Glossary
Abscess: A collection of pus in tissues, organs, or con- fined spaces, usually caused by bacterial infection.
Absorbed dose: Amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of target material.
ALARA: „As low as reasonably achievable“. A concept recommended by the US national regulatory commis- sion for safe radiation practice.
Amplitude image: A computer generated image repre- senting analysis of a process whereby each pixel in the heart is evaluated with respect to movement changes over time. The amplitude image shows the magnitude of blood ejected from each pixel within the ventricular chamber.
Anion: Negatively charged ion.
Ankylosing spondylitis: The most common type of spondyloarthropathy with chronic inflammatory changes leading to stiffening and fusion (ankylosis) of the spine and sacroiliac joints with a strong genetic pre- disposition associated with HLA B27. Other joints such as hips, knees and shoulders are involved in approxi- mately 30% of patients.
Antibody: A protein formed by the body to defend it against infection and other diseases.
Antisense oligonucleotides: Synthetic single-strand DNA (or RNA) molecules designed to bind with high affinity to the complementary sequences of mRNA.
Several antisense oligodeoxynucleotide pharmaceuti- cals have been developed as therapeutic agents that act to block protein synthesis by inactivating mRNA. This is the basis of antisense imaging.
Apophysis: An accessory secondary ossification center that develops late and forms a protrusion from the growing bone where tendons and ligaments insert or originate.
Apoptosis: A type (programmed) of cell death impli- cated in both normal and pathological tissue, designed
to eliminate unwanted host cells in an active process of cellular self-destruction effected by a dedicated set of gene products.
Atrophy: A decrease in size and function of the cell.
Attenuation: The reduction of radiation intensity dur- ing its passage through matter due to absorption, scat- ter or both.
Avulsion: Complete separation of tendons or liga- ments, with or without a portion of bone and/or carti- lage.
Beh¸cet’s syndrome: An uncommon disorder character- ized by recurrent oral and genital ulceration, uveitis, or retinal vasculitis, cutaneous pustules or erythema no- dosum or cutaneous pathergy and synovitis. The dis- ease is more common in Mediterranean countries and Japan than in the United States.
Biologic half-life: Time required for half of the radioac- tivity to be eliminated from the body or an organ.
Brodie’s abscess: An intraosseous abscess in the cortex that becomes walled off by reactive bone.
Bronchial circulation: Part of the high pressure sys- temic circulation that supplies oxygenated blood to the lung tissue itself.
Budd-Chiari syndrome: An uncommon condition usu- ally caused by thrombosis of the hepatic veins such as associated with polycythemia vera, following oral con- traceptive use or renal cell carcinoma with tumor in- volving veins. Sulfur colloid liver scan typically shows decreased uptake in the right lobe with increased up- take in the caudate lobe representing hypertrophy of that lobe.
Bystander effect: The directly irradiated cells commu- nicate with adjacent cells and spread the effect of radia- tion to a larger number of cells.
Chapter
Calcinosis cutis: A term used to describe a group of dis- orders in which calcium deposits form in the skin, sub- cutaneous tissue and connective tissue sheaths around the muscles but not within the muscles.
Calciphylaxis: A condition of soft tissue calcification affecting mainly patients with chronic renal failure.
The calcification involves the media of small and medi- um sized cutaneous arterioles with extensive intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis. There is also subcutaneous calcification and necrosis which may lead to sepsis, the main cause of morbidity which may be significant.
Cation: Positively charged ion.
Chemotaxis: Directional migration of leukocytes at varying rates of speed in interstitial tissue towards a chemotactic stimulus in the inflammatory focus.
Through chemoreceptors at multiple locations on their plasma membranes, the cells are able to detect where the highest concentrations are of chemotactic factors and to migrate in their direction.
Costochondritis (Tietze’s syndrome): This is a com- mon painful condition affecting the costochondral junction usually in young patients and is self limited.
The etiology remains unknown although trauma and infection are proposed. It can affect any rib but the first and second ribs are most commonly involved.
Chronic obstructive airway disease: Chronic bronchi- tis, emphysema, and bronchial asthma are collectively known as obstructive airway disease.
Colloid: A substance that will not easily diffuse through membranes when dissolved in a liquid.
Complex regional pain syndrome type I (reflex sym- pathetic dystrophy): A pain syndrome that usually de- velops after an initiating noxious event with no identi- fiable major nerve injury, is not limited to the distribu- tion of a single peripheral nerve, and is disproportional to the inciting event or expected healing response.
Connective tissue: Body tissue that provides and main- tain form in the body. It serves to connect and bind the cells and organs and gives support to the body. Unlike the other tissue types of the body that are formed main- ly by cells, the major constituent of connective tissue is its extracellular matrix, composed of protein fibers, an amorphous ground substance, and tissue fluid in addi- tion to cells such as fibroblasts, fat cells and bone cells.
Conn’s syndrome: Primary aldosteronism with in- creased production of aldosterone by abnormal zona glomerulosa (adenoma or hyperplasia) leading to hy-
pertension through the increased reabsorption of sodi- um and water from the distal tubules. A benign adeno- ma accounts for 75% of cases of this syndrome.
CPPD: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease, also called pseudogout and chondrocalcinosis, a type of crystal deposition arthropathy with such crys- tals deposited in cartilage, synovium, tendons, and lig- aments.
Cushing’s syndrome: A disease caused by abnormal stimulation of zona fasciculata of adrenal gland lead- ing to excessive secretion of cortisol. The stimulation of the zona fasciculata may be stimulated by excess ACTH from the pituitary gland, or less commonly the ectopic production of ACTH (as in small cell lung cancer and neural crest tumors) or corticotropin-re- leasing factor (CRF) (as in bronchial carcinoid and prostate cancer). The disease may also be due to au- tonomous adrenal cortisol production due to adre- nal adenoma, or hyperfunctioning adrenal carcino- ma.
Detector sensitivity: The ratio between the output and the input variable being measured.
Dose rate: Dose rate expresses the time for which dose is administered.
Dosimetry: A process of calculating the level of radia- tion exposure from a radioactive source.
Dystrophic calcification: A type of soft tissue calcifica- tion that occurs in the setting of normal serum calcium and phosphate levels and occurs in damaged, inflamed, neoplastic, or necrotic tissue.
Ectopic hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid disease due to abnormalities in ectopically located glands.
Effective half-life: Time required to reduce radioactivi- ty by half by a combination of physical and biologic elimination processes.
Endochondral ossification: Most of the skeleton forms by this type of ossification where a preexisting cartilage forms first and then undergoes ossification.
Enteropathic arthropathies: Arthropathies associated with inflammatory bowel diseases including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease, intestinal bypass surgery and celiac disease.
Entheses: The sites of insertion of tendons, ligaments
and articular capsule to bone.
Enthesopathies: A pathologic process affecting enthe- ses particularly trauma and or inflammation resulting in regional periosteal reaction with osteoblastic bone activity.
Epididymis: A comma shaped structure lying on the testicle on its posterolateral surface.
Epididymitis: An inflammatory condition affecting the epididymis usually in adults secondary to infection or following trauma. Bacteria usually reach the epididy- mis from the prostate, seminal vesicles, urethra or un- commonly hematogenously.
Erythropoiesis: The formation of mature red blood cells in the bone marrow starting with the first stem cell progeny committed to erythroid differentiation and ending with the release of red cells into the circulation.
Eutopic hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid disease with typical location of glands.
Exudate: An inflammatory extravascular fluid with a high protein content, much cellular debris, and a spe- cific gravity above 1.020. This is the hallmark of acute inflammation, which may also be called exudative in- flammation. It indicates significant alteration in the normal permeability of small blood vessels in the re- gion of injury.
Fibrous dysplasia: A benign bone disorder character- ized by the presence of the fibrous tissue in lesions of trabeculae of nonlamellar bone (woven bone), which remains essentially unchanged.
