V
Abstract
I
Acknowledgements III
Published Work
IV
Table of Contents
V
List of Abbreviations
X
Introduction
1
Chapter 1 Flexible Bodies Integration in MBS
3
1.1 Flexibility Approaches
3
1.2 Kinematics and Modal Approach
4
1.3 Kinetics
7
1.4 Optimization Computational Burden
10
1.5 FE-code Normal Mode Analysis
16
1.6 Reduction Technique
18
1.6.1 Basic Concept 18
1.6.2 Static Reduction 19
1.6.3 Dynamic Reduction 22
1.6.4 MSC2007 NASTRAN Input File Deck 24
1.7 Reduced FE-model Validation
27
1.7.1 Issue Definition 27 1.7.2 Visual Verification 28 1.7.3 Analytical Verification 28 1.7.4 Other Applications 31 1.7.5 Procedure Implementation 32
1.8 Practical Details
38
1.8.1 From Technical System to MBS 38
1.8.2 SIMPACK 39
VI
Chapter 2 Running Dynamics & Wheel/Rail Contact
43
2.1 Introduction
43
2.2 Wheel/Track Geometric Contact
44
2.2.1 Wheel/Rail Interface Geometry 44
2.2.2 Wheelset/Track System 47
2.2.3 Wheelset Kinematics on a straight track 49
2.2.4 Klingel Theory 50
2.2.5 Rolling Radius Difference 51
2.2.6 Equivalent Conicity 52
2.2.7 Wheelset Kinematics on curved track 54
2.3 Basics of Rolling Contact Mechanics
55
2.3.1 Rolling Contact Methods 55
2.3.2 Rolling Contact Theory 57
2.3.3 The Normal Problem 57
2.3.4 The Tangential Problem 58
2.4 Running Dynamics on straight track
60
2.4.1 Definition of Stability 60
2.4.2 Stability Analysis 61
2.5 Running Dynamics in curved track
64
2.5.1 Dynamic Behaviour 64
2.5.2 Track Cant 67
Chapter 3 METRO-ROME line C convoy
70
3.1 Convoy Description
70
3.1.1 General Layout 70
3.1.2 Running Gear 73
3.2 Analyses Purpose
85
3.3 Metro-Vehicle Multi Body System
86
3.3.1 Bodies 86
3.3.2 Wheel/Rail Contact 87
3.3.3 Joints and Constraints 87
3.3.4 Force Elements 88
3.3.5 Metro-Vehicle Topology Diagram 90
VII
3.3.7 Track Elastic Foundation 92
3.3.8 Track Irregularities 93
3.3.9 Nominal Force Parameters 99
3.3.10 Traction Model 100
Chapter 4 Ride Comfort
101
4.1 Comfort Definition
101
4.1.1 Human’s vibrational sensivity 101
4.1.2 Ride Comfort Definition 103
4.2 UNI ENV 12299 standard
103
4.3 Flexible Head Carbody
110
4.3.1 Structural Weight vs.Tare Weight 110
4.3.2 Interiors modeling Approach 111
4.3.3 Carbody FEM 114
4.3.4 Normal Modes Analysis 118
4.3.5 Analytical Verification 122
4.3.6 Reduction of the FE-models 129
4.3.7 FRM-evaluation 135
4.4 Vehicle Multi-Body System
137
4.4.1 Models developed 137
4.4.2 Model Validation 137
4.4.3 Vehicle Dynamic Behaviour 143
4.5 Comfort Evaluation
148
4.5.1 Simulation Campaign 148
4.5.2 Results: Part I, global Nmv trend 151
4.5.3 Results: Part I, Nmv carbody trend 152
4.5.4 Results: Part II 160
4.5.5 Results: Part III 161
4.6 Resume & Conclusions
162
Chapter 5 Bogie Load Cases
164
5.1 Issue Definition
164
5.1.1 Load cases identification 164
VIII
5.1.3 Study Purpose 166
5.2 UNI EN 13749 standard
166
5.3 Flexible Bogie frame
169
5.3.1 FE-model Description 169
5.3.2 Normal Modes Analysis 171
5.3.3 Reduction of the FE-model 174
5.3.4 FRM-evaluation 175
5.4 Flexible Bolster-beam
177
5.3.1 FE-model Description 177
5.3.2 Normal Modes Analysis 178
5.3.3 Reduction FE-model 179
5.3.4 FRM-evaluation 180
5.5 Vehicle Multi-Body System
181
5.6 Simulation Campaign
182
5.7 Bogie frame Load Cases
184
5.7.1 Load Magnitude 184
5.7.2 Analysis of Load combination 185
5.8 Bogie frame stress analysis
190
5.8.1 SIMPACK LOADS post-processor 190
5.8.2 Validation LOADS force set 192
5.8.3 Stress field derived from MBA 195
5.8.4 Company Assessment Method 199
5.9 Bogie frame Vibrational effects
204
5.10 Resume & Conclusions
211
Chapter 6 Vehicle Safety and Track fatigue
213
6.1 Introduction
213
6.2 UIC 518 standard
214
6.3 Flexible Wheelset
215
6.3.1 Description FE-model 215
6.3.2 Normal Modes Analysis 216
6.3.3 Reduction of the FE-model 218
6.3.4 Description SIMBEAM-model 219
IX
6.3.6 FRM-evaluation 222
6.4 Vehicle Multi-Body System
222
6.5 Vehicle Quasi-Static Safety
225
6.6 Vehicle Dynamic Safety
228
6.7 Results
230
6.7.1 Y/Q assessment quantity 230
6.7.2 DY assessment quantity 237
6.7.3 Qmax assessment quantity 239
