13 November 2021
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE
Multi Scale Numerical Modelling Related to Hydrofracking for Deep Geothermal Energy Exploitation / Insana, Alessandra; Barla, Marco; Elmo, Davide. - In: PROCEDIA ENGINEERING. - ISSN 1877-7058. - ELETTRONICO. - 158(2016), pp. 314-319. [10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.448]
Original
Multi Scale Numerical Modelling Related to Hydrofracking for Deep Geothermal Energy Exploitation
Publisher:
Published
DOI:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.448
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openAccess
Publisher copyright
(Article begins on next page)
This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository
Availability:
This version is available at: 11583/2650270 since: 2016-09-20T21:39:59Z
Elsevier
Procedia Engineering 158 ( 2016 ) 314 – 319
1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016 doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.448
ScienceDirect
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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016
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