First-pass radionuclide angiography: Examination of the initial transit of a radionuclide bolus through the different major vascular compartments can provide in- formation about the function of each chamber.
Flare pattern on bone scan: An initial apparent deteri- oration of primary or some or all metastatic lesions on the bone scan, followed by improvement usually ac- companying successful treatment.
Fracture delayed union: Fracture union is delayed be- yond the expected time (usually 9 months).
Fracture non-union: Complete cessation of repair pro- cess of a fracture.
Fracture: A break in the continuity of a bone.
Ganglioneuroma: A benign tumor found in older chil- dren and young adults that is most commonly present in the adrenal medulla and the posterior mediastinum.
The tumor consists of mature ganglion cells and is well encapsulated; it is frequently calcified and rarely hor- mone active.
Gas exchange airways: Consists of the more distal bronchioles (respiratory) and the alveoli that are lined by nonciliated mucus membrane.
Gene therapy: A method designed to manipulate the expression of genes in order to inhibit tumor growth.
Gout: A metabolic disorder that results in hyperurice- mia and leads to deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals in various sites in the body, espe- cially joint cartilage.
Heterotopic ossification: A specific type of soft tissue calcification that may or may not follow trauma and is due to a complex pathogenetic mechanism believed to be due to transformation of certain primitive cells of mesenchymal origin in the connective tissue septa within muscles, into bone forming cells.
Hibernated myocardium: Hibernation occurs in myo- cardium that has undergone a downregulation of con- tractile function, thus reducing cellular demand for en- ergy, in response to chronic ischemia. It requires the restoration of blood flow in order to improve function.
Homeostasis: The term describing maintenance of stat- ic, or constant, conditions in the internal environment by means of positive and negative feedback of informa- tion.
Hydrocephalus: Conditions that produce imbalance between the rate of production and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid, leading to dilatation of the ventric- ular system. They may result from obstruction to the flow and absorption of CSF or rarely from overproduc- tion of CSF.
Hyperplasia: An increase in cell number.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An idiopathic process that affects mainly the LV myocardium, but the right ventricle may also be involved. Other causes of myocar- dial hypertrophy such as systemic hypertension and aortic valve stenosis must first be excluded.
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: A form of periostitis that may be painful and may be associated with club- bing of fingers and toes, sweating and thickening of skin. It may be primary or follows a variety of patholog- ic conditions predominantly intrathoracic and is char- acterized by periosteal new bone formation.
Glossary
551
Hypertrophy: An increase in cell size which can lead to enlargement of an organ or part of it.
Immigrant cells: The cells that travel transiently through blood or lymph and enter connective tissue as needed. These cells include erythrocytes (red blood cells), granulocytes , monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and platelets.
Impingement syndromes: A group of painful condi- tions caused by friction of joint tissue which include bone impingement, soft tissue impingement and en- trapment neuropathy depending on the type of tissue involved.
Inflammation: A complex nonspecific tissue reaction to injury by living agents such as bacteria and viruses lead- ing to infection, or nonliving agents including chemical, physical, immunologic or radiation injurious agents.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): An idiopathic dis- ease, probably involving an immune reaction of the body to its own intestinal tract. The two major types of IBD are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
Information density: The count number per square centimeter within an image.
Intensity: A term describing the energy or number of particles passing through an area unit per unit of time.
Intramembranous ossification: Occurs through the transformation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts seen in flat bones of the skull, part of the mandible and part of the clavicle.
Involucrum: A layer of new bone formation around the site of skeletal infection formed secondary to the body response to infection.
Ionizing radiation: A radiation that causes ionization (production of ion pair) when passing through a mate- rial.
Isotope dilution: Diluting a radiotracer (or tracer) of known activity (or mass) in an unknown volume. By measuring the degree to which the radiotracer was di- luted by the unknown volume, one can determine the total volume (or mass) of the unknown volume.
Jodbasedow: The condition of iodine-induced hyper- thyroidism, which characteristically occurs in persons with nodular thyroid glands after iodine supplementa- tion in endemic goiter areas. Iodine-containing medi- cal products, including amiodarone, radiographic dyes, and kelp, may also cause jodbasedow.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus: The afferent arteriole has specialized smooth muscle cells called juxtaglomerular (JG) cells that form this system and store renin and stretch receptors which respond to changes in arteriolar pressure. The system releases renin when stimulated.
Lactase deficiency: A common cause of malabsorption that is found in 15% of Caucasian, 50% of blacks and about 90% of Asians. Often, patients may have partial lactase deficiency that causes symptoms but not full- blown malabsorption syndrome. Treatment is to avoid lactose-containing dairy products (milk, ice cream, and cheese), and use lactose enzymes to aid in digestion.
Lisfranc injury: Fracture or fracture dislocation of tar- sometatarsal joints.
List mode: An acquisition method for cardiac blood pool studies in patients with arrhythmias. Following acquisition of cardiac gated blood pool study, each in- dividual beat can be reviewed to eliminate atrial or ven- tricular premature beats that exceed a determined R-R interval duration (arrhythmia rejection). The accept- able beats can then be framed in the most appropriate timing interval for the type of analysis needed.
Lower respiratory airways: Trachea, bronchi, bronchi- oles, and alveolar ducts connected by the larynx.
Maffucci syndrome: A nonhereditary disorder charac- terized by multiple enchondromas and multiple bony hemangiomas.
Malunion: Healing of a bone in a nonanatomic orienta- tion.
Marine-Lenhart syndrome: Grave’s disease with inci- dentally functioning nodule(s) which are responsive to thyroid stimulating hormone. It is not responsive to thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. It appears as cold but after successful treatment with radioiodine, it will show uptake on follow-up thyroid scan since TSH level starts to rise.
Mast cells: The secretory cells that mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These cells are distributed along blood vessels in connective tissue. Stimulation of these cells by a variety of stimuli such as mechanical trauma, heat, X-rays and toxins induces secretion of their granule contents, mainly histamine.
Megaloblastosis: A morphological abnormality that
occurs predominantly in the erythroid precursor cells
in the bone marrow and in other replicating cells in hu-
man subjects due to deficiency of vitamin B
12and folate
or metabolic abnormalities involving these vitamins.
MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia): An autosomal dominant syndrome that involves hyperfunctioning of two or more endocrine organs. Primary hyperparathy- roidism, pancreatic endocrine tumors, and anterior pi- tuitary gland neoplasms characterize type 1 MEN. Med- ullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and hy- perparathyroidism caused by parathyroid gland hyper- plasia characterize type MEN 2A. MEN 2B is defined by medullary thyroid tumor and pheochromocytoma.
Metachondromatosis: A hereditary (autosomal domi- nant) disorder characterized by the presence of multi- ple enchondromas and osteochondromas.
Metaplasia: An alteration of cell differentiation.
Metastatic calcification: The type of soft tissue calcifi- cation that involves viable undamaged normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia associated with increased calcium phosphate product locally or systematically.
Monoclonal antibody: An antibody derived from a sin- gle clone of cells and hence binds only to one unique epitope.
Moyamoya disease: A noninflammatory, nonatheros- clerotic, nonamyloid vasculopathy characterized by chronic progressive stenosis or occlusion of the termi- nal internal carotid arteries. It occurs mainly under the age of 10 with a smaller peak during the 4th decade. It presents with transient ischemic attacks and occasion- ally headache and seizures. Intracranial hemorrhage is the serious complication.
Murine antibody: An antibody produced by mouse.
Mutation: Any inherited change in the genetic material involving irreversible alterations in the sequence of DNA nucleotides.
Myositis ossificans progressive: The congenital and rare form of heterotopic ossification.
Necrosis: Cellular death resulting from the progressive degradative action of enzymes on the lethally injured cells, ultimately leading to the processes of cellular swelling, dissolution, and rupture. The morphological appearance of necrosis is the result of denaturation of proteins and enzymatic digestion (autolysis or hetero- lysis) of the cell.
