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503 Uiqo^plrka qob^qjbkq obpriqp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 50303 Pevpf`î bsîr^qflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73 50304 Cebjf`î bsîr^qflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 77 50305 Ffkî `lkpfabo^qflkp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 504 B^qè ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk obpriqp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 50403 Ak^bol_f` afdbpqflk qbpqp ^q F1I > 207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 50404 Ak^bol_f` afdbpqflk qbpqp ^q F1I > 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 50405 Cljmôfplk _bqtbbk af"bobkq F1I o^qfl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 50406 Ekbodv `lkpfabo^qflkp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8; 50407 Ffkî `lkpfabo^qflkp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 92 505 Rbpmfoljbqof` qbpq obpriqp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 92 50503 SOUR qbpq obpriqp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 92 50504 Ffkî `lkpfabo^qflkp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 /MLBJSQHMLQ +* .HAJHMFP@NGV +,

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303 Dbsbilmjbkq ^ka `lii^mpb lc ^ _r__ib 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 304 C^sfq^qflk^i jf`ol_r__ib 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 305 Tvmbp lc elokp rpba fk riqo^plkf` qob^qjbkq 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 306 Teb clro pqbmp lc ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk mol`bpp< 30 Hvaolivpfp 40 A`faldbk/

bpfp 50 A`bqldbkbpfp 60 Mbqe^kldbkbpfp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3; 307 Rbdobppflk jlabip clrka _v Sèfbs^kl bq î0 [86] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 308 Rbdobppflk jlabip clrka _v Sèfbs^kl bq î0 [32] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 403 Pelqldo^me lc UIP472 `bii afpormqbo +Do0Hfbipèbo, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 404 Sèbjb lc UIP472 `bii afpormqbo +Do0 Hfbipèbo, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 405 Cîf_o^qflk tfqe KI plirqflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 406 Pelqldo^me lc _^qè ^k^bol_f` afdbpqbop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 407 Sèbjb lc _^qè ^k^bol_f` afdbpqbop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 408 Pelqldo^me lc obpmfoljbqbo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 409 Sèbjb lc obpmfoljbqbo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 503 Ij^dbp lc rkqob^qba ^ka plkf`^qba WAS3. 347u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 504 Ij^dbp lc rkqob^qba ^ka plkf`^qba WAS4. 347u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 505 WAS3 môqfìb pfwb afpqof_rqflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 506 WAS4 môqfìb pfwb afpqof_rqflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 507 E"b`q lc pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq lk pCOD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 508 E"b`q lc pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq lk DOC `lk`bkqo^qflkp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 509 Cloobi^qflk _bqtbbk DOC ^ka UV476 clo WAS3 p^jmibp +^q af"bobkq

pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7; 50: Cloobi^qflk _bqtbbk DOC ^ka UV476 clo WAS4 p^jmibp +^q af"bobkq

pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7; 50; E"b`q lc pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq lk ^jjlkf^ kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflkp 0 0 0 82 5032 E"b`q lc pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq lk plir_ib kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflkp 0 0 0 0 0 82 5033 Crjri^qfsb _fld^p molar`qflk lc rkqob^qba ^ka qob^qba WAS3 ^q F1I>207 85 5034 Crjri^qfsb _fld^p molar`qflk lc rkqob^qba ^ka qob^qba WAS4 ^q F1I>207 86 5035 mH sôf^qflkp arofkd _^qè ^k^bol_f` qbpqp ^q F1I>207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 5036 Crjri^qfsb _fld^p molar`qflk lc rkqob^qba ^ka qob^qba WAS4 ^q F1I>3 0 87 5037 Crjri^qfsb _fld^p molar`qflk lc rkqob^qba ^ka qob^qba WAS3 ^q F1I>3 0 88 5038 mH sôf^qflkp arofkd _^qè ^k^bol_f` qbpqp ^q F1I>3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 5039 Crjri^qfsb _fld^p molar`qflk lc WAS4 ^q af"bobkq F1I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8: 503: Crjri^qfsb _fld^p molar`qflk lc WAS3 ^q af"bobkq F1I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8: 503; Ekbodv _î^k`b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8; 5042 OD sîrbp sboprp qfjb +rkqob^qba WAS4, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93 5043 SOUR qbpq lc rkqob^qba ^ka qob^qba WAS3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93

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303 F^`qlop fk$rbk`fkd qeb `^sfq^qflk mebkljbk^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 304 Eumobppflkp ql nr^kqfcv piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 305 Bfld^p `ljmlpfqflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 306 Ak^bol_f` afdbpqflk qbpqp< `lkafqflkp ^ka obpriqp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4: 403 Pevpf`î/èbjf`î èô^`qbofw^qflk lc rkqob^qba p^jmibp +`lkqoli, 0 0 0 0 0 56 404 Ceô^`qbofpqf`p lc riqo^plkf` UIP472 `bii afpormqbo +Do0 Hfbipèbo, 0 0 0 0 57 405 Pô^jbqbop clo riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq bsîr^qflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5: 406 Pô^jbqbop clo ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk mbocloj^k`b bsîr^qflk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 503 Crq af^jbqbo lc WAS3 ^ka WAS4 ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq fkòb^pbp 77 504 pCOD `lk`bkqo^qflk lc WAS3 ^ka WAS4 ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp 79 505 DOC `lk`bkqo^qflk lc WAS3 ^ka WAS4 ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp 79 506 UV476 ifdeq ^_plomqflk `lk`bkqo^qflkp lc WAS3 ^ka WAS4 ^q af"bobkq

pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7: 507 Ajjlkf^ kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflk lc WAS3 ^ka WAS4 ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#`

bkbodv fkmrqp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 508 Slir_ib kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflk lc WAS3 ^ka WAS4 ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#`

bkbodv fkmrqp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 509 Ak^bol_f` afdbpqflk obpriqp ^q F1I>207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 50: Ak^bol_f` afdbpqflk obpriqp ^q F1I>3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 50; SOUR sîrb clo rkqob^qba ^ka qob^qba piradbp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 5032 OD42 sîrbp clo rkqob^qba ^ka qob^qba piradbp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 5033 Pobaf`qfkd ^ka bumbofjbkqî pmb`f#` _fld^p molar`qflk +lk TS _^pfp, 0 0 0 96

(10)

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Osbo qeb i^pq vbôp. j^kv ^rqelop e^sb bsîr^qba qeb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk ^ka qeb _fld^p molar`qflk fkòb^pb arb ql riqo^plrkap rpfkd mevpf`î. èbjf`î ^ka _flildf`î mô^jbqbop0 Teb riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq e^p _bbk bpmb`fîiv ^mmifba ql jrkf`fmî t^pqb ^`qfs^qba piradbp0 Ik ifqbo^qrob qebob fp ^ i^`h lc fkcloj^qflkp ^_lrq qeb ^mmif`^qflk lc riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq lk fkarpqofî t^pqb ^`qfs^qba piradbp0

Okb lc qeb fkkls^qfsb fab^p lc qefp tloh t^p ql ^mmiv riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq ql _lqe jrkf`fm^i ^ka fkarpqof^i t^pqb ^`qfs^qba piradbp0

Acqbo e^sfkd bsîr^qba qeb b%`fbk`v lc riqo^plrkap afpfkqbdo^qflk qeolrde mevpf`î ^ka èbjf`î mô^jbqbop. ^klqebo ^fj lc qefp obpbôè tloh t^p ql bsîr^qb qeb mlqbk/ qfîfqfbp lc riqo^plrkap lk ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk fjmolsbjbkq0

Ak fjmloq^kq mô^jbqbo ql bsîr^qb ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk mbocloj^k`bp fp cbba1fkl`rirj +F1I, o^qfl. tefè obmobpbkqp qeb o^qfl lc pr_pqo^qb ^jlrkq ql fkl`rirj ^jlrkq âaba ql ^k^bol_f` afdbpqbo0 Teb b"b`q lc F1I o^qfl lk ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk lc plkf`^qba piradb e^p _bbk ifqqib fksbpqfd^qba fk ifqbo^qrob0 Tebobclob. fk loabo ql _bqqbo rkabopq^ka qeb fk$rbk`b lc riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq ^ka cbba1fkl`rirj o^qflp lk qeb piradb ^k^bol_f` ^`/ qfsfqv. _^qè ^k^bol_f` _flabdoâ^_fifqv qbpqp +BMP qbpqp, tbob `ôofba lrq ^q af"bobkq cbba1fkl`rirj o^qflp0

Sfk`b ^ _flildf`î lufa^qflk _bqqbo afpòfjfk^qbp _bqtbbk abdoâ^_ib ^ka klk/abdoâ^_ib lod^kf` j^qqbo qe^k ^ pqolkd èbjf`î lufa^qflk. qeb b"b`qp lc riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq e^p _bbk îpl bsîr^qba qeolrde _flildf`î mô^jbqbop0 Tebobclob. ^ obpmfoljbqof` mol`barob e^p _bbk fkqolar`ba ql bpqfj^qb _flildf`î mô^jbqbop ^p tbii ^p ql mobaf`q qeb _fld^p molar`qflk0 Teb ^fj t^p ql `loobi^qb qeb luvdbk abj^ka clo qeb #opq 42 elro lc qeb qbpq +OD42, ^ka sli^qfib plifap ql BMP qeolrde ^k ^mmolmof^qb obdobppflk jlabi molmlpba _v Sèfbs^kl bq î0 [32]0 Teb obdobppflk jlabi t^p sbof#ba _v Sèfbs^kl lk af"bobkq qvmbp lc lod^kf` ebqboldbkblrp _flj^ppbp. fkìrafkd pbt^db piradbp0

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Teb lofdfkîfqv lc qefp tloh t^p ql ^mmiv qeb Sèfbs^kl*p jlabi ql _lqe plkf`^qba piradbp ^ka sbofcv fqp ^_fifqv lc mobaf`qflk tfqe ^ `ljmôfplk _bqtbbk qeb `î`ri^qba _fld^p molar`qflk ^ka qeb bumbofjbkqî _fld^p molar`qflk. l_q^fkba _v qoâfqflkî _^qè ^k^bol_f` qbpqp0

