDYHG7KHRULHQWDWLRQRIWKHFRQWDFWVLVFRPSXWHGJHRPHWULFDOO\WRJHWKHU

ZLWK WKH KRUL]RQWDO DQG YHUWLFDO FRPSRQHQWV RI S ,I WKH QRUPDO GLVSODFHPHQW LV SRVLWLYH WKH ),6+ IXQFWLRQ

UHFRJQL]HVDMRLQW ZKHUHIDLOXUHRFFXUUHGDQGDVVLJQVDQRUPDOSUHVVXUHHTXDOWRSWRWKHZKROHGRPDLQLQFOXGLQJ

WKDWFRQWDFW,QWKLV ZD\WKH SUHVVXUHLVDOVRDSSOLHGLQWRWKHQHZO\FUHDWHGIUDFWXUHV F 7KLVFDXVHVIUDFWXUHVWR

SURSDJDWH )RU HYHU\ SUHVVXUH LQFUHDVH WKH ),6+ IXQFWLRQ LV UXQ DV ORQJ DV QHZ IUDFWXUHV DUH FUHDWHG DQG WKHQ

SUHVVXUH LV LQFUHDVHG XS WR WKH YDOXH UHTXLUHG LQ WKH QH[W VWHS )RU H[DPSOH DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH FRPSXWDWLRQ

SURFHVV ZKHQLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHLVORZHU 03DWR03D WKH),6+IXQFWLRQ ZDVUXQWZLFHIRUVWHSV

EHFDXVHWKHSURSDJDWLRQDQGH[SDQVLRQRIIUDFWXUHVZDVIRXQGWREHFRPSOHWHGLQDUHODWLYHO\VKRUWSHULRGRIWLPH

2QWKHFRQWUDU\RQFHWKHLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHUHDFKHV03DIRXUVWDJHVPDGHXSRIVWHSVHDFKDUHUHTXLUHG

$SSO\LQJ03DRQWKHERUHKROHVERXQGDU\WKH),6+IXQFWLRQZDVUXQWLPHVUHTXLULQJDERXWKRXUVIRU

HDFKVWDJH7KHRYHUDOOFRPSXWDWLRQDOWLPHZDVDERXWWZRZHHNV

















)LJ),6+IXQFWLRQPRGHRIRSHUDWLRQ



)LJ)UDFWXUHVQHWZRUNFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHILQDOSUHVVXUHRI03D

7KHIUDFWXUHSDWWHUQZKLFKUHVXOWVIURPWKHFRPSXWDWLRQLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH&RQWLQXLW\RIIUDFWXUHVEHWZHHQ

WKH WZR ERUHKROHV LV REWDLQHG E\ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI DQ LQWHUQDO SUHVVXUH RI  03D $V WKH LQLWLDO VWUHVV VWDWH LV

LVRWURSLF IUDFWXUHV SURSDJDWH LQ GLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQV HYHQ LI VRPH RI WKHVH DUH PRUH HYLGHQW 2QFH IUDFWXUHV

H[SDQGLQJ IURP HDFK ERUHKROH DSSURDFK WKH FHQWUDO ]RQH LQ EHWZHHQ WKH ERUHKROHV WKH\ VWDUW WR LQWHUDFW DQG WKXV

JHQHUDWLQJ D QHWZRUN RI FRQQHFWLQJ IUDFWXUHV ZLWKLQ WKH WZR ERUHKROHV $OWKRXJK QR LQ VLWX GDWD DUH DYDLODEOH

SUHVVXUHYDOXHRUIUDFWXUHSDWWHUQ WKHVHUHVXOWVZRXOGDSSHDUWREHYHU\UHDOLVWLF

&RQFOXVLRQV

7KHPRGHOOLQJZRUNSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVSDSHUDOORZVWRGUDZWKHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQV

x &UHDWLQJDQDVVHPEO\RIGLVWLQFWHOHPHQWVZLWKWKH9RURQRLWHVVHOODWLRQDOORZVWREXLOGV\QWKHWLFURFNVSHFLPHQV

DQGUHDOLVWLFDOO\UHSURGXFHURFNIUDJPHQWDWLRQH[SHULHQFHGGXULQJODERUDWRU\WHVWLQJ

(7)

319 Alessandra Insana et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 ( 2016 ) 314 – 319

x 0LFURSDUDPHWHUV FRQWUROOLQJ GHIRUPDELOLW\ DQG VWUHQJWK RI WKH FRQWDFW EHWZHHQ 9RURQRL HOHPHQWV QHHG WR EH

FDOLEUDWHG DJDLQVW ODERUDWRU\ GDWD 7ZR IDFWRUV 6 DQG 5 UHODWHG WR VWLIIQHVV DQG VWUHQJWK UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZHUH

LQWURGXFHGWRVLPSOLI\WKHFDOLEUDWLRQSURFHVV

x 6WUHQJWKRIV\QWKHWLFVSHFLPHQVLVVKRZQWREHDIIHFWHGE\VFDOHHIIHFWE\NHHSLQJFRQVWDQWWKH9RURQRLHGJH

OHQJWKWKHVWUHQJWKGHFUHDVHVOLQHDUO\ZLWKWKHVL]HRIWKHVSHFLPHQ

x 7KHFRPSXWDWLRQDOWLPHLVKLJKO\LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHVL]HRIWKH9RURQRLHOHPHQW)RUPRGHOLQWHQGHGWRVLPXODWH

WKHLQVLWXEHKDYLRURIDURFNPDVVHOHPHQWVL]HRIOHVVWKDQFPDUHSUDFWLFDOO\LQDSSOLFDEOH

x $ PXOWLVFDOH QXPHULFDO DSSURDFK ZDV GHYHORSHG WR VLPXODWH URFN K\GURIUDFNLQJ LQ (*6 V\VWHPV E\ XVLQJ

9RURQRLWHVVHOODWLRQDQGWKHGLVWLQFWHOHPHQWPHWKRG8QFRQILQHGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIVSHFLPHQVRIGLIIHUHQW

VL]HVZDVGHWHUPLQHG7KHOLQHDUWUHQGZDVH[WHQGHGWRGHWHUPLQHIDFWRUV6DQG5SHUWLQHQWWRWKHLQVLWXVFDOH

x 7RUHSURGXFHWKHSURJUHVVLYHIUDFWXULQJRIWKHURFNPDVVDQGWKHFUHDWLRQRIIUDFWXUHSDWWHUQVD),6+IXQFWLRQ

ZDVZULWWHQWRDOORZGHWHFWLQJQHZIUDFWXUHVDQGDSSO\QRUPDOSUHVVXUHZLWKLQWKHP

$OWKRXJKWKHUHVXOWRIWKHFRPSXWDWLRQVKRZDYHU\UHDOLVWLFIUDFWXUHSDWWHUQVRPHFDXWLRQQHHGWREHDGRSWHGLQ

DQDO\]LQJUHVXOWVDQGDGGLWLRQDOLPSURYHPHQWVDUHQHHGHG7KHSRO\JRQDO9RURQRLJHRPHWU\SOD\VDNH\UROHLQWKH

JHQHUDWLRQ DQG H[WHQVLRQ RI FUDFNV 7KH UHVXOW LV WKHUHIRUH PHVK GHSHQGHQW XQOHVV YHU\ VPDOO HOHPHQWV DUH XVHG

ZKLFKKRZHYHULVLPSUDFWLFDO0RUHRYHUWKHSUHVHQWYHUVLRQRIWKH),6+IXQFWLRQLVQRWDEOHWRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQ

FRPPXQLFDWLQJ DQG QRW FRPPXQLFDWLQJ IUDFWXUHV 7KLV PD\ VOLJKWO\ DIIHFW WKH UHVXOWLQJ IUDFWXUH SDWWHUQ 7KHVH

DVSHFWVFDQEHGHDOWZLWKE\WHVWLQJWKH9RURQRL7ULJRQZKLFKDOORZVIRUWULDQJXODUHOHPHQWVWREHFUHDWHGDQGE\

LPSURYLQJWKH),6+IXQFWLRQ

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ ,-RKQVWRQ*1DUVLOLR6&ROOV(PHUJLQJJHRWKHUPDOHQHUJ\WHFKQRORJLHV.6&(-&LY(QJ    

>@ <6KHQJ06XVDQL',QJKDP03RXUNDVKDQLDQ5HFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVLQPXOWLVFDOHDQGPXOWLSKDVHPRGHOOLQJRIK\GUDXOLFIUDFWXULQJ

SURFHVV0DWKHPDWLFDO3UREOHPVLQ(QJLQHHULQJ+LQGDZL3XEOLVKLQJ&RUSRUDWLRQ$UWLFOH,'  

>@ (*KD]YLQLDQ06'LHGHULFKV54XH\'UDQGRP9RURQRLJUDLQEDVHGPRGHOVIRUVLPXODWLRQRIEULWWOHURFNGDPDJHDQGIDEULFJXLGHG

PLFURIUDFWXULQJ-RI5RFN0HFK*HRWHFK(QJ  

>@ 0 %DUOD ) $QWROLQL &RPELQHG )LQLWH'LVFUHWH QXPHULFDO PRGHOLQJ RI URFN VSDOOLQJ LQ WXQQHOV WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH RI WKH

,QWHUQDWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQIRU&RPSXWHU0HWKRGVDQG$GYDQFHVLQ*HRPHFKDQLFV.\RWR6HSWHPEHU  

>@ 0:DQJHQ)LQLWHHOHPHQWPRGHOLQJRIK\GUDXOLFIUDFWXULQJRQDUHVHUYRLUVFDOHLQ'-3HW6FL(QJ  

>@ $$O%XVDLGL-)+D]]DUG53<RXQJ'LVWLQFWHOHPHQWPRGHOLQJRIK\GUDXOLFDOO\IUDFWXUHG/DFGX%RQQHWJUDQLWH-*HRSK\V5HV

 %

>@ 6 'HQJ 5 3RGJRUQH\ + +XDQJ 'LVFUHWH HOHPHQW PRGHOLQJ RI URFN GHIRUPDWLRQ IUDFWXUH QHWZRUN GHYHORSPHQW DQG SHUPHDELOLW\