Nephron: The functional unit of the kidney. It consists of a glomerulus and a tubule. Urine is formed as a result of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tu- bular secretion.
Neuroblastoma: A malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system of childhood. It accounts for up to 10%
of childhood cancers and 15% of cancer deaths among children. Seventy-five percent of neuroblastoma pa- tients are younger than 4 years. The tumor has the po- tential to mature into pheochromocytoma or ganglio- neuroma.
Nonuniformity: A term describing variations of inten- sity of an image.
Ollier disease: A nonhereditary disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas with a predilection for uni- lateral distribution.
Osteochondritis dissecans: Transchondral fracture with fragmentation and separation of portions of carti- lage or cartilage and bone which is most prevalent in adolescents.
Osteomalacia: Abnormal mineralization of bone with a decrease in bone density secondary to lack of both cal- cium and phosphorus with no decrease in the amount of osteoid (bone formation).
Osteomyelitis: A term applied to skeletal infection when it involves the bone marrow.
Osteopetrosis: A rare inherited metabolic bone disease characterized by a generalized increase in skeletal mass due to a congenital defect in the development or function of the osteoclasts leading to defective bone resorption.
Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone tissue amount in- creasing the likelihood of fractures.
Oxalosis: Deposition of calcium oxalate crystals that leads to arthropathy.
Pair production: When a photon with energy greater than 1.02 MeV is converted into an electron and a posi- tron the process is called pair production. It occurs when the high energetic photon passes through a strong electric field.
Paraganglioma: Pheochromocytoma arising at sites other than adrenal medulla (extra-adrenal).
Parkinson’s disease: A neurologic disorder character- ized by tremor, rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia and postural instability.
Pathologic fracture: A fracture at a site of preexisting abnormalities that weakens bone.
Glossary
553
Phase image: A computer generated image represent- ing evaluation of each pixel in the heart with respect to count changes over time. This helps identify abnormal timing of ventricular contraction.
Pheochromocytoma: A rare tumor arising from chro- maffin cells of the adrenal medulla. It commonly pro- duces excessive amounts of norepinephrine, attribut- able to autonomous functioning of the tumor, although large tumors secrete both norepinephrine and epi- nephrine and in some cases also dopamine. Releasing the catecholamine into the circulation causes hyperten- sion and other signs.
Physical half-life: Time required for half of a radioac- tivity to decay.
Plantar fasciitis (calcaneal periosteitis): An inflamma- tory condition that can occur as an isolated entity such as secondary to occupation, degenerative or it may ac- company spondyloarthropathies.
Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci): An opportunistic path-
ogen currently classified as a fungus. It causes an infec- tion leading to significant morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus and nonhuman im- munodeficiency virus-associated immunosuppressed patients although it also occurs in nonimmunocom- promised patients.
Podagra: A term describing affection of the metatarso- phalangeal joint of the great toe in gout and the most typical finding of gouty arthritis.
Primary hyperparathyroidism: Hyperparathyroidism caused by neoplastic or hyperplastic parathyroid glands or when nonparathyroid tumors such as bron- chogenic or renal cell carcinomas secrete ectopically parathyroid hormone or a biologically similar product.
Pseudoarthrosis: A gap between the fracture bone ends containing a space filled with fluid. Also termed false joint.
Pulmonary circulation: A low-pressure, low-resistance system through which oxygen enters and carbon diox- ide is removed.
Radiolabeling: The process of attaching radioactive isotope.
Reactive arthritis (Reiter’s disease): A syndrome char- acterized by a combination of nongonococcal urethri- tis, arthritis and conjunctivitis.
Renal osteodystrophy: A metabolic condition of bone associated with chronic renal failure.
Resolution: Ability to separate or discriminate very close quantities by a detector.
Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease causing inflammation of connective tissue mainly in the joints with synovial inflammatory response triggered by im- mune complexes in the blood and synovial tissue through activation of plasma protein complement. This inflammation spreads from the synovial membrane to the articular cartilage, joint capsule and the surround- ing tendons and ligaments leading to pain, loss of func- tion and joint deformity.
SAPHO syndrome: A syndrome characterized by syno- vitis, acne, palmoplantar pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis. The small and large joints of the feet, ankles, knees, hips, sacroiliac joints, and shoulders are affected by the synovitis.
Sarcoidosis: A multisystem granulomatous disorder, occurring most commonly in young adults, more com- monly in blacks and in temperate areas with an un- known etiology, but it is believed to be due to exagger- ated cellular immune response on the part of helper/in- ducer T lymphocytes to exogenous or autoantigens.
Scattered radiation: This term describes radiation that during its passage through a substance deviates in di- rection with possible loss of energy.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Hyperparathyroid- ism due to compensatory hyperplasia of parathyroids in response to hypocalcemia.
Septic tenosynovitis: An inflammatory condition af- fecting generally the flexor tendons of the hands and feet of diabetic patients and resulting from penetrating injuries or spread of infection from a contiguous focus of infection.
Sequestrum: Segmental bone necrosis that develops when normal blood supply to the bone is interrupted by the edema and ischemia produced by the inflamma- tion.
Shin splints: Periosteal elevation with reactive bone formation secondary to extreme tension on muscles or muscle groups inserting on bones.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: Displacement of the proximal femoral epiphysis or simply femoral head from the femoral neck at the site of the growth plate during the growth condition.
Spondyloarthropathies: A group of seronegative ar-
thropathies formerly called rheumatoid variants that
share common clinical and radiographic features with characteristic involvement of the sacroiliac joints, spine, and to various degrees the peripheral joints, which are linked to HLA B27 histocompatibility anti- gen and include ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic ar- thritis , reactive arthritis (Reiter’s disease), and entero- pathic spondylitis.
Spondylolysis: A loss of continuity of bone of the neu- roarch of the vertebra due to stress or trauma.
Spondylolisthesis: Forward movement of one vertebra on another usually as a result of fracture of the neuro- arch.
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH): An in- creasingly recognized condition due to CSF leak with- out apparent prior cause. It can cause postural head- ache, which in this case is secondary to low CSF pres- sure.
Sprains: Tears to tendons.
Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells in adults known also as pluripotent cells, precursor cells that are not totally committed to a specific function.
Strains: Tears to ligaments.
Stress fracture: A pathologic condition of bone due to repeated episodes of stress; each is less forceful than that needed to cause acute fracture of the bony cortex.
Stunned myocardium: Continued dysfunction due to ischemia-induced oxidative stress.
Synovial joints: Specialized joints found mainly in the appendicular skeleton and which allow free motion.
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism: The condition of pa- tients who develop hypercalcemia following long- standing secondary hyperparathyroidism due to the development of autonomous parathyroid hyperplasia, which may not regress after correction of the underly- ing condition, as with renal transplantation.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): A tripeptide originating from the hypothalamic median eminence, which stimulates the secretion and synthesis of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary.
Toddler’s fracture: Fracture in preschool children which is typically a nondisplaced spiral fracture of the mid tibia but also involves other fractures including the fibula, calcaneus, talus, metatarsal and cuboid bones in this age group.
Transient synovitis: A joint inflammation of unknown origin and self-limited course affecting most frequently boys between 5 and 10 years of age. It was known as tox- ic synovitis and affects preferentially the hip or knee and subsides without antibiotics.
T-score: A parameter used to express bone mineral density by relating an individual’s bone density to the mean BMD of healthy young adults, matched for gen- der and ethnic group.
Tumor grading: Grading is a scheme that attempts to determine the degree of malignancy and is based on the evaluation of certain parameters such as degree of tumor cellularity, resemblance of tumor cells to their normal forebears morphologically and functionally, cellular pleomorphism or anaplasia, mitotic activity (number and abnormality), and necrosis.