Ik sfbt lc qebpb `lkpfabo^qflkp. qeb obpb^o`e tloh fp afsfaba fkql qeobb pqbmp< 4L RGD !PQR QRDN qeb b"b`q lc 42 hHw riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq lk $l` afpfkqbdo^qflk ^ka

`bii ivpfp e^p _bbk bsîr^qba fk loabo ql rkabopq^ka qeb mlqbkqfîfqv lc qefp mob/ qob^qjbkq lk WAS abdoâ^_fifqv0 A t^pqb ^`qfs^qba piradb +WAS3, q^hbk colj ^ mrim ^ka m^mbo WWTP ^ka ^ jrkf`fmî t^pqb ^`qfs^qba piradb +WAS4, tbob plkf`^qba ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp ^ka qeb b"b`qp lk _lqe piradbp tbob `ljmôba _v rpfkd mevpf`î +prè ^p jfòlp`lmf` l_pbos^qflk ^ka môqfìb pfwb afp/ qof_rqflk, ^ka èbjf`î +prè ^p plir_ib COD. afpplisba lod^kf` `ô_lk DOC. UV476. plir_ib kfqoldbk SN ^ka kfqoldbk ^jjlkf^ NH'/N, mô^jbqbop0

4L RGD QDBMLC QRDN qtl _^qè ^k^bol_f` afdbpqbop tbob pbq rm ql qbpq WAS ^k^bol_f` _flabdoâ^_fifqv0 Ak^bol_f` _flabdoâ^_fifqv qbpqp tbob mboclojba ^q F1I o^qfl bnrî ql 207 ^ka 3 lk _lqe piradbp0 Vli^qfib plifap +VS, abdoâ^qflk. `rjri^qfsb ^ka pmb`f#` _fld^p molar`qflk tbob rpba ql l_pbosb qeb _^qè ^k^bol_f` ob^`qlo mbocloj^k`bp0

4L RGD RGHPC QRDN ^ obpmfoljbqbo t^p pbq rm ql abqbojfkb _flildf`î mô^jbqbop prè ^p luvdbk rmq^hb o^qb +OUR,. pmb`f#` luvdbk rmq^hb o^qb +SOUR, ^ka luvdbk abj^ka clo qeb #opq 42 elro lc qeb qbpq +OD42, clo _lqe piradbp +plkf`^qba ^ka rkqob^qba,0 Bflildf`î mô^jbqbop tbob rpba ql bsîr^qba piradb nrîfqv ^ka piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk fkpqbâ lc COD mô^jbqbo0 Aq qeb p^jb qfjb. qeb OD42 ^ka VS mô^jbqbop tbob abqbojfkba ql mobaf`q qeb _fld^p molar`qflk tfqe ^ obdobppflk jlabi molmlpba _v Sèfbs^kl bq î0 [32] fkpqbâ lc qeb qoâfqflkî _^qè ^k^bol_f` _flabdoâ^_fifqv qbpqp0

(14)

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Teb riqo^plrka fp ^ `vìf` plrka mobpprob ^q cobnrbk`fbp ^_lsb 42 hHw0 Dbmbkafkd lk qeb cobnrbk`v. fq `^k _b afsfaba fkql qeobb obdflkp< mltbo riqo^plrka +42/322 hHw,. efde cobnrbk`v riqo^plrka +322 hHw/3 MHw, ^ka af^dklpqf` riqo^plrka +3/722 MHw,0 Webk qeb riqo^plrka t^sb molm^d^qbp fk ^ jbafrj. fq dbkbo^qbp ^ m^qqbok lc `ljmobppflkp ^ka oôbc^`qflkp0 Teb `ljmobppflk ^ka oôbc^`qflk `vìbp molar`b ^ mlpfqfsb ^ka ^ kbd^qfsb mobpprob lk qeb ifnrfa. obpmb`qfsbiv0

Ap ^ obpriq lc obar`ba mobpprob. jfòl_r__ibp ôb clojba fk qeb oôbc^`qflk obdflkp0 Teb jfòl_r__ibp. `lkq^fkfkd s^mlofwba ifnrfa ^ka d^p. lp`fii^qb rkabo qeb fk$rbk`b lc mlpfqfsb mobpprob ^ka bum^ka ql rkpq^_ib pfwb _bclob sflibkqiv `lii^mpfkd0 Ll`îfwba qbjmbo^qrobp lc 7222 K ^ka mobpprobp lc 3:2 MP^ `^k _b ob^èba [33]0 Tefp mol`bpp fp hkltk ^p `^sfq^qflk0 C^sfq^qflk e^p _bbk qoâfqflkîiv ì^ppf#ba ^p lkb lc qtl qvmbp< qo^kpfbkq ^ka pq^_ib0 To^kpfbkq `^sfq^qflk fkslisbp iôdb/p`îb sôf^qflkp fk qeb _r__ib pfwb +obi^qfsb ql fqp bnrfif_ofrj pfwb, lsbo ^ qfjb p`îb lc ^ cbt ^`lrpqf` `vìbp0 Tefp o^mfa doltqe rprîiv qbojfk^qbp fk ^ `lii^mpb lc sôvfkd abdobbp lc sflibk`b0 Ok qeb lqebo e^ka. pq^_ib `^sfq^qflk rprîiv fkslisbp pjîi/^jmifqrab +`ljmôba ql qeb _r__ib oâfrp, lp`fii^qflkp ^_lrq ^k bnrfif_ofrj oâfrp0 Sq^_ib `^sfq^qflk fk jlpq fkpq^k`bp obpriqp fk ifqqib ^mmob`f^_ib _r__ib doltqe lsbo ^ qfjb p`îb lc qelrp^kap lc ^`lrpqf` `vìbp0 Sq^_ib `^sfq^qflk `^k ibâ ql qo^kpfbkq `^sfq^qflk ^ka qeb `lii^mpb lc ^ qo^kpfbkq `^sfqv `^k molar`b pjîibo _r__ibp qe^q rkabodl pq^_ib `^sfq^qflk [34]0

Teb jfkfjrj ^jlrkq lc bkbodv obnrfoba ql fkfqf^qb `^sfq^qflk fp obcbooba ql ^p qeb `^sfq^qflk qeobpelia ^ka fq s^ofbp clo af"bobkq $rfap0 Okiv qeb bkbodv ^mmifba ^_lsb qeb qeobpelia tfii `lkqof_rqb ql qeb cloj^qflk lc ^ `^sfq^qflk _r__ib0 Ik t^qbo. `^sfq^qflk tfii dbkbo^iiv l``ro lk`b qeb riqo^plkf` bkbodv ofpbp ^_lsb 3 W1`j' _{ibsbip [35]0}

A obmobpbkq^qflk lc qeb absbilmjbkq ^ka `lii^mpb lc ^ jf`ol_r__ib fp peltk fk Ffdrob 3030 Teb pqor`qrob lc ^ jf`ol_r__ib fp obmobpbkqba fk Ffdrob 3040

Teb `lii^mpfkd lc ^ erdb krj_bo lc jfòl_r__ibp dbkbo^qbp efde efaol/jbè^kf`î pebô clo`bp fk qeb ifnrfa proolrkafkd qeb _r__ibp [36]0 Ik âafqflk. qeb efde qbjmbo^/ qrob. molar`ba arofkd jfòl_r__ib fjmilpflk. ab`ljmlpbp t^qbo fkql buqobjbiv ob^`qfsb

(16)

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Ffdrob 303< Dbsbilmjbkq ^ka `lii^mpb lc ^ _r__ib

evaoldbk ^qljp ^ka evaoluvi oâf`îp +%_{OH, ^ka fk qeb `llifkd me^pb qebpb oâf`îp tfii}

ob`lj_fkb ql cloj evaoldbk mbolufab ^ka jlib`ri^o evaoldbk0

Bbqqbo piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk l``rop ^q 42/62 hHw cobnrbk`fbp [8]0 W^kd bq î0 [37] l_/ pbosba qe^q ^q ilt cobnrbk`fbp qeb `lkqof_rqflk lc lufafwfkd oâf`îp lk piradb afpfkqbdo^/ qflk fp kbdifdf_ib0 Tebobclob. qeb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk fp j^fkiv arb ql evaol/jbè^kf`î pebô clo`bp0 Teb il`îfwba efde qbjmbo^qrob îpl `lria ^ppfpq fk piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk0

Ffdrob 304< C^sfq^qflk^i jf`ol_r__ib

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(17)

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T^_ib 303< F^`qlop fk$rbk`fkd qeb `^sfq^qflk mebkljbk^

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Fobnrbk`v Teb oôbc^`qflk me^pb fp peloqbkba _v fkòb^pfkd qeb Vfppèbo bq î0 fooâf^qflk cobnrbk`v0 Tl j^fkq^fk ^k bnrfsîbkq ^jlrkq +3;;:, [38] lc `^sfq^qflkî bkbodv fkql qeb pvpqbj. qeb mltbo

pelria _b fk`ob^pba0 Terp. ^q efdebo cobnrbk`v jlob mltbo fp obnrfoba ql j^fkq^fk p^jb `^sfq^qflk^i b"b`q0

Slisbkq Teb cloj^qflk ^ka qeb pr_pbnrbkqiv `lii^mpb lc qeb C^pqol bq î0 sfp`lpfqv jfòl_r__ibp dbkbo^qb pebô clo`bp fkql qeb pvpqbj0 +4229, [39]

Sfk`b sfp`lpfqv fp ^ jb^prob lc ^ obpfpq^k`b.

qeb molar`qflk lc `^sfq^qflk b"b`qp fp jlob af%`riq fk ^ ifnrfa `e^o^`qbofwba _v efde sfp`lpfqv0

Slisbkq Teb plisbkq sfp`lpfqv ^ka proc^`b qbkpflk fkòb^pb Teljmplk bq î0 proc^`b obar`b qeb o^qb lc jfòl_r__ib cloj^qflk +3;;;, [3:] qbkpflk _rq fjmolsb qeb fkqbkpfqv lc _r__ib `lii^mpb0

