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(1)D’ALEXANDRE À MENANDRE: LE ROYAUME GREC DE BACTRIANE

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(1)

D’ALEXANDRE À MENANDRE: LE ROYAUME GREC DE BACTRIANE.

Résumé

Le royaume gréco-bactrien (Afghanistan du Nord) est un des Etats hellénistiques le moins connu.

La première ouvrage moderne à ce sujet parut seulement en 1738. C’est grâce aux fouilles archéologiques qu’aujourd’hui on a le plus de données à disposition. Pendant l’époque hellénistique on pouvait trouver des nouvelles dans les histoires universelles, les traités d’art militaire et les monographies sur les Parthes. Ces derniers étaient frontaliers de la Bactriane avec laquelle ils entretenaient des rapports souvent conflictuels. Par contre, les historiens romains concentrèrent leur attention sur les Parthes, devenus désormais l’ennemi principal de Rome en Orient. Toutefois, ils utilisèrent des données faussées par la propagande arsacide, lesquelles contribuèrent à la disparition du souvenir du royaume gréco-bactrien. Au Moyen Age les Grecs de Bactriane apparaissent dans la littérature européenne et au XXème siècle dans celle américaine.

Alexandre le Grand et les premiers séleucides installèrent nombreux colons grecs en Bactriane. Au début de la Troisième guerre syrienne le gouverneur Diodote Ier se proclama roi de Bactriane. Le royaume devint bientôt une puissance internationale, surtout avec Euthydème et son fils Démétrios, qui s’empara de l’Inde du NO. Après une période de crise Eucratide, peut-être un parent du roi Euthydème, réunifia le royaume, mais à la fin de son règne (ca. 145 av. J.C.) le nord du pays s’effondra sous les coups des invasions nomades. Néanmoins la partie méridionale survécut jusqu’aux premières années du Ier siècle ap. J. C.

FROM ALEXANDER TO MENANDER : THE GREEK KINGDOM OF BACTRIA.

Abstract

The Greco-bactrian kingdom (North Afghanistan) is one of the least known Hellenistic states. The first modern work on this subject was published only in 1738. Thanks to archaeological excavations we now have more data at our disposal. During the Hellenistic Age, news about the Greco-bactrians was mainly provided by works as Universal Histories, military art treatises and monographs about the Parthians, whose reign bordered Bactria and was its hatred enemy as well.

As regards Roman historians, they focused their attention on the Parthians, who by that time had become Rome’s main enemy in the East. However, the sources they used were affected by Arsacid propaganda, which contributed to eclipse the memory of the Greco-bactrian kingdom. In the Middle Ages the Greco-bactrians made their appearance in European literature and by the XXth century in that of north America. Alexander the Great and the first Seleucids settled many Greek colonists in Bactria. At the beginning of the Third Syrian War (c. 246 B.C.) the governor Diodotus made Bactria independent. Soon Bactria became an international power, mainly under Euthydemus and his son Demetrius, who conquered north-western India. After a period of crisis Eucratides, possibly a relative of Euthydemus, succeeded in reunifying the kingdom, but at the end of his reign (ca. 145 B.C.), the northern part of the country was invaded by nomads. However the southern part survived until the first decade of the Ist century A.D.

Parole-chiave: Ellenismo, Asia Centrale, Battriana, India, greco-battriano, indo-greco.

Disciplina: Storia greca

Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche del Mondo Antico – Università di Pisa Ecole doctorale d’Histoire, UFR 09 – Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne

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