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Spectral analysis and fast methods for structured matrix sequences and PDE discretizations.

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❲❤❡♥ $✐♠✉❧❛*✐♥❣ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛ ✐♥ ♣❤②$✐❝$✱ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡1✐♥❣✱ ♦1 ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ $❝✐❡♥❝❡$✱ ♦❢*❡♥ ♦♥❡ ❤❛$ *♦ ❞❡❛❧

✇✐*❤ ❢✉♥❝*✐♦♥❛❧ ❡5✉❛*✐♦♥$ *❤❛* ❞♦ ♥♦* ❛❞♠✐* ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②*✐❝❛❧ $♦❧✉*✐♦♥✳ ❉❡$❝1✐❜✐♥❣ *❤❡$❡ 1❡❛❧ $✐*✉✲

❛*✐♦♥$ ✐$✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡1✱ ♣♦$$✐❜❧❡✱ 1❡$♦1*✐♥❣ *♦ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐*$ ♥✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛*✐♦♥$ ❛♥❞ *1❡❛*✐♥❣ *❤❡

1❡$✉❧*✐♥❣ ♠❛*❤❡♠❛*✐❝❛❧ 1❡♣1❡$❡♥*❛*✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐$ *❤❡$✐$ ✐$ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ *❤✐$ ❝♦♥*❡①*✿ ■♥❞❡❡❞ *❤❡ ♣✉1♣♦$❡

✐$ *❤❛* ♦❢ ❢✉1♥✐$❤✐♥❣ $❡✈❡1❛❧ ✉$❡❢✉❧ *♦♦❧$ *♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐*❤ $♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♣✉*❛*✐♦♥❛❧ ♣1♦❜❧❡♠$✱ $*❡♠♠✐♥❣

❢1♦♠ ❞✐$❝1❡*✐③❛*✐♦♥ *❡❝❤♥✐5✉❡$✳ ■♥ ♠♦$* ♦❢ *❤❡ ❝❛$❡$ *❤❡ ♥✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧ ♠❡*❤♦❞$ ✇❡ ❛♥❛❧②$❡ ❛1❡

*❤❡ ❝❧❛$$✐❝❛❧ Qp ▲❛❣1❛♥❣✐❛♥ ❋❊▼ ❛♥❞ *❤❡ ♠♦1❡ 1❡❝❡♥* ●❛❧❡1❦✐♥ ❇✲$♣❧✐♥❡ ■!♦❣❡♦♠❡&'✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②✲

!✐! ✭■❣❆✮ ❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛*✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❙*❛❣❣❡1❡❞ ❉✐!❝♦♥&✐♥✉♦✉! ●❛❧❡'❦✐♥ ✭❉●✮ ♠❡*❤♦❞$✳ ❆$ ♦✉1 ♠♦❞❡❧

I❉❊✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥$✐❞❡1 ❝❧❛$$✐❝❛❧ $❡❝♦♥❞✲♦1❞❡1 ❡❧❧✐♣*✐❝ ❞✐✛❡1❡♥*✐❛❧ ❡5✉❛*✐♦♥$ ❛♥❞ *❤❡ ■♥❝♦♠♣1❡$$✐❜❧❡

◆❛✈✐❡1✲❙*♦❦❡$ ❡5✉❛*✐♦♥$✳ ■♥ ❛❧❧ *❤❡$❡ $✐*✉❛*✐♦♥$ *❤❡ 1❡$✉❧*✐♥❣ ♠❛*1✐① $❡5✉❡♥❝❡$ {An}n ♣♦$$❡$$ ❛

$*1✉❝*✉1❡✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② *❤❡② ❜❡❧♦♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ ❝❧❛$$ ♦❢ ❚♦❡♣❧✐*③ ♠❛*1✐① $❡5✉❡♥❝❡$ ♦1 *♦ *❤❡ ♠♦1❡ ❣❡♥❡1❛❧

❝❧❛$$ ♦❢ ●❡♥❡'❛❧✐③❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧❧② ❚♦❡♣❧✐&③ ✭●▲❚✮ ♠❛*1✐① $❡5✉❡♥❝❡$✱ ✐♥ *❤❡ ♠♦$* ❣❡♥❡1❛❧ ❜❧♦❝❦ k✲❧❡✈❡❧

❝❛$❡✳ ❈♦♥$❡5✉❡♥*❧②✱ *❤❡ $♣❡❝*1❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②$✐$ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥* ♠❛*1✐❝❡$ ♣❧❛②$ ❛ ❝1✉❝✐❛❧ 1♦❧❡ ❢♦1 ❛♥

❡✣❝✐❡♥* ❛♥❞ ❢❛$* 1❡$♦❧✉*✐♦♥✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞ *❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡1❣❡♥❝❡ ♣1♦♣❡1*✐❡$ ♦❢ ✐*❡1❛*✐✈❡ ♠❡*❤♦❞$ ♣1♦♣♦$❡❞✱

❧✐❦❡ ♠✉❧*✐❣1✐❞ ♦1 ♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐*✐♦♥❡❞ ❑'②❧♦✈ *❡❝❤♥✐5✉❡$✱ ❛1❡ $*1✐❝*❧② 1❡❧❛*❡❞ *♦ *❤❡ ♥♦*✐♦♥ ♦❢ !②♠❜♦❧

♦❢ *❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥* ♠❛*1✐① $❡5✉❡♥❝❡✳ ■♥ ♦✉1 $❡**✐♥❣ *❤❡ $②♠❜♦❧ ✐$ ❛ ❢✉♥❝*✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛$②♠♣*♦*✐❝❛❧❧②

♣1♦✈✐❞❡$ ❛ 1❡❛$♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$ ❬$✐♥❣✉❧❛1 ✈❛❧✉❡$❪ ♦❢ An❜② ✐*$ ❡✈❛❧✉❛*✐♦♥$

