Index
ACASI, 100
ADAM. See Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program ADD. See Attention Deficit Disorder AIDS. See HIV
analgesics, 18
analytic epidemiology, 10–11. See also descriptive epidemiology antisocial behavior, 53
antisocial personality disorder, 21, 22 antisociality risk factor, drug abuse and,
21 anxiolytics, 18
archival data (epidemiological method), 63–76
CEWG example, 72
contributions to drug abuse epidemiologic methods, 75
drug use patterns’ time-space relationship, 75
emergent trends, 74
generating research questions, 75 data sources, 65
drug treatment programs, 67
existing data limitations, overcoming of, 71
hospital admissions and emergency department logs, 68
law enforcement, 70
medical examiners/coroners reports, 70
poison control reports, 69 public health reports of infectious
diseases, 69
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program, 30 ASPD. See antisocial personality disorder Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), 16 autonomy principle, 148
back-calculation method, 127 beneficence principle, 149 biased networks, 92 biases, 84, 85
biomedical research (human), ethical requirements of, 149–51 blood pressure measurement, 6 brain imaging technologies, 5
campus surveys, 103–5. See also school surveys
cannabis, 18, 163 CAPI, 100
capture recapture method, 122–25. See also multiplier method
CD/ASPD. See conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder
Central Registry of Drug Abuse, 169 CEWG. See Community Epidemiology Work
Group
chain referral sample, 91. See also snowball sampling
nomination rules factors, 94 recuitment factor, 93 waves factor, 93
Client Oriented Data Acquisition Process (CODAP), 227, 228
closed population, 125 cocaine, 18, 33, 163
235
Community EpidemiologyWork Group (CEWG), 9, 72–76, 171
contributions to drug abuse epidemiologic methods, 75
drug use patterns emergent trends in, 74 time-space relationship, 75 research questions, 75
conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder, 21
confidentiality based ethical issues, 150, 154
criminal career concept, 31
data collection. See also population surveys guiding principles of (The Lisbon
Consensus), 173 triangulation technique, 140
DAWN. See Drug Abuse Warning Network DCMADS, 231
dependence, 17, 19 criteria, 5 measures, 6
descriptive epidemiology, 9–10. See also analytic epidemiology
developing countries, drug epidemiological research challenges in, 154 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 5
drug abuse, 3, 17–20. See also drug use; drug use and abuse; epidemiology criteria for dependence and, 5 defined, 4
definitions, 5
dependence measures, 6
epidemiologic studies implications, 8–11 ethical considerations for, 145–55 natural cessation of, 6
physiological problems and, 5 qualitative methods in, 133–42 risk factors, 20–23
substance abuse and heterogeneity, 15–17 treatment programs, long-term, 199 Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970, 167 drug abuse prevention, 211
epidemiological information linking with age of onset, 217
needs assessments and program evaluation, 219–21
principles of prevention (NIDA, 2003), 215 risk and protection, 218
sequencing of substance use, 218 progamming and research, 212–15
defining drug abuse prevention, 212 in the U.S., 213–15
Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP), 227
Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS), 227, 228
Drug Abuse Warning Network, 30, 170 drug control, 165
drug information systems, 171 drug monitoring elements, 167–70 international conventions on narcotics
control and global reporting obligations, 166
multi-indicator models, 171 networks, 171
drug information systems, 171 drug misuse. See drug abuse drug monitoring elements, 167–70
drug treatment programs (archival data source), 67
drug use. See also drug abuse; drug use and abuse
consequences
antisocial behavior, 53 health-related, 50
interpersonal relationships, 54 mental health-related, 51 defining the role of, 47
epidemiological research, nature of, 146 ethical challenges in
developing countries, challenges in, 154
free and informed consent, 151 privacy, confidentiality and legal hazard,
153, 154 safety issues, 154 ethics importance in, 147 gender differences and, 37 methodological issues, 48–50
