2010 Magi et al

(1)

Table 1 Prevalence values (%) of extraintestinal helminths found with necroscopic examination of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Italy (2013-1983)

Reference This

study

Ferrantelli et al. 2010

Magi et al.

2009a

Ferroglio et al.

2008

Manfredi et al.

2003

Stancampiano et al. 1998

Marconcini et al. 1996

Poli and Biraghi

1994

Guberti and Poglayen

1991

Iori et al. 1990 Cancrini 1986

Leoni et al.

1986

Polidori et al.

1985

Poli et al.

1984 Rossi et al.

1983

Region of study ^LIG ^SIC ^TUS ^PIEM ^TREN ^VEN ^TUS ^TUS ^{EM R} ^LOM ^VEN ^TREN ^LAZ ^LAZ ^SAR ^SAR ^TUS ^PIEM

N of examined foxes 165 55 129 608 42 98 523 355 153 93 28 29 182 182 85 35 180 33

Cardiopulmonary nematodes Angiostrongylus vasorum

78.2 7 0.0 18.5 0.0 6.3 0.0 15.3 23.8 0.0

Eucoleus aerophilus ^41.8 ⁷ ^14.6 ^28.0 ^0.0 ^3.6 ^10.7 ^0.0 ^1.2 ^51.5

Eucoleus boehmi ^pos^a ^-- ^0.0 ^0.0

Crenosoma vulpis ^15.8 ^14.7 ^17.3 ^25.6 ^0.0 ^20.7 ^13.1 ^0.0 ^0.0 ⁹

Filaroides spp. ^4.8 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0

Filarial nematodes

Dirofilaria immitis ^0.0 ^6.2 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^9.6^a ^8.3 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^1.2 ^0.0

Dirofilaria repens ^0.0 ^0.7 ^1.1 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

0.0 9.3 10.9 38.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides

0.0 2.3 18.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 10.4 0.0

Gastric nematodes

Spirocerca lupi ^23.5 ^9.2 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^0.0 ^68.2 ⁸⁰ ^0.0

Physaloptera spp. 2.5 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aonchothecha putorii

8.6

Spirura rytipleures ^0.0 ^0.5

Olullanus trichuspis ^0.0 ^0.5

Cyathospirura sp. ^0.0 ^0.49

Urinary tract nematodes

Pearsonema plica ^56.8 ^21.4 ^27.6 ^14.0 ^45.4

Liver nematodes

Opistorchis felineus ^0.0 ^0.5

a 9.6% positivity for adults in the heart, 0.4% positivity for microfilariae. EM R: Emilia Romagna; LAZ: Latium; LIG: Liguria; LOM: Lombardy; PIEM: Piedmont; SAR: Sardinia; SIC: Sicily; TREN:

Trentino Alto Adige; TUS: Tuscany; VEN: Veneto.

(2)

Table 2 Prevalence values (%) of extraintestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Europe according to comparable surveys (2013-1993)

Reference ^This

study

Lalosevic et al.

2013

Bružinskaitė et al. 2011

Gerrikagoitia et al., 2010

Morgan

et al.

2008

Martinez- Carrasco et al. 2007

Davidson et al.

2006 Eira et al.

2006 Saeed

et al.

2006

Manas et al.

2005

Segovia et al.

2004

Sréter et al.

2003

Shimalov and Shimalov

2002

Gortázar et al.

1998

Lassnig et al.

1998

Simpson et al.

1996

Wolff and Bucklar

1995

Steinbach et al. 1994

Gortázar et al.

