APPENDIX
ANSYS PIEZO-MEMS ACT
ANSYS piezo-mems act helps to do analysis on the piezo model without going through the hassle of coding and difficult analysis settings. This extension makes the workflow a lot easier and faster compared to the coding method.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of microfabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to several millimeters. Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether these elements can move or not. The term used to define MEMS varies in different parts of the world. In the United States they are predominantly called MEMS, while in some other parts of the world they are called “Microsystems Technology” or “micromachined devices”. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary well below one micron at the bottom of the dimensional
spectrum.
In order to make use of this extension, the extension was first downloaded from the ANSYS website and the extension was added to the ANSYS library. Then the extension can be added to the analysis within the static or transient structural analysis. After you add the piezoelectric body in your model, you need to set the suitable parameter based on your piezoelectric mode (d33 or d31) and also based on the piezoelectric material properties. The extension has built in functions to input the material properties, element orientation, voltage applied etc. Once you have assigned the properties, element orientation and the voltage load, the solver solves the problem and the results are shown conventionally.
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
Bibliography
1. The Innovative Dual-Stage 4-Grid Ion Thruster Concept – Theory and Experimental Results;
Orson Sutherland, Rod Boswell, Christine Charles Plasma Research Laboratory,
The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
2. Design of an ion thruster movable grid thrust vectoring system;
Aleksander Kurala, Nicolas Levequeb, Chris Welchb, Piotr Wolanskia
Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland ; School of Engineering, Kingston University, London, UK
3. Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters; Dan M. Goebel and Ira Katz
4. Gridded Ion Engines;
Jaime Perez Luna, EPIC Lecture Series 2017 5. Thrust Steering of A Gridded Ion Engine;
Peter Jameson, Cody Technology Park, England 6. Short Review on Electric Propulsion System: Ion Thruster;
Tanzim Kawnine, Luleå University of Technology 7. Investigation of A Miniature Differential Ion Thruster;
Cheryl Collingwood, University of Southampton 8. Translation Optics for 30 cm Ion Engine Thrust Vector Control;
Thomas Haag, Glenn Research Center, NASA 9. Ion Propulsion; Glenn Research Center, NASA
10. NSTAR Ion Thrusters and Power Processors;
T A Bond, Hughes Electron Dynamics, California 11. Piezoelectric Materials;
Ludovica Cacopardo, University of Pisa, Italy 12. Linear Piezo Actuator and Its Applications;
Huixing Zhou, Brian Henson, Andrew Bell, University of Leeds 13. Ion Engine Thrust Vector Study;
The Research Laboratories Staff, NASA JPL 14. Ion Thruster Thrust Vectoring Requirements and Techniques;
David G Fearn, Space Department, Hants, UK 15. MEMS;
S. Bhansali, Florida International University, USA 16. Ion Engine Thrust Vector Study;
Research Staff, NASA JPL
17. Large deformation finite element anlayses of composite structures integrated with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Sung Yi, Shih FU ling, Ming Ying. Elsevier. 18. Morphing Inflatable Wing Development for Compact Package Unmanned Aerial
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23. Vullo, Giacomo Caramelli and Luca. Numerical and experimental research on composite specimen activated by piezoelectric patches: static and preliminary dynamic results. Pisa: University of Pisa, 2016.