Tumoral calcinosis: A type of soft tissue calcification characterized by large, calcified, periarticular soft-tis- sue masses of calcium phosphate near the large joints such as the hip, the shoulder, and the elbow, in addition to the wrist, feet, and hands.
Uniformity correction: Addition or subtraction of counts to the image in order to correct for flood field ir- regularities.
Upper respiratory airways: Nasopharynx and orophar- ynx.
Ventilation: The process by which air flows in and out of the gas exchange airways.
Ventricular ejection fraction: The stroke volume divid- ed by the end-diastolic volume.
Whipple’s disease: A systemic bacterial illness usually affecting middle age men causing malabsorption and presenting diarrhea, arthritis, fever, weight loss, swol- len lymph nodes and skin pigmentation. It is diagnosed mainly by a small bowel biopsy through an endoscope, and the treatment is antibiotics for 1 year or longer.
Wolff-Chaikoff effect: An intrathyroid autoregulatory mechanism other than the hypothalamus-pituitary- thyroid axis mechanism. When intrathyroid iodine concentrations are significantly increased, the rate of thyroid hormone synthesis is decreased, with a reduc- tion in iodothyronine synthesis and a decrease in the DIT/MIT ratio.
Woven bone: Immature nonlamellar bone that is later normally converted to lamellar bone.
Glossary
555
Z-score: A parameter used to express bone mineral
density by comparing the bone density value of an indi-
vidual to the mean value expected for his/her age
matched peer.
Subject Index
Abscess 70
abscess, abdominal 71, 79, 142 – categories of 71
– CT scan in 80, 85 – Ga67imaging of 80, 85
– radiolabeled leukocyte in 71, 72, 80, 85 absorbed radiation dose 547
– of medical sources 547 – of natural sources 547
– of radionuclide cystography 515 acalculous acute cholecystitis 426 acetylcholinesterase 466
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 74, 82 – and pneumocystis carnii pneumonia 74, 320 active mediated transport 24
acute cholecystitis 424, 425, 427 – acalculous 427
– and duodenogastric reflux 401 – ultrasonography 426
acute osteomyelitis 142 acute pyelonephritis 74, 510 adenoma
– adrenal 148 – parathyroid 225, 226 – thyroid, non-toxic 215 – thyroid, toxic 215, 522 – 524
adenosine, in myocardial stressing 355, 360, 361 adenosine triphoshatase 52
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 4, 16, 22, 30, 38 adrenal gland 44, 238, 550
– adenoma 239 – anatomy of 238
– carcinoma of 239, 240, 243 – cortex of 238, 239, 240 – medulla of 240 – scintigraphy of 239, 241
adrenergic presynaptic receptors and storage 44 adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 44, 240
aerosol(s), Tc99m, ventilation lung scans with 32, 36, 307, 313, 314, 315
affinity, of antibodies 490, 491
AIDS see acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS-related sclerosing cholangitis 440 aldosterone 238, 239
aldosteronism 239, 240 Alzheimer’s disease 57, 466 androgens 238, 239 angiogenesis 19, 62, 68, 267 – in inflammation 68, 200 – in neoplasia 267, 268, 281 – 283 angiotensin 252
– converting enzyme 252 – inhibitors 253, 254, 257
ankylosing spondylitis 177 antibody(ies) 486 – affinity of 489 – 491 – avidity of 489, 490 – fragments 488, 489 – in immunoscintigraphy 486 – monoclonal 489, 490
– in radioimmunotherapy 489, 530 antidiuretic hormone 250 antisense imaging 46
aortic regurgitation see valvular heart disease aortic valve stensosis see valvular heart disease aplastic anemia, radiation induced 546
apoptosis 5, 19, 26 – 28, 31, 62, 98, 164, 274, 282, 530, 537, 543, 549
arbutamine, in myocardial stressing 361 arrhythmia 332, 333
arthritis 176 – 179
– ankylosing spondylitis 177 – Enteropathic 179
– gouty 178
– infectious (septic) 150 – rheumatoid 177 – osteoarthritis 178 – types of 178
arthropathy(ies) 176 – 179 ascites 406, 407
asplenia 124, 125
asthma, bronchial see bronchial asthma ATP see adenosine triphosphate atresia, biliary 437, 438 atrophy 30, 549 – cerebral 484 – disuse 177 – renal cortical 254 – splenic 124 autistic disorder 476 autoimmune thyroiditis 218
avascular necrosis 152 (see also osteonecrosis) Barrett’s esophagus 396
benign tumor(s) 265 – of adrenal 241 – of bone 184 – 190 – of liver 422
– of parathyroid 225, 226 – of salivary glands 406 bile 420
– ducts 420 – leak 438
– – scintigraphy of 438 – 440 biliary atresia 437, 438 biliary scintigraphy 421 – 440
– of acute cholecystitis 424 – of bile leak 438 – 440
– of hepatocellular carcinoma 421 – morphine augmented 426 – with CCK intervention 427 – 432 bilirubin 420, 421
bleeding, gastrointestinal 405, 406 – scintigraphic localization of 410, 411 blood-brain barrier (BBB) 16, 36, 452 blood pool scintigraphy
– basis of 85 – in osteomyelitis 142 – in scrotal scintigraphy 517 blount disease 153
bone marrow 91, 134 – in avascular necrosis 153 – blood flow to 133 – imaging of 66, 126
– normal distribution of 91, 134, 135 – prenatal and postnatal 96 – weight of 97
bone matrix 133 bone metastases 193 – bone response to 194 – classification of 195 – distribution of 194 – mechanism of 193 – scintigraphy of 196 – 200 – sequelae of 196 – sources of 195
bone pain, palliative treatment of 526 – 529 – basis of 528
– patient preparation 528
– radiopharmaceutical for 526 – 528 bone remodeling 133, 134
bone scintigraphy 142 – 200 bone tumor(s) 184 – 200 – classification 184 – 188 – metastatic 192 – 200 – origin of 184 – primary 184 – 188 – scintigraphy of 188 – 193 brain 448 (see also cerebral entries) – anatomy 448, 449
brain tumors 477
– F-18 FDG, imaging with 480 – imaging of 477 – 480
– necrosis Vs recurrence 477 – 479 – Tc99m Sestamibi, imaging with 456, 457 – Thallium-201, imaging with 455, 456 breast cancer 286, 287
– bone metastases of 195
– growth factor receptors expression at 272 – sentinel node of 501
breath test 414, 415
– in helicobacter pylori infection 414, 415 – in lactose intolerance 415
– in malabsorption 415 bronchial asthma 325 – pathophysiology of 325
– ventilation-perfusion scan of 325 bronchial obstruction 325 bronchiectasis 325 bystander effect 541
calcification, soft tissue 179 – 184 – dystrophic 179
– heterotopic bone formation 181 – 183
– metastatic 179 Calcinosis cutis 183, 184 – circumscripta 184 – universalis 184 Calciphylaxis 184, 185 calcium 16, 30, 224
– channel blocking agents 254 cancer 268
– familial 275 – genes and 270 – heriditary 275 – pain and 526 – radiation and 545 capillary blockade 35 captopril renography 253, 254 carcinoid disease 530
carcinoma 266 (see also Malignant Tumor(s); specific neoplasm)
– hepatocellular 269, 271 – of the lung 287, 293, 327 – staging of 53 – 55, 286, 327 – of the thyroid 211, 212, 524 – 526 cardiac see heart entries
cardiac function 331, 332 – scintigraphic evaluation of 336 cardiac muscle 16, 331
– contraction of 331, 332 – electrical excitation of 331 cardiac shunt evaluation 349 – left-to-right shunt 349
– radionuclide imaging for 349, 350 – right-to-left shunt 350
cardiac transplant evaluation 366, 383 cardiomyopathies 335
