269 Index PETCT_IDX(269-280) 23/10/04 11:18 AM Page 269

Index

A

Acceptance angle, and Compton-scattered photon detection, 26

Acetate, carbon-11-labeled for studying hepatocellular

carcinoma, 156–157 for studying prostate cancer, 185 Adenocarcinoma

of the bladder, 192–193 cervical, 167

endometrial, uterine, 169 esophageal, 137 gastric, 139–142 of the lung, 117–118 pancreatic ductal, 153–155 of the prostate, 183

Adenosine triphosphatase, energy for glucose transportation from, 51 Affine transformation, for image

registration, 23

Aging, effects of, on the brain, 87–88 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), as a marker for

hepatocellular carcinoma, 155–157

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), diagnosis of, 91 American College of Radiology Imaging

Network (ACRIN), 134 American Joint Committee on Cancer

(AJCC), staging for melanoma, 227

Ammonia, nitrogen-13-labeled, 61–62 for coronary artery evaluation, 69 Anger, Hal, 33

Anger gamma camera

for fluorodeoxyglucose images, 78–79

for single photon detection, 6 Anger logic

defined, 33

to determine the position of a crystal detector, 7–8

Annihilation photons attenuation of, 35 interaction of

in the detector, 33 with tissue, 9–10

Areola, uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose by, 57

Arteriolar blockade, pre-capillary, 63

Artifacts

diaphragmatic, due to attenuation, 15–16

due to physiologic motion, 16–17 positron emission

tomography/computed tomography, 263–264 reconstruction, in positron emission

tomography, 258 Attenuation

independence of depth, in positron emission tomography, 17–18 of photons by tissue, 9–10

versus energy of the photons, 21–22

Attenuation coefficient ( µ) for 511-keV photons, 11

effect on coronary artery evaluation, 71

linear, defined, 11–12 real and apparent, 11 Attenuation correction, 11–24

artifacts due to, 263–264 calculated, 18–19 types of, 18–21 Attenuation equation, 11–12 Axial collimation, 25–29

degree of, in three-dimensional imaging, 29

B

Barium fluoride (BaF

), for scintillation crystals, 38

Baryons, protons and neutrons as, 1 B-cells, lymphomas derived from, 206.

See also Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) Becquerel, Henri, 64

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 183 Biodistribution of fluorodeoxyglucose

uptake altered, 54–60 normal, 255

Bismuth germinate (BGO), for scintillation crystals, 38 Bladder cancer, 191–193

Blobs, as noise in iterative reconstruction,

32

Block detectors, 7–8 Blood flow

brain, changes in rate with age, 87 rubidium-82 for studying, 63–64 Bone marrow, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake

by, 57, 219–220 Bone tumors, 195–197

pediatric, 248–249

Bowel activity, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, and false-positive results of PET, 257

Brain, imaging of, 87–95

Breast, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, causing false-positive PET results, 257

Breast cancer, 161–167

Breslow thickness, of melanoma, 227 Broad-beam attenuation coefficient,

defined, 11

Bronchioloaveolar cancer, 117–118 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, 121 Brown fat

artifacts due to fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, 264

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, 55–57 Burkitt’s lymphoma, 207

Butanol, carbon-11-labeled, for myocardial perfusion measurement, 70

C

Carbidopa, improving brain uptake of fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine with, 92

Carbohydrate antigen 19–9, as a marker in gastric cancer, 139

in pancreatic cancer, 153 Carbon-11, particle bombardment to

produce, 46

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), as a marker

in colorectal cancer, 143 in gastric cancer, 139 Cardiology, 69–85

pediatric, positron emission tomography in, 243–244 protocol for fluorodeoxyglucose

imaging, 53

Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services

approval for fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to stage esophageal cancer, 137 in colorectal cancer, 145 coverage, for positron emission

tomography in breast cancer metastasis and recurrence, 161 Central nervous system, tumors of,

pediatric, 245–249

Cerebral blood volume (CBV), imaging with carbon-11 or oxygen-15 carbon monoxide, 90