1994

Country IT SRB LTU ES GB ES NORW PT DK ES ES HUNG BYEL ES AUST GB CH

LIEC

DE ES

N° of foxes 165 70 104 48 546 55 181 62 1040 251 399 100 94 161 516 12 405 400 433

Cardiorespiratory nematodes Angiostrongylus vasorum

78.2 33.3 7.3 1.8 0.0 16.1 48.6^b 22.7 17.5 5.0 0.0 20.7 0.0 41.6 0.0

Eucoleus aerophilus 41.8 84.3 97.1 39.0 5.4 88.3 4.8 74.1 58.9 48.1 64.0 9.6 34.8 43.9 77.8

Eucoleus boehmi Pos 90^a 50.6 8.0

Crenosoma vulpis 15.8 53.8 2.0 0.0 58.0 3.2 17.4 33.9 20.3 24.0 5.3 2.5 24.9 4.2

Filaroides spp. 4.8 Filarial nematodes

Dirofilaria immitis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 12.7 11

Dirofilaria repens 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides

0.0 0.0

Gastric nematodes

Spirocerca lupi 23.5 0.0 12.9 7.0 2.1 2.5

Physaloptera spp. 2.5 0.0 0.0 11.5 0.0 0.0

Aonchotheca putorii 8.6 Vigisospirura

potekhinae

0.2

Mastophorus muris 1.5 1.5

Ollullanus trichuspis 2.1

Urinary tract nematodes

Pearsonema plica 56.8 93.3 52.6 1.6 80.5 40.3 52.0 21.3 27.3 35.6 59.0 98.3

Liver nematodes Pseudamphistomum truncatum

3.2 2.2 2.1

Metorchis sp. 0.5 3.2 13.2

Opistorchis felineus 2.9 0.2 3.2

aout of 10 foxes examined; ^bonly from the endemic area of New Zealand with 436 foxes examined. AUST: Austria; BYEL: Byelorussia; CH: Switzerland; DE: Germany; DK: Denmark; ES: Spain; GB:

Great Britain; HUNG: Hungary; IT:Italy; LIECH: Liechtenstein; NORW: Norway; PT: Portugal.

(3)

Table 3 Prevalence values (%) of intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Italy according to comparable surveys (2013-1983) (part 1)

Reference ^This

study

Magi et al.

2009a

Di Cerbo et al.

2008

Di Cerbo et al.

2008

Manfredi et al. 2005

Manfredi et al.

2003

Capelli et al. 2003 Stancampiano et al. 1998

Poli and Biraghi

1994

1991

Iori et al. 1990 Leoni et al. 1986

Poglayen et al.

1985

Rossi et al. 1983

Region of study area ^LIG ^TUS ^{AO, LOM,} TREN,

VEN

TREN, VEN

TREN, VEN, AO, LOM,

LIG

TREN VEN TUS EM R

VEN TUS EM R LOM VEN TREN LAZ SAR EM R PIEM

N° of foxes ¹⁶⁵ ¹²⁹ ⁶⁴⁵ ²⁶⁰ ¹⁴⁴⁶ ⁴² ⁸⁹ ¹⁰⁰ ¹⁰⁹ ⁹⁸ ³³⁵ ¹⁵³ ⁹³ ²⁸ ²⁹ ¹⁸² ⁸⁵ ¹⁰³ ³³

Nematodes Uncinaria stenocephala

68.5 39.1 51.3 52.3 Pos 51.2 74 41 11 72.9 75.8 11.8 63.4 28.6 48.3 43.4 91.7 14.6 81.8

Ancylostoma caninum ^0.0 ² ^3.9 ^12.1

Toxocara canis 24.3 9.1 54.4 48.5 Pos 56.1 66 32 70 56.1 13.6 46.4 54.8 46.4 48.3 31.9 3.5 45.6 45.4

Toxascaris leonina ^26.7 ^5.4 ¹ ^1.6

Trichuris vulpis ^20.6 ^0.2 ^0.4 ^Pos ^12.2 ⁹ ¹ ⁴ ^9.0 ^3.3 ^28.6 ^48.3 ^5.9 ^2.9 ^18.1