– dilated cardiomyopathy 335 – hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 335 – restrictive cardiomyopathy 335 cardiotoxicity
– evaluation of 345 – monitoring of 345 cardiotoxins 345
cataract, radiation induced 546
CCK 427, 430 – 435 (see also cholecystokinin) CCK receptors 430 – 432
cell 1
– to cell interaction 20 – cycle 11, 542
– death 26 – 28, 31, 62, 524, 543 – division 11
– proliferation 41 – reproduction 11
– signaling and cellular receptors 20 – structure and function 2
– transformation and differentiation 13 – types 14
cell membrane transport 22
– transmission of electrical impulses 25, 26 – transport by vesicle formation 25 cellular adaptations 30
central nervous system 448 – anatomy of 448
– radiopharmaceuticals for 450 cerebral blood flow, regional 448, 450 cerebral cortex 448
cerebral infarction 463 – 468
cerebral metabolism, regional 452, 461 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 483 – leak of 483
– physiology of 483 – scintigraphy of 484, 485 cerebrovascular disease 463, 464 – diamox, use in 463
– SPECT imaging of 463
– transient ischemic attack (TIA) 464, 469 chemotactic peptide 77, 78
chemotaxis 69 chest pain 365 chicken serum 120
chief cells, parathyroid 223 – 225
cholangitis, sclerosing 440 (see also sclerosing cholangitis) cholecystectomy, laparoscopic 438
cholecystitis 424 – acalculous 427 – acute 424
– chronic acalculous 429 – duodenogastric reflux and 401 cholecystokinin 427, 430 – 435 – receptors 430 – 432 choledochal cyst 437, 440 cholescintigraphy 420 – 440 – rim sign in 429 cholestasis 436, 437 cholesterosis 432 chondroma 185 chromosomes 6 – 12
chronic acalculous biliary diseases 429 chronic autoimmune thyroiditis 217 chronic osteomyelitis 138, 148 chronic pyelonephritis 75, 76, 510, 511
cisternography, of cerebrospinal fluid flow 483 – 485 clear cell 223
cobalamin 116, 120 – deficiency of 114 common bile duct 396 – obstruction 436 compact bone 132
complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) 158, 159 (see also reflex sympathetic dystrophy)
computed tomography (CT) – in abdominal abscess 81 – 85 – in adrenal tumors 240, 241 – in brain tumors 477
– in parathyroid localization 228 – in skeletal infections 151 – and tumor morphology 297 – in urinary tract infection 512 congestive heart failure 344, 345 – assessment of 345
– prognosis of 345 Conn’s syndrome 239
coronary artery disease 346, 352 – acute coronary syndromes of 353 – 355 – clinical manifestation of 355
– imaging of 346 – 348, 364 – 370 – pathophysiology of 352 coronary artery(ies) 330, 331 – disease 352
– imaging of 355
– normal anatomy 330, 331 cosmic rays 541
C-reactive protein 71 CREST syndrome 320, 398
CRPS see complex regional pain syndrome CT see computed tomography
Cushing’s syndrome 239 Cyclosporine 262
cystic duct 420 – syndrome 431 cystic fibrosis 327
– sclerosing cholangitis in 440 – ventilation-perfusion scan in 327 cystography, radionuclide 515 cytoplasm 4
cytoskeleton 6
deep vein thrombosis 309
degenerative joint disease see osteoarthritis dementia 464
deoxyuridine suppression test 122 De Quervain’s (subacute) thyroiditis 217 dermatomyositis 397, 401
diabetic foot 139 – osteomyelitis of 144
– pathologic changes in 139, 140 diagnosis of coronary artery disease 214 diamox 463
diastolic function 392 diffusion 29
dipyridamole 361
diskitis 138, 139 (see also spondylodiskitis) diuretic renography 255
diuretics, loop 250 DNA 1, 6, 489, 490 – and gene expression 6, 7 – recombination 9 – replication 8 – structure 7 – transcription 9 dobutamine 361
dopamine receptor 458 – 460 duodenal ulcer 414 duodenogastric reflux 401
dysnomia, in primary progressive aphasia 470 dystrophic calcification 31, 179
ejection fraction, gall bladder 430 – 432 ejection fraction, ventricular 332, 363 embolism, pulmonary see pulmonary embolism emphysema 323
– types of 323 – 325
– 133Xe ventilation imaging of 325 Enchondroma 185
endoplasmic reticulum 5 epididymitis 516, 517 epilepsy 470 epinephrine 238, 239
equilibrium radionuclide angiography 336 – amplitude analysis in 342
– diastolic function evaluation in 342 – ejection fraction calculations and 341 – frame mode in 338
– image acquisition 337 – image analysis 338 – image processing 338 – in vitro technique 336 – in vivo technique 336 – modes of acquisition 337 – modified in vitro technique 336 – phase analysis 341
– qualitative evaluation 341 – radiopharmaceuticals of 336 Erbium-169 citrate colloid 532 erythropoiesis 100
erythropoietin 100
Subject Index
559
esophageal transit 407 esophagus 395 – disorders of 397 – lower sphincter of 396 – upper sphincter of 395
exercise radionuclide angiography 343 extramedullary hematopoiesis 96 exudate 69
– fibrous exudate 69 – hemorrhagic 69 – serous exudate 69 – suppurative 69
F-18FDG see Fluorine-18-2-fluoro-D-deoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) entries
facilitated diffusion 50, 51 fatty marrow 134 Fe-59 104 – 106 Fe-59 T1/2 105 fenokinetics 104 – 106 fibrous dysplasia 159, 160
first-pass radionuclide angiography 343, 346 flare phenomenon 197, 199, 200
flow phase, of skeletal scintigraphy 151, 152
fluorine 18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18-FDG) 50, 61 – in adrenal tumors 246
– in Alzheimer’s disease 57, 466 – in bone metastases 199, 200 – in brain tumors 480 – in colorectal cancer 405
– in complex regional pain syndrome 159 – in epilepsy 471
– in metabolic tumor cell stunning 297 – in parathyroid gland localization 231 – in primary bone tumors 188 – 192 – in stunned myocardium 378 – in thyroid tumors 212, 527 – tumor uptake of 280 – 286
focal nodular hyperplasia, of liver 423 folate deficiency 116 – 122
foreign body(ies), ventilation-perfusion imaging of 325 fractures 160
– classification of 161 – delayed union of 164 – fatigue fractures 162 – healing of 164
– insufficiency fractures 162 – malunion of 164
– non union of 164 – stress fractures 162 free radicals 541 Freiberg’s disease 153 functional brain imaging – acquisition of 460 – 462 – image registration for 461 – metabolic tracers and 460 – receptor binding agents in 452, 458 – SPECT in 460
furosemide, in renal scintigraphy 255
Ga-67 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 77 (see also Gallium-67 entries) Ga-67 diffuse pulmonary uptake of 196, 197
Ga-67 scintigraphy
– amiodrone toxicity and 83
– in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 322 – in inflammatory disease 77 – 83 – in osteomyelitis 146 – 151 – sarcodosis and 323
– in tumors 279 – 289
– in urinary tract infection 513 gall bladder 419 – 440
– disorder(s) 431, 432 – ejection fraction of 430 – 432 – function of 429
Gallium-67 37, 38, 40, 41, 77, 146 – 151 ganglioneuroma 241
gastric emptying 400, 408 gastric mucosa, ectopic 406, 412 gastric ulcer 414
gastroesophageal reflux disease 398
gastrointestinal bleeding study(ies) 405, 406, 410 – 412 gastrointestinal syndrome, radiation induced 545 gated radionuclide ventriculopathy see equilibrium radio-
nuclide angiography
gated Tc-99m-sestamibi imaging 363 gene imaging 46
– imaging of reporter gene 46 gene mutation 9
genetic effects of radiation 546