Cerebral oxidative metabolism (CMRO

), measuring using oxygen-15, 90 Cerebrovascular reserve, estimating with

positron emission tomography, 91

Cervical cancer, 167–169

metastatic adenopathy, staging of cancer in, 104

metastatic lymphadenopathy, identifying the primary tumor in, 106

Cesium-137, as a single photon source, 20 Cesium fluoride (CsF) scintillation

crystals, 38

Chemotherapy, platinum-based, metabolic response to, 129–130 Cholangiocarcinoma, prognosis in, 157 Choline, carbon-11 radiolabeled

for imaging bladder cancer, 193 for imaging prostate cancer, 185 Classification, for lymphoma, 205 Clinical applications, reversible

myocardial perfusion defect identification, 79–82 Clinical implication, of attenuation

correction for the skin effect, 13–14

Clinical presentation, of lung cancer, 118 Clinical studies, of fluorodeoxyglucose

positron emission tomography in infection and inflammation, 237–239

Coherent scattering, in tissue, defined, 10 Coincidence detection, 3–4

camera for, 6

Coincidence events, types of, 24–25 Coincidence window

defined, 34

Colinear photons, defined, 5 Collimation, effect of, 25–27 Colorectal cancer, 143–146 Compartmental model

of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, 50–52 for measuring blood flow, 64 Compton scattering

in the detector, 33 effect of, on resolution, 5–6 energy and importance of, 21 origin of events identified following,

25–26 in the patient, 10–11 Computed tomography

advantages and disadvantages of, 20–21

comparison with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in lymphoma study, 212 in melanoma assessment,

229–230 See also Positron emission

tomography/computed

tomography

Consensus Conference on Surgery for Epilepsy, National Institutes of Health, 88

Conservation laws, for checking a decay equation, 1–2

Contrast agents, artifacts on positron emission tomography scans due to, 264

Copper-62, for measuring blood flow, 63, 70

Coronary artery, evaluation of, with myocardial perfusion imaging, 69 Coronary perfusion reserve, measuring

non-invasively, 73–74 Cost, germanium-68 rod source

replacement, annually, 19–20 Cost effectiveness, of diagnostic studies, in

lung cancer, 133–134 Count rate, of a positron emission

tomography scanner, 38–41 Cross correlation, as a similarity measure,

for image registration, 24 Cross-section, apparent, of a nucleus, 47 Curie, Marie, 64

Curie, Pierre, 64

Curie (Ci), unit of radioactivity, 64 Cyclotron, on-site, for myocardial

perfusion studies, 70 Cystic infiltrating ductal carcinoma,

positron emission tomography findings in, 166

D Data collection

rate of, with a singles transmission scan, 20

stacks of planes of data, 30 Dead-time, in a detector, 38 Decay constant, defined, 2 Decay schemes

for radioisotopes, 46 for rubidium-82, 61 Decay time

and coincidence window determination, 37 and specific activity, 65–66 Delayed imaging, with

fluorodeoxyglucose, 53–54 Density, and stopping power, 36 Deoxyglucose. See Fluorodeoxyglucose Depression, radioisotope studies of the

brain in, 93 Depth-of-interaction, 35–36 Detectors, 32–38 Diabetic patients

cardiology imaging for, 53 oncological imaging for, 52 Diagnosis

of lymphoma, 208–210 of ovarian carcinoma, 171–172 Diaphragmatic artifacts, due to

attenuation, 15–16

Diaschisis

cerebellar, imaging in, 99 imaging in, 88 Diazepam (Valium)

and brown fat uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose, 57 and muscle uptake of

fluorodeoxyglucose, 54, 104 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL),

207

fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography assessment of therapy, 213–214 Disintegration, defined, 64–65 Distortion, from attenuation, 14–15 Dobutamine echocardiography, 76

comparison with thallium-201 imaging, 80–81 Dosimetry, radiation, from

fluorodeoxyglucose, in infants, 243

Drugs, effects of, on the brain, 87–88 Dual-head coincidence detection, 6 Dual-use Anger camera, 6

maximum count rate of, 54 resolution of, in lung cancer

evaluation, 120

E Effective atomic number, 36 Electron binding energies, change in

attenuation at, 21–22 Electron capture, defined, 1 Electronics, in a positron emission

tomography scanner, 34 Emission scan, defined, 19 Energy

versus attenuation, 21–22 initial, of a positron during decay, 4 kinetic, of a positron during decay,