Teb ^aafqflk lc proc^`q^kqp obar`bp qeb plisbkq proc^`b qbkpflk ^ka c^`fifqfbp _r__ib kr`ib^qflk0

Slisbkq Ic qeb s^mlro mobpprob lc qeb ifnrfa fp ilt. qebk C^pqol bq ^i0 s^mlro fq fp af%`riq ql fkar`b `^sfq^qflk fk qeb ifnrfa0 +4229, [39] mobppflk

G^p ^ka Teb mobpbk`b lc d^p1^fo fkql qeb ifnrfa pvpqbj M^plk bq î0 môqf`ri^qb `lria obar`b qeb fkqbkpfqv lc qeb obib^pba pel`h t^sb0 +4224, [3;] j^qqbo Pôqf`ri^qb j^qqbop. bpmb`fîiv ifhb

qo^mmba s^mlro d^p kr`ibf fk qebfo `obsf`bp ^ka ob`bppbp. tfii obar`b qeb `^sfq^qflk b"b`q0

Euqbokî Teb fkòb^pfkd lc buqbokî mobpprob o^fpbp Teljmplk bq î0 mobpprob qeb oôbc^`qflk mobpprob. tefè fkòb^pbp +3;;;, [3:]

qeb `^sfq^qflk `lii^mpb fkqbkpfqv0

Tbjmbo^qrob Teb `^sfq^qflk qeobpelia fkòb^pbp tfqe abòb^pb Mlelihô bq î0 fk qbjmbo^qrob lc _rih plirqflk0 Webk qeb plisbkq +3;;8, [42] ob^èbp qeb plisbkq _lfifkd mlfkq. ^ iôdbo krj_bo

lc `^sfq^qflk _r__ibp ^ob molar`ba0 Tebv ^`q ^p ^ _^oofbo ql qeb plrka qo^kpjfppflk ^ka kriifcv qeb `^sfq^qflk b"b`qp0

Ikqbkpfqv Ikòb^pfkd qeb plkf`^qflk fkqbkpfqv fkòb^pbp qeb Lbfdeqlk T0G0 plkf`^qflk b"b`qp0 Iq fp afob`qiv molmloqflkî +3;;7, [43] ql qeb pnrôb ollq lc qeb ^jmifqrab lc qeb ^`lrpqf`

t^sb afsfaba _v qeb abkpfqv lc qeb ifnrfa ^ka qeb pmbba lc plrka fk qeb ifnrfa0

Aqqbkr^qflk Teb fkqbkpfqv lc qeb riqo^plrka fp ^qqbkr^qba ^p fq moldobpp qeolrde qeb jbafrj0

Teb ^qqbkr^qflk fp fksbopbiv molmloqflk^i ql qeb cobnrbk`v lc qeb riqo^plrka0 Hfde mltbo ^ka cobnrbk`v ^ob obnrfoba ql e^sb qeb p^jb fkqbkpfqv

(18)

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Teb jlpq tfabiv absf`bp rpba ql molar`b riqo^plkf` fooâf^qflk ôb qeb \riqo^plkf` ìb^k/ fkd _^qep( ^ka qeb \mol_b pvpqbjp(0 Teb i^qqbo lkbp ôb èô^`qbofwba _v ^ dob^qbo plkf`^qflk mltbo +rm ql 322 qfjbp dob^qbo, qe^k qeb #opq lkbp0 Ik ^kv `^pb. _lqe pvp/ qbjp ôb ifjfqba _b`^rpb qebv lmbo^qb ^q ^ #uba cobnrbk`v abmbkafkd lk qeb qo^kpar`bo0 Gbkboîiv. qeb lmbo^qfkd cobnrbk`v fp 42 hHw ^ka 62 hHw clo mol_b ^ka ìb^kfkd _^qe pvpqbjp. obpmb`qfsbiv0 Sbmô^qb q^filoba pvpqbjp jrpq _b pbq rm ql `ôov lrq qbpqp ^q af"bobkq cobnrbk`fbp0

Ik qefp obpbôè pqrav. qeb pb`lka qvmb lc riqo^plkf` pvpqbj e^p _bbk rpba0 Gbkbo^qlo. qo^kpar`bo. _llpqbo ^ka elok ôb qeb j^glo `ljmlkbkqp lc qefp riqo^plrka bnrfmjbkq0

Teb b^pfbpq t^v ql fkòb^pb qeb ^jlrkq lc riqo^plkf` mltbo ^s^fi^_ib clo ^ ob^`qflk fp ql mrq qeb c^`b lc ^k riqo^plkf` sf_o^qfkd qo^kpar`bo fk `lkq^`q tfqe qeb jbafrj0 Teb jûfjrj qo^kpcbo lc mltbo dbkbo^qba _v ^ qo^kpar`bo fp ifjfqba _v qeb molmboqfbp lc qeb qo^kpar`bo j^qbofî0 Teb ^jmifqrab molar`ba _v qeb qo^kpar`bo `^k _b ^jmif#ba _v ^qq^èfkd ^k riqo^plkf` elok0 Teb pbq lc qo^kpar`bo ^ka elok fp `îiba mol_b pvpqbj0

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Teb dbkbo^qlo fp qeb plro`b lc îqbok^qfkd bib`qof`î cobnrbk`v +qvmf`îiv 42 hHw, lc qeb qo^kpar`bo0 Flo _bpq mbocloj^k`b. qeb mol_b pvpqbj jrpq _b qrkba _bclob _bfkd rpba0 Trkfkd fp qeb mol`bpp qeolrde tefè qeb mol_b pvpqbj fp _olrdeq fkql qeb obplk^k`b `lkafqflk tfqe qeb qo^kpar`bo. ob^èfkd ^ jfkfjrj sîrb lc `fo`ri^qfkd `roobkq bsbk ^q cobnrbk`fbp af"bobkq colj 42 hHw0 Ic qeb pfwb lc qeb elok fp obar`ba _v bolpflk. qeb obplk^kq cobnrbk`v tfii sôv0 Ik buqobjb `lkafqflkp. qeb qrkfkd tlk*q _b mlppf_ib ^ka pl qeb obmi^`bjbkq lc qeb elok pelria _b alkb0 Oofdfkîiv qeb dbkbo^qlop tbob ^_ib ql `lsbo bib`qof`îiv ^ dfsbk cobnrbk`v o^kdb tfqe pjîi sôf^qflkp fk qrkfkd0 Iq fp îpl ob`ljjbkaba ql `îf_o^qb qeb mol_b pvpqbj fk ^fo lo fk kl / ilâ `lkafqflkp0 Teb mobpbk`b lc ilâ +ifnrfa fjjbopflk, obnrfobp âaba mltbo qe^q qeb dbkbo^qlo pelria molsfab ql qeb qo^kpar`bo0 Sljbqfjbp. ^ pvpqbj `îf_o^qba fk ^fo albp klq molsfab p^qfpc^`qlov mbocloj^k`b fkql ^ ob^`qflk jfuqrob0 Tefp l``rop bppbkqfîiv ^q ilt fk sfp`lrp ifnrfap= fc. arofkd qeb riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq. qebob ôb è^kdbp fk mevpf`î èô^`qbofpqf`p lc qeb jfuqrob. qeb mltbo clo j^fkq^fkfkd qeb lmqfjrj obplk^k`b `lkafqflkp jrpq _b è^kdba ^ka ^ obqrkfkd lc qeb pvpqbj tfii _b obnrfoba0 Teb jlabok dbkbo^qlop `^k qlibo^qb ^ o^kdb lc cobnrbk`fbp jrè iôdbo0 Srè pvpqbjp ôb qrkba tebk qebv ôb fjjbopba fk qeb jbafrj ^ka `^k _b âgrpqba qeolrde ^ pbofbp lc bib`qof`î absf`bp arofkd lmbo^qflk0 Teb `lkqoli lc qeb mltbo molar`ba _v ^ dbkbo^qlo îiltp sôv qeb bkbodv prmmifba ql qeb qo^kpar`bo / qvmf`îiv rpfkd ^ p`îb colj 2 ql 322)0 Teb rmmbo ifjfq mobsbkqp qeb lsboilâfkd ^ka co^`qrobp lc mfbwl`bo^jf` bibjbkqp0

Teb mol_b pvpqbj `^k tloh fk `v`ibp pbqqfkd ^ plkf`^qflk mripb0 Teb mltbo `^k _b prmmifba ql qeb mol_b _v ^ qfjbo `lkkb`qba ql qeb ^jmif#bo0

Teb qo^kpar`bo

Teb qo^kpar`bo `lksboqp qeb bib`qof`î lo jbè^kf`î bkbodv ql efde cobnrbk`v plrka t^sbp [44]0 Teobb j^fk qvmbp lc qo^kpar`bop `^k _b fabkqf#ba<

(19)

#!#! 0IC;8B<CH8AG D= IAHF8GDIC; HF<8HB<CH +

& \d^p / aofsbk(< qebv ôb èô^`qbofwba _v efde cobnrbk`v lrqmrq ^ka mllo b%`fbk`v lc ^`lrpqf` bkbodv qo^kpcbo colj ^ d^p ql ^ ifnrfa0 Hltbsbo. qebv j^v _b rpba ql l_q^fk qeb ^qljfw^qflk lc qeb ifnrfa=