genetic mutations and cellular oncogenes 270 genitourinary scintigraphy 249, 509
genomic instability 542
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 249 glomerulus 249
glycolysis 22 goiter 210 – 215 goitrogens
– in chemicals 215 – in food 215 Golgi complex 5 gout see arthritis; Gouty grading, of tumor 266 Graves’ disease 211, 522 – 524
Hashimoto’s disease see chronic autoimmune thyroiditis heart 217, 218
heart failure 332 – causes of 332
heart scintigraphy see myocardial perfusion and eqilibrium radionuclide studies
hemangioma 188, 422 – bone 188
– hepatic 422 – SPECT and 422
– Tc99m labeled RBC and 422 hematopoiesis 91
hematopoiesis, extramedullary 96 hematopoietic growth factors 97 hematopoietic nutrients 101 hematopoietic stem cells 98 hematopoietic syndrome 544 hematopoietic tissues 91, 96 heme 101
hepatic ducts 420
hepatobiliary imaging 423 – 434 hepatocellular adenoma 423 hepatocellular carcinoma 421 – alpha feto protein and 269 – Tc-99m-IDA in 421 – treatment of 535 hepatocyte 420, 421
heterotopic bone formation 179 – 182
HAMA see human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) see Acquired immu-
nodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) high turnover disorders 177
histamine 68
Holmium-166 tetraphosphate 534 Holmium-166 ferric hydroxide 533 Hormesis 544
human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response 490 human polyclonal immunoglobulin 78
hydrocephalus, communicating, radionuclide imaging of 351 hydronephrosis 255, 510
hydroxyapatite 33, 35, 133, 135 hyperbilirubinemia 434 – neonatal 437
hyperemia, in inflammation 85 hyperparathyroidism 224 – 228 – management of 227 – primary 224 – secondary 225 – tertiary 225
– thyroid carcinoma and 224 hyperplasia 30
hypertension 333 – pulmonary 320 – renovascular 252 hyperthyroidism 218 – iodine excess and 214 – iodine related 214 – Graves’disease and 211 – treatment of 522
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy 176 hypertrophy 30
I-131 6-iodomethyl-19-norcholesteral 240
I-131 labeled orthoiodohippurate (OIH), renal imaging with 251
I-131 MIBG (metaiodobenzyl gounidine) 529 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 196
IgG 486, 487 – structure of 487 IgM 489
imaging of cardiac transplant rejection 363 imaging gene expression 46
imaging of the spleen 80, 352, 353 iminodiacetic acid derivatives 421 immunoglobulin molecule 488
In-111-DTPA see Indium-111-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (In-111-DTPA)
In-111 Octreotide 244
In 111 WBC see Indium-111-labeled-leukocyte Incidental adrenal masses 247
Indium-111-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (In-111- DTPA), in CSF imaging 484, 485
Indium-111-labeled antimyosin imaging – for myocardial infarct 374
– for skeletal muscle injury 165 In-111-labeled leukocytes 77, 78
Indium-111-labeled leukocyte imaging in urinary tract infection 513
Indium-111-labeled leukocyte, vs. Gallium-67, in infections 77
infantile osteomyelitis 136 infarct-imaging agents 373 infection imaging 79 inflammation 67 – acute 68 – chronic 70 – classification 67 – definition of 67
inflammatory bowel disease 72, 81, 404, 405, 412, 413 inflammatory disease, Ga-67 imaging of 80
infract-avid imaging 372 injury see trauma
interstitial pulmonary fibrosis 74, 320 intrahepatic cholestasis 436, 437 involucrum 138
Iodine 38, 210, 211, 522 – deficiency of 213 – excess of 214 – organification of 210 – oxidation of 210
– transport mechanism of 38, 210 Iodine-123 211
Iodine-131 211 Ionization 540
ionizing radiation 9, 540 – positive health effects 547 iron 90
– absorption of 104 – erythropoiesis and 101 – intracellular regulation of 103 – mechanism of transport of 106 – metabolism of 103
– plasma clearance 105 isotope dilution 35
jaundice, neonatal see neonatal hyperbilirubinemia joint(s), infection of 137, 138
juxtaglomular apparatus 250 kidney(s) see renal entries Kienbock’s disease 153 Kohler’s disease 153 Kupffer’s cells 39, 419, 420
– and focal nodular hyperplasia 423 – and hepatocelluar carcinoma 423 labeled liposomes 77 – 79
laparoscopic cholecystectomy 438 learning disabilities 476
left ventricular diastolic dysfunction 332 left ventricular ejection fraction 332 left ventricular function 332 left ventricular function curve 332 left ventricular performance 332 left ventricular systolic dysfunction 332 Legg-Calve-Perthes disease 154
leukemia, symmetrical involvement, bone scans in 199 leukemia, diffuse uptake in bone scan 198
leukocyte 69, 70 – diapedesis of 69
– imaging see labeled leukocyte imaging – labeled 33, 34, 36, 77 – 82
– margination of 69 ligament of Treitz 406 liver see also Hepatic entries – anatomy 419
– ascites 406 – function 420
– scintigraphy see also biliary scintigraphy – – of hemangioma 422
– – of hepatocellular carcinoma 421, 422 – – of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia 437, 438 – – radiopharmaceuticals used in 420 loop of Henle 250
lung(s) see also pulmonary entries – cancer 327
– perfusion 307, 308 – ventilation 306 – 308
Subject Index
561
lymph 496 – metastases 497 – node(s) 497 – 499 lymphatic system 496
– anatomy and physiology of 496 lymphedema 497
– causes of 497
– scintigraphic patterns of 500 lymphocele 259, 503
– pathophysiology of 259 – scintigraphic imaging of 259 – treatment of 259
lymphoma 268 – 274
– F-18 FDG imaging of 55, 289 – hepatic 422
– – tumor antigens and 19 – – therapy of 33, 530, 536 lymphoscintigraphy 496 – 505 – breast cancer and 501, 502 – colorectal cancer and 504, 505 – cutaneous melanoma and 502 – head and neck cancer and 504 – penile cancer and 503 – prostate cancer and 503 lysosomes 5
macroaggregated albumin imaging Tc99m MAA 313 – in right to left shunt studies 350
– in peritoneo-venous shunt studies 407 magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – in brain tumors 477, 478
– of diabetic foot osteomyelitis 144 – 146 – in focal nodular hyperplasia 284 – in hemophilia 533
– in pyelonephritis 258 – scrotal masses 516 – in tumor staging 286 – of vertebral osteomyelitis 146 malignant effusion 534 malignant growth 14
malignant tumor(s) 266 (see also carcinoma) – of bone 184 – 200
malunion, fracture 164
management of hyperparathyroidism 227 Marine Lenhart’s syndrome 523, 552 MDR see multidrug resistance gene
mechanism(s) of radiopharmaceutical localization 34 Meckel’s diverticulum 412
medical jaundice 437 megaloblastic anemia 113 – etiopathogenetic basis of 113 – investigations for 113 – 118 melanoma 499
metabolic bone disease 166 – 176
metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, tumorspecific metaiodobenzylguanidine 244
metaplasia 30 metastasis 270
metastatic bone disease 193 – 200 metastatic calcification 179 MIBG 529
mitochondria 5, 6 mitosis 11
– and cytokinesis 11
mitral regurgitation 334 (see also valvular heart disease) mitral valve stenosis 334 (see also valvular heart disease) molecular basis of cancer 18
molecular recocgnition unit (MRU) 489
monitoring valvular heart disease 348 monoclonal antibody(ies) 488, 489, 530 morphine augmented cholescintigraphy 426 morphine-augmented imaging 426 multi-drug resistance gene (MDR) 288, 289 musculoskeletal disorders 90