List of Figures
1.1 Gridded Ion Thruster 2
1.2 NASA NSTAR Ion Thruster 4
1.3 Example of a gimbal assembly for electric propulsion engines 7
1.4 NASA NEXT Ion Engine mounted on gimbal assembly 7
1.5 Scheme for achieving electrostatic beam deflection. 8
1. 6 External magnetic deflection configuration for one axis. 9
1.7 Ion beam deflection using accelerator grid translation. 10
A single aperture is shown. 2.1 Child–Langmuir sheath length versus ion mass for two ion 13
current densities at 1500-V acceleration voltage. 2.2 Simplified 1-D view of an accelerator aperture in contact with a plasma. 14
2.3 Electrical schematic of a DC discharge ion thruster 15
without the cathode heater and keeper supplies. 2.4 Example of grid translation and corresponding beam deflection 16
2.5 Basic Electrode Misalignments 17
2.6 Transverse displacement of the accelerator grid 18
3.1 example, Piezoelectric effect in Quartz 20
3.2 example, actuation using piezoelectric materials 21
3.3 example, piezoelectric buzzer 22
3.4 example, piezoelectric sensor 22
4.1 Example, Piezoelectric stack 29
4.2 Preload, either external or internal to the actuator, 30
ensures suitable tensile strength 4.3 FEM model of the piezoelectric stack 36
4.4 Free-stroke analysis settings, highlighting polarization axis and the extension 37 4.5 Voltages applied on the piezoelectric body 38
4.7 Directional deformation (z axis) m 39
4.8 Plot, Deflection vs time 39
4.9 Plot, Displacement vs Voltage 40
4.10 Equivalent stress for an input of 100 Volts 41
4.11 Force vs time 43
4.12 Voltage vs time 44
4.13 Force applied on the stack model (z axis) 44
4.14 Deflection vs Time (for 500 V applied voltage) 45
4.15 Displacement vs Time for different applied voltages 46
4.16 Plot, Deformation vs Force for different voltages 46
4.17 Input voltage (500 V) vs time 48
4.18 The stack model applied with the spring load 49
4.19 Directional deformation (z axis) at time step 5 with applied voltage 500V 49
4.20 Directional deformation (z axis) at time step 6 with applied voltage 0V 50
4.21 Deflection vs Time 50
5.1 Example, bender type piezo actuator 52
5.2 Example of an MFC Patch 53
5.3 Fiber orientation and operational voltages 54
5.4 Dimensions of the MFC patch, Bending specimen 54
5.5 Cross sectional view of the bending specimen 55
5.6 Bending specimen with Honeycomb core 55
5.7 MFC Patch dimensions 56
5.8 Deflection on the bending specimen 1 57
5.9 Directional deformation 1 57
5.10 Deflection on the bending specimen 2 58
5.11 Directional deformation 2 58
5.12 Deformation on the bending specimen 3 59
5.12 Directional deformation 3 59
5.13 Deformation on the bending specimen 4 60
6.1 Piezo actuator with lever amplifier 62
6.2 Flexure amplifier structure 63
6.3 Stick/Slip Mechanism 63
6.4 Components and working principle of piezo-actuated stick–slip 65 micro-drives 7.1 PIA Series Piezo Inertia Actuator – Features 68
7.2 PIAK10 Piezo Inertia Actuator – Features 68
7.3 CAD model of PIAK10 70
7.4 PIAK10 Actuator 70
7.5 Input for the motion study 71
7.6 Linear displacement (z axis) vs time 71
8.1 Acceleration grid showing apertures 74
8.2 Acceleration Grid Holder 75
8.3 Grid assembly with holder and actuators attached 76
8.4 Assembly showing axial force (2N) 77
8.5 Plot, Linear displacement of the Grid vs Time under axial load condition 77
9.1 Actuator Module 79
9.2 Exploded view of the module 80
9.3 Two directional translation achievable by the module 81
9.4 Exploded view showing different parts of the module 82
9.5 Exploded view showing different parts of the module 83
9.6 Modules attached to the acceleration grid 84
9.7 NASA NSTAR Engine 85
9.8 Schematic of the NASA NSTAR engine 86
9.9 Temperature profile of the engine (No Sun) 86
9.11 Modules attached to the acceleration grid with the support structure 88
9.12 Section view of the assembly showing the modules with the actuators inside 89 9.13 Front view, Assembly attached to the thruster 89
9.14 Exploded view of the assembly 90
9.15 Cross section view of the mount and grid 90
9.16 Cross section view of the thruster showing mounting, 91
assembly and actuator modules 9.17 Grid spacing 92
9.18 Wireframe model of the cross section 92
9.19 Section view showing the axial force and the 93
movement of the actuators (Y Axis) 9.20 Section view showing the axial force and the 94
movement of the actuators (Z Axis) 9.21 Displacement vs Time of the Acceleration Grid 95
9.22 Displacement vs Time of the Acceleration Grid 95
List of Tables
2.1 Assumed Grid Geometry 184.1 Material Properties 35
4.2 Effective force and displacement obtained 47
5.1 Operational Parameters of MFC 53
5.2 Fiber orientation 54
7.1 PIK 10 Technical Specifications 69
8.2 Acceleration Grid properties 74 8.3 Material properties, Holder 75