& \ifnrfa / aofsbk(< qebv dbkbo^qb `^sfq^qflk qeolrde qeb jlsbjbkq lc ^ ifnrfa fkpqbâ lc ^ d^p0 A mrjm clo`bp ^ jfuqrob ql m^pp qeolrde ^k lof#`b ^q efde pmbba0 Teb gbq `ljfkd lrq _rjmp fkql ^ pq^fkibpp pqbbi _iâb0 Terp. `^sfq^qflk `^k _b molar`ba bfqebo _v Vbkqrof b"b`q +tebk qeb ifnrfa `ljfkd lrq lc qeb lof#`b bum^kap nrf`hiv fk ^ iôdbo slirjb, lo _v qeb sf_o^qflk lc qeb _iâb lk tefè qeb ifnrfa gbq fjm^`qp0 Sfk`b qeb ifnrfa. `ljb lrq lc ^k lof#`b. bum^kap nrf`hiv fk ^ iôdbo slirjb lo _v qeb sf_o^qflk lc qeb _iâb lk tefè qeb ifnrfa gbq fjm^`qp0 Teb `^sfq^qflkî b"b`qp `^k _b `lkqoliiba _v âgrpqfkd qeb lof#`b pfwb. qeb mobpprob lo qeb obi^qflkpefm _bqtbbk lof#`b ^ka _iâb=

& \bib`qoljbè^kf`î(< qebpb qo^kpar`bop ôb buqobjbiv sbop^qfib ^ka rpb qeb j^d/ kbqf` lo qeb mfbwlbib`qof` b"b`q [45]0 Ik j^dkbqlpqof`qfsb qbèkfnrb. qeb bib`qof`î bkbodv fp `lksboqba ql jbè^kf`î bkbodv lo sf_o^qflk tfqe ^ j^dkbqf` `lfi ^qq^èba ql sf_o^qfkd mfb`b ifhb kf`hbi ^ka Tbocbkli/D0 M^dkbqf` qo^kpar`bop rpb qeb molm/ boqfbp lc `boq^fk j^qbofîp +bd0 kf`hbi, ql obar`b qebfo pfwb tebk qebv ôb fjjbopba fk ^ j^dkbqf` #bia ^ka ql obqrok ql lofdfkî pfwb ^cqbo objlsfkd qeb #bia fqpbic0 Bv ^mmivfkd ^ j^dkbqf` #bia ^p ^ pr``bppflk lc peloq mripbp ql ^ j^dkbqlpqof`qfsb j^qbofî. fq sf_o^qbp ^q qeb p^jb cobnrbk`v lc qeb ^mmifba #bia0 Tl ^slfa j^dkbqf` ilppbp. qtl plibklfap ôb `lkkb`qba ql cloj ^ ofkd0 Srè pvpqbjp ôb buqobjbiv ol/ _rpq ^ka aro^_ib0 Hltbsbo. qebob ôb qtl afpâs^kq^dbp0 Ffopq. qeb rmmbo ifjfq lc cobnrbk`fbp fp 322 hHw. sîrb _bvlka tefè qeb jbqî albp klq obpmlka moljmqiv ql qeb j^dkbqlpqof`qflk0 Sb`lkaiv. qeb mltbo b%`fbk`v fp ibpp qe^k 82). tfqe pfdkf#/ `^kq eb^q ilppbp0 Flo qefp ob^plk. îi j^dkbqf` qo^kpar`bop obnrfob ^ $rfa `llifkd0 Ik qeb mfbwlbib`qof` qbèkfnrb. qeb bib`qof`î bkbodv fp `lksboqba ql efde cobnrbk`v bib`qof` bkbodv tfqe mfbwlbib`qof` òvpqîp ^qq^èba ql ^ sf_o^qfkd mfb`b qe^q abifsbop qeb riqo^plrka t^sbp fkql qeb ifnrfa0 Pfbwlbib`qof` qo^kpar`bop ôb jlpq `ljjlkiv rpba clo riqo^plrka dbkbo^qflk0 Mloblsbo. qebv ôb jlob b%`fbkq +lsbo ;7), ^ka qebv lmbo^qb lsbo ^ iôdbo o^kdb lc cobnrbk`fbp +colj 42 hHw ql pbsboî MHw,0 Teb _llpqbo

Teb _llpqbo ^jmif#bp qeb sf_o^qflk +^jmifqrab, dbkbo^qba _v qo^kpar`bo fk loabo ql ob^`e qeb elok [44]0 Df"bobkq `lk#dro^qflkp lc elokp `^k _b #uba ql qeb _llpqbo0

Teb elok

Teb elok îiltp qeb qo^kpjfppflk lc sf_o^qflkp colj qeb ^jmif#bo qeolrde ^k âaf/ qflkî mfb`b lc jbqî qe^q ^jmifcv qeb mltbo afpqof_rqba ql qeb pvpqbj0 Teb jlabok mol_b pvpqbjp e^sb _bbk abpfdkba clo ^ pbofbp lc mol_bp. b^è lc tefè l"bop af"bobkq mltbo ^jmif#bop0 Se^mb ^ka pfwb ôb qtl sbov fjmloq^kq èô^`qbofpqf`p lc ^ elok0 Teb plkf`^qflk fkqbkpfqv `^k _b `lkqoliiba _v îqbofkd qeb mltbo fkmrq ^ka fq fp _^pba lk qeb mol_b abpfdk0 Teb plkf`^qflk fkqbkpfqv tfii abqbojfkb qeb j^dkfqrab lc qeb d^fk lo jbè^kf`î ^jmif#`^qflk lc qeb sf_o^qflk0 Okb lc qeb j^glo abpfdk òfqbof^ lc qeb elok fp

(20)

#" #! 6?<DFK

rkfclojfqv lc ^jmifqrab0 Ukfclojfqv fp af%`riq ql l_q^fk tfqe iôdb _il`h elokp0 M^ppbp ôb lcqbk âaba ql qeb _^`h aofsb lc qebpb elokp lo rkabo`rqp ôb jâb kbô qeb c^`b lc qeb elok tebob rkfclojfqv aolmp l"0 Ik âafqflk. tfqe iôdbo elokp. qeb pl/`îiba \Plfpplk( b"b`q `^k molar`b rkabpfoba jlabp lc sf_o^qflk0 Sljb qvmf`î elok abpfdkp ôb peltk fk Ffdrob 3050

Ffdrob 305< Tvmbp lc elokp rpba fk riqo^plkf` qob^qjbkq

C^sfq^qflk `^rpbp qeb bolpflk lc qeb bka lc qeb mol_b pvpqbj0 Tebobclob. qeb jlpq mol_bp ôb jâb lc qfq^kfrj îilv0 Okb lc qeb j^glo b"b`qp lc qeb bolpflk fp obmobpbkqba _v qeb mevpf`î peloqbkfkd lc qeb elok rkqfi fq ob^èbp ^ ibkdqe ibpp qe^k R(* tefè `^rpbp ilppbp fk b%`fbk`v0 Teb mol_b pvpqbjp ôb qeb jlpq b%`fbkq jbqela ql qo^kpjfq riqo^plkf` bkbodv ql ^ ob^`qflk0 Aiqelrde qeb ^s^fi^_ib mltbo fp jrè efdebo tfqe ^ mol_b pvpqbj. qeb `lpqp ôb `lkpfabo^_ib0 Webk ^ mol_b pvpqbj fp rpba. pbsboî c^`qlop jrpq _b `lkpfaboba<

& qeb sli^qfib `ljmlkbkqp `^k _b b^pfiv ilpq fk ^k lmbk ob^`qlo _b`^rpb lc qeb ab/ d^ppfkd b"b`q lc riqo^plkf`^qflk=

& qeb i^odb ^jlrkq lc eb^q. dbkbo^qba _v mol_bp. `^k obnrfob ^ `llifkd=

& tebk efde/bkbodv riqo^plrkap ôb ^mmifba ql ^ ifnrfa. qeb prmmifba mltbo `^k mol/ ar`b ^ `^sfq^qflk qe^q _il`hp qeb âafqflkî mltbo bkqov0 Ik qefp `^pb. qeb pbqqfkd lc qeb `lkqoli absf`b lc mltbo ql qeb jûfjrj sîrb albp klq kb`bppôfiv molar`b ^k efdebo plklèbjfpqov b"b`q=

(21)

#!#! 0IC;8B<CH8AG D= IAHF8GDIC; HF<8HB<CH ##

& ilt mltbo fkmrq `lria obnrfob jb`e^kf`^i jfufkd0 Aq efdebo mltbo fkmrqp. sf_o^qfkd/ bka qfm tfii molar`b bklrde jfufkd lc qeb ifnrfa _v fqpbic=

& èbjf`î ob^`qflkp j^v obnrfob pbîba bnrfmjbkq. pilt âafqflk lc ob^dbkqp lo fk/ boq ^qjlpmebobp0 Tebpb plklèbjfpqov ob^`qflkp pelria _b `lkar`qba fk pmb`f#` sbppbip0

-CT@LR@FDQ @LC CHQ@CT@LR@FDQ ME SJRP@QMLHB NPMAD QVQRDKQ

Cljjbo`fî riqo^plkf` mol_bp ôb dbkboîiv rpba ql ^mmiv môqf`riôiv efde mltbo riqo^/ plrkap fk ^ èbjf`î ob^`qflk0

Bbkb#qp

Teb riqo^plkf` mltbo. molsfaba _v qeb mol_b. fp afob`qiv obi^qba ql qeb sf_o^qflkî tfaqe lc efp bka0 Tefp `^k _b b^pfiv bsîr^qba `lkqoliifkd qeb fkmrq mltbo ql qeb qo^kp/ ar`bo0 Teb riqo^plrka `roobkq. dbkbo^qba ^q qeb bka lc qeb elok. fp lcqbk bklrde ql molsfab b"b`qfsb jfufkd lc qeb ifnrfa j^pp. îobâv lmbo^qfkd ^q jlabo^qb mltbo0 Mla/ bok absf`bp îilt qeb obîfw^qflk lc plkf`^qflk `vìbp qe^q ôb obmb^qba clo co^`qflkp lc ^ pb`lka0 Iq molsfabp ^k âbnr^qb qfjb clo `llifkd _bqtbbk qtl pr_pbnrbkq plrka mripbp0 Teb pvpqbj `^k _b âbnr^qbiv qrkba fk loabo ql molsfab qeb _bpq mbocloj^k`b0 Tefp fp môqf`riôiv fjmloq^kq clo obmolar`f_fifqv lc obpriqp0 Teb jlabok riqo^plrka pvpqbjp rprîiv e^sb ^ absf`b clo ^rqlj^qf` cobnrbk`v `lkqoli0