Molineus legerae ^24.2 ^2.9 ^5.8 ^Pos ^9.8

Molineus patens Pterygodermatites affinis

4.8 19.4 24.2 Pos 17.1 8 0 0 7.3 21.5 17.8 6.9

Aonchotecha putorii ^8.5 ^17.1 ^3.4 ^1.1

Capillaria sp. ^0.3 ^0.4 ^Pos ^2.7 ^12.1

Oxynema crassispiculum

0.2 0.4 Pos

Cestodes ^48.5 ^53.1

Echinococcus multilocularis

0.0 0.8^b Pos^b

Echinococcus granulosus

0.0 1.18

Taenia sp. 5.5 24.2 19.1 17.0 6.8

Taenia crassiceps ^28.9 ^Pos ⁹ ⁰ ⁹ ^9.2 ^2.0 ^3.2 ^37.9 ^2.9 ^30.3

Taenia hydatigena ^0.3 ^Pos ^3.3 ^12.6

Taenia polyacantha ^24.4 ²⁰ ⁰ ⁰ ^20.9 ^11.8 ^3.6 ^27.6 ^1.6 ^3.0

Taenia taeniaeformis ^3.4 ^Pos

Taenia pisiformis ^8.6 ^3.6 ^45.5

AO: Aosta Valley; EM R: Emilia Romagna; LAZ: Latium; LIG: Liguria; LOM: Lombardy; PIEM: Piedmont; SAR: Sardinia; SIC: Sicily; TREN: Trentino Alto Adige; TUS: Tuscany; VEN: Veneto.

(4)

Table 3 Prevalence values (%) of intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Italy according to comparable surveys (2013-1983) (part 2)

Reference ^This

study

Magi et al.

2009a

Di Cerbo et al.

2008

Di Cerbo et al.

2008

Manfredi et al. 2005

Manfredi et al.

2003

Capelli et al. 2003 Stancampiano et al. 1998

Poli and Biraghi

1994

1991

Iori et al. 1990 Leoni et al. 1986

Poglayen et al.

1985

Rossi et al. 1983

Region of study area ^LIG ^TUS ^{AO, LOM,} TREN,

VEN

TREN, VEN

TREN, VEN, AO, LOM,

LIG

TREN VEN TUS EM R

VEN TUS EM R LOM VEN TREN LAZ SAR EM R PIEM

N° of foxes ¹⁶⁵ ¹²⁹ ⁶⁴⁵ ²⁶⁰ ¹⁴⁴⁶ ⁴² ⁸⁹ ¹⁰⁰ ¹⁰⁹ ⁹⁸ ³³⁵ ¹⁵³ ⁹³ ²⁸ ²⁹ ¹⁸² ⁸⁵ ¹⁰³ ³³

Cestodes ^48.5 ^53.1

Mesocestoides spp. ^82.4 ^45.4 ^Pos ^4.9 ⁰ ³⁷ ¹ ⁶⁰ ^9.7

Mesocestoides lineatus ^27.4 ^27.7 ^11.1

Mesocestiodes litteratus

21.5 7.1 10.3 14.3

Dilepididae ^27.3 ^57.3 ⁰ ⁴ ³ ^2.6 ^2.9

Joyeuxiella echinorhynchoides

15.9

Joyeuxiella spp. ^48.2

Diplopylidium spp. ^2.4

Spirometra erinacei europei

0 0 10

Trematodes 1.4^a 0.7

Alaria alata Ascocotyle longa Pseudamphistomum truncatum

Pharingostomum cordatum

Pos Pos 2.4

Metorchis vulpis Pos 0.8 Pos

Plagiorchis elegans Pos 0.8 Pos

AO: Aosta Valley; EM R: Emilia Romagna; LAZ: Latium; LIG: Liguria; LOM: Lombardy; PIEM: Piedmont; SAR: Sardinia; SIC: Sicily; TREN: Trentino Alto Adige; TUS: Tuscany; VEN: Veneto.

(5)

Table 4 Prevalence values (%) of intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Europe according to comparable surveys (2013-1993) (part 1)

Reference This

study

Sikó et al.

2010 Borecka

et al.

2009

Martinez- Carrasco et al.