1–2 Energy resolution

and light output of a detector crystal, 37

of positron emission tomography scanners, 34

Epilepsy

epileptogenic region preoperative localization of,

244–245

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for identifying, 89–90 identifying a seizure focus, 88–90, 244 Esophageal cancer, 137–139

Ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD), technetium-99m labeled, for identifying an epileptogenic region, 244

Ewing’s sarcoma, in children, 248–249

Excretion, of fluorodeoxyglucose, 51–53

Exercise, and fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, 54

Extraction, first-pass, of tracers, 60

F

Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT), defined, 51

False-negative results, causes of, 255–256 False-positive results

causes of, 256–262

in lung lesion assessment, 120–121 Fasting

glucose utilization in, 49–50 prior to oncological imaging, 52 Fatty acids

carbon-11 labeling to study the metabolism of, 63 free, lowering levels of

with nicotinic acid derivatives, 53 to stimulate fluorodeoxyglucose

uptake, 78

FDG (2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose). See Fluorodeoxyglucose

Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, International, classification for staging cervical cancer, 167 Fever of unknown origin (FUO),

fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography evaluation of, 237

Filtered back-projection, 31

FLT (3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine), 62–63 structure of, 62

Fluorine-18

in fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine, for brain imaging in Parkinson’s disease, 92

particle bombardment to produce, 46 Fluorodeoxyglucose

accumulation of the phosphate derivative in cells, 51

fluorine-18 labeled, production using remote control, 48

imaging using, in non-small cell lung cancer, 124–127

for perfusion imaging, 76–77 scan using

comparison with

carcinoembryonic antigen for predicting resectability, 145

for glioma assessment, 98–99 impact on staging in lymphoma,

218

for lymphoma assessment, versus gallium scintigraphy, 210–212

for prostate cancer assessment, 183–185

for testicular cancer assessment, 181–183

structure of, 50

synthesis of, using fluorine-18, 48 uptake of

benign, effect on lymphoma findings, 218–219 in lung cancer, 118–119, 130–131 in lymphoma, 207–208 in renal cancer, 189–191 stimulating, 77–78

Fluoro-5a-dihydrotestosterone (FDHT), F-18 labeled, for assessing prostate cancer, 185 Fluoro-dihydroxyphenylalanine

(F-DOPA), for imaging in Parkinson’s disease, 92 3′-deoxy-3′-Fluorothymidine. See FLT Follicular lymphoma, 207

Follow-up, in lymphoma, 217 Four-dimensional data, 30–31 Fourier rebinning (FORE), 31 Fourier reconstruction, 31–32

G

Gallbladder carcinoma, residual, positron emission tomography for detecting, 157

Gallium-68, for measuring attenuation, 19

Gallium scintigraphy, in lymphoma, comparison with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, 210–212 Gamma rays

effects of, on positron cameras, iodine-124, 46

non-colinearity of, 4–5 from rubidium-82 decay, 61 Gastric cancer, 139–142

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), evaluating response to imatinib mesylate treatment, 200 Gastrointestinal tract, fluorodeoxyglucose

uptake by, 58

Germanium-68, as a source for pairs attenuation correction, 19 Germanium oxyorthosilicate doped with

cerium (GSO(Ce)), for scintillation crystals, 38 Gleason Score, for staging prostate cancer,

183

Gliomas, treating, 97–100 Glucose. See Fluorodeoxyglucose Glucose metabolism, 49–50 Glucose transporters

facilitative, defined, 51 GLUT-1

in infection and inflammation, 237

overexpression in pancreatic tumors, 154

overexpression in thyroid

neoplasms, 109

in renal cell carcinoma, 189

Glut-3, in infection and inflammation, 237 Grading, of brain tumors, 99. See also

Staging Granulomatous disease,

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 59 Graves’ disease, fluorodeoxyglucose in, 58 Gray matter, glucose metabolism rate in,