♦❢ ❛♥ ✉♥✐❢♦1♠ ❣1✐❞ ♦♥ ✐*$ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❚❤❡$❡ 1❡❛$♦♥$✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥② ♦*❤❡1$✱ ♠❛❦❡ *❤❡ 1❡$❡❛1❝❤ ♦❢ ♠♦1❡

❛♥❞ ♠♦1❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥* ❡✐❣❡♥$♦❧✈❡1$ 1❡❧❡✈❛♥* ❛♥❞ *♦♣✐❝❛❧✳ ■♥ *❤✐$ ❞✐1❡❝*✐♦♥✱ *❤❡ $❡❝♦♥❞ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ *❤✐$

*❤❡$✐$ ✐$ *♦ ♣1♦✈✐❞❡ ♥❡✇ *♦♦❧$ ❢♦1 ❝♦♠♣✉*✐♥❣ *❤❡ $♣❡❝*1✉♠ ♦❢ ♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐*✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❛♥❞❡❞ $②♠♠❡*1✐❝

❚♦❡♣❧✐*③ ♠❛*1✐❝❡$✱ ❚♦❡♣❧✐*③✲❧✐❦❡ ♠❛*1✐❝❡$✱ n−1Kn[p]✱ nMn[p]✱ n−2L[p]n ✱ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢1♦♠ *❤❡ ❇✲$♣❧✐♥❡ ■❣❆

❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ −u′′ = λu✱ ♣❧✉$ ✐*$ ♠✉❧*✐✈❛1✐❛*❡ ❝♦✉♥*❡1♣❛1* ❢♦1 −∆u = λu✱ ❛♥❞ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❛♥❞

♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐*✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❜❛♥❞❡❞ $②♠♠❡*1✐❝ ❚♦❡♣❧✐*③ ♠❛*1✐❝❡$✳ ❋♦1 ❛❧❧ *❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❝❛$❡$ ✇❡ ♣1♦♣♦$❡

♥❡✇ ❛❧❣♦1✐*❤♠$ ❜❛$❡❞ ♦♥ *❤❡ ❝❧❛$$✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣* ♦❢ $②♠❜♦❧✱ ❜✉* ✇✐*❤ ❛♥ ✐♥♥♦✈❛*✐✈❡ ✈✐❡✇ ♦♥ *❤❡

❡11♦1$ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$ ❜② *❤❡ ✉♥✐❢♦1♠ $❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ *❤❡ $②♠❜♦❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❧❣♦✲

1✐*❤♠$ ❞❡✈✐$❡❞ ❛1❡ $♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐♥*❡1♣♦❧❛*✐♦♥✲❡①*1❛♣♦❧❛*✐♦♥ ♣1♦❝❡❞✉1❡$ ♣❡1❢♦1♠❡❞ ✇✐*❤ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢

❛❝❝✉1❛❝② ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ❛* *❤❡ ❝♦$* ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉*✐♥❣ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞❡1❛*❡ ♥✉♠❜❡1 ♦❢ $♠❛❧❧

$✐③❡❞ ♠❛*1✐❝❡$✳

❑❡② ✇♦%❞'✿

▼✉❧*✐❧❡✈❡❧ ❜❧♦❝❦ ●▲❚ ❛❧❣❡❜1❛✱ $②♠❜♦❧✱ $♣❡❝*1❛❧ ❞✐$*1✐❜✉*✐♦♥✱ ❛$②♠♣*♦*✐❝ ❡①♣❛♥$✐♦♥✱ ✐♥*❡1♣♦❧❛*✐♦♥✲

❡①*1❛♣♦❧❛*✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦1✐*❤♠$✱ ♠✉❧*✐❣1✐❞ ♠❡*❤♦❞$✱ ♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐*✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❑1②❧♦✈ ♠❡*❤♦❞$✱ ❙*❛❣❣❡1❡❞ ❉●

♠❡*❤♦❞$✱ ■❣❆ ❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛*✐♦♥

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❈♦♥#❡♥#%

■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦"✐✈❛"✐♦♥

❈❤❛♣"❡# ■✳ ❉❡✜♥✐"✐♦♥3 ❛♥❞ ❦♥♦✇♥ #❡3✉❧"3

■✳✶ ●❡♥❡,❛❧ ♥♦0❛0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

■✳✷ ▼✉❧0✐✲✐♥❞❡① ♥♦0❛0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

■✳✸ ❙♣❡❝0,❛❧ ❞✐;0,✐❜✉0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛0,✐① ;❡?✉❡♥❝❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

■✳✹ ❚♦❡♣❧✐0③ ;0,✉❝0✉,❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

■✳✹✳✶ ❙❝❛❧❛, ❚♦❡♣❧✐0③ ♠❛0,✐❝❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

■✳✹✳✷ ❇❧♦❝❦ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧0✐❧❡✈❡❧ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❚♦❡♣❧✐0③ ♠❛0,✐❝❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

■✳✹✳✸ ❙♣❡❝0,❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②;✐; ♦❢ ❍❡,♠✐0✐❛♥ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❚♦❡♣❧✐0③ ;❡?✉❡♥❝❡;✿ ❞✐;0,✐❜✉0✐♦♥ ,❡;✉❧0; ✾

■✳✹✳✹ ❙♣❡❝0,❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②;✐; ♦❢ ❍❡,♠✐0✐❛♥ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❚♦❡♣❧✐0③ ;❡?✉❡♥❝❡;✿ ❡①0,❡♠❛❧ ❡✐❣❡♥✲

✈❛❧✉❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

■✳✺ ❚,✐❣♦♥♦♠❡0,✐❝ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧; ❛♥❞ ❜❛♥❞❡❞ ❚♦❡♣❧✐0③ ♠❛0,✐❝❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

■✳✻ ❙♣❡❝0,❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②;✐; ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉0❛0✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❡❛0✉,❡; ♦❢ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❝✐,❝✉❧❛♥0 ♠❛0,✐❝❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