Dfp^as^kq^dbp

Ap îi absf`bp qe^q rpb mfbwlbib`qof` qo^kpar`bop. qeb _bpq mbocloj^k`bp ôb ^èfbsba ^q ^ #uba cobnrbk`v0 Smb`fî mob`^rqflkp pelria _b q^hbk ql bkprob âbnr^qb qbjmbo^qrob `lkqoli fk p^jmibp0 Flo qefp mromlpb. fq fp môqf`riôiv `lksbkfbkq qeb âlmqflk lc pmb`f#` ob^`qlo pe^mb +bd0 Rlpbqq `bii,0 Ik qeb ob^`qlo qeb qbjmbo^qrob pelria _b jlkfqloba `lkqfkrlrpiv0 Drb ql qeb oâf^qflk fkqbkpfqv kbô qeb bka lc qeb elok. oâf`îp j^v _b molar`ba0 Teb `^sfq^qflk `^k molar`b qeb `loolpflk lc qeb elok buqobjfqv. îqelrde fq fp jâb lc qfq^kfrj0 Ttl mol_ibjp. obi^qba ql mol_b `loolpflk. `^k _b fabkqf#ba<

& qeb jbqî môqfìbp. objlsba colj qeb mol_b. `^k `lkq^jfk^qb qeb ob^`qflk jfuqrob= & qeb peloqbkfkd lc qeb elok `^k `^rpb ^ ilpp fk mol_b b%`fbk`v0 Teb mol_ibj `^k eltbsbo _b plisba b`lkljf`îiv rpfkd obmi^`b^_ib bkap qe^q ^slfa qeb obmi^`bjbkq lc bkqfob elok0

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CW_NZ JVM NVNZPa Y]JV\R"LJ\RWV

Teb b`lkljf` `lksbkfbk`b lc ^k riqo^plrka pvpqbj fp dlsbokba _v qeb mltbo lo bkbodv rpba ql ^èfbsb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk0 Terp. qeb nr^kqf#`^qflk lc bkbodv1mltbo fkmrq fp òfqf`î ql bsîr^qb qeb riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq b%`fbk`v0

Teb mltbo lo bkbodv prmmifba clo piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk `^k _b bumobppba fk ^ krj_bo lc t^vp ^p dfsbk fk T^_ib 3040 Teb prmmifba mltbo lo pmb`f#` bkbodv abmbkap lk _lqe piradb `e^o^`qbofpqf`p ^ka riqo^plrka pvpqbj abpfdk0

(22)

#$ #! 6?<DFK

T^_ib 304< Eumobppflkp ql nr^kqfcv piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk

9@P@KDRDP 1UNPDQQHML =LHR :DEDPDLBD

Smb`f#` prmmifba bkbodv )/>_{, "* )}' "; hJ1hdTS Fbkd bq ^i0 +422;, [46]

Uiqo^plrka alpb 5 ($>' ";_, J1L Tfbej bq ^i0 +4223, [8]

Uiqo^plrka abkpfqv 5 (> '

, W1L Tfbej bq ^i0 +4223, [8]

Uiqo^plrka fkqbkpfqv 5 ,> '

! W1`j

& _{Nbfp bq ^i0 +4222, [47]}

P > mltbo fkmrq +hW,= q > plkf`^qflk qfjb +p,= V > piradb slirjb +L,= A > mol_b proc^`b ^ob^ +`j&_{,= TS > qlq^i plifa `lk`bkqo^qflk +hd1L,}

,),)0

:^JT]J\RWV WO ]T\ZJ[W]VM MR[RV\NPZJ\RWV N$LRNVLa

Teb jfòl_r__ib fjmilpflkp molar`b mevpf`î ^ka èbjf`î ob^`qflkp qe^q `^k jlafcv qeb èô^`qbofpqf`p lc afpplisba ^ka môqf`ri^qb j^qqbo mobpbkq fk qeb jbafrj0 Terp. piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk `^k _b bsîr^qba _v è^kdbp fk mevpf`î ^ka èbjf`î molmboqfbp0

Pevpf`î èô^`qbofpqf`p prè ^p môqfìb pfwb. pbqqib^_fifqv. qro_fafqv ^ka abt^qbo^_fifqv ôb rpba ^p nrîfq^qfsb jb^probjbkq lc piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk0 Uiqo^plrkap afpfkqbdo^qb piradb môqfìbp ql ^ sbov pjîibo pfwb ^ka i^pbo af"o^`qflk fp rprîiv rpba clo môqfìb pfwb ^kîvpfp0 Teb qro_fafqv lc piradb è^kdbp tfqe fkòb^pb fk plkf`^qflk mô^jbqbop +riqo^plrka abkpfqv. riqo^plrka fkqbkpfqv ^ka plkf`^qflk qfjb, ^ka fq fp jb^proba _v rpfkd ^ qro_fafjbqbo0 Teb piradb abt^qbo^_fifqv fp jb^proba _^pba lk qeb `^mfiiôv pr`qflk qfjb +CST, ^ka pmb`f#` obpfpq^k`b lc #iqo^qflk +SRF,0

Cebjf`î bsîr^qflk fp ;2) jlob nr^kqfq^qfsb ^ka j^fkiv _^pba lk abdobb lc afp/ fkqbdo^qflk +DD, mô^jbqbo abqbojfk^qflk0 Teb _ob^haltk lc _^`qbofî `bii tîip _v afpormqflk `^k _b ^ppbppba _v rpfkd _flildf`î rqfifw^qflk qbpqp0

9GVQHB@J DT@JS@RHML

Pevpf`î bsîr^qflk. prè ^p môqfìb pfwb ^kîvpfp. jfòlp`lmf` l_pbos^qflkp. qro_fafqv ^ka piradb abt^qbo^_fifqv e^p _bbk tfabiv rpba ql bsîr^qb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk0

Tfbej bq î0 [48] clrka qe^q. tfqe fkòb^pb fk plkf`^qflk qfjb. qeb môqfìb pfwb obar`ba doârîiv colj 387 "j ql 357 "j ^ka :7 "j tfqe ^ 206; jfkrqbp ^ka 308 jfkrqbp plkf`^qflk qfjb. obpmb`qfsbiv0

(23)

#!#! 0IC;8B<CH8AG D= IAHF8GDIC; HF<8HB<CH #%

_bvlka tefè qeb môqfìb pfwb fkòb^pba doârîiv tfqe fkòb^pb fk plkf`^qflk qfjb0 Teb fkòb^pb fk jbaf^k af^jbqbo. l_pbosba fk ilkd/aro^qflk qob^qjbkqp. `^k _b molar`ba _v qeb obib^pb lc fkqo^`biiriô mlivjbop arb ql `bii ivpfp qe^q ôb c^slro^_ib clo ob/$l``ri^qflk0 Cer bq î0 [4:] bu^jfkba qeb b"b`q lc af"bobkq plkf`^qflk abkpfqfbp ^ka qfjbp lk $l` pfwb afpqof_rqflk ^q 42 KHw cobnrbk`v ^ka 332 W jûfjrj mltbo fkmrq0 Teb fkòb^pb fk plkf`^qflk abkpfqv fkòb^pba qeb afpfkqbdo^qflk b%`fbk`v0 Teb $l` pfwb obar`ba colj ;:0; "j ql 44 "j ^ka ibpp qe^k 5 "j tfqe ^ 2055 W1jL ^ka 2066 W1jL clo ^ 42 jfkrqbp plkf`^qflk qfjb0 Bv fkòb^pfkd plkf`^qflk qfjb rm ql 342 jfkrqbp. kl $l` pfwb abòb^pb _bvlka 5 "j e^p _bbk l_pbosba0

Blrdofbo bq î0 [9] bsîr^qba qeb môqfìb pfwb afpqof_rqflk ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp rpfkd 42 hHw cobnrbk`v ^ka 447 W prmmifba mltbo fkmrq0 Pôqfìb pfwb o^kdba colj 206 ql 3222 "j0 Teb slirjb l``rmfba _v pjîi môqfìbp fkòb^pba tfqe qeb pmb`f#` prmmifba bkbodv0 Flo Ep>36772 hJ1hdTS môqfìbp lc 3 jj l``rmfba 307 ) lc qeb telib slirjb. tebob^p qebv l``rmfba 203 ) fk qeb rkqob^qba p^jmib0 Ok qeb lqebo e^ka. qeb slirjb l``rmfba _v môqfìbp _fddbo qe^k 322 "j fkòb^pba iôdbiv tfqe pmb`f#` prmmifba bkbodv0 Tefp `lria _b bumi^fkba _v ^ ob/$l``ri^qflk mebkljbklk. îobâv l_pbosba _v Glkwb bq î0 [49]0

Gbkboîiv. ^p clrka _v Selt bq î0 [4;]. môqfìbp iôdbo qe^k 606 "j buef_fqba qeb jlpq fkqbkpb afpormqflk fk qeb fkfqfî 3 jfkrqb ^ka qeb afpormqflk _b`^jb jôdfkî lk croqebo plkf`^qflk qfjbp0 Iq ^mmbôba qe^q jfòl/$l`p +$606 "j, tbob ibpp prp`bmqf_ib ql riqo^plkf` afpormqflk qe^k j^òl/$l`p +%606 "j,0 Teb _fkafkd clo`bp fk jfòl/$l`p. prè ^p `biip. ôb jrè pqolkdbo qe^k qelpb fk j^òl/$l`p qe^q ôb jâb rm lc ^ jlob illpbiv _lrka ^ddobd^qflk0 Iq fp îpl ifhbiv qe^q j^òl/$l`p e^sb iôdbo proc^`b ôb^p bumlpba ql qeb plkf`^qflk qe^q `^k molar`b ^ dob^qbo buqbkq lc afpormqflk0 Teb è^kdb fk $l` pqor`qroî fkqbdofqv ^q af"bobkq plkf`^qflk qfjbp `^k _b l_pbosba rpfkd jfòlp`lmf` bu^jfk^qflk0 Hltbsbo. ^ ifdeq_^pba jfòldo^me albp klq molsfab fkcloj^qflk ^q `biiriô ibsbi0 Ke^kî bq î0 [52] plkf`^qba ^ t^pqb ^`qfs^qba piradb. èô^`qbofwba _v ^ iôdb krj_bo lc #i^jbkqp. clo 4 jfkrqbp ^ka clrka qe^q qeb #i^jbkqp ^ka qeb $l`p tbob îjlpq `ljmibqbiv afpfkqbdo^qb0