87

H Half-life

defined, 3

relationship to the decay constant, 2–3

of washout of potassium in man, 61 Half-value-layer, for photon interaction

with tissue, 12 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 58 Head, cancer of, 103–108

Heart, uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose by, causing false-positive results, 257 Hepatobiliary tumors, 155–157 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),

155–157

Hexamethylpropylene (HMPAO), technetium-99m labeled, for identifying an epileptogenic region, 244

Hexokinase, conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by, 50–52 Hibernating myocardium

comparison of measures for identifying, 81–82 defined, 75, 77 reduced perfusion in, 77 Histology

confirming lymphoma, after fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, 208–210 of lung cancer, 117–118 Hodgkin’s disease

incidence of, 205

prognosis in, estimate from staging with fluorodeoxyglucose PET, 212–213

“Hot” lungs

from calculated attenuation correction, 18–19 in non-corrected images, 14 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

non-Hodgkins lymphoma associated with, 205 Huntington’s disease (HD), detecting

hypometabolism in, with positron emission tomography, 92

Hurthle cell carcinoma, 110–112 Hyperglycemia, effects of, on cortical

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, 88 Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, 78

I

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, coronary flow reserve and, 74 Image reconstruction, 29–32 Image registration, 22–24 Imaging protocols, for

fluorodeoxyglucose, 52–54 perfusion imaging, 78–79 Incoherent scattering, in the patient,

10–11

Infantile spasms, preoperative evaluation of, 245

Infections, 235–242

active, and false-positive images in lung scans, 121

Inflammation

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 58–60, 259–260

soft tissue abscesses,

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 235–242

Information

anatomic, from a computed tomography scanner, 8–9 metabolic, from a positron emission

tomography scanner, 8–9 Instrumentation, and imaging time, 54 Insulin, and muscle uptake of

fluorodeoxyglucose, 55 Interactive reconstruction, 31–32 International prognostic index (IPI), in

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 212–213

Inter-observer variation, in monitoring lymphoma therapy, 212 Ions, production of radioisotopes using,

in cyclotrons, 46

J

Joint replacements, infected, sensitivity of positron emission tomography in diagnosing, 238

K Kawasaki disease, assessing with

positron emission tomography, 243–244

K-edge, attenuation at, 21–22 Kidney cancer, 189–191

L

Landsat program, image registration work in, 23

Lanthanum halides, for scintillation crystals, 38

Large cell cancer, lung, 117–118 Laryngeal nerve palsy, recurrent, in lung

cancer, 128

Leiomyosarcoma, gastric, 139

Leptons, conservation of, 1

Lesions, factors affecting positron emission tomography evaluation of, 255–256

Light output, 37

Limitations, of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, 218–222

Linear attenuation coefficient (µ) defined, 11–12

high, to compensate for depth-of-interaction, 36 in tissue versus crystal, 35 Line integrals, count rate modeled as,

29–30 Line-of-response (LOR)

attenuation along, 19 defined, 3

image reconstruction from, 29–31 in a plane, 27

from a single plane, organizing into

“projections”, 30 Liver

metastasis of colorectal cancer to, 143

phosphatase in, effect on glucose and fluorodeoxyglucose distribution, 53

Low-angle Compton scatter, 11 Lower-level discriminator, of a pulse

height analyzer, 34

Lumped constant, in the compartmental model of fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism, 52

Lung, nodules in, use of fluorodeoxyglucose and fluorothymidine to characterize, 62–63

Lutetium oxyorthosilicate doped with cerium (LSO(Ce)), for scintillation crystals, 38 Lymph nodes, mediastinal, comparison of

fluorodeoxyglucose-PET with computed tomography evaluation of, 126–127 Lymph node stations, in lung cancer, 124 Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin’s disease, 206 Lymphoma, 205–226

in children, 246–247 gastric, 139

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (immunocytoma), 207

M

Macrophages, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, 82, 236–237

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize breast lesions, 161 comparison with positron emission

tomography in recurrent breast cancer, 166

to define the extent of osteosarcoma, 195

Malignant cells, glucose utilization by, 49 Mammography

in inflammatory breast cancer, 166 sensitivity of, 161

Mantle cell lymphoma, 207 Mass number (N), of a product of a

nuclear reaction, 47

Mediastinal lymph nodes, comparison of fluorodeoxyglucose-PET with computed tomography for evaluation of, 126–127 Meta-analyses, of fluorodeoxyglucose