■✳✼ ●▲❚ ;❡?✉❡♥❝❡;✿ ♦♣❡,❛0✐✈❡ ❢❡❛0✉,❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

■✳✽ P,❡❝♦♥❞✐0✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧0✐❣,✐❞ ♠❡0❤♦❞; ❢♦, ❚♦❡♣❧✐0③ ♠❛0,✐❝❡; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

■✳✾ ❆;②♠♣0♦0✐❝ ❊①♣❛♥;✐♦♥✿ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ❛♣♣,♦①✐♠❛0✐♦♥ ❡,,♦,; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

❈❤❛♣"❡# ■■✳ ❙♣❡❝"#❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②3✐3 ♦♥ ❙❉● ♠❡"❤♦❞3 ❢♦# "❤❡ ✐♥❝♦♠♣#❡33✐❜❧❡

◆❛✈✐❡#✲❙"♦❦❡3 ❡?✉❛"✐♦♥3 ✷✼

■■✳✶ ❖✈❡,✈✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

■■✳✷ ❙♣❡❝0,❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②;✐; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

■■✳✷✳✶ ❆♥❛❧②;✐; ♦❢ 0❤❡ ;♣❡❝0,❛❧ ;②♠❜♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

■■✳✷✳✷ ◆✉♠❡,✐❝❛❧ 0❡;0; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

■■✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❊✈❛❧✉❛0✐♦♥ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❢✉♥❝0✐♦♥; ♦❢ 0❤❡ ;②♠❜♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

■■✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❙♣❡❝0,❛❧ ❞✐;0,✐❜✉0✐♦♥ ♦❢ {KN}N ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

■■✳✷✳✸ ❆ ❢♦❝✉; ♦♥ 0❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❢✉♥❝0✐♦♥; ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦,❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ♦,✐❣✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

■■✳✷✳✹ ❙♣❡❝0,❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②;✐; ♦❢ KN ✈✐❛ ❧♦✇ ,❛♥❦ ♣❡,0✉,❜❛0✐♦♥; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

■■✳✷✳✺ ❋✉,0❤❡, ✈❛,✐❛0✐♦♥; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

■■✳✸ ◆✉♠❡,✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡,✐♠❡♥0; ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

■■✳✸✳✶ ❚❛②❧♦, ●,❡❡♥ ✈♦,0❡① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

■■✳✸✳✷ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ;❤❡❛, ❧❛②❡, ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

■■✳✸✳✸ P,❡❝♦♥❞✐0✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✐✐✐

(8)

■■✳✸✳✹ ❆ ♠✉❧.✐❣1✐❞ ❛♣♣1♦❛❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

❈❤❛♣$❡& ■■■✳ ❆*②♠♣$♦$✐❝ ❊①♣❛♥*✐♦♥✿ ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦&✐$❤♠ ❢♦& ♣&❡❝♦♥❞✐$✐♦♥❡❞

♠❛$&✐❝❡* ✺✼

■■■✳✶ ●❡♥❡1❛❧✐③❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥❡❞ ❆?②♠♣.♦.✐❝ ❊①♣❛♥?✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

■■■✳✷ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐. ❊11♦1? ❡①♣❛♥?✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵

■■■✳✷✳✶ ❊11♦1 ❜♦✉♥❞? ❢♦1 .❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥.? ck ✐♥ .❤❡ ❆?②♠♣.♦.✐❝ ❊①♣❛♥?✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

■■■✳✸ ❊11♦1 ❜♦✉♥❞? ❢♦1 ♥✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛.❡❞ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡? ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

■■■✳✹ ◆✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧ .❡?.? ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺

❈❤❛♣$❡& ■❱✳ ❆*②♠♣$♦$✐❝ ❊①♣❛♥*✐♦♥✿ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ $♦ $❤❡ ■❣❆ ❞✐*❝&❡$✐③❛$✐♦♥ ✼✼

■❱✳✶ J1♦❜❧❡♠ ?❡..✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼

■❱✳✷ J1♦♣❡1.✐❡? ♦❢ .❤❡ ?♣❡❝.1❛❧ ?②♠❜♦❧ ep(θ) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

■❱✳✸ ❊✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡? ❛♥❞ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝.♦1? ♦❢ L[p]n ❢♦1 p = 1 ❛♥❞ p = 2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

■❱✳✸✳✶ ❚❤❡ ♠❛.1✐① ❛❧❣❡❜1❛? τm(ǫ, φ)❢♦1 ǫ, φ ∈ {0, 1, −1} ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

■❱✳✸✳✷ ❊✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡? ❛♥❞ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝.♦1? ♦❢ L[p]n ❢♦1 p = 1, 2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

■❱✳✹ ❆❧❣♦1✐.❤♠ ❢♦1 ❝♦♠♣✉.✐♥❣ .❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡? ♦❢ L[p]n ❢♦1 p ≥ 3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

■❱✳✺ ◆✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡1✐♠❡♥.? ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷

■❱✳✺✳✶ ◆✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡1✐♠❡♥.? ✐♥ ?✉♣♣♦1. ♦❢ .❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❡①♣❛♥?✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷

■❱✳✺✳✷ ◆✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡1✐♠❡♥.? ✐❧❧✉?.1❛.✐♥❣ .❤❡ ♣❡1❢♦1♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦1✐.❤♠ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾

■❱✳✻ ❊①.❡♥?✐♦♥ .♦ .❤❡ ♠✉❧.✐❞✐♠❡♥?✐♦♥❛❧ ?❡..✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾

■❱✳✻✳✶ ❊✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡✕❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝.♦1 ?.1✉❝.✉1❡ ♦❢ L[p]n ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

❈❤❛♣$❡& ❱✳ ❆*②♠♣$♦$✐❝ ❊①♣❛♥*✐♦♥✿ ❡①$❡♥*✐♦♥ $♦ $❤❡ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❝❛*❡ ✶✵✺

