The silent power of the bay

(1)

Politecnico di Milano

School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Master of architecture - E12 Architecture

A. Y. 2018-2019

Supervisor Marco Umberto Poli

Co-supervisor Andrea Gritti

Students Ida Orlando Valeria Rellori Giulia Stecchi

882652 883225 883210

2100: Agro Pontino is f-l ing.

The silent power of the bay

(2)

Coastal Erosion 1960-2012 Density population

Very high High Medium Low Very low

Shoreline in 2100 Erosion in 2100 Erosion in 2020 Shoreline

Coastline

45%

<20%

+70%

45%

EROSION TREND

Coastline

43 mln inh.

19 mln inh.

ian Ital rito ter ry

POPULATION DENSITY

30%

61 mln inh. tot 70%

Today

2100 Trend

COASTAL EROSION

comparison with the population density

Coastal regions: population density Coastal erosion

(3)

Very High Medium Very Low

Very High HighMedium Low Very Low Deltaic Coast - Lagoon

Shoreline Rocky coastline

Subsidence

Land lifting and Seafloor subsidence Lifting

Physiographic unit Natural drift limit Anthropic drift limit Sedimentary transport

Erosion Progress Liguria

Toscana

Lazio

Campania

Calabria

Sicilia

Sardegna

Basilicata

Puglia

Molise

Abruzzo

Marche

Emilia Romagna

Veneto

Friuli-Giulia

Italy

0,8%

1,9%

3%

10%

7,6%

11%

4,9%

0,7%

4,9

0,5%

1,3%

2%

0,9%

0,6%

0,2%

1681 Km

Shoreline Erosion

of the Shoreline50%

669 Km

Assets at Risks

on Coastline in Erosion

of the shoreline40%

in erosion

20,8 Mmc

Nourishments

data not available for all regions

(-) 1,9%

1,6%

2,4%

2,3%

10%

0,9%

0,05%

2,6%

0,2%

1,7%

2,8%

1,7%

1%

0,7%

3,3%

2,4%

32,3%

-

2,9%

-

1,9%

11,9%

-

9,5%

1,9%

7,6%

34,8%

2,4%

Coastline: 8 350 Km Shoreline: 3 952 Km Shoreline erosion: 1 681 Km

Assets at Risks on shoreline erosion: 669 Km

Shoreline

Shoreline Erosion

Shoreline

Shoreline Erosion Assets at Risk

Nourishments

Morphological types of the Italian coast

Tectonic Regimes

Mistral and Wave period Sirocco

Erosion data framework by regions

Physigraphic units

Coast line variation | 1960 - 2012

COASTAL EROSION

Natural issues

(4)

Harbours Large Dams Main Rivers

Very High High Medium Low Very Low

Assets at Risk Land Consumption

5,3 0,8

0,6

0,4

1,0

1,0 2,7

7,4

1,4

Dredgings (Mm3)

Nourishment with sea-bed sands Original Dune system

Dune Restoration Ramsar areas

Amp | Marine Protected Areaa Reclaimed Land

N atu ra l L an dsc aqp e

cult Agri

ure .s. se uu Spar

Den se u .s.

Infrastructu re 11%

14%

12% 26%

37%

u.s. : urban settlements

Time Km

Original Coastline

Shoreline

Dune System

8350

3600

1650

- 45%

- 10%

- 80% - 80%

- 70%

300

Early 90’s Today Future

Land consumption and Assets a Risk Consumption of soil of the coastline

Dune system erosion

Expected annual damage^*

for the Italian coastal regions

*due to ecosystem services loss by 2020

Dredging and nourishments Protected Wetlands and Coastal areas Large Dams and Great harbours

Reclaimed land

Agricultural value

COASTAL EROSION

Anthropic issues

(5)