positron emission tomography in sarcoma evaluation, 199 in melanoma evaluation, 230 Metabolism

cerebral oxidative, measuring using oxygen-15, 90

fluorine-18 and carbon-11 for studying, 63

glucose, tracing, 49–50 Metallic objects, artifacts in positron

emission tomography imaging due to, 263–264

Metastasis

distant, of non-small-cell lung cancer, 125–126

of melanoma, 229–232

of thyroid cancer, to the abdominal wall, 111

Methionine, carbon-11-labeled to evaluate bladder carcinoma, 193 to measure protein synthesis, 63

in lymphoma evaluation, 212 Mid-course monitoring, of lymphoma,

214–216

Mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s disease, 206 Monitoring, of therapy

for lung cancer, 128–130 for lymphoma, 213–217

Morbidity, from single pulmonary nodule evaluation, 122

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 207–208 failure to identify, 141–142 Multiple pulse height analyzer, to collect

data from more than one radioisotope simultaneously, 6 Multi-slice rebinning, 31

Muscle, uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose by, 54–55, 257

Musculoskeletal infections, diagnosis of, 238

Mutual information, as a similarity measure, 24

Myocardial hibernation. See Hibernating myocardium

Myocardial perfusion agents for, 60–62

nitrogen-13-labeled ammonia,

61–62, 243–244

rubidium-82, 69

imaging, for coronary artery disease evaluation, 72–74

Myocardial stunning, 74–75 Myocardium

uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose by, 55 viable jeopardized, 74–82

N

Narrow-beam attenuation coefficient, defined, 11

National Cancer Institute (NCI), trial evaluating methods to identify lung cancer, 134

National Institutes of Health, Consensus Conference on Surgery for Epilepsy, 88

National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), 134

Neck, cancer of, 103–108 Neonates, glucose metabolism in the

brains of, 87 Neuroblastoma, pediatric,

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, 247–248

Neuroendocrine differentiation, of lung cancers, 118

Neuroepithelial tumors (gliomas), 97–100 Neurology, 87–95

pediatric, diagnostic study with positron emission tomography, 244

Neutrino, defined, 1 Nitrogen-13

labeling of ammonia with, 61–62, 69 particle bombardment to produce, 46 Nodal stage, of lung cancer, 124–127 Nodes, N2 versus N3, in lung cancer,

124–127

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s disease (NLPHD), 206 Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin’s disease, 206 Noise equivalent count (NEC), 40–41

and axial collimation, 29 Noise texture, 32

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 205–207 gastric, detecting, 141 Non-neoplastic conditions,

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 258–262

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 117–118

metastasis of, distant, 125–126 tumor, node, metastasis staging of,

122–124 Nuclear reactions to produce

radioisotopes, 47

O Oncology

bone and soft tissue tumors, 195–204 brain, 97–102

breast and female reproductive system, 161–180 digestive tract, 137–151 head, neck, and thyroid, 103–115 lungs, 117–136

male reproductive system, 181–188 melanoma, 227–234

pancreas and hepatobiliary system, 153–159

pediatric, 245

protocol for fluorodeoxyglucose imaging, 52

urology, 189–194

Ordered subset estimation maximization (OSEM), 31

Orthopedic infections, comparison of methods for detecting, 238 Osteomyelitis, evaluation of, 238 Osteosarcoma, 195–197

in children, 248–249 Ovarian cancer, 171–173 Oxygen-15

to measure cerebral oxidative metabolism, 90

particle bombardment to produce, 46

water labeled with, to measure myocardial perfusion, 70 Oxygen-18

carbon dioxide labeled with, as oxygen-18 water, 64 conversion to fluorine-18, 47

P

Pairs transmission scan, defined, 19 Pancreatic cancer, 153–155

Pancreatitis, mass-forming, differentiating from pancreatic cancer, 154 Panel geometry, 8