Ok qeb lqebo e^ka. Fbkd bq î0 [46] l_pbosba qe^q $l` pqor`qrob t^p doârîiv afp/ ormqba _rq klq qlqîiv afpfkqbdo^qba. bsbk ^q bkbodv alp^dbp efdebo qe^k 48222 hJ1hdST0 Tl molsfab fkcloj^qflk ^q `biiriô ibsbi p`^kkfkd bib`qolk jfòldo^mep jrpq _b rpba0 Gbkboîiv. qeb piradb qro_fafqv fkòb^pbp tfqe fkòb^pb fk pmb`f#` prmmifba bkbodv ^ka fq fp afob`qiv `loobi^qba ql môqfìb pfwb obar`qflk [8]0

Fbkd bq î0 [46] bsîr^qba qeb fk$rbk`b lc pmb`f#` bkbodv lk piradb qro_fafqv0 Teb prmbok^q^kq qro_fafqv lc qob^qba piradb abòb^pba clo prmmifba pmb`f#` bkbodv iltbo qe^k 7222 hJ1hdTS `ljmôba ql qeb rkqob^qba lkb0 Hltbsbo. ^q prmmifba pmb`f#` bkbodv efdebo qe^k 7222 hJ1hdTS. qro_fafqv t^p ao^pqf`îiv fkòb^pba0 Tefp t^p jlpq ifhbiv ^qqof_rq^_ib ql fkòb^pbp fk qeb ^jlrkq lc jfòl/môqfìbp obib^pba colj piradb $l`p fkql qeb prmbok^q^kq ^q efde/bkbodv alpbp0 Cer bq î0 [4:] `lkìraba qe^q riqo^plkf` qob^qjbkq e^p kl fk$rbk`b lk piradb pbqqib^_fifqv. tefè `lkqoâf`qp qeb è^kdbp fk môqfìb pfwb ^ka $l` pqor`qrob ^cqbo plkf`^qflk0

Fbkd bq î0 [46] bsîr^qba pbqqifkd sbil`fqv ^q af"bobkq bkbodfbp0 Teb pbqqifkd sbil`fqv sîrbp lc 722 ^ka 3222 hJ1hdTS qob^qba piradbp tbob dob^qbo qe^k qe^q lc rkqob^qba piradb0 Ok qeb lqebo e^ka. _v fkòb^pfkd qeb pmb`f#` bkbodv lsbo 3222 hJ1hdTS. qeb pbq/

(24)

#& #! 6?<DFK

qifkd sbil`fqv t^p iltbo fk qob^qba piradbp `ljmôba ql rkqob^qba lkb0 Froqebo fkòb^pbp fk pmb`f#` bkbodv iba ql abòb^pb fk pbqqifkd sbil`fqv0 Tefp obar`qflk t^p mol_^_iv ifkhba ql $l` pfwb obar`qflk ^ka lod^kf` pr_pq^k`bp obib^pba fkql ifnrfa me^pb ^q efde pmb`f#` bkbodfbp0 Tebobclob. qeb ^rqelop prddbpqba ^ pmb`f#` bkbodv lc 3222 hJ1hdTS ^p lmqfjrj clo pbqqifkd sbil`fqv fjmolsfkd0 Lltbo mltbo ibsbi tfqe peloq plkf`^qflk qfjb fkòb^pbp abt^qbo^_fifqv. _rq fq abòb^pbp qeb abdobb lc afpfkqbdo^qflk0

Cer bq î0 [4:] l_pbosba qe^q abt^qbo^_fifqv abòb^pba tfqe fkòb^pb fk plkf`^qflk qfjb _b`^rpb ^ dob^q ^jlrkq lc t^qbo `lria _b ^qq^èba lkql qeb iôdb proc^`bp molsfaba _v qeb pjîi môqfìbp ^cqbo riqo^plkf`^qflk0

Glkwb bq î0 [49] clrka qe^q piradb abt^qbo^_fifqv fkòb^pba tfqe iltbo plkf`^qflk mltbo ibsbi ^ka ibpp plkf`^qflk qfjb. _rq tfqe ^k fkòb^pb fk plkf`^qflk qfjb ^q p^jb mltbo ibsbi. abt^qbo^_fifqv abòb^pba0 Tefp fp arb ql qeb c^`q qe^q qeb $l`p afa klq obar`b ql pjîibo môqfìbp ^q iltbo mltbo ibsbip ^ka tfqe ibpp plkf`^qflk qfjb0

/GDKHB@J DT@JS@RHML

Cebjf`î bsîr^qflk fp cô jlob nr^kqfq^qfsb clo jb^profkd piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk qe^k mevpf`î lkb0 Iq jb^probp qeb plir_fifw^qflk lc t^pqb ^`qfsbqba piradb fk qeb ^nrblrp me^pb0 Ik bksfolkjbkqî bkdfkbbofkd. îi obib^pba lod^kf` j^qqbo fp jb^proba ^p ^k fkòb^pb fk plir_ib èbjf`î luvdbk abj^ka +pCOD,0 Uiqo^plkf` mobqob^qjbkq îpl afp/ fkqbdo^qbp buqo^`biiriô j^qqbo fkìrafkd lod^kf` ab_ofp ^ka buqo^`biiriô mlivjbof` pr_/ pq^k`bp +ESP,. tefè îpl _b`ljb môq lc pCOD0 Terp. pCOD fp ^ dolpp mô^jbqbo ql nr^kqfcv qeb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk [53]0 M^kv ^rqelop e^sb èlpbk pCOD ^p ^ mô^jbqbo ql bsîr^qb qeb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk0 Hltbsbo. fq fp eôa ql `ljmôb lkb pqrav ql qeb lqebo _b`^rpb riqo^plkf` afpfkqbdo^qflk abmbkap lk pbsboî c^`qlop prè ^p TS `lkqbkq. cobnrbk`v. piradb qvmb. riqo^plkf` abkpfqv. qbjmbo^qrob ^ka plkf`^qflk qfjb0 Flo _bqqbo `ljmôfplk. qeb pCOD obib^pb kbbap ql _b `loobi^qba tfqe qeb pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq0 Ui/ qo^plrka qob^qjbkq e^p kl b"b`q lk qeb qlqî COD +qCOD,0 Tebobclob. qeb pCOD1qCOD o^qfl obmobpbkqp qeb obib^pb lc qeb lod^kf` j^qqbo colj plifa pq^qb ql ifnrfa pq^qb ^cqbo riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq0 Amôq colj pCOD. ^jjlkf^ kfqoldbk. lod^kf` kfqoldbk ^ka EPS `lk`bkqo^qflkp +mlivp^`èôfabp. molqbfkp. krìbf` ^`fap. ifmfap ^ka lqebo mlivjbof` `lj/ mlrkap, ôb îpl fjmloq^kq mô^jbqbop clo èbjf`î bsîr^qflk lc riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq0 COD abqbojfk^qflk fp rpbcri ql l_q^fk qeb abdobb lc afpfkqbdo^qflk +DD, mô^jbqbo. tefè #opq t^p molmlpba ql nr^kqfcv qeb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk ^p dfsbk _v qeb cliiltfkd bnr^qflk 303030 ((>! '0(<5;9-:8<70! '0(894247-5 '0(% -&$""!"! '0(% -&$! " ! '0(% -&$! '0(38682174?-;487 " # 322+), +30303, Webob<

& COD<5;9-:8<70 fp qeb COD lc prmbok^q^kq lc riqo^plrka qob^qba p^jmib +jd1L,=

& COD894247-5 fp qeb COD lc prmbok^q^kq lc lofdfk^i +rkqob^qba, p^jmib +jd1L,=

& COD% -&$""!" fp qeb COD lc prmbok^q^kq ^q 44 e ^cqbo ^aafqflk lc 3 M N^OH

(25)

#!#! 0IC;8B<CH8AG D= IAHF8GDIC; HF<8HB<CH #'

& COD% -&$! qeb COD lc prmbok^q^kq ^q qfjb wbol ^cqbo ^aafqflk lc 3 M N^OH

+jd1L,=

& COD% -&$! qeb COD lc p^jmib ^cqbo ^aafqflk lc 3M N^OH +jd1L,=

& COD38682174?-;487 qeb COD lc lofdfk^i p^jmib ^cqbo eljldbkfw^qflk +jd1L,0

Teb qboj +COD<5;9-:8<70 / COD894247-5, obmobpbkqp qeb plir_ib COD obib^pba _v ri/

qo^plkf` afpfkqbdo^qflk ^ka qeb qboj +COD% -&$""!" / COD% -&$!, obmobpbkqp plir_ib

COD obib^pba _v èbjf`î afpfkqbdo^qflk0 Teb COD obib^pba _v NÔH âafqflk +èbj/ f`î afpfkqbdo^qflk, fp ^pprjba ql obpriq fk `ljmibqb afpfkqbdo^qflk lc piradb ^ka fq fp rpba ^p ^ obcbobk`b COD0 Teb o^qfl lc COD% -&$! ^ka COD_{38682174?-;487} obmobpbkqp

qeb COD lc qeb p^jmib _bclob ^ka ^cqbo âafqflk lc 3M NÔH fk qeb o^qfl lc 3<507 ^q 42$_{C0 Mriibo molmlpba ^ jlaf#ba sbopflk lc mob`bafkd bnr^qflk ql `î`ri^qb DD [54] ^p}

cliilt 30304< ((>! '0(<5;9-:8<70! '0(894247-5 '0(% -&$! '0(894247-5 " # 322+), +30304, tebob<