mutation 270, 545, 546, 553
myocardial hypertrophy evaluation 349 myocardial infarction 347
– acute 347
– assessment and prognosis of 347 – diagnosis 347
– pathophysiology of 372 myocardial perfusion 352
– in acute chest pain syndromes 365 – after an acute myocardial infarction 365 – after cardiac transplantation 366 – clinical utility of 364
– imaging 355
– investigational perfusion radiotracers 359, 360 – prior to noncardiac surgery 365, 366
– prognosis and 364
– after revascularization procedures 265 – SPECT imaging 362
– Tracers for 355
– Tc-99m-sestamibi and 357 – Tc-99m-teboroxime and 358 – Tc-99m-tetrofosmine and 357 – Thallium-201 and 356 myocardial stressors 360 – adenosine 355, 360, 361 – arbutamine 361 – dipyridamole 361 – dobutamine 361 – exercise 360
– pharmacological stress testing 360 myocardial viability 377
myocardium, Hibernation of 377 myocardium, Stunned 377 myositis ossificans 181 – progressiva 182 necrosis 31
neonatal hyperbilirubinemia 437 nephron 249
nephrotoxicity 262
neuroarthropathy 140, 144 – 146 – rapidly progressive 145, 146 neuroblastoma 241, 529 – imaging of 245
– I-131 MIBG therapy for 529
neuroendocrine tumors 240 – 242, 529, 530 neurons 16, 449
Nitrogen-13 ammonia 367
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, therapy of 530, 536 non union, fracture 164
norepinephrine 238
normal pressure hydrocephalus see hydrocephalus NP-59 (6-iodomethyl-19-norcholestrol) 239 nuclear probe 107, 189, 343, 501
– in cardiac function monitoring 343, 344 – clinical applications of 344
– in osteoid osteoma 189 – in parathyroid localization 233 – in sentinel node localization 501 – 505 – in surface counting of Fe-59 107 nuclear vest 343, 344
nucleus 5
obstructive airway disease 323 – 325 oncogenes 270
ophthalmopathy 524 Osgood-Schlatter disease 153 osteitis 136
osteitis deformans see Paget’s disease osteoarthritis 178
– idiopathic Osteoarthritis 178 – secondary Osteoarthritis 178 osteochondroma 185
osteochondroses 153 osteoclast 17, 133 osteocyte 17, 133
osteogenic sarcoma 184, 185, 190, 191 osteoma, osteoid 184
– imaging of 189 osteomalacia 172, 173 osteomyelitis 76, 136 – acute 136 – chronic 136
– classification of 136, 137 – etiology of 136, 137 – imaging of 142
– vertebral osteomyelitis 138, 139 (see also spondylodiscitis) osteonecrosis 152
– causes 152, 153 – dysbasic 155 – of femoral head 156 – idiopathic 156 – 158 – post-traumatic 153 – spontaneous 156 – 158 osteoporosis 170 – classification of 171 – diagnosis of 172 – etiology 171 – post menopausal 171 – regional 172 – senile 171 – transient 172 osteosarcoma 185 Oxygen-15 water 369
oxyphil cells, in parathyroid gland 223 Paget’s disease 167
pain, bone, palliative treatment of 526 – 529 Panner’s disease 153
parathyroid gland 222 – adenoma of 225 – – cystic 226 – – lipoadenoma 226 – – multiple 225, 226 – – oncocystic 226 – – solitary 225 – carcinoma of 226 – cells of 223
– hyperplasia of 226, 227
– intraoperative probe localization of 233 parathyroid hormone 224
parathyroid, preoperative localization of 228 parathyroid scintigraphy 228 – 233
Parkinson’s disease 458 – 464
PCP see pneumocystitis carnii pneumonia peptic ulcer 401, 406, 414
peptides 489
peptide receptor radionuclide therapy 534 perchlorate discharge test 210
pericardial effusion 335 periosteitis 136
peroxisomes 5
PET see positron emission tomography phagocytosis 5, 23 – 25
phenobarbital 438
pheochromocytoma 240, 529 phlegmon 70, 71, 80 phosphorus 32 527, 532 Pick’s disease 464, 469 plasma iron clearance 105 plasma iron turnover 106 plasma membrane 3 platelets 127, 128 – Cr-51 labeling of 128 – survival of 128 pleural effusions 534
pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia (PCP) 74, 320, 321 – Ga-67 in 320, 321
pneumonia 325
positron emission tomography (PET) – in adrenal masses 246
– Alzheimer’s disease imaging with 466 – bone marrow imaging with 108, 126 – in cardiac disases 58, 367, 370 – cell proliferation imaging with 460 – in dementia 48
– dual acquisition of 284 – in inflammation 60
– in metastatic bone disease 199, 200 – in neuropsychiatric disorders 463 – 472 – in parathyroid localization 231 – in primary bone tumors 188 – in thyroid carcinoma 212, 213, 526 – tumor imaging with 279
positron-emitting tracers 39, 40, 44, 46, 50 – F-18 FDG see F-18 FDG entries
– for myocardial blood flow 367 – Nitrogen-13 ammonia 367 – Oxygen-15 water 455 – Rubidium-82 367
preoperative cardiac risk assessment 347 primary progressive aphasia (PPA) 469, 470
progressive systemic sclerosis 398, 407 (see also scleroderma) proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) 282
prostaglandin 68 – in osteoid osteoma 184 – in rheumatoid arthritis 177 – in renin angiotensin system 252 protein synthesis 9
pseudarthrosis 164 pseudogout 178 psychiatric disorders 476 pulmonary embolism 308 – 320 – consequences of 310
– deep vein thrombosis and 309 – recurrence of 311
– resolution of 311 – risk factors 308 – scintigraphy of 312 – 320 pulmonary hypertension 320 pulmonary vasculature 307 – bronchial circulation 307 – pulmonary circulation 307 pyelitis 74
pyelonephritis 74, 75, 258 – imaging of 83, 163, 258, 512, 513 – pathophysiology 74, 75 – types of 74
Subject Index
563
quantitation
– gall bladder ejection fraction 430 – 432 – of hepatic function 437
radiation effects 540 – classification 541, 542 – factors affecting 542 – genetic effects 546 – mechanisms of 541 – on unborn child 546 radiation exposure 540 – 547 – from medical procedures 547 – natural 541, 547
radiation necrosis, thallium-201 455 radiation sickness 544
radioimmunotargeting 486, 488, 491 radioimmunotherapy 486 – 489, 530 radiolabeled antibodies 44, 486 – in radioimmunitherapy 530 – in skeletal infection imaging 143 – in soft tissue infection imaging 84, 85 radiolabeled cells 33
radiolabeled leukocyte imaging see technetium-99m-labeled leukocyte imaging
– see also indium-111-labeled leukocyte imaging radiolabeled metabolic substrates 40
radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies 40 radionuclide voiding cystography 515 radiopharmaceuticals 32
– ideal properties for infection imaging 77 – imaging studies with 32, 33
– mechanisms of localization of 34 – for radiosynovectomy 531 – for therapy 33, 521 – for treating bone pain 526 radiosensitivity 542 radon 547
rCBF SPECT 462 – 476 q -receptors 238 receptor(s) – adenosine 361 – binding agents 294 – CCK 430, 432 – dopamine 458, 459 – growth factor 272 – LDL 240
– somatostatin 33, 42, 534 – sympathetic 381 – transferrin 102 – 105 – TSH 212
receptor-binding radiotracers 33 receptor-imaging, heart 381
reconversion of yellow to red marrow 134 red blood cells
– 51Cr-labeled red cells 110 – 114 – in evaluating cell destruction 112 – life spans of 110 – 112
– sequestration of 112, 113 – survival of 110 – 112
– utilization (RCU) of radio-iron 106 red marrow 96
reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) 158, 159 – scintigraphy of 159
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 462 regional cerebral metabolism 452 regional wall motion 332 renal