long-term consequences, 48 short-term consequences, 48 natural history of, 29
population surveys for data collection, 99–106
racial/ethnic differences and, 38
drug use and abuse, 46. See also drug abuse;
substance use and abuse broad-based models, 178
epidemiologic approach, 179 personality approach, 180 problem behavior approach, 180 psychopathology approach, 181 social adaptation approach, 179 dependence criteria, 5
longitudinal studies of, 178 measuring of, 6–8
models of predictive effects, 187 protective factors, 187 research scope, 188 risk factors, 186 theory-testing studies
high-risk samples, 183–84 minority samples, 184–85 social learning models, 182–83 temperament and self-control models,
181–82 drug use career, 30, 31 drug use progression, 31–37
cessation and recovery, 35 in treated populations, 36 in untreated populations, 36 recovery influencing factors, 37 consequences of use, 34 initiation and progression, 32 persistent use, 33
DSM, 16. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM-IV criteria, 17, 18
EMCDDA. See European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction enhanced/event based multipliers method,
127
epidemiologic approach model, 179 epidemiology, 8–11, 17–20
analytic, 10–11
archival data, use of, 63–76 descriptive, 9–10
ethical considerations, 145–55 evidence-based response, 165 in global context, 162 population surveys, 99–106
prevalence estimation methods, 113–28 qualitative methods in, 133–42
sampling issues in, 79–96
use and abuse treatment data and, 226–27 estimation. See prevalence estimation ethical challenges in drug use
challenges in developing countries, 154 free and informed consent, 151
privacy, confidentiality and legal hazard, 153, 154
safety issues, 154 ethics
ethical principles, 148–51 autonomy, 148 beneficence, 149 justice, 149 non-maleficence, 149
human biomedical research considerations, 149–51
importance in drug use, 147
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 168, 173 European School Project on Alcohol and Drugs
(ESPAD), 167 extrapolation, 126
family risk factors and drug abuse, 186 focus groups, 138. See also qualitative
methods free and informed consent
human biomedical research based ethical issues, 149
impaired consent issue, 152 issues in drug use epidemiology, 151 research participant payment issues, 152
gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), 69 gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 69 gatekeepers, 140
gender differences, drug use and, 37 Global Assessment Programme (GAP), 172 global context, drug epidemiology in, 162
haphazard sample, 84
health-related consequences of drug use, 50 heroin, 18, 33, 163
heterogeneity, 15–17, 19 hidden population surveys, 105 high risk
population surveys, 105 samples, 183
HIV, 172, 194
infection among IDU, 194–96 prevention among IDU, 196–99
community/street outreach programs, 197 effective programs for reducing risk
behavior, 196
slong-term drug abuse treatment programs, 199
syringe exchange programs, 198 prevention programs among IDU, 199–203 rapid HIV transmission, 194, 195 risk reduction, limitations of, 200
HIV epidemics prevention aspects, 200 HIV prevalence epidemics controling, 201 sexual transmission, prevention of, 202 transmission to non-injecting partner, 202 Home Office Addict Notification Index, 168 human biomedical research, ethical
requirements of, 149–51 free and informed consent, 149 independent ethical review of risks and
benefits, 149
privacy and confidentiality, 150 vulnerable research participants, 150
ICD. See International Classification of Diseases IDU, 194
HIV infection among, 194–96
HIV prevention among, 196–99, 199–203 HIV risk reduction limitations, 200–202 illness career concept, 31
indirect estimation methods, 116–27. See also qualitative methods
back-calculation method, 127 capture recapture method, 122–25
enhanced/event based multipliers method, 127 multiplier methods, 120–22
synthetic estimation method, 126 Truncated Poisson method, 126 inferences
non-statistical, 86 statistical, 86
informed consent. See free and informed consent International Classification of Diseases, 16 international organizations and drug control,
172
interpersonal relationships related drug use consequences, 54
interviewing, 137 group interview, 138
quantitative versus qualitative interviews, 137 semi-structured, 137
