Urological Cancers

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Urological Cancers

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Jonathan Waxman (Ed)

Urological Cancers

With 45 Illustrations

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Jonathan Waxman, BSc, MD, FRCP Professor of Oncology

Faculty of Medicine Hammersmith Campus Imperial College London London, UK

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005923575

ISBN-10: 1-85233-911-X e-ISBN: 1-84628-015-X Printed on acid-free paper.

ISBN-13: 978-1-85233-911-1

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism, or review, as per- mitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc, in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speciﬁc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and applica- tion thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature.

Printed in Singapore. (BS/KYO) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 10945964 Springer Science+Business Media

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I would like to acknowledge the amazing competence and considerable help given by Sandie Coward in the preparation of this book.

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Preface

Urological cancer constitutes approximately 30% of all cancer occurring in the Third and Second Worlds. In the main, these diseases are caused by environmental factors, such as diet and smoking, and it is hoped that action to regulate the inﬂuence of these environmental pathogens will lead to a decreased incidence over the next two or three decades.

In the meantime, our understanding of the scientific basis for urothelial malignancy has broadened significantly. For example, studies in prostate cancer, which were few and far between 20 years ago, have increased, and the degree of govern- ment intervention, both in Europe and the United States, to support work in this field has grown significantly as a result of patient pressure. Interest too has increased from the pharmaceutical industry, and this has led to the development of new treatment options for all of the urological malignancies and real improvements in remis- sion rates and durations.

This book summarizes developments in all areas of urological cancer, including clinical and molecular advances.

Jonathan Waxman, BSc, MD, FRCP London, UK

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Contents

Preface . . . . vii Contributors . . . . xiii

I—Prostate Cancer

1 The Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer

Sarah Ngan and Jonathan Waxman . . . . 3 2 Familial Prostate Cancer

Sashi S. Kommu and Rosalind A. Eeles . . . . 17 3 Screening for Prostate Cancer

Joshua Phillips and Freddie C. Hamdy . . . . 31 4 Diet and Prostate Cancer

Danish Mazhar . . . . 41 5 Radical Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Mererid Evans and Malcolm D. Mason . . . . 48 6 Prostate Cancer: Immediate vs. Deferred Treatment

Mark A. Underwood and David Kirk . . . . 60 7 Surgical Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Mark R. Feneley and Roger S. Kirby . . . . 69 8 Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Gairin J. Dancey and Jonathan Waxman . . . . 77 9 Chemotherapy in Prostate Cancer

Srikala S. Sridhar and Malcolm J. Moore . . . . 83 10 Proteomic Approaches to Problem Solving in Prostate Cancer

Simon C. Gamble . . . . 95 11 Gene Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Danish Mazhar and Roopinder Gillmore . . . . 104 ix

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x Contents

II—Bladder Cancer

12 Molecular Biology of Bladder Cancer

Margaret A. Knowles . . . . 115 13 Treatment Options in Superﬁcial (pTA/pT1/CIS)

Bladder Cancer

Jeremy L. Ockrim and Paul D. Abel . . . . 131 14 Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer

Matthew D. Galsky and Dean F. Bajorin . . . . 145 15 Gene Therapy of Urothelial Malignancy

Sunjay Jain and J. Kilian Mellon . . . . 156

III—Kidney Cancer

16 Molecular Biology of Kidney Cancer

Jeffrey M. Holzbeierlein and J. Brantley Thrasher . . . . 169 17 Cytokine and Angiogenesis Inhibitors

Simon Chowdhury, Timothy G. Eisen, and Martin Gore . . . . 184 18 Novel Therapies for Renal Cell Cancer

Mayer N. Fishman . . . . 204

IV—Testicular Cancer

19 Genetics and Biology of Adult Male Germ Cell Tumors

Jane Houldsworth, George J. Bosl, and R.S.K. Chaganti . . . . 221 20 Chemotherapy for Testicular Cancer

Thomas R. Geldart and Graham M. Mead . . . . 230 21 Surgery for Testicular Cancer

Gillian L. Smith and Timothy J. Christmas . . . . 243 22 Pathobiological Basis of Treatment Strategies of

Germ Cell Tumors

J. Wolter Oosterhuis, Friedemann Honecker, Frank Mayer,

Carsten Bokemeyer, and L.H.J. Looijenga . . . . 252

V—Penile Cancer

23 A Scientiﬁc Understanding of the Development of Penile Tumors

T.R. Leyshon Grifﬁths and J. Kilian Mellon . . . . 275 24 The Clinical Management of Penile Cancer

Rajiv Sarin, Hemant B. Tongaonkar, and Reena Engineer . . . . 283

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xi Contents

VI—Unusual Urological Tumors

25 Oncocytomas and Rare Renal Tumors

Holger Moch . . . . 301 26 Small Cell Tumors, Lymphomas, and Sertoli Cell and Leydig Cell

Tumors of the Bladder, Prostate, and Testis

Chris M. Bacon and Alex Freeman . . . . 309 Index . . . . 333

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Paul D. Abel, ChM, FRCS Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine

Hammersmith Hospital Campus Imperial College London London, UK

Chris M. Bacon, MB ChB, PhD, BMedSci

Department of Histopathology Royal Free and University College Medical School

London, UK

Dean F. Bajorin, MD

Division of Solid Tumor Oncology Department of Medicine

Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA

Carsten Bokemeyer, MD

Department of Hematology/Oncology University of Tübingen, Germany George J. Bosl, MD