2007 Eira et al.

2006 Saeed

et al.

2006 Letková

et al.

2006

Vervaeke et al.

2005

Segovia et al.

2004 Smith

et al.

2003 Shimalov

and Shimalov

2002

Rajković- Janje et al. 2002

Wolfe et al.

2001 Luty et al.

2001 Hofer et al.

2000 Gortazar

et al.

1998 Lassnig

et al.

1998

Papadopoulos et al. 1997

Pavlovic et al.

1997 Pfeiffer

et al.

1997 a,b

Willingham et al.1996

Richards et al.

1995

Steinbach et al.1994**

Wessbecher et al. 1994

Country ÎT ^LTU ^ROM ^PL ÊS ^PT ^DK ^SVK ^BE ÊS ^GB ^BYEL ^HVR ÎE ^PL ^CH ÊS ÂUST ÊL ^SRB ^DE ^DK ^GB ^DE ^DE

N° of foxes examined

165 269 561 639 55 62 1040 302 219 399 588 94 85 77 92 388 81 516 314 532 1300 21 843 400 801

Nematodes Uncinaria stenocephala

68.5 76.9 15.0 35.8 1.8 77.4 68.6 2.0 31.5 71.2 41.3 40.4 25.9 92.2 66.8 30.9 43.0 43.9 40 15.9 85.7 67.9 24.3

Ancylostoma caninum

18.2 0.6 5.6 0.5 3.2 5.1 6 81.0 1.1

Toxocara canis ^24.8 ^40.5 ^29.4 ^19.1 ^45.5 ^37.1 ^59.4 ^25.8 47.9

29.3 61.6 25.5 28.2 37.7 16.3 47.4 6.2 46.8 28.6 50 26.5 55.9 56.6 30.2

Toxascaris leonina ^26.7 ^4.6 ^5.4 ^0.6 ^17.5 ^19.3 ^0.3 ^18.1 ^66.7 ^0.6 ^2.5 ^10.5 ^1.5 ^4.5 ^2.0

Toxocara cati ^1.8 ^0.2 ^3.2

Trichuris vulpis ^20.6 ^27.2 ^9.1 ^8.1 ^0.5 ^6.9 ^8.3 ^0.3 ^3.2 ^12.3 ^0.2 ⁸ ^0.47

Molineus legerae ^24.2 ^2.0

Molineus patens ^4.8 ^2.3 ^3.2

Pterygodermatites affinis

4.8 54.4 3.2 22.3 23.4

Aonchotheca putorii

8.5 29.4 1.2 5.3

Fam. Spiruridae ^3.90

Rictularia sp. ^6.4 ^17.5

Strongyloides vulpis

2.1

Trichostrongylus sp.

0.6

Oxynema crassispiculum

5.4

Cestodes Echinococcus multilocularis

58.7 4.8 13.9 0.3 10.6 1.8 7.5 44.3 3.6 0.3 -- 11.5

Echinococcus granulosus

0.2 0.1

Taenia spp. ^5.5 ^29.7 ^21.5 ^20.9 ^2.7 ^2.3 ^20.7 ^24.7 ^0.09 ^8.4 ^17.4 ^1.6 ^9.2 ^38.1

Taenia taeniformis

3.7 2.6 1.6 1.0 0.2 3.2 0.2 0.7

Taenia pisiformis ^12.0 ^7.3 ^3.2 ^0.3 ^6.3 ^2.0 ^12.8 ^4.9 ^0.2 ²² ^0.1 ^13.8

Taenia polyacantha

61.7 5.3 10.3 17.0 0.5 3.7 6.8 16 11.9 7.0

Taenia hydatigena ^8.2 ^0.4 ^2.0 ^5.3 ^0.9 ² ^2.5

Taenia multiceps ^4.6 ^1.2

Taenia serialis ^0.9 ^0.1

Taenia crassiceps ^26.4 ^5.0 ^0.2 ^4.3 ^27.7 ^7.6 ^14.6 ^0.3 ⁵¹ ^17.7 ^19.9

Taenia ovis ^3.7

AUST: Austria; BE: Belgium; BYEL: Byelorussia; CH: Switzerland; DE: Germany; DK: Denmark; EL: Greece; ES: Spain; GB: Great Britain; HUNG: Hungary; HVR: Croatia; IE: Ireland; IT: Italy; LTU:

Lithuania; NORW: Norway; PL: Poland; PT: Portugal; ROM: Romania; SRB: Serbia; SVK: Slovakia.