Papanicolaou smear screening, effect on mortality from cervical cancer, 167

Parkinson’s disease (PD), imaging of the brain in, 92

Partial rings, 8

Particle bombardment, to produce radioisotopes, C-11, N-13, O-15 and F-18, 46

Patient-detector distance, defined, 4 Pediatrics, 243–253

Perfusion areas, “misery” and “luxury”, after an ischemic stroke, 90–91 Periarticular inflammation,

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 59 Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, 207 Phosphatase

glucose-6-, effect on

fluorodeoxyglucose retention, 155–156

in the liver, effect on

fluorodeoxyglucose kinetics in

the liver, 53

Photoelectric effect in the detector, 33 in the patient, 10 Photoelectric interaction

energy and importance of, 21 ratio to Compton interaction, and

effective atomic number, 36 Photomultiplier tubes, 33 Photons

colinear, 5

energy of, in positron annihilation, 2 paired, attenuation of, 12 Physical properties, of scintillation

crystals, 37

Physics, of positron emission tomography, 1–43

Physiologic motion, artifacts due to, 16–17

Physiology, variants causing false-positive results on positron emission tomography, 256–262 Pitfalls, in positron emission tomography

imaging, 255–267

Plasma glucose, effect of, in oncological imaging, 52

Plexopathy, metastatic, evaluation of, 165–166

Positron, defined, 1 Positron decay, 1–3

defined, 1

Positron emission tomography, dedicated, resolution of, in lung cancer evaluation, 120

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography, 8–9

attenuation measurements in, 21–22 for head and neck scans, imaging for

cancer patients, 108 for monitoring non-Hodgkin’s

lymphoma therapy, example, 213 for ovarian carcinoma detection,

recurrent disease, 173 Positronium, defined, 2 Positron range, 4

Post-therapy study, in lymphoma, sensitivity and specificity comparisons, 213

Potassium-38, potassium chloride labeled with, for coronary artery evaluation, 69

Pre-filtering, effects of, on noise and resolution, 31

Preoperative localization, of an epileptogenic region, 244–245 Preparation, of the patient, for

fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, 243 Pre-transplant evaluation, in lymphoma,

216–217

Primary tumor, site of, identifying with fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging, 103–104

Production, of radioisotopes, 46–48 Prognosis

in cervical cancer, 168–169 in gastric cancer, 139 in lung cancer, 130–133

relationship with

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, 118–119

in lymphoma, 212–213 in thyroid cancer, 108 Prostate cancer, 183–185 Psychiatry, 87–95 PTSM. See

Pyruvaldehyde-bis(N-methylthio semicarbazone)

Pulmonary carcinoid, 118 Pulmonary masses, defined, 120 Pulmonary microembolism, iatrogenic,

fluorodeoxyglucose in, 260–261 Pulmonary nodules, defined, 120 Pulse height analyzer, 33–34 Purity

radiochemical, 66 of radionuclides, 65–66

Pyruvaldehyde-bis(N-methylthiosemicarb azone) (PTSM),

copper-62-labeled, 70 to measure blood flow, 63

Q

Quality of life, and removal of primary colorectal cancers, 143 Quantization, of myocardial blood flow,

71–72

R Radiation therapy

confounding effects of, on fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, 129–130

planning for, 128 Radioactive decay, 2–3 Radioactivity, defined, 64–65 Radioiodine-131, for thyroid ablation,

109–111

Radioisotopes, characteristics of, and biological uses, 45–48 Radiopharmaceuticals

for clinical positron emission tomography, 48–49 for myocardial perfusion imaging,

69–71 properties of, 64–66 Radiotracers, for positron emission

tomography, 45–67 Random coincidence, 39

defined, 25

Randoms correction, 39–40 Randoms fraction, 39

in three-dimensional imaging, factors

affecting, 29

Rayleigh scattering in the detector, 33 in the patient, 10

Reactions, for isotope production, list, 47 Rebinning, defined, 31

Reconstruction, methods for, 31–32 Recurrence

of esophageal cancer, 138–139 of gastric cancer, 139

peritoneal, 139–140 of lung cancer, 133

Reed-Sternberg cell, in Hodgkin’s disease, 206

Registration, of SPECT perfusion images with fluorodeoxyglucose-PET images, 79

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 189–191 Resolution

of dual-use cameras, 6

effect on, of Compton scattering, 5–6, 33

energy, of positron emission tomography scanners, 34 of fluorodeoxyglucose-PET for