❱✳✶ ❈♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥? ❢♦1 .❤❡ ❡①✐?.❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❛?②♠♣.♦.✐❝ ❡①♣❛♥?✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻

❱✳✷ ❆❧❣♦1✐.❤♠ ❢♦1 ❝♦♠♣✉.✐♥❣ .❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡? ♦❢ Tn(f )❢♦1 s > 1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵

❱✳✸ ◆✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡1✐♠❡♥.? ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹

❱✳✸✳✶ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺

❱✳✸✳✷ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥✿ ✐♥.❡1?❡❝.✐♦♥ ♦❢ .❤❡ 1❛♥❣❡? ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼

❱✳✸✳✸ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥✿ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ .❤❡ ♠♦♥♦.♦♥✐❝✐.② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸

❱✳✸✳✹ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥✿ 1❡❞✉❝.✐♦♥ ❢1♦♠ ❜❧♦❝❦ .♦ ?❝❛❧❛1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼

❱✳✸✳✺ ❊①❛❝. ❢♦1♠✉❧❛❡ ❢♦1 Qp ▲❛❣1❛♥❣✐❛♥ ❋❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶

❈❤❛♣$❡& ❱■✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❘❡*✉❧$* ✶✸✼

❱■✳✶ ❙.❛❣❣❡1❡❞ ❉● ♠❛.1✐① ?②♠❜♦❧ ❢♦1 k = 2 ❛♥❞ p = 2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼

❱■✳✷ J1♦♦❢ ♦❢ .❤❡ ♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥❡❞ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❡①♣❛♥?✐♦♥ ❢♦1 α = 0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽

❱■✳✸ J1♦♦❢? ♦❢ .❤❡ .❤❡♦1❡♠? ?.❛.❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝.✐♦♥ ■❱✳✷ ♦❢ ❈❤❛♣.❡1 ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸

❱■✳✹ J1♦♦❢ ♦❢ .❤❡ ■❣❆ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❡①♣❛♥?✐♦♥ ❢♦1 α = 0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✷

❱■✳✺ Qp ▲❛❣1❛♥❣✐❛♥ ❋❊▼ ♠❛.1✐① ?②♠❜♦❧ ❢♦1 p = 2, 3, 4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✻

❱■✳✻ J1♦♦❢ ♦❢ .❤❡ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❡①♣❛♥?✐♦♥ ❢♦1 α = 0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✼

❈♦♥❝❧✉*✐♦♥* ✶✻✶

❇✐❜❧✐♦❣&❛♣❤② ✶✻✹

✐✈

(9)

■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦"✐✈❛"✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♠✐''✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥✉♠❡+✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②'/' ✐' /♦ ❝♦♠♣✉/❡ 1✉❛♥/✐/✐❡' /❤❛/ ❛+❡ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡+❛❧ ✐♥❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❜❧❡

❢+♦♠ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②/✐❝❛❧ ♣♦✐♥/ ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✐✈♦/❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣/ ✐♥ ♥✉♠❡+✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②'✐' ✐' ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

♣+♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦+✐/❤♠' /♦ '♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❞❡/❡+♠✐♥❡❞ ❝❧❛'' ♦❢ /❤❡ ♣+♦❜❧❡♠' ♦❢ ♠❛/❤❡♠❛/✐❝'✱ ✇❤♦'❡ ✐♥/+✐♥'✐❝

♥❛/✉+❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡✐/❤❡+ ❝♦♥/✐♥✉♦✉' ♦+ ❞✐'❝+❡/❡✳ ✏❈♦♥/✐♥✉♦✉'✑ ❛+❡ ♠♦'/ ♦❢ /❤❡ +❡❛❧ ♣+♦❜❧❡♠' ✇❤✐❝❤

'❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡+✐♥❣ ❛+❡ ❜✉✐❧/ ✉♣♦♥ ❜✉/ /❤❛/✱ ✇✐/❤♦✉/ ♥✉♠❡+✐❝❛❧ /❡❝❤♥✐1✉❡'✱ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ 1✉✐❝❦❧②

✉♥/+❡❛/❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥ /❤✐' /❤❡'✐' /❤❡ ❢♦❝✉' ✐' ♦♥ ❢❛'/ ❛❧❣♦+✐/❤♠' ❢♦+ /❤❡ ❛♣♣+♦①✐♠❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥/✐♥✉♦✉'

♠❛/❤❡♠❛/✐❝❛❧ ❡1✉❛/✐♦♥'✳

■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✇❤❡♥ '✐♠✉❧❛/✐♥❣ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛ ✐♥ ♣❤②'✐❝'✱ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡+✐♥❣✱ ♦+ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ '❝✐❡♥❝❡'✱ ♦❢/❡♥ ♦♥❡

❤❛' /♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐/❤ ❢✉♥❝/✐♦♥❛❧ ❡1✉❛/✐♦♥' ✭✇+✐//❡♥✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡+❡♥/✐❛❧ ♦+ ✐♥/❡❣+❛❧ ❢♦+♠✮ /❤❛/ ❞♦ ♥♦/

❛❞♠✐/ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②/✐❝❛❧ '♦❧✉/✐♦♥✳

❉❡'❝+✐❜✐♥❣ /❤❡'❡ +❡❛❧ '✐/✉❛/✐♦♥' ✐'✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡+✱ ♣♦''✐❜❧❡✱ +❡'♦+/✐♥❣ /♦ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐/' ♥✉♠❡+✐❝❛❧ ❛♣✲

♣+♦①✐♠❛/✐♦♥' ❛♥❞ /+❡❛/✐♥❣ /❤❡ +❡'✉❧/✐♥❣ ♠❛/❤❡♠❛/✐❝❛❧ +❡♣+❡'❡♥/❛/✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ♣+❛❝/✐❝❡ /❤❡ ❛✐♠ ✐' /♦