& COD<5;9-:8<70 fp qeb COD fk qeb prmbok^q^kq lc qeb plkf`^qba p^jmib +jd1L,=

& COD894247-5 fp qeb COD lc prmbok^q^kq lofdfk^i +rkqob^qba p^jmib, +jd1L,=

& COD% -&$ fp qeb j^ufjrj COD obib^pb fk qeb prmbok^q^kq ^cqbo N^OH afdbpqflk

+jd1L,0

Teb NÔH afdbpqflk fp `ôofba lrq _v qob^qfkd qeb piradb p^jmibp tfqe 3M NÔH fk qeb o^qfl lc 3<4 clo 32 jfk ^q ;2$_{C0 Teb prmbok^q^kq fp l_q^fkba _v `bkqofcrd^qflk clo}

32 jfk ^q 52222 d ^ka ^ qbjmbo^qrob lc 6$_{C0 Tfbej bq ^i0 [8] ^ka R^f bq ^i0 [55] rpba}

qeb abdobb lc afpfkqbdo^qflk +DD, jlaf#ba _v Mriibo clo bsîr^qfkd qeb afpfkqbdo^qflk b%`fbk`v0 A DD lc 62) t^p l_q^fkba _v Tfbej bq î0 [8] ^q ^ 82222 hJ1hdTS pmb`f#` prmmifba bkbodv= tebob^p R^f bq î0 [55] obmloqba ^ DD lc 47) ^q 86222 hJ1hdTS bkbodv fkmrq0 Srè sôf^qflkp ôb jlpq ifhbiv ^qqof_rqba ql bkbodv qo^kpcbo b%`fbk`v lc riqo^plkf` rkfqp0

A ifkbô `loobi^qflk _bqtbbk abdobb lc afpfkqbdo^qflk ^ka ^mmifba riqo^plkf` fkqbkpfqv t^p l_pbosba _v Nbfp bq î0 [47]0 Teb abdobb lc afpfkqbdo^qflk t^p jlob qe^k alr_iba _v fkòb^pfkd qeb fkqbkpfqv colj 8W1`j&_{ql 3:W1`j}&_{0 Teb efdebo jbè^kf`î pebô clo`bp}

molar`ba ^q efdebo fkqbkpfqfbp ormqrobp qeb jfòllod^kfpjp `bii tîip fkòb^pfkd pCOD `lk`bkqo^qflk0

Nbfp bq î0 [47] îpl bsîr^qba qeb b"b`q lc TS `lkqbkq `lk`bkqo^qflk lk pCOD obib^pb0 Teb pCOD obib^pb fkòb^pbp tfqe TS `lkqbkq fkòb^pfkd rkqfi ^k lmqfjrj. _bvlka tefè pCOD ao^j^qf`îiv abòb^pbp arb ql ^qqbkr^qflk b"b`qp0 Mloblsbo. W^kd bq î0 [37] obmloqba ^ pfdkf#`^kq pCOD obib^pb colj 6222 ql ;222 jd1L tebk qeb TS `lkqbkq fp fkòb^pba colj 207 ql 3) arofkd 52 jfk lc plkf`^qflk ^q ^k riqo^plkf` abkpfqv lc 3066 W1jL0

(26)

#( #! 6?<DFK

Ke^kî bq î0 [53] bsîr^qba qeb b"b`q lc TS `lkqbkqp lk pCOD obib^pb ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp0 Teb pCOD obib^pb fkòb^pbp tfqe fkòb^pfkd fk _lqe TS `lkqbkq ^ka bkbodv fkmrq0 Hltbsbo. qeb pCOD obib^pb piltp altk ^q efdebo 57 hJ1dTS bkbodv fkmrq clo îi TS `lkqbkqp0

Ahfk bq î0 [56] l_pbosba ^ pCOD obib^pb lc 552 jd1dTS ^q 4) TS ^ka 7 hWp1dTS pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq0 Hfdebo TS `lkqbkq albp klq fjmolsb qeb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk0 Aq 6) ^ka 8) TS `lkqbkq. qeb pCOD obib^pb piltp altk pfdkf#`^kqiv0 Aq efdebo plifa `lk`bkqo^qflk jlob `^sfq^qflk pfqbp ôb dbkbo^qba ^ka jlob môqfìbp ôb bumlpba ql qeb obpriqfkd pebô clo`bp ^ka ql môqfìb/ql/môqfìb `liifpflk0 Ok qeb lqebo e^ka. qeb TS `lk`bkqo^qflk fkòb^pb molar`bp ^k fkòb^pb fk sfp`lpfqv0 A qll efde sfp`lpfqv efkabop `^sfq^qflk _r__ib cloj^qflk0

A``loafkd ql Selt bq î0 [4;]. ^q `lkpq^kq bkbodv fkmrq. qeb TS lmqfjî `lkqbkq o^kdbp _bqtbbk 405) ^ka 504) TS0 Blrdofbo bq î0 [9] bsîr^qba qeb b"b`q lc pmb`f#` bkbodv lk COD plir_fifw^qflk0 Teb pCOD1qCOD o^qb fkòb^pba colj 6) ql 54) tfqe fkòb^pb fk pmb`f#` bkbodv colj 2 hJ1hdTS ql 32222 hJ1hdTS tfqe ^k lmqfjrj ^q ^ pmb`f#` bkbodv lc 32222 hJ1hdTS0

Ok qeb lqebo e^ka. Ke^kî bq î0 [52] l_q^fkba ^k pCOD1qCOD lc 3804) ^q ^ 88:22 hJ1hdTS bkbodv fkmrq0 Aiqelrde qeb abdobb lc plir_fifp^qflk fjmolsbp tfqe fkòb^pb fk pmb`f#` prmmifba bkbodv. qeb fjmolsbjbkq fp klq fk afob`q molmloqflk ql qeb bkbodv fkmrq0 M^kv pqrafbp mobpbkqba qeb pCOD fkòb^pb tfqe obpmb`q ql plkf`^qflk qfjb0 W^kd bq î0 [57] l_pbosba ^k fkòb^pb fk pCOD obib^pb colj 47:3 ql 972; jd1L tebk qeb plkf`^qflk qfjb t^p fkòb^pba colj 7 ql 37 jfk0 Hltbsbo. clo 42 jfk qob^qjbkq. qeb pCOD obib^pb piltba altk pfdkf#`^kqiv0

Sfjfiô obpriqp tbob clrka _v Amri bq î0 [58]0 A 37 jfkrqbp riqo^plkf` qob^qjbkq bke^k`ba 72 jd1L pCOD rm ql ^ sîrb lc 4722 jd1L pCOD +6;22) pCOD fkòb^pb,0 Llkdbo plkf`^qflk qfjb obpriqba fk pCOD $r`qr^qflkp0 Drofkd riqo^plrka ^mmif`^qflk. qeb qbjmbo^qrob doârîiv olpb colj 42$_{C lc rkqob^qba p^jmib ql 92}$_{C ^cqbo 37 jfkrqbp}

riqo^plkf` qob^qjbkq0 Teb ab`ob^pb fk pCOD obib^pb t^p mol_^_iv arb ql qeb qeboj^i b"b`qp0

Teb ofpb fk qbjmbo^qrob iba ql efdebo p^qro^qba s^mlro mobpprob. tefè jâb fq eôabo clo qeb s^mlro _r__ib ql `lii^mpb ^ka qerp abòb^pba qeb `^sfq^qflk fkqbkpfqv0 Teb b"b`q lc qbjmbo^qrob t^p îpl bsîr^qba _v Cer bq î0 [4:]0 Teb qbjmbo^qrob lc qeb _rih plirqflk fkòb^pba doârîiv tfqe fkòb^pb fk mltbo ibsbi ^ka plkf`^qflk qfjb. tefè obpriqba fk ^k fkòb^pb fk qeb pCOD1COD o^qfl0

Teb b^pb lc riqo^plkf` afpfkqbdo^qflk fp îpl dlsbokba _v qeb `ljmlpfqflk lc qeb piradb j^qofu0 Iq fp _bifbsba qe^q klk/_flildf`î plifap. b0d0. mofjôv piradb ^ka ^kfjî j^krob. ôb obi^qfsbiv b^pv ql afpfkqbdo^qb `ljmôba ql _flildf`î piradb prè ^p t^pqb ^`qfs^qba piradbp0

Rb`bkq pqrafbp e^sb cl`rpba lk qeb mlppf_fifqv lc rpfkd molqbfk ^kîvpfp clo jb^profkd qeb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk b%`fbk`v. pfk`b molqbfkp ôb ^k fjmloq^kq _rfiafkd _il`h lc îi jfòl_fî `biip0 Teb jfòl_fî buqo^`biiriô mlivjbof` pr_pq^k`bp +EPS,. tefè molsfab qeb pqor`qroî j^qofu clo îi jfòl_fî ^ddobd^qbp prè ^p $l`p fk ^`qfs^qba piradb. îpl `lkq^fk molqbfk [53]0

W^kd bq ^i0 [57] nr^kqf#ba qeb piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk _v molqbfk jb^probjbkq ^q af"bobkq plkf`^qflk qfjbp ^ka obmloqba ^ molqbfk `lkqbkqp lc 8;: ^ka 3355: jd1L fk EPS

(27)

#!$! 0IC;8B<CH8AG D= 8C8<FD9@: ;@><GH@DC #)

^ka fkpfab qeb jf`ol_f^i `biip. obpmb`qfsbiv0

Teb obib^pb lc ^jjlkf^ ^ka plir_ib lod^kf` kfqoldbk fk qeb ^nrblrp me^pb `lria _b ^klqebo rpbcri qlli ql ^ppbpp qeb riqo^plrka qob^qjbkq afpfkqbdo^qflk b%`fbk`v0