evaluating single pulmonary nodules, 120

loss of, due to noncolinearity, 5 of myocardial perfusion images, using

rubidium-82, 71 physical limits of, 4–6 Respiration

artifacts due to, 264

effect on imaging, correcting for, 71 Restaging

of colorectal cancer,

fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for, 143–145 of lymphoma, using positron

emission tomography/computed tomography scanning, 217 of melanoma, using

fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, 228 Resting mass, of an electron and a

positron, 2

Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification, 205 Rhabdomyosarcomas, fluorodeoxyglucose

uptake by, 249 Rigid body transformation, 23 Ring geometry, in positron emission

tomography scanners, 7–8 Rod source, germanium-68, 19 Rubidium-82

for blood flow measurement, 63–64, 70 myocardial perfusion, 72–73 production and characteristics of, 48 as a tracer, 60–61

S

Sarcoidosis, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 58

Sarcomas

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, 198–199

uterine, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for diagnosing, 171 Scanners, types of, 6–8 Scatter correction, 39–40

Scattered coincidence, loss of resolution from, 24–25, 39

Scatter fraction defined, 25

in three-dimensional imaging, 29 Schizophrenia, 92–93

Scintillation crystals, 32 examples of, 37–38 properties of, 36–38 Screening

for lung cancer, 134 for prostate cancer, 183–185 Segmentation, statistical noise reduction

using, 20

Seminoma, treatment of, 181–183 Sensitivity

and Compton scattering, 33 of fluorodeoxyglucose-PET for

differentiating malignant and benign lung lesions, 121 of positron emission tomography

in melanoma metastasis evaluation, 228–229 in recurrent and metastatic

cervical cancer, 168 profile for three-dimensional

imaging, 28 of two-dimensional versus

three-dimensional imaging, 27–28

Septa

annular, separating planes in a multiple-ring scanner, 7 composition and function of, 7 design of, and scanner characteristics,

29

Signal-to-noise ratio, for fluorodeoxyglucose measurement, time of, 54 Silicon, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake

associated with inflammatory response to, 59–60

Similarity measure, in image registration, 24

Single photon detection scanner, 6 Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 6 attenuation in, and thickness of

tissue, 18

camera for, for fluorodeoxyglucose and perfusion images, 79 for identifying an epileptogenic

region, 89–90, 244

for myocardial perfusion imaging, 69

Single photon imaging collimator for, 3–4 patient-detector distance in, 4 sodium iodide doped with thallium

for, 37–38

Single-photon nuclear medicine, time allowed for localization using, 46 Single pulmonary nodule (SPN), in lung

cancer diagnosis, 119–122 Singles count rates, 38

Single-slice rebinning, 31

Single transmission scan, advantages of, 20

Skin effect, attenuation caused by, 12–14 Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 117–118

staging of, 127–128 Small lymphocytic lymphoma, 207 Smoking and lung cancer, 117 Sodium-glucose transporters (SGLT),

defined, 51

Sodium iodide, thallium doped (NaI(Tl)), properties of, 37–38

Soft tissue

abscesses of, animal studies of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, 235–236

infection of, diagnosing, 238 tumors of, 197–202

in children, 249 Spallation reaction, defined, 61 Spatial resolution, and light output of a

detector crystal, 37 Specific activity, defined, 65 Specificity

of fluorodeoxyglucose-PET for differentiating malignant and benign lung lesions, 121 of positron emission tomography in

recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer, 168

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, 192–193 cervical, 167 esophageal, 137 of the head and neck, 103

fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 106

of the lungs, 117–118 Staging

of breast cancer

axillary nodal, 162–165 recurrent or metastatic, 166 of cervical cancer, recurrent or

metastatic, 168 of lung cancer, 122–128 of lymphoma, 210–212 of melanoma, 227 of ovarian cancer, 171 of ovarian carcinoma, using

fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, 172 of small cell lung cancer, 127–128