❝♦♥'/+✉❝/ ♣+♦♣❡+ ♥✉♠❡+✐❝❛❧ ❞✐'❝+❡/✐③❛/✐♦♥ /❡❝❤♥✐1✉❡'✱ /❤❛/ ✏/+❛♥'❢♦+♠✑ ♣+♦❜❧❡♠' ❢+♦♠ ✏❝♦♥/✐♥✉✲

♦✉'✑ /♦ ❛ ♠♦+❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❛❜❧❡ ✏❞✐'❝+❡/❡✑ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣✳

❈❧❡❛+❧② /❤❡ /❛'❦ ♦❢ /❤❡ ♥✉♠❡+✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②'/ ❞♦❡' ♥♦/ ❡♥❞ ♦♥❝❡ /❤❛/ /❤❡ ❛♣♣+♦①✐♠❛/✐♦♥ ✐' ♣❡+✲

❢♦+♠❡❞✳ ❲❡ ✇❛♥/ /♦ ❡♥'✉+❡ /❤❛/ /❤❡ '♦❧✉/✐♦♥ ♦❢ /❤❡ +❡'✉❧/✐♥❣ ♣+♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✇✐/❤ +❡'♣❡❝/ /♦ /❤❡

♦+✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦♥❡✱ ✐' ♠♦+❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥/ ✐♥ /❡+♠' ♦❢ +❡'♦❧✉/✐♦♥ '♣❡❡❞✱ +❡'♦✉+❝❡'✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉/❛/✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦'/✳

❚❤✐' /❤❡'✐' ✐' ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ /❤✐' ❝♦♥/❡①/✿ ✐/ ❤❛' /❤❡ ♣✉+♣♦'❡ /♦ ❢✉+♥✐'❤ '❡✈❡+❛❧ ✉'❡❢✉❧ /♦♦❧' /♦ ❞❡❛❧

✇✐/❤ '♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♣✉/❛/✐♦♥❛❧ ♣+♦❜❧❡♠'✱ ❛+✐'✐♥❣ ❢+♦♠ ❞✐'❝+❡/✐③❛/✐♦♥ /❡❝❤♥✐1✉❡'✳

■♥ ♠♦'/ ❝❛'❡' /❤❡ ♣+♦❜❧❡♠' ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞ ❝♦♠❡ ❢+♦♠ /❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛+ ❞✐'❝+❡/✐③❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛+/✐❛❧

❞✐✛❡+❡♥/✐❛❧ ❡1✉❛/✐♦♥' ✭G❉❊'✮ ♦❢ /❤❡ ❢♦+♠

Au = b,

✇❤❡+❡ A ✐' ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛+ ❞✐✛❡+❡♥/✐❛❧ ♦♣❡+❛/♦+✱ /❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥/♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥/ ♣♦''✐❜❧❡ ✐♥✐/✐❛❧✴❜♦✉♥❞❛+② ❝♦♥❞✐✲

/✐♦♥'✳ ❈♦♠♣✉/✐♥❣ /❤❡ ♥✉♠❡+✐❝❛❧ '♦❧✉/✐♦♥ un ♦❢ u✱ ♦+ ❛ ♣❛+/ ♦❢ ✐/✱ +❡❞✉❝❡' /♦ '♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛+

'②'/❡♠ ♦❢ /❤❡ ❢♦+♠

Anun= bn. ✭✶✮

❋✉+/❤❡+♠♦+❡✱ ✐❢ /❤❡ ❝❤♦'❡♥ ❛♣♣+♦①✐♠❛/✐♦♥ /❡❝❤♥✐1✉❡ ✐' ❝♦♥✈❡+❣❡♥/✱ /❤❡ ♠♦+❡ ✇❡ ✐♥❝+❡❛'❡

/❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡+ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥/' ♦❢ /❤❡ ❞✐'❝+❡/✐③❛/✐♦♥ ✭n ♦+ ❛♥ ✐♥❝+❡❛'✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝/✐♦♥ ♦❢ n✮ /❤❡ ♠♦+❡ /❤❡

❛♣♣+♦①✐♠❛/✐♦♥ un ♦❢ /❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②/✐❝❛❧ '♦❧✉/✐♦♥ u ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❝❝✉+❛/❡✳

❋♦+ /❤✐' +❡❛'♦♥✱ ♦♥❡ '❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦/ ❝♦♥'✐❞❡+ /❤❡ '♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❧✐♥❡❛+ '②'/❡♠ ✭✶✮ ❢♦+ ❛ ✜①❡❞ n✱ ❜✉/ +❛/❤❡+

(10)

❚❤❡ ♠❛ -✐❝❡# ♣-♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ♠♦# ②♣❡# ♦❢ ❞✐#❝-❡ ✐③❛ ✐♦♥# ♣♦##❡## ❛ # -✉❝ ✉-❡✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ❤❡②

❛-❡ ♦❢ ❡♥ #♣❛-#❡✳ ❋✉- ❤❡-♠♦-❡✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛- ❞✐✛❡-❡♥ ✐❛❧ ♦♣❡-❛ ♦-✱ ❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜❛❞❧②

❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥❡❞✳ ❈♦♥#❡$✉❡♥ ❧② ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡-❛❧ ✭ ❤❛ ✐# ✇✐ ❤♦✉ ❛ $✉✐ ❡ # -♦♥❣ # -✉❝ ✉-❡✮✱ ❞✐-❡❝ ♠❡ ❤♦❞#

#❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞✱ #✐♥❝❡✱ ♥♦ ♦♥❧② ❤❡② ♠❛② -❡$✉✐-❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦♠♣✉ ❛ ✐♦♥ ❝♦# ✱ ❜✉ ❛❧#♦ ❤❡② ♦❢ ❡♥

❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❦❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❛❞✈❛♥ ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ✐♥❢♦-♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ # -✉❝ ✉-❡✳