O U ^{T P U}

I ^{N P} U T T Wind Transport

Sea level

Longshore Transport

- +

Mining Underwater Canyon

Barriers

Subsidence Temperature

Rainfall Vegetation

Agriculture River Transport

Dams Bridle

Reclamation of land

Embankments

Rectification

Excavations

+ -

Cliff Erosion

Chemical Precipitation

Water pumping

Dissolving

Wind

Weather-navy Platform

Shore

A dr ia tic se a

Ionian sea rh Tyr

ian en

a se

Veneto

Emilia Rom agna

Marche

bru A zzo

lise Mo ia Pugl

ilic Bas Cala ata

bria ilia Sic

rd Sa na eg

Campania

Lazio

Toscana

Liguria Friuli-Venezia

Morphological types of the Italian Coast Coastine variation | 1960 - 2012

Anthropic drift limits

Tectonic Regimes | Subsidence Mistral and Wave period

Sirocco

Reclaimed land

Land consumption and Assets a Risk

Large Dams and Great harbours Lack of ecosystem protection Agricultural value Dredging and nourishments Salinity intrusion GDP Population density Sea Level Rise COASTAL EROSION

choice of the project site

Coastal dynamics

Issues overlapping

Coastal morphology

Coastine variation | 1960 - 2012 Anthropic drift limits

Tectonic Regimes | Subsidence Mistral and Wave period Sirocco

Reclaimed land

Land consumption and Assets a Risk Large Dams and Great harbours Lack of ecosystem protection Agricultural value

Dredging and nourishments GDPSalinity intrusion

Population density Sea Level Rise

(6)

Main cities

Cities affected by flood

Population

Urban Population

Transport:

Motor vehicles

Species Extinctions (thousand)

Shrimp Farm Production Million MT Decadal Flood Frequency

Temperature Anomally (°C)% Loss of Total Column Ozone Km3 /yr

1998 US Dollars (billion)

People (billion) Dams (thousand)

Arrivals: Million People

Number (million) 1990 International Dollars (1012)

People (billion) CO 2 (ppmv) % of Total Land Area

Damming of rivers International Tourism

Water Use Total Real GDP

Foreign Direct Investment

Atmosphere:

CO2 Concentration

Atmosphere:

Ozone Depletion Coastal Zone:

Structure

Global Biodiversity

Climate:

Nothern Hemisphere Average

Surface Temperature Climate:

Great Floods Terrestrial Ecosystems:

Amount of Domesticated Land

year year year year year

280 300 360 340 320

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

100 2030 7060 5040

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

0 0.5 1.0

-0.5

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

0 25 50

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

10 0 20 30

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

01 23 4 76 5

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

04 128 1620 2824

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

0 2 4 6 8 10

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

0 200 400 800 600

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

0 200 400 800 600

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

0 15 30 45

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

0.01 0 0.02 0.04 0.03

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

2 12 3227 1722 7

2000 4000 6000

0

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750

1002003004000 700600 500

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

year 1750 year year year year

year year year year year

COASTAL EROSION Sea Level Rise

“The great Acceleration”

(7)

AGRO PONTINO:

Overview

ROMA

Frosinone Latina

Rieti Viterbo

0 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Viterbo Rieti

Latina Frosinone

Roma 0

2 4 6 8 10 12

Bergamo Parma

Ragusa Padova

Bari Cesena

Latina Perugia

Salerno Verona

LAZIO: agricultural export 2017

Agricoltura, Export 2017, Italia e Provincia di Latina (LT), Dati Istat. ITALY: First 10 provinces for agricultural crop exports, 2017

0 5000 ha 10000 ha 15000 ha 20000 ha 25000 ha 30000 ha

Orchards Citrus groves Olive groves Vineyards Standing fodder Temporary fodder Industrial plants Vegetables Roots and tubers Legumes Cereal

AGRO PONTINO: agricultural production 2018

Agricoltura, Coltivazioni 2018.Provincia di Latina (LT), Dati Istat.

0 500000 ha 1000000 ha 1500000 ha 2000000 ha

Agriculture Consorzio operativo Cosorzio Lazio agriculture Lazio Viterbo Rieti Roma Frosinone Latina

AGRO PONTINO: Consorzio di bonifica

Agricoltura, Coltivazioni 2018.Provincia di Latina (LT), Dati Istat.

CONSORZIO DI BONIFICA DELL’AGRO PONTINO 170.000 ha Consorzio operativo 107.000 ha 25 municipalities 19 municipalities in the province of Latina

2 municipalities in the province of Rome 4 municipalities in the province of Frosinone

(8)

In 1514, Pope Leone X asked Leonardo da Vinci to elaborate the project for the drying up of the marshes to transform the land into agricultural fields. A collecting canal (Portatore) was dug where the waters of the Ufente and Amaseno rivers were conveyed and flowed into the sea at Porto Badino. In 1585, Pope Sisto V promoted new reclamation interventions. The bed of the river Sisto was deepened to channel the waters and prevent Fossa Cathega from overflowing at the confluence of the Ufente and Amaseno rivers.