Standardized uptake value (SUV), 41–42 criterion for evaluating single

pulmonary nodules, 120 effect of serum glucose levels on, 52 for fluorodeoxyglucose

in dense breasts, 161 in lung cancer, 131–133 in primary bladder carcinoma, 192–193 prognosis estimates in pancreatic

cancer using, 155 in the testis, normal, 181 Stem-cell transplantation, autologous, in

lymphoma, 216–217 Stereotactic interstitial laser therapy,

positron emission tomography evaluation of, 166

Stopping power, of a scintillation crystal, 36

Streaks, as noise in Fourier reconstruction, 32

Stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, 75–76

Stroke, imaging to evaluate, 90–91 Strontium-82/rubidium-82 generator, 61,

70

Stunned myocardium, dobutamine echocardiography for identifying, 77

Sum of differences, for measuring similarity for image registration, 24

T

Targets, cyclotron, water and nitrogen gas, 48

T-cells, lymphomas derived from, 206 Technetium-99m

for evaluating radiographically dense breasts, 161

scintigraphy using, to assess osteosarcoma, 195 Testicular cancer, 181–183 Thallium-201

imaging with

to identify jeopardized but viable myocardium, 80–81 in stress myocardial perfusion

scintigraphy, 75–76 as a potassium analog, 60–61 scintigraphy using, for assessing

osteosarcoma, 195 Therapy

for lung cancer monitoring, 128–130 and stage, 122–123

radiation treatment planning in lung cancer, 128

Three-dimensional (“3D”) imaging, defined, 27–29

Three dimensions, converting

two-dimensional data to, 31

Thymic rebound, after chemotherapy, effect on fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, 220–222

Thymidine

carbon-11 labeled, to study tumor proliferation, 62

fluorine-18 labeled, for lung tumor evaluation, 119

See also FLT

Thymidine kinase 1, phosphorylation of FLT by, 62

Thymus, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, 58 Thyroglobulin (Tg), monitoring serum

levels of, in thyroid cancer, 111 Thyroid, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by,

58

Thyroid cancer, 108–112

Thyroiditis, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in, 58

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, effect of, on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, 112 Tiled stacks, in “3D” imaging, 30 Time-of-flight, 35

Total coincidence count rate, 38–39 Transformation, types of, for image

registration, 23–24 Transitional cell carcinoma, bladder,

192–193 Transmission scan, 19

Transparency, of scintillation crystals, 36 Transporters

glucose, 51

in infection and inflammation, 237

in pancreatic tumors, 154 in renal cell carcinoma, 189 in thyroid neoplasms, 109 insulin stimulation of, 77–78 sodium-glucose, 51

Treatment, of head and neck cancer, positron emission tomography for evaluating, 106–108 Tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon-11 acetate

for studying, 63 True coincidence, 39

defined, 24

Tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging, in non-small cell lung cancer, 122–124

Tumor proliferation, carbon-11 thymidine for studying tumor proliferation, 62

Two-dimensional (“2D”) imaging, 27–29 Tyrosine, fluoro-L-, fluorine-18-labeled,

212

U

Ultrasound, for screening for breast cancer, 161

Uncorrected image, effect of attenuation in, 13

Units

Barn, defined for apparent cross-section of a nucleus, 47 bequerels (BQ) for radioactivity,

64–65

Curie (Ci) for radioactivity, 64 Urinary system, imaging of, and excretion

of fluorodeoxyglucose, 51–52 Uterine cancer, 169–171

V Variants, in positron emission

tomography imaging, 255–267 Voxel, defined, 23

Vulnerable plaque, in coronary artery disease, 82

W

Wall motion, change in, to identify jeopardized but viable myocardium, 80–82 Warburg, Otto, 49

Warping transformation, for image registration, 23 Washout

blood flow measurement from the rate of, 63–64

of fluorodeoxyglucose from tumor cells, versus inflammatory tissue, 53–54

of rubidium-82/potassium, 60–61 Web sites

lymph node stations for lung cancer, 124

National Lung Screening Trial, 134 recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, 128 therapy options for lung cancer, by

stage, 122

Wilms tumor, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by, 248

World Health Organization (WHO),

classification for lymphoma, 205