■ ❡-❛ ✐✈❡ #♦❧✈❡-# ✭✐♥ ♣❛- ✐❝✉❧❛- ♠✉❧ ✐❣-✐❞ ❛♥❞ ♣-❡❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥❡❞ ❑-②❧♦✈ ❡❝❤♥✐$✉❡#✮ ❛-❡ ✐♥# ❡❛❞

✈❡-② ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥ ❝❤♦✐❝❡#✳ ■ ✐# ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❤❛ ✐ ❡-❛ ✐✈❡ ♠❡ ❤♦❞# ❡①♣❧♦✐ ❤❡ #♣❡❝ -❛❧ ✐♥❢♦-✲

♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ ♠❛ -✐① ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥#❡$✉❡♥ ❧② ❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❞❛♣ ❡❞ ✐♥ ♦-❞❡- ♦ ❛❝❝❡❧❡-❛ ❡ ❤❡

❝♦♥✈❡-❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♣ ✐♠✐③❡ ❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉ ❛ ✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦# ✳

❍❡♥❝❡ ❤❡-❡ ❤❡ #♣❡❝ -❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠❛ -✐① An✭❛♥❞ ❝♦♥#❡$✉❡♥ ❧② ♦❢ ❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ # ♠❛ -✐①

#❡$✉❡♥❝❡ {An}n✮ ♣❧❛②# ❛ ❝-✉❝✐❛❧ -♦❧❡ ❢♦- ❛♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❛# -❡#♦❧✉ ✐♦♥✳ ▼♦-❡♦✈❡-✱ ❝♦♠♣❛-✐♥❣

❤❡ #♣❡❝ -✉♠ ♦❢ An✇✐ ❤ ❤❛ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥ ✐❛❧ ♦♣❡-❛ ♦- ❝❛♥ #✉❣❣❡# ✇❤❡ ❤❡- ❤❡ ❞✐#❝-❡ ✐③❛ ✐♦♥

✐# ❛♣♣-♦♣-✐❛ ❡ ♦- ♥♦ ♦ #♣❡❝ -❛❧❧② ❛♣♣-♦①✐♠❛ ❡ ❤❡ ♦♣❡-❛ ♦- A ✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡-✱ ✐ ♠✉# ❜❡ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤ ❡❞ ❤❛ ❤❡ ✐♥ ❡-❡# ✐♥ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡# ✐# ✐♥ -✐♥#✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♠✲

♣♦- ❛♥ ✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝ ✱ ♦♥ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❤❡-❡ ❛-❡ ♣-♦❜❧❡♠# ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡# ✐#

✐♥❞✐-❡❝ ❧② ✉#❡❢✉❧ ✐♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥ ❧② ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❤❡ #♦❧✉ ✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ ❤❡ ♦ ❤❡- ❤❛♥❞ ❤❡-❡ ❛-❡ #✐ ✉❛ ✐♦♥# ✇❤❡-❡

❤❡② ❛❝ ✉❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♣❤②#✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ -❡♣-❡#❡♥ ❤❡ ❛♣♣-♦①✐♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ -❡❛❧ #♦❧✉ ✐♦♥✳

❚❤✐# ✐# ❤❡ ❝❛#❡✱ ❢♦- ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ♦❢ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ♣-♦❜❧❡♠# ❬✹✷✱✾✷❪✳

❆♠♦♥❣ #♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥# ❤❛ ❛-❡ ♥♦ -❡❧❛ ❡❞ ♦ ❤❡ ❛♣♣-♦①✐♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡-❡♥ ✐❛❧ ❡$✉❛✲

✐♦♥#✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♠❡♥ ✐♦♥ # -✉❝ ✉-❡❞ ▼❛-❦♦✈ ❝❤❛✐♥# ❬✶✺❪✱ #✐❣♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♣-♦❝❡##✐♥❣ ♣-♦❜❧❡♠# ✇✐ ❤

#♣❛❝❡ ✐♥✈❛-✐❛♥ ♥❛ ✉-❡ ❬✹✻✱✽✷❪✱ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥# ❬✶✶✵❪✱ ❡ ❝✳

❚❤❡ #❡$✉❡♥❝❡# ❝♦♥#✐❞❡-❡❞ ✐♥ ❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❤❡#✐# ❡♥❥♦② ❛ ✈❡-② ♥✐❝❡ # -✉❝ ✉-❡✿ ❤❡② ❜❡❧♦♥❣ ♦ ❤❡

❝❧❛## ♦❢ ❚♦❡♣❧✐&③ ♠❛ -✐① #❡$✉❡♥❝❡# ♦- ♦ ❤❡ ♠♦-❡ ❣❡♥❡-❛❧ ❝❧❛## ♦❢ ●❡♥❡*❛❧✐③❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧❧② ❚♦❡♣❧✐&③

✭●▲❚✮ ♠❛ -✐① #❡$✉❡♥❝❡#✳

■♥ ❣❡♥❡-❛❧✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✇❤❡ ❤❡- ❤❡ ♠❛ -✐❝❡# ❝♦♠❡ ❢-♦♠ ❛ ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥#✐♦♥❛❧ ♦- ❛ k✲❞✐♠❡♥#✐♦♥❛❧

♣-♦❜❧❡♠✱ k > 1✱ ❤❡✐- # -✉❝ ✉-❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦♥❡✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♦- k✲❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❚❤❛ ✐# ❡❛❝❤ ♠❛ -✐① ❤❛# ❛ #❝❤❡♠❡

-❡♣❡❛ ❡❞ k ✐♠❡# ❡$✉❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡- ♣❛ ❡-♥#✳ ■♥ #✉❝❤ ❛ ❝❛#❡ ❤❡ ❞✐♠❡♥#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠❛ -✐① ✐#

N (♥) = n1n2· · · nk ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ♠❛ -✐① ✐# ✐♥❞❡①❡❞ ❜② ❤❡ ♠✉❧ ✐✲✐♥❞❡① ♥ = (n1, n2, . . . , nk)✳ ❋♦- ❤❡ ♠✉❧ ✐✲✐♥❞❡① ♥♦ ❛ ✐♦♥✱ #❡❡ ❙❡❝ ✐♦♥ ■✳✷✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❤❡ #✐③❡ s ♦❢ ❤❡ #②# ❡♠ ♦❢ X❉❊#✱ ✇❡