– artery stenosis 254
– collecting system 249
– infection 74, 255, 258, 510 – 513 – osteodystrophy 174
– physiology 249, 250
– radiopharmaceuticals 251, 252 – scintigraphy 251
– tubule 249 – vasculature 250 renal transplantation 258 – acute tubular necrosis in 259 – hematoma in 259
– rejection of 260 – urine leak in 259 renin 239, 252
renin-angiotensin system 239, 252 renovascular hypertension 259 respiratory airways 305 respiratory function 308
reticuloendothelial cells 39, 112, 419, 420 Rhenium 186 527
Rhabdomyolysis 184 Rhenium 188 528
rheumatoid arthritis see arthritis rhinorrhea, CSF 483, 485 ribosomes 5
rickets 172, 173 rim sign 429
RNA 5
– structure 10
RSD see reflex sympathetic dystrophy Rubidium-82 364
salivary gland 413, 414 Samarium 153 EDTMP 527 sarcoidosis 73, 322
– stages of pulmonary sarcoidosis 323 sarcoma, bone
– chondrogenic 185 – Ewing 192 – osteogenic 184, 189 Scheuermann’s disease 153 Schilling test 120
– dual tracer 120
scintigraphy see also specific organs and diseases – of adrenal cortex 240
– of adrenal medulla 242
– of bone marrow 126, 127, 142, 145 – of bone metastases 196 – 200
– of chronic acalculus cholecystitis 429 – 431 – of Graves’ disease 211
– of multinodular goiter 211 – of neuroendocrine tumors 243 – 246 – renal transplant 251
– scrotal 516
– of thyroiditis 216, 217 sclerosing cholangitis 440 – AIDS related 440 – in cystic fibrosis 277 scrotal scintigraphy 516 sentinel lymph node(s) 497 – detection 287, 501 – – in a breast cancer 501, 502 – – in melanoma 502 – colorectal cancer 504, 505 – head and neck cancer 504 – penile cancer 503 – prostate cancer 503, 504
septic arthritis see arthritis, infectious
sequestration, cellular 35 sequestrum 138, 151 Sickle cell disease 112, 113 – osteomyelitis in 150 – osteonecrosis in 155, 156 – splenic imaging in 123 – 125 skeletal metastases see bone metastases skeletal muscle damage 164
– imaging of 165
skeletal scintigraphy see musculoskeletal scintigraphy soft tissue calcification 179
soft tissue infection 71 – 76 – diagnostic algorithm of 85 – imaging of 79 – 85
– radiopharmaceuticals 76 – 78 solitary lesions, bone 197 somatostatin receptors 33, 42, 534
SPECT see single-photon emission computed tomography sphincter of oddi dysfunction 431
– hepatobiliary imaging and 423, 424, 434, 435 spleen 96, 122 – 126
– accessory 36, 122 – 126 – Cr-51 labeled RBC in 81 – imaging of 122, 124
– in sickle cell disease 123 – 125 splenic scintigraphy 122 – 126 spondylodiskitis 138, 139 spondylolisthesis 163 spondylolysis 162 spongy bone 132
spontaneous intracranial hypotension 483 stem cell 98
steroid hormone receptors 43 stomach 399
Strontium 89 526 stunned myocardium 377 superscan 198
surface counts for Fe-59 107 sympathetic receptor imaging 381 synovectomy, radionuclide 531 synovitis see infectious arthritis Technetium-99 (Tc99m)
– aerosol(s), ventilation-perfusion lung scans with 313 – – antimony sulfide colloid 32, 39
– diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) 251 – dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc99m-DMSA) 32, 83, 84, 251,
258, 512 – 514 – diphosphonates 135
– – factors influencing uptake 135 – – mechanism of uptake 135
– – disofenin (2, 6-diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid [DIS- IDA]) 32, 38, 421
– DTPA aerosol 313
– – ethyl cysteinate dimer (Tc-99m-ECD) 470 – – 99m-glucaric acid 374
– – glucoheptonate (Tc99m GH), renal imaging with 251, 252 – – HMPAO see Technetium-99m methyl propylene amine
oxime Tc99m-HSA (nanocolloid) 35, 37 – – labeled leukocyte imaging 35, 77, 142 – 150 – – labeled red blood cells
– – G.I. bleeding imaging with 405, 406 – – in hepatic hemangioma imaging 422 – labeled WBC 35, 77 – 82, 142 – 150 – MAA see Tc99m macroaggregated albumin
– – macroaggregated albumin (Tc-99m MAA) 32 – 35, 313 – MDP 51 (see also) Tc99m diphosphonates
– – mebrofenin (2, 4, 6-trimethyl, 5-bromo iminodiacetic
acid [BrIDA]) 32, 38, 421
– mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) 39, 251
– methyl propylene amine oxime (Tc99m-HMPAO) 37, 452 – – pertechnetate 38, 211
– – pyrophosphate 313, 373 – – SC filtered 32
– – sestamibi (Tc99m-hexalcis-2-methoxyglycoprotein) 228, 280 – 288, 313
– SC (Technetium-99m sulfur colloid) 32, 501, 532 testicular torsion 515
– scintigraphic diagnosis of 516 testicular tumor 288
Thallium-201 scintigraphy, of myocardial ischemia 356 Thallium-201 SPECT, of brain tumors 455, 456 Therapy, radionuclide 521
thyroglossal duct 209 thyroid gland 209 – anatomy 209 – cancer of 324
– growth factor and oncogenes of 324 – physiology of 210
– weights of 209 thyroid hormone – release of 210
– synthesis and secretion of 210 thyroid scintigraphy 209 thyroid trapping 32, 210 thyroiditis 216, 217 – amiodarone-induced 217 – autoimmune 217 – postpartum 216
– viral thyroiditis (subacute) 217
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) see thyrotropin thyrotropin 210 – 213
– normal and abnormal serum levels 210, 212 – secretion 212
– stimulation 212 – suppression 212 tissue oxygenation 543 tissue types 15 transcobalmin-II 119 transferrin 37, 38 transformation 13
transitional oxyphil cell 223 transudate 69
treatment, radionuclide 521 – of arthritis see synovectomy – of bone pain 526 – of hyperthyroidism 522 – of malignant effusion 534
– of neuroendocrine tumors 529, 530 – of thyroid cancer 523
tricuspid regurgitation 334 (see also valvular heart disease) tricuspid valve stenosis 334 (see also valvular heart disease) tumor 17, 264
– angiogenesis in 19 – antigens 19 – benign tumors 265 – biological behavior of 264 – biology of 268
– classification 264 – hypoxia 54 – grading 266
– invasion and metastasis 273 – malignant 266
– pathology of 264 – progression of 273 – recurrence vs. necrosis 289
Subject Index
565
– staging 267 (see also staging of malignancy) – suppressor gene 273
tumor scintigraphy
– in differentiating benign from malignant 283 – in evaluating response to therapy 289 – in staging of malignancy 286 – – F-18 FDG in 286, 287 – – MRI in 286
tumor-proliferating factors 282
– effect on radiopharmaceutical uptake 282 ultrasonography (US), in infection diagnosis 79 – 84 uptake of Ga-67 37, 38
uretropelvic junction obstruction 255 uric acid 178
urinary tract infection (UTI) 74, 257, 258, 510 – 513 urinary tract obstruction 254
valvular heart disease 333 – aortic valve stenosis 334 – functional changes in 334 – mitral regurgitation 334 – mitral valve stenosis 334 – tricuspid regurgitation 334
– tricuspid valve stenosis 334 Van Neck’s disease 153
ventilation-perfusion lung scan(s) 312 – 320 vesicoureteral junction obstruction 254 vesicoureteral reflux 513
– grades of 514
– scintigraphic evaluation of 515 vitamin B12 (see also cobolamin) – deficiency of 114, 120 – – cause of 117, 119, 120 – – diagnosis of 119 – radioassay of 119
white blood cells see leukocytes woven bone 135
Xenon-133, cerebral perfusion imaging with 454 Xenon-133 32, 34
Xe-133 SPECT 454 Yettrium-90 colloid 531 Zenker’s diverticulum 407
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