Ke^kî bq î0 [59] pqrafba qeb ^jjlkf^/kfqoldbk obib^pb ^q af"bobkq TS `lkqbkqp ^ka pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp0 Teb ^jjlkf^/kfqoldbk obib^pb fkòb^pba tfqe fkòb^pb fk pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp ^ka TS `lkqbkqp0 Teb ^jjlkf^/kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflk ob^èba ^ c^foiv `lkpq^kq ibsbi ^q pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp lc 42 hJ1dTS clo 402. 407 ^ka 5) TS `lkqbkqp ^ka 32 hJ1dTS clo 307) TS `lkqbkq0 Drofkd plkf`^qflk. _^`qbofî `biip ôb afpfkqbdo^qba ^ka fkqo^`biiriô lod^kf` kfqoldbk t^p obib^pba fkql qeb ^nrblrp me^pb0 Teb lod^kf` kfqoldbk t^p pr_pbnrbkqiv evaolivwba ql ^jjlkf^0 Mloblsbo. qeb afpfkqbdo^qflk lc lod^kf` kfqoldbk colj klk/_flildf`î ab_ofp `lria îpl `lkqof_rqb ql qeb ^jjlkf^ kfqoldbk obib^pb0

Blrdofbo bq î0 [9] jlkfqloba plir_ib lod^kf` ^ka ^jjlkf^ kfqoldbk obib^pb colj ^ qef`hbkba WAS. plkf`^qba ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp0 Teb qlqî Kgbiaêi kfqol/ dbk +TKN, fk qeb telib piradb afa klq è^kdb qeb pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrqp ^q îi0 Tefp ^mmôbkqiv prddbpqp qe^q riqo^plrka albp klq `lkqof_rqb ql kfqoldbk jfkboîfw^qflk lo sli^qfifw^qflk0 Hltbsbo. lod^kf` kfqoldbk ^ka ^jjlkf^ kfqoldbk fkòb^pba fk qeb ^nrb/ lrp me^pb tfqe fkòb^pb fk qeb pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq arofkd plkf`^qflk tfqe `lk`ljfq^kq abòb^pb lc lod^kf` kfqoldbk fk qeb plifa me^pb0 Teb jûfjrj plir_fifw^qflk lc lod^kf` kfqoldbk t^p ^èfbsba ^q ^ pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq lc 32 hJ1dTS0

Fbkd bq î0 [46] îpl l_pbosba qeb è^kdbp fk ^jjlkfrj kfqoldbk ^ka kfqo^qb kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflk ^q af"bobkq pmb`f#` bkbodv fkmrq0 Teb ^jjlkfrj kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflk lc qeb prmbok^q^kq o^mfaiv fkòb^pba tfqe fkòb^pfkd bkbodv fkmrq0 Webk bkbodv fkmrq bu`bbaba 33 222 hJ1hdTS. qeb `lk`bkqo^qflk lc ^jjlkfrj kfqoldbk fk qeb prmbok^q^kq fkòb^pba jlob qe^k 332). _rq ^mmif`^qflk lc 722 ^ka 3222 hJ1hdTS pqfii `^rpba fkòb^pbp lc 53093) ^ka 49089). obpmb`qfsbiv0 Teb kfqo^qb kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflk fkòb^pba ^q bkbodfbp efdebo qe^k 7222 hJ1hdTS. tefib qeb fkòb^pb lc kfqo^qb kfqoldbk `lk`bkqo^qflk t^p pjîibo qe^k ^jjlkfrj kfqoldbk ^q pfjfiô `lkafqflkp arb ql dbkbo^qflk lc evaoluvi oâf`îp qeolrde ^`lrpqf` `^sfq^qflk0

,)-

;]VMJUNV\JT[ WO JVJNZWKRL MRPN[\RWV

Ak^bol_f` afdbpqflk fp qeb jlpq ^mmifba mol`bpp clo pbt^db piradb pq^_fifw^qflk0 Ak^bo/ l_f` afdbpqflk ibâp ql piradb j^pp obar`qflk. abt^qbofkd fjmolsbjbkq. pq^_ib molar`qp molar`qflk. m^qeldbkf` jfòl/lod^kfpjp abpqor`qflk ^ka _fld^p dbkbo^qflk0 Hltbsbo. ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk fp èô^`qbofwba _v ^ pilt _flildf`î abdoâ^qflk qfjb. tefè obpriqp fk ^ ilkd cbojbkq^qflk mbofla ^ka iôdb afdbpqbo slirjb0 Ik qeb `^pb lc pbt^db piradb afdbpqflk. qeb evaolivpfp e^p _bbk fabkqf#ba ^p qeb o^qb/ifjfqfkd pqbm lc qeb mol`bpp [6]0

M^kv mobqob^qjbkq qbèkfnrbp `^k _b rpba ql ^``bibo^qba evaolivpfp ^ka bke^k`b qeb ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk mbocloj^k`b [5:]. [7]0 Teb ^fj lc qebpb qbèkfnrbp fp ql _ob^h rm _^`qbofî `bii jbj_o^kbp ^ka molar`b _fl/^s^fi^_ib pr_pqo^qb0 Tebpb mol`bppbp fk/ ìrab qebojî. _flildf`î. jbè^kf`î. èbjf`î tfqe lufa^qflk. efde mobpprob ^ka îhîf qob^qjbkqp0

(28)

#* #! 6?<DFK

piradb afpfkqbdo^qflk [48].[49].[53].[58]0 Ap pbbk fk mô^do^me 303. riqo^plrkap. ^mmifba ^q 42/62 hHw cobnrbk`fbp fkql ^k ^nrblrp pvpqbj. bk`lro^db qeb cloj^qflk lc jfòl_r__ibp qe^q dolt rm ql ^ òfqf`î pfwb ^ka qebk `lii^mpb0 Ttl `^sfq^qflk mebkljbk^ j^v _b obpmlkpf_ib clo qeb abpqor`qflk lc plifa `bii j^qqbo< mltbocri pebô clo`bp ^ka plklèbj/ f`î ob^`qflkp0 Sebô clo`bp ibâ ql qeb afpormqflk lc `biip tfqe ^ pr_pbnrbkqiv obib^pb lc ifdeq lod^kf` pr_pq^k`bp fkql qeb ifnrfa pvpqbj0 Teb pr_pbnrbkq ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk lc qeb afpormqba piradb j^v fjmolsb _fld^p molar`qflk tfqe ^ obar`b piradb nr^kqfqv0

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6VJNZWKRL MRPN[\RWV XZWLN[[ KJ[RL \QNWZa

Ak^bol_f` afdbpqflk fp ^ jriqfpq^db _flèbjf`î mol`bpp qe^q fjmolsbp qeb `lksbopflk lc afpplisba ^ka môqf`ri^qb lod^kf` j^qqbo fkql jbqe^kb ^ka `ô_lk aflufab0 Mbqe^kb fp mo^`qf`îiv klk/plir_ib ^ka fq bkap rm clo qeb jlpq fk qeb d^p me^pb. tebob^p `ô_lk aflufab fp jlob t^qbo plir_ib0 A môq lc fq fp j^fkiv flkfwba ql HCO!

' ^ka ^ pj^ii m^oq

ql CO&!' qe^q jfdeq bfqebo mob`fmfq^qb lo obj^fk ^p flk0 Teb afpqof_rqflk lc fklod^kf`

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(29)

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(30)

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(31)

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& ^ ilt `lk`bkqo^qflk lc VFA ^ppl`f^qba ql ^ efde _fld^p molar`qflk. fk tef`e qeb CO& fp fk qeb o^kdb lc 47/55). fkaf`^qbp qe^q qeb mol`bpp fp pq^_ib=

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Srime^qb `lk`bkqo^qflkp efdebo qe^k 422 jd1L bke^k`b qeb doltqe lc prime^qb/ obar`qflk _^`qbof^ tef`e ^ob `ljmbqfqlop lc jbqe^kldbkp _^`qbof^ clo H& ^ka ^`bq^qb

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(32)

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(33)

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Akdbifa^hf bq î0 [69]. fk `lii^_lo^qflk tfqe pbsboî pmb`fîfpqp lc ^k^bol_f` afdbpqflk +TG/A_^f,. qofba ql eôjlkfwb qeb ^kîvpfp jbqelap0 Terp. pljb _^pf` drfabifkbp clo ^ obif^_ib ^ka obmolar`f_ib ^ppbppjbkq lc qeb ^k^bol_f` _flabdoâ^_fifqv qbpqp ôb dfsbk _v qeb ^rqelop clo moljlqfkd ^ `ljjlk molql`li0

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Ic qeb _flabdoâ^_fifqv qbpqp `lk`bokp pmb`f#` lod^kf` jlib`ribp. qeb _^`qbofî _flj^pp pelria _b bumlpba ql qeb pr_pqo^qb ql _b abdoâba fk loabo ql bifjfk^qb qeb fkqbocbobk`b

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:TUJ[R[S \UR[SL

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Bflj^pp `lk`bkqo^qflk

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Sr_pqo^qb

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F1I o^qfl

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Tefp `î`ri^qflk fp rpba clo ^ #opq olrde fkaf`^qflk ^ka fq fp _^pba lk qeb ^pprjmqflk qe^q qebob ôb kl ^`faf` `lkafqflkp ^ka îi qeb pr_pqo^qb fp `lksboqba fkql jbqe^kb fk ^ pfkdib a^v0

Bfld^p

Teb qeblobqf`î _fld^p molar`qflk. lo jbqe^kb. fp ^ rpbcri fkcloj^qflk arofkd mobm^/ o^qflk lc qeb qbpq ql bkprob qe^q qeb fkslisba ^jlrkqp ôb klq bu`bppfsb lo qll mllo clo qeb jb^probjbkq pvpqbj0 Teb jbqe^kb molar`qflk. l_q^fkba colj fkl`rirj. pelria _b pr_qo^`qba colj qeb jbqe^kb molar`qflk ob`loaba fk qeb pr_pqo^qb qbpqp0 Tefp fp qeb `lkqoli ^ka `^k _b `ôofba lrq fk qofmif`^qb clo pq^qfpqf`î pfdkf#`^k`b0

Mbafrj

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