HYROXWLRQXQGHUK\GUDXOLFVWLPXODWLRQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK:RUNVKRSRQ*HRWKHUPDO5HVHUYRLU(QJLQHHULQJ6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\

>@ <:DQJ'$GKLNDU\+\GUDXOLFIUDFWXUHVLPXODWLRQEDVHGRQFRXSOHGGLVFUHWHHOHPHQWPHWKRGDQGODWWLFHEROW]PDQQPHWKRG3URFHHGLQJV

RIWKH:RUOG*HRWKHUPDO&RQJUHVV0HOERXUQH$XVWUDOLD

>@ )*DR'6WHDG7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDPRGLILHG9RURQRLORJLFWREULWWOHIUDFWXUHPRGHOOLQJDWWKHODERUDWRU\ DQGILHOGVFDOH,QW-5RFN

0HFK0LQ6FL  ±

>@06RXVDQL0RGHOLQJRIK\GUDXOLFIUDFWXULQJLQURFNVDPXOWLVFDOHDQGIOXLGVROLGFRXSOLQJDSSURDFK3K'WKHVLV8QLYRI/HHGV

>@0%DUOD 0&DPXVVR $ PHWKRG WR GHVLJQ PLFURWXQQHOOLQJ LQVWDOODWLRQVLQWKH 7RULQR UDQGRPO\ FHPHQWHG DOOXYLDO VRLO 7XQQHOOLQJ DQG

8QGHUJURXQG6SDFH7HFKQRORJ\  

>@0%DUOD*%DUOD7RULQRVXEVRLOFKDUDFWHULVDWLRQE\FRPELQLQJVLWHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDQGQXPHULFDOPRGHOOLQJ*HRPHFKDQLNXQG7XQQHOEDX

    

>@0&DPXVVR0%DUOD0LFURSDUDPHWHUVFDOLEUDWLRQIRUORRVHDQGFHPHQWHGVRLOZKHQXVLQJSDUWLFOHPHWKRGV,QW-*HRPHFK    



>@/-/RULJ3$&XQGDOO0RGHOOLQJRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHXVLQJWKH'LVWLQFW(OHPHQW0HWKRG3URF6(05,/(0,QW&RQIRQ)UDFWXUHRI

&RQFUHWHDQG5RFN6(0%HWKHO&RQQHFWLFXW  

>@3$&XQGDOO2'/6WUDFN$GLVFUHWHQXPHULFDOPRGHOIRUJUDQXODUDVVHPEOLHV*pRWHFKQLTXH    

>@$.$O]R¶XEL0RGHOLQJRIURFNVXQGHUGLUHFWVKHDUORDGLQJE\XVLQJ'LVFUHWH(OHPHQW0HWKRG-RI(QJ $SS6FL    

>@7.D]HUDQL-=KDR0LFURPHFKDQLFDOSDUDPHWHUVLQERQGHGSDUWLFOHPHWKRGIRUPRGHOOLQJRIEULWWOHPDWHULDOIDLOXUH,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO

IRU1XPHULFDODQG$QDO\WLFDO0HWKRGVLQ*HRPHFKDQLFV  

>@2. 0DKDEDGL $ /LVMDN * *UDVVHOOL 1XPHULFDO PRGHOOLQJ RI D WULD[LDO WHVW RIKRPRJHQHRXV URFNVXVLQJWKH FRPELQHG ILQLWHGLVFUHWH

HOHPHQWPHWKRG3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH(XURSHDQURFNPHFKDQLFVV\PSRVLXP/DXVDQQH6ZLW]HUODQG

>@3+DPGL'6WHDG'(OPR'DPDJHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQGXULQJODERUDWRU\VWUHQJWKWHVWLQJD'ILQLWHGLVFUHWHHOHPHQWDSSURDFK&RPSXWHUV

DQG*HRWHFKQLFV  ±

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

Tanto Leonardo si sofferma nella descrizione delle sue circonvoluzioni, da porre egli stesso all’origine di tale interesse un ricor- do personale risultato poi degno dell’analisi

[r]

This may suggest that the charging process does not depend only on the grain size but also on the grain composition; (c) there is a very strong and fast feedback between sand /

Diese Menschen sind sämtlich müde, schiffsbrüchig, europasatt. Die ein- same Insel im Südmeer ist ihnen nicht mehr – wie im weitweit flacheren “Ro- binson Crusoe” –

In conclusion, we sincerely appreciate Dr Rosario ’s suggestions to test the diagnostic performance of the Ca/P ratio in a particular setting of patients with NPHPT pre- senting

En liant Francfort à la figure de Charlemagne, le propos de cette brève présentation sera d’approfondir l’hypothèse émise par Robert Folz lorsqu’il passait en revue

importante documento venne coinvolta direttamente la Penitenzieria Apostolica, sia nella parte dottrinale, che è la più corposa, quanto in quella normativa. La costituzione è