❞❡❛❧ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ #❝❛❧❛- ✭s = 1✮ ♦- ❛ ❜❧♦❝❦ ✭s > 1✮ ♠❛ -✐① #❡$✉❡♥❝❡✳ ■♥ ❤❡ ❧❛ ❡- #❡ ✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ❜❛#✐❝

❡♥ -② ✐♥ ❤❡ ♠❛ -✐① An ✐# ✐♥ ✉-♥ ❛♥ s × s ♠❛ -✐①✱ #♦ ❤❛ ❤❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞✐♠❡♥#✐♦♥ ✐# sn × sn ♦- N (♥, s) × N(♥, s)✱ ✇✐ ❤ N(♥, s) = sN(♥) = sn1n2· · · nk✱ ♥ = (n1, n2, . . . , nk)✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡-✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ ❤❡ ❝❛#❡ ♦❢ ❛ #❝❛❧❛- X❉❊✱ ❤❡ ❜❧♦❝❦ # -✉❝ ✉-❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❤❡

♥✉♠❡-✐❝❛❧ ♠❡ ❤♦❞✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❜② ❝❧❛##✐❝❛❧ p✲❞❡❣-❡❡ ✜♥✐ ❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ #✱ p > 1✱ ♦- p✲❞❡❣-❡❡ ❉✐#❝♦♥ ✐♥✉♦✉#

●❛❧❡-❦✐♥ ♠❛ ❤♦❞#✱ p ≥ 1✱ ♦- p✲❞❡❣-❡❡ ✐#♦❣❡♦♠❡ -✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ♦❢ -❡❣✉❧❛-✐ ② k ✇✐ ❤ p − k > 1✳

■♥ ❛❧❧ #✐ ✉❛ ✐♦♥# ❤❡ -❡#❡❛-❝❤ ♦❢ #♣❡❝ -❛❧ ✐♥❢♦-♠❛ ✐♦♥# ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠❡♥ ✐♦♥❡❞ ❝❧❛##❡# ✐# -❡❧❛ ❡❞ ♦ ❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ ♦❢ ❤❡ 2②♠❜♦❧✱ ❤❛ ✐# ❛ ❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥ f ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ✉♥❞❡- ❝❡- ❛✐♥ ❤②♣♦ ❤❡#❡#✱ ♣-♦✈✐❞❡# ❛

#♣❡❝ -❛❧ ♦- ❛ #✐♥❣✉❧❛- ✈❛❧✉❡ ❞❡#❝-✐♣ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❛##♦❝✐❛ ❡❞ ♠❛ -✐① #❡$✉❡♥❝❡#✳

■♥ ❤❡ #✐♠♣❧❡# #❝❛❧❛-✱ ♦♥❡✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❝❛#❡✱ ✇❤❡-❡ ❤❡ ♦♥❧② -❡$✉✐-❡♠❡♥ ♦♥ f : D ⊂ R → C ✐# ♦ ❜❡

❛ ▲❡❜❡#❣✉❡ ♠❡❛#✉-❛❜❧❡ ❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛ ▲❡❜❡#❣✉❡ ♠❡❛#✉-❛❜❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ D✱ ✇✐ ❤ ▲❡❜❡#❣✉❡ ♠❡❛#✉-❡

✈✐

(11)

0 < µ1(D) <∞✱ ✇❡ #❛② &❤❛& &❤❡ #❡(✉❡♥❝❡ {An}n ❤❛# ❛♥ ❛#②♠♣&♦&✐❝❛❧ #♣❡❝&1❛❧ ❬#✐♥❣✉❧❛1 ✈❛❧✉❡❪

❞✐#&1✐❜✉&✐♦♥ ❞❡#❝1✐❜❡❞ ❜② f ✐❢ ✐& ❤♦❧❞# &❤❛&✿

n→∞lim 1 n

Xn j=1

F (λj(An)) = 1 µ1(D)

Z

D

F (f (θ)) dθ, ✭✷✮

 lim

n→∞

1 n

Xn j=1

F (σj(An)) = 1 µ1(D)

Z

D

F (|f(θ)|) dθ,

❢♦1 ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥&✐♥✉♦✉# ❢✉♥❝&✐♦♥# F ✇✐&❤ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ #✉♣♣♦1& ♦♥ C✱ ✇❤❡1❡ λj(An), j = 1, . . . , n❬σj(An), j = 1, . . . , n❪ ❛1❡ &❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡# ❬#✐♥❣✉❧❛1 ✈❛❧✉❡#❪ ♦❢ An

❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛❧ ✭❛♥❞ ♣1❛❝&✐❝❛❧ ✉#❛❜❧❡✮ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ 1❡❧❛&✐♦♥ ✭✷✮ ✐# &❤❛& ❢♦1 n #✉✣❝✐❡♥&❧② ❧❛1❣❡✱ ❛ 1❡❛#♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ &❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡# ❬#✐♥❣✉❧❛1 ✈❛❧✉❡#❪ ♦❢ An✐# ♦❜&❛✐♥❡❞ ❢1♦♠ ❛♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛&✐♦♥

♦❢ f(θ) ❬|f(θ)|❪ ♦✈❡1 ❛♥ ✉♥✐❢♦1♠ ❣1✐❞ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ D✳ ❖♥❝❡ &❤❡ #②♠❜♦❧ ✐# ❦♥♦✇♥ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ &❤❡

✏❝♦♥&1♦❧✑ ♦❢ &❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉1 ♦❢ &❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ #♣❡❝&1✉♠ ❬#✐♥❣✉❧❛1 ✈❛❧✉❡#❪✱ ✉♣ &♦ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡1 ♦❢ ♦✉&❧✐❡1#