(6)

Table 4 Prevalence values (%) of intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Europe according to comparable surveys (2013-1993) (part 2)

Reference This

study

Sikó et al.

2010 Borecka

et al.

2009

Martinez- Carrasco et al.

2007 Eira et al.

2006 Saeed et al.

2006 Letková

et al.

2006

Vervaeke et al.

2005 Segovia

et al.

2004 Smith et al.

2003 Shimalov

and Shimalov

2002

Rajković- Janje et al. 2002

Wolfe et al.

2001 Luty et al.

2001 Hofer et al.

2000 Gortazar

et al.

1998 Lassnig

et al.

1998

Papadopoulos et al. 1997

Pavlovic et al.

1997 Pfeiffer

et al.

1997 a,b

Willingham et al.1996

Richards et al.

1995

Steinbach et al.1994**

Wessbecher et al. 1994

Country ÎT ^LTU ^ROM ^PL ÊS ^PT ^DK ^SVK ^BE ÊS ^GB ^BYEL ^HVR ÎE ^PL ^CH ÊS ÂUST ÊL ^SRB ^DE ^DK ^GB ^DE ^DE

N° of foxes examined ¹⁶⁵ ²⁶⁹ ⁵⁶¹ ⁶³⁹ ⁵⁵ ⁶² ¹⁰⁴⁰ ³⁰² ²¹⁹ ³⁹⁹ ⁵⁸⁸ ⁹⁴ ⁸⁵ ⁷⁷ ⁹² ³⁸⁸ ⁸¹ ⁵¹⁶ ³¹⁴ ⁵³² ¹³⁰⁰ ²¹ ⁸⁴³ ⁴⁰⁰ ⁸⁰¹

Cestodes

Mesocestoides sp. ^82.4 ^78.4 ^71.2 ^30.6 ^35.6 ^61.2 ^28.8 ^4.4 ^71.6 ^15.8 ^73.2 ^54.1

Mesocestoides lineatus

28.7 56.4 13.8 62 23.8

Mesocestoides litteratus

5.4

Fam. Dilepididae ^27.3 ^0.5

Dipylidium caninum ^14.7 ^1.8 ^2.0 ^0.9 ^0.7 ^4.3 ^1.2 ^3.2 ^3.8 ^0.5

Joyeuxiella pasqualei ^34.6 ^2.8 ^1.2

Joyeuxiella echinorhynchoides

6.0 24.5

Hymenolepis sp. ^0.1

Diplopylidium noelleri ^0.2

Diphyllobothrium latum

Spirometra spp. ^3.2 ^0.3

Trematodes ^0.9

Alaria alata ^94.8 ^15.0 ^56.7 ^27.4 ^15.4 ^2.0 ^42.6 ^4.7 ^27.3 ^2.1 ^1.6 ⁶⁵

Apophallus donicum ^1.1

Ascocotyle longa ^24.2

Brachylaima spp. ^1.5 ^2.8

Cryptocotyle lingua ^23.8 ^2.2

Echinochasmus perfoliatus

1.3 1.1

Isthmiophora melis ^17.0

Echinostomatidae ^1.5 ^0.9

Acantocephalans Macracanthorhynchus catulinus

27.6 1.6 1.0 3.2 7.4 0.1

Centrorhynchus sp. ^1.6

Polymorphus sp. ^1.2 ^9.5

Oncicola canis ^0.3

Pachysentis sp. ^14.6

Prosthorhynchus transversus

0.7

AUST: Austria; BE: Belgium; BYEL: Byelorussia; CH: Switzerland; DE: Germany; DK: Denmark; EL: Greece; ES: Spain; GB: Great Britain; HUNG: Hungary; HVR: Croatia; IE: Ireland; IT: Italy; LTU:

Lithuania; NORW: Norway; PL: Poland; PT: Portugal; ROM: Romania; SRB: Serbia; SVK: Slovakia.