Because of the disinterest of Sisto V successors, the reclaimed areas returned again into a marsh.

Pope Pius VI, promoted new reclamation work and the project was entrusted to the engineer Rappini.

The ancient collector of the Fossa Cathega was enlarged, deepened and extended taking the name of Linea Pio; a navigable canal was built to connect with the Port of Terracina; “Fosse sussidiarie” channels parallel to the Linea PIo and “fosse miliari” (Every mile), perpendicular, collected the waters of the land; the left side of the river Sisto was embanked, the overflow was assured on the right side. In 1862 the first“Consozio di Bonifica” was established to administratively distinguish the lands that needed maintenance.

Modern Age | Pio VI [1775-1799]

Renaissence | Leone X [151-21], Sisto V [1585-90]

Before the land reclamation

Via Appia Via Severiana

Via Setina Via Appia

Via Severiana

Via Setina

CanaleMussolini

*

* *

Monte Circeo Ponti

no Bay

Circeo Mountain Marsh Coast_a

l lakes Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Circeo Mountain Cisterna

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Satricum

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Monte Circeo Cisterna

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Rome Rome

Rome

Via Setina

Via Severiana

Fossa Cathega

Sisto river

Livola

Ufente oAmasen

Fiume Portatore Canale Navigatore

Ufente

Amaseno Linea Pio

SistoR iver SistoR

iver

PLIOCENE

LAGHI E PALUDE

ETA ROMANA

Medioevo PLEISTOCENE

Rinascimento- Leone X (Leonardo da Vinci) - 1513-1521

Rinascimento - Sisto V - 1585-1590

PIO VI

- 1775-1799

Borghi di nuova fondazione Nuova città di Littoria

FUTURE VISION

Fosse miliari

2200

Via Severiana

Via Setina

CanaleMussolini

*

* *

Monte Circeo Pontino

Bay

Monti Ausoni

Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Satricum

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Rome Rome

Rome

Via Setina

Via Severiana

Fossa Cathega

Sisto river

Livola

Ufente oAmasen

Ufente

Amaseno Linea Pio

SistoR iver Sisto R

iver

PLIOCENE

LAGHI E PALUDE

ETA ROMANA

Medioevo PLEISTOCENE

Rinascimento- Leone X (Leonardo da Vinci) - 1513-1521

Rinascimento - Sisto V - 1585-1590

PIO VI

- 1775-1799

FUTURE VISION

Fosse miliari

2200

Via Severiana

Via Setina

CanaleMussolini

*

* *

Bay

Monti Ausoni

Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Satricum

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Rome Rome

Rome

Via Setina

Via Severiana

Fossa Cathega

Sisto river

Livola

Ufente oenAmas

Ufente

Amaseno Linea Pio

SistoR iver SistoR

iver

PLIOCENE

LAGHI E PALUDE

ETA ROMANA

Medioevo PLEISTOCENE

Rinascimento- Leone X (Leonardo da Vinci) - 1513-1521

Rinascimento - Sisto V - 1585-1590

PIO VI

- 1775-1799

FUTURE VISION

Fosse miliari

2200

Via Severiana

Via Setina

CanaleMussolini

*

* *

Bay

Monti Ausoni

Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Satricum

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Rome Rome

Rome

Via Setina

Via Severiana

Fossa Cathega

Sisto river

Livola

Ufente oAmasen

Ufente

Amaseno Linea Pio

Sisto R iver SistoR

iver

PLIOCENE

LAGHI E PALUDE

ETA ROMANA

Medioevo PLEISTOCENE

Rinascimento- Leone X (Leonardo da Vinci) - 1513-1521

Rinascimento - Sisto V - 1585-1590

PIO VI

- 1775-1799

FUTURE VISION

Fosse miliari

2200

AGRO PONTINO:

Geomorphological evolution

Pliocene Pleistocene | Lakes and marsh

Following the first glaciation, the Tyrrhenian Sea receded leaving some layers of the earth’s crust that led to the formation of the plain. The raising of the land was not uniform: along the present Sisto River a ridge was formed that was covered with a dune and low sea vegetation; another coastal ridge raised along the coast that determined the formation of a lagoon depression. In some areas, the territory was below the sea level and the rivers could not find an easy outflow to the sea due to the coastal dune, gaving rise to the Pontine Marsh.