Department of Medicine

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

New York, NY, USA

R.S.K. Chaganti, PhD

Cell Biology Program and Department of Medicine

New York, NY, USA Simon Chowdhury, MB BS Department of Medicine Royal Marsden Hospital London, UK

Timothy J. Christmas, MD, FRCS(Urol) Department of Urology

Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London, UK

Gairin J. Dancey, MRCP

Department of Clinical Oncology Hammersmith Hospital

London, UK

Rosalind A. Eeles, MA, PhD, FRCP, FRCR

Cancer Genetics Unit Institute of Cancer Research Sutton, UK

Timothy G. Eisen, PhD, FRCP Renal, Melanoma and Lung Units Department of Medicine

Royal Marsden Hospital London, UK

Contributors

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xiv Contributors

Reena Engineer, DNB

Department of Radiation Oncology Tata Memorial Hospital

Mumbai, India

Mererid Evans, MB BCh, BSc, PhD, MRCP

Department of Radiotherapy Velindre Hospital

Cardiff, UK

Mark R. Feneley, MD, FRCS

Institute of Urology and Nephrology University College London and UCLH Foundation Trust

London, UK

Mayer N. Fishman, MD, PhD Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology

H. Lee Mofﬁtt Cancer Center and Research Institute

University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA

Alex Freeman, MB BS, MD, BSc Department of Histopathology Royal Free and University College Medical School

London, UK

Matthew D. Galsky, MD

Genitourinary Medical Oncology Service

Department of Medicine

New York, NY, USA

Simon C. Gamble, BSc, PhD Cancer Cell Biology Imperial College London London, UK

Thomas R. Geldart, MB BS, BSc, MRCP Wessex Medical Oncology Unit Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust

Southampton, UK

Roopinder Gillmore, MA, MRCP Department of Immunology Imperial College London London, UK

Martin Gore, MB BS, PhD, FRCP Department of Medicine Royal Marsden Hospital London, UK

T.R. Leyshon Grifﬁths, BSc, MD, FRCS Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine

University of Leicester Clinical Sciences Unit Leicester General Hospital Leicester, UK

Freddie C. Hamdy, MB ChB, MD, FRCS Academic Urology Unit

Division of Clinical Sciences (South) School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences University of Shefﬁeld

Royal Hallamshire Hospital Shefﬁeld, UK

Jeffrey M. Holzbeierlein, MD Department of Urology

University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA

Friedemann Honecker, MD Department of Pathology Josephine Nefkens Institute

Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam

Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center Rotterdam

The Netherlands and

Department of Hematology/Oncology University of Tübingen, Germany Jane Houldsworth, PhD

Cell Biology Program and Department of Medicine

New York, NY, USA

Sunjay Jain, BSc, MB BS, FRCS Urology Group

Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine

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xv Contributors

Roger S. Kirby, MA, MD, FRCS Department of Urology St George’s Hospital London, UK

David Kirk, BM BCh, MA, DM, FRCS Department of Urology

Gartnavel General Hospital Glasgow, UK

Margaret A. Knowles, PhD

Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre St James’s University Hospital Leeds, UK

Sashi S. Kommu, MB BS, BSc, MRCS Cancer Genetics Unit

Institute of Cancer Research Sutton, UK

L.H.J. Looijenga, MD Department of Pathology Josephine Nefkens Institute

Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Malcolm D. Mason, MD, FRCP, FRCR Section of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Medicine

Velindre Hospital Cardiff, UK Frank Mayer, MD

Department of Hematology/Oncology University of Tübingen, Germany Danish Mazhar, MA, MBBS, MRCP Cancer Centre

Division of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Hammersmith Campus Imperial College London, UK

Graham M. Mead, DM, FRCP, FRCR Wessex Medical Oncology Unit Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust

Southampton, UK

J. Kilian Mellon, MD, FRCS

Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine

Holger Moch, MD

Institute for Surgical Pathology Department Pathology

University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland Malcolm J. Moore, MD

Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology

Princess Margaret Hospital University Health Network Toronto, ON, Canada

Sarah Ngan, BMedSci, MBBS, MRCP Department of Medical Oncology Hammersmith Hospital NHS Trust London, UK

Jeremy L. Ockrim, MD, BSc, FRCS Department of Urology

Institute of Urology The Middlessex Hospital London, UK

J. Wolter Oosterhuis, MD, PhD Department of Pathology

Josephine Nefkens Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands Joshua Phillips, MBChB, MRCS Academic Urology Unit

Division of Clinical Sciences (South) School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences

University of Shefﬁeld Royal Hallamshire Hospital Shefﬁeld, UK

Rajiv Sarin, MD, FRCR

Department of Radiation Oncology Tata Memorial Hospital

Mumbai, India

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xvi Contributors

Gillian L. Smith, MD, FRCS Department of Urology Charing Cross Hospital London, UK

Srikala S. Sridhar, MD, MSc

Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology

Princess Margaret Hospital University Health Network Toronto, ON, Canada J. Brantley Thrasher, MD

Section of Urology/Department of Surgery

University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA

Hemant B. Tongaonkar, MS Urologic Oncology Service Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai, India

Mark A. Underwood, MB ChB, MD, FRCS

University Department of Urology Glasgow Royal Inﬁrmary, UK Jonathan Waxman, BSc, MD, FRCP Professor of Oncology

Faculty of Medicine Hammersmith Campus Imperial College London London, UK