NB: Comparing the prevalence of helminths of red foxes reported in European (and Italian) surveys (Table s 3 and 4) should be done with caution, since techniques used to recover intestinal helminths may have a significant influence on prevalence estimates (Vervaeke et al. 2005). The intestinal sedimentation and counting technique (SCT), and the intestinal scraping technique (IST) are considered to be the most reliable techniques (Eckert et al.

2001), while the faecal flotation technique is known to severely underestimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in carnivores (Lalosević et al. 2013; Wolfe et al. 2001; Hofer et al. 2000; Eckert et al. 2001; Rodriguez and Carbonell 1998). Thus only data from surveys conducted with SCT or IST were included in the Tables. Furthermore, not to overestimate the presence of some species, only works which investigated the whole intestinal helminth-fauna were included, whereas studies dedicated to specific species are discussed in relation to the single species in the discussion.

(7)

Table 5 Recent (2013-2000) surveys on filarial infections in dogs in Italy

Year References Techniques Study area Dogs (n) Dirofilaria

immitis

Dirofilaria repens

2013 This study Kn+HS+Ag+PCR Liguria (Imperia and Savona) 365 0.5% 1.4% 7.9%

2012 Rinaldi et al. 2012 Kn Campania 415 1.7% 1.9%

2012 Giangaspero et al. 2012 Apulia (Foggia) 308 3.6% 1.9%

2012 Solinas et al. 2012 Kn Sardinia (all provinces) 591 8.3% 8.3% 14%

2012 Brianti et al. 2012 Kn Sicily (Messina) 152 -- -- 11.2-13.3%

2011 Magi et al. 2012b Kn+HS+Ag Tuscany (all provinces) 630 12.5% 12.1% 1.9%

2010 Traversa et al. 2010b Kn+Ag+PCR Abruzzo 300 2.3% 5.6% 0

2008 Mortarino et al. 2008

Kn+Ag

Tuscany (Arezzo) 11 27% 0 0

Umbria (Perugia) 272 6% 4% 0

2008 Otranto et al. 2008 Kn+Ag Puglia and Calabria 1447 1.2% 0.1% 0

2008 Paoletti et al. 2008 Kn+PCR Abruzzo 504 0.2% 1.4% --

2007 Giannetto et al. 2007 Kn Sicily (all provinces) 2512 1% 5% 5%

2007 Genchi et al. 2007 Kn+Ag Lombardy (Milan 301 32.9% 12.6% 0

2007 Di Tommaso and Di Giulio 2007 necropsy Abruzzo (Pescara) C.rep. 2 0 0

2005 Scaramozzino et al. 2005 Kn+PCR Lazio (all provinces) 972 0 2% 0

2004 Scala et al. 2004 Kn Sardinia (all provinces) 974 3.8% 2.6% 7.4%

2003 Piergili Fioretti et al. 2003 Kn+Ag Umbria (all provinces) 2406 14% 6% 0

2003 Tarello 2003 Kn+Ag Aosta Valley C. rep. -- 5 --

2001 Cringoli et al. 2001 Kn+HS Campania (Mt. Vesuvius) 351 0.6% 2% 16.5%

2001 Petruschke et al. 2001 Kn+Ag Lombardy (Varese, Como) 308 14.6% 5.5% 0

n = number of sampled dogs; C.rep.=case report; Techniques: Kn= Knott’s method, HS = histochemical staining; Ag = ELISA for D. immitis’ antigens