The lands of the Pontino plain were still a part of the earth’s crust submerged by the sea water. Toward the hinland, the gulf was delimited by the chain of the Lepine Mountains that are an extension of the Appennine chain. In the middle of the sea, spaced out like an island from the mainland, the mountain Monte Circeo emerged.

*

“Littoria” settlement

FUTURE VISION 2200

LEGENDA

Forest

Natural rivers Coastal Dune Reclamation Lake Settlements

Harbor

Defensive tower

Irrigation channels New urban settlements Mountains

Marsh

Marsh - 2 mtChannels - 1 mt Channels + 1 mtIdrovora

Lepini Mountain +300 mt Via Appia +5 mt Sisto River Old coastal dune

+6 mt Coastal dune

Sea level

+10 m +30 mt

*

FUTURE VISION 2200

L^EGENDA

Forest

Harbor

Defensive tower

Marsh

+6 mt Coastal dune

Sea level

+10 m +30 mt

*

FUTURE VISION 2200

LEGENDA

Forest

Harbor

Defensive tower

Marsh

+6 mt Coastal dune

Sea level

+10 m +30 mt

(9)

Fascist regime | Integral reclamation 1927-39

The fascist regime, promised agricultural field to obtain consenses and the works began in 1927 to carry out an integral reclamation (hydraulic, agricultural and sanitary). The project involved the separation of mountain waters from lowland ones, theese were subdivided into medium and shallow waters collected by channels to reach the sea. The reclamation works were entrusted to the ONC and in 1938 it reached an extension of 26,000 ha: this result was possible only with a water pump systems that allow the mechanical lifting of the water. The first consequence was the elimination of almost the entire forest along the coastal lakes and the foundation of new settlements.

The agro pontino, presenting a vast area below sea level, is an extremely fragile and vulnerable area. Infact, the post-reclamation water system depends entirely on the electricity that drives the water pumps (idrovore).

The sea level rise of 1 mt expected for 2100 could transform the Pontine plain to its primordial condition, flooding almost all the agricultural fields of the consortium and compromising the economy of the region.

After the integral land reclamation

The active reclamation system consists of a vast water collection grid that in fact replaces the pre-existing swamp condition, which collected all the water coming from the nearby hills and mountains. The state of agricultural land rather than of marsh is possible only thanks to electricity: the network of drainage and drainage channels is in fact served by numerous water-scooping pumping systems, necessary to discharge into the sea (directly or through the coastal lakes) the waters that, coming from the surrounding hills, flow into this place placed a few meters below sea level, which prevents the natural flow of water by gravity towards the sea. The “idrovore” which lift the waters of few meters and return them to the continuation of the canal (or to another adjacent channel) which, starting from a higher altitude, can finally have the slope necessary to transport the water to the sea through the cutting of the coastal sand bar.

