Chapter 15 – Part 2 Networks
The Internal Operating System
The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software:
An Information Technology Approach 3rd Edition, Irv Englander
John Wiley and Sons 2003
Wilson Wong, Bentley College Linda Senne, Bentley College
Network Basics
Communication paths
Protocol standards
Data transmission
By character or byte at a time
By sending the entire message at a time
By subdividing the messages into packets and sending each packet at a time
Frames are packets that have been further
subdivided to meet requirements of the media
Packet Header
Also known as the preamble
Contains
Description of the packet
Destination address of receiver
Source address of sender
Information about the data being sent
Advantages of Packets
Reduces communication overhead
Reasonable unit for routing of data
Alternative to dedicating a channel for the entire length of the message
Packets from several sources can share a single channel
Each sender/receiver pair appears to have a channel to itself
Receiving computer can process an entire block of
data instead of a character or byte at a time
OSI Reference Model
Open Systems Interconnection Model
Developed by International Standards Organization (ISO)
Contains seven layers
All People Seem To Need Data Processing
People Do Not Through Sausage Pizza Away
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Layers of the OSI Model
OSI Physical Layer
Responsible for transmission of bits
Implemented primarily through hardware
Encompasses signaling method,
electrical and mechanical interfaces
Example: RS-232, 10Base5
OSI Data Link Layer
Responsible for error-free, reliable transmission of data
Frames sized for compatibility with the MAC protocol
Flow control, error detection and correction, retransmission
Uses MAC addresses
OSI Network Layer
Responsible for addressing and routing of messages to final destination
Breaks up messages into frames that meet the requirements of intervening networks
Local network – no routing
Physical address is appended to each packet
Symbolic addresses are converted to physical address through a lookup table
External network – routing required
External tables are used to assist in routing
OSI Transport Layer
Ultimate final address of destination is determined
All end-to-end communication including intermediate nodes
OSI Session Layer
Establishes a dialogue between two applications or processes between systems
Terminates connection at end of session
Manages logins, password
exchange, logoffs
OSI Presentation Layer
Provides format and code conversion services
Examples
File conversion from ASCII to Unicode
Encryption, decryption
Data reformatting
Conversion between data formats used by
OSI Application Layer
• Provides utilities and tools for
application programs and users
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Physical and Data Link layers are not specified by the TCP/IP protocol
Internet Protocol
Implemented in workstations and routers
Messages are segmented into packets and are re- assembled at the other end
Uses IP for addressing and routing between networks
Transport
Reliable end-to-end connectivity
TCP & UDP
Most TCP/IP applications use TCP for transport layer
TCP provides a connection (logical
association) between two entities to regulate flow check errors
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) does not
maintain a connection, and therefore does not
guarantee delivery, preserve sequences, or
protect against duplication
Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
Network Services
Protocol Stacks
Sockets
Network file transfers
Print services
Web services
Messaging services
Application program access to network services
RPC – remote procedure calls