justice principle, 149
life course concept, 31 life histories, 138 Lisbon Consensus, 173
marijuana, 18, 33
mental health-related consequences of drug use, 51
methamphetamine, 33 minority samples, 184
Monitoring the Future Survey (MTF), 217 MRI, 5
multi-indicator models, 171
multiplier method, 120–22. See also capture recapture method
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 72, 213, 215–17, 230
NHSDA, 231
nomination methods, 90. See also referral sampling techniques
non-maleficence principle, 149 non-probabilistic samples, 85 non-statistical inferences, 86 NSDUH, 231
OAS/CICAD, 167
observations, 139. See also interviewing
PDU. See problem drug users personality approach model, 180 PET, 5
physiological problems, 5 Pompidou Group (PG), 168, 171 population surveys, 99–106
general, 100
high risk and hidden, 105 needs and challenges, 106 special, 101–5
campus surveys, 103–5 school surveys, 101–3 prevalence estimation, 87, 113–28
direct methods for, 115
indirect estimation methods, 116–27 back-calculation method, 127 capture recapture method, 122–25
enhanced/event based multipliers method, 127
equi-probable sampling assumption, 118 matching definition assumption, 118 multiplier methods, 120–22 population stability assumption, 118 source conditional independence, 118 synthetic estimation method, 126 Truncated Poisson method, 126 indirect methods for, 115 key areas of
key targets monitoring, 115
public health surveillance/epidemiology, 115
service planning and resource allocation, 114
privacy based ethical issues, 150, 153 problem behavior approach model, 180 problem drug users (PDU), 116
protective family factors and drug abuse, 187 psychopathology approach model, 181 psychopharmaceutical drug, 17
public health, drug epidemiology and, 165
qualitative methods, 133–42. See also indirect estimation methods
qualitative inquiries of drug use, 135 qualitative research background, 136–42
focus groups, 138 interviewing, 137
multiple data collection techniques and triangulation, combining of, 140 observations, 139
racial/ethnic differences, drug use and, 38 random sampling, 81, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 93,
94
referral sampling techniques chain referral sample, 93–94 snowballing, 91–93
regional cooperation initiatives involved with drug control, 172
Rohypnol, 9
SAMHDA, 228 SAMHSA, 17, 18 sample, definition of, 80
sampling issues (epidemiological methods), 79–96
behavioral measuring definitions, 81
general population frame usefulness, 82 non-standard sampling frames, use of, 84 school surveys, 83
good practice recommendations, 94 incomplete lists of drug abusers, 87
site sampling aspects, 88–89
specialist prevalence estimation methods, 87
study population, re-defining of, 88 inferences, sampling control, biases and
errors, 84
non-probabilistic samples, 85 statistical and non-statistical inferences,
86
move from standard to innovative sample selection procedures, 81
nomination methods, 90 referral sampling techniques
chain referral sample, 91, 93–94 snowballing, 91–93
school surveys, 101–3. See also campus surveys usefulness of, 83
SEER. See Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result data
self-control models, 181 site sampling, 88–89
snowball sampling, 91–93. See also chain referral sample
social adaptation approach model, 179 social learning models, 182
SPECT, 5
statistical inferences, 86 substance abuse
and heterogeneity, 15–17 multifinality, 20
substance use and abuse, treatment data use and.
See also drug use and abuse conceptual framework, 226–27 integration with data sources, 230–32 treatment populations, 227–30
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result data, 64
survey. See population surveys synthetic estimation method, 126 syringe exchange programs, 198
technical networks involved with drug control, 172
temperament models, 181
“thick description”, 140
transmission of HIV among IDUs, 194 treatment data. See under substance use and
abuse
Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS), 227
triangulation, 141
Truncated Poisson method, 126
UNAIDS, 172 UNGASS, 1998, 166
UNODC, 170, 172 UNODCP, 173
use and abuse. See drug use and abuse
waves, 93
Woodlawn Project, 179
World Health Organization (WHO), 172
‘zero stage sample’, 91 zero wave procedure, 93