Via Severiana

Via Setina

CanaleMussolini

*

* *

Bay

Monti Ausoni

Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Satricum

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Rome Rome

Rome

Via Setina

Via Severiana

Fossa Cathega

Sisto river

Livola

Ufente omenAas

Ufente

Amaseno Linea Pio

SistoR iver SistoR

iver

PLIOCENE

LAGHI E PALUDE

ETA ROMANA

Medioevo PLEISTOCENE

Rinascimento- Leone X (Leonardo da Vinci) - 1513-1521

Rinascimento - Sisto V - 1585-1590

PIO VI

- 1775-1799

FUTURE VISION

Fosse miliari

2200

Via Severiana

Via Setina

Canale Mussolini

*

* *

Bay

Monti Ausoni

Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Satricum

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Rome Rome

Rome

Via Setina

Via Severiana

Fossa Cathega

Sisto river

Livola

Ufente omenAas

Ufente

Amaseno Linea Pio

SistoR iver SistoR

iver

PLIOCENE

LAGHI E PALUDE

ETA ROMANA

Medioevo PLEISTOCENE

Rinascimento- Leone X (Leonardo da Vinci) - 1513-1521

Rinascimento - Sisto V - 1585-1590

PIO VI

- 1775-1799

FUTURE VISION

Fosse miliari

2200

Via Severiana

Via Setina

CanaleMussolini

*

* *

Bay

Monti Ausoni

Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Satricum

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Rome Rome

Rome

Via Setina

Via Severiana

Fossa Cathega

Sisto river

Livola

Ufente omasenA

Ufente

Amaseno Linea Pio

SistoR iver SistoR

iver

PLIOCENE

LAGHI E PALUDE

ETA ROMANA

Medioevo PLEISTOCENE

Rinascimento- Leone X (Leonardo da Vinci) - 1513-1521

Rinascimento - Sisto V - 1585-1590

PIO VI

- 1775-1799

FUTURE VISION

Fosse miliari

2200

Via Severiana

Via Setina

CanaleMussolini

*

* *

Bay

Monti Ausoni

Monti Lepini

Monti Ausoni

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Satricum

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Foro Appio Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Cori

Priverno Sezze

Sermoneta

Astura

Terracina Anzio

Rome Rome

Rome

Via Setina

Via Severiana

Fossa Cathega

Sisto river

Livola

Ufente oenAmas

Ufente

Amaseno Linea Pio

SistoR iver SistoR

iver

PLIOCENE

LAGHI E PALUDE

ETA ROMANA

Medioevo PLEISTOCENE

Rinascimento- Leone X (Leonardo da Vinci) - 1513-1521

Rinascimento - Sisto V - 1585-1590

PIO VI

- 1775-1799

FUTURE VISION

Fosse miliari

2200

AGRO PONTINO:

Geomorphological evolution

Roman Empire Middle Age

From the VIII century a.d. the first agricultural farms, at the edge of the Marsh, began to spread, in particular in the area of the Astura river. The agricultural lands along the slopes of the Lepini Mountains that belonged to the noble families of Sezze and Sermoneta instead suffered frequent floods. In this period the Via Appia was completely abandoned. Starting from the IX century the changes in the territory concerned the coasts: the stato pontificio built numerous towers, bulwarks against pirate raids and sighting place of the Spanish, French and Turkish fleets untill the XVII century.

The Pontine Marsh was mostly abandoned and without a city except Terracina. The main road developed parallel to the coast and along the slopes of the Lepini mountains. The reclamation was pursued mainly for commercial and military purposes. In 312 b.c, the censor Appius Claudius began the construction of Appia, a consular road, to cross the marsh more quickly. In 160 b.c, the consul Marco Claudio Cathego built a canal along the road to stop the progress of the swamp and to give the waters a drain towards the sea. The navigable canal was called “Decemnovio” because it was 19 Roman miles long.

Forecasting | Sea level rise 2100

*

FUTURE VISION 2200

L^EGENDA

Forest

Harbor

Defensive tower

Marsh

+6 mt Coastal dune

Sea level

+10 m +30 mt

(10)

(11)

1928

1930

1935

1937

(12)

Geological map Idropraghic Basins

Ecological Value

Environmental Fragility

Soil permeability Population density

AGRO PONTINO:

Mapping

0 1 5 10 20 km

0 1 5 10 20 50 km

0 10 50 100 200 m

0 1 5 km

Lakes

Idrovora- pump station Irrigation center

Basins with mechanical pumping Ufente

Badino Botte Selcella Linea Pio

Natural idrographic basins Amaseno

Sisto Rio Martino Astura Moscarello

Urban tissue HighMedium LowVery low

Very high HighMedium LowVery low Urban tissue

Lakes

Soil with complex behavior Soil with cohesive behavior Soil with granular behavior Anthropic backfill

Soil with lithoid behavior

> 1000 ab/Km² 400 - 1000 ab/Km² 200 - 400 ab/Km² 100 - 200 ab/Km² 20 - 100 ab/Km² 0 - 20 ab/Km² Lakes

Alluvial flan, sub-plane

Limestone and volcanic material Ancient coastal sediment Recent dune

Ancient lagoon sediments

Lagoon sediments (low terrace).Peaty soil Recent lagoon sediments. Peaty soil Lagoon sediments (high terrace).Peaty soil River plain, reclaimed plain

Alluvial plain. Slow drainage Limestone mountains

Limestone mountains, karst basin Travertine plain

Sediments of Lazio volcano

(13)

Risks

Hidrogeological risk Subsidence

Coastal erosion Flooding risk: 2100 forecasting

AGRO PONTINO:

Risk map

0 1 5 10 20 km

0 1 5 10 20 50 km

0 10 50 100 200 m

0 1 5 km

HighMedium Low