✇❤✐❝❤ ✐# ✐♥✜♥✐&❡#✐♠❛❧ ✇✐&❤ 1❡#♣❡❝& &♦ &❤❡ ♠❛&1✐① #✐③❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣❧♦✐& &❤❡ 1❡#✉❧&# ❢♦1 ❞❡#✐❣♥✐♥❣

❡✣❝✐❡♥& #♦❧✈❡1# ❢♦1 &❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥& ♠❛&1✐① An✱ ❢♦1 ❧❛1❣❡ n✳

❆❧♦♥❣ &❤❡ #❛♠❡ ❧✐♥❡# &❤❡ k✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❝❛#❡ ✇✐&❤ ❜❧♦❝❦# ♦❢ #✐③❡ s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ✇✐&❤

&❤❡ #②♠❜♦❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ k✲✈❛1✐❛&❡ ❛♥❞ s × s ♠❛&1✐①✲✈❛❧✉❡❞✳ ❋♦1 #✉❝❤ ❣❡♥❡1❛❧ ♥♦&✐♦♥ #❡❡ ❙❡❝&✐♦♥

■✳✸ ✭❛♥❞ ❙❡❝&✐♦♥ ■✳✷ ❢♦1 &❤❡ ♥❡❝❡##❛1② ♠✉❧&✐✲✐♥❞❡① ♥♦&❛&✐♦♥✮✳

●❡♥❡1❛❧❧② #♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ &❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣&#✱ ♥♦&❛&✐♦♥# ❛♥❞ ♠❛&❤❡♠❛&✐❝❛❧ &♦♦❧# ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉#❡❞ ✐♥

&❤❡ &❤❡#✐# ❛1❡ 1❡♣♦1&❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣"❡# ■✳

■♥ &❤❡ ♥❡①& ❝❤❛♣&❡1# ✇❡ ❢❛❝❡ #❡✈❡1❛❧ &②♣❡ ♦❢ #❡(✉❡♥❝❡ #&1✉❝&✉1❡#✿ ❢1♦♠ &❤❡ ♠♦#& ❣❡♥❡1❛❧ ❜❧♦❝❦

k✲❧❡✈❡❧ #❡&&✐♥❣ &♦ &❤❡ #✐♠♣❧❡#& #❝❛❧❛1✱ ♦♥❡✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❝❛#❡✳ ❈❧❡❛1❧② ❢♦1♠✉❧❛ ✭✷✮ ✐# ♣1♦♣❡1❧② ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞

❢♦1 &❤❡ ♠♦1❡ ❣❡♥❡1❛❧ &②♣❡# ♦❢ &1❡❛&❡❞ #&1✉❝&✉1❡❞ #❡(✉❡♥❝❡#✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✇✐&❤ &❤❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉# ❝❤❛♥❣❡# ♦❢

♥♦&❛&✐♦♥✱ &❤❡ ✉♥✐✈❡1#❛❧ 1♦❧❡ ♦❢ &❤❡ #②♠❜♦❧ ✐# ❜❡✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ &❤❡ &♦♦❧ ❢♦1 ❝♦♠♣❛❝&❧② ❞❡#❝1✐❜✐♥❣ &❤❡

❛#②♠♣&♦&✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦1 ♦❢ &❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡# ❬#✐♥❣✉❧❛1 ✈❛❧✉❡#❪ ♦❢ An✱ ❢♦1 ❧❛1❣❡ n✳

■♥ ❈❤❛♣"❡# ■■ ✇❡ ❝♦♥#✐❞❡1 &❤❡ ●▲❚ #❡(✉❡♥❝❡ ❛1✐#✐♥❣ ❢1♦♠ &❤❡ ❛♣♣1♦①✐♠❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ &❤❡ ✐♥❝♦♠✲

♣1❡##✐❜❧❡ ◆❛✈✐❡1✲❙&♦❦❡# ❡(✉❛&✐♦♥# ❜② #❡♠✐✲✐♠♣❧✐❝✐& ❉✐#❝♦♥&✐♥♦✉# ●❛❧❡1❦✐♥ ♠❡&❤♦❞# ♦♥ !❛❣❣❡%❡❞

♠❡ ❤❡ ✭❙❉●✮✱ ✐♥&1♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✻✺✱✻✻✱✶✸✺✱✶✸✼❪✳

❚❤❡#❡ ♥❡✇ #❝❤❡♠❡# ❤❛✈❡ ♥❡✈❡1 ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ✇✐&❤ ●▲❚ &❡❝❤♥✐(✉❡# ❜❡❢♦1❡✳ ❚❤❡1❡❢♦1❡ &❤❡

✜1#& ❛✐♠ ✐# &❤❡♦1❡&✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❡1♥# &❤❡ ♣♦##✐❜✐❧✐&② ♦❢ ✉#✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡①&❡♥❞✐♥❣ &❤❡ #♣❡❝&1❛❧ &♦♦❧#

♠❡♥&✐♦♥❡❞ #♦ ❢❛1 &♦ &❤✐# ♥❡✇ ♥✉♠❡1✐❝❛❧ ❢1❛♠❡✇♦1❦ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ #&✉❞②✐♥❣ ✐&# ♣1♦♣❡1&✐❡#✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛&&❡♥✲

&✐♦♥ ✐# ❣✐✈❡♥ &♦ &❤❡ #&1✉❝&✉1❛❧ ❛♥❞ #♣❡❝&1❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ♦❢ &❤❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❧✐♥❡❛1 #②#&❡♠#✱ ✐♥ ♣❛1&✐❝✉❧❛1✿

#&1✉❝&✉1❛❧ ♣1♦♣❡1&✐❡#✱ ✐♥ ❝♦♥♥❡❝&✐♦♥ ✇✐&❤ ♠✉❧&✐❧❡✈❡❧ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❚♦❡♣❧✐&③✲❧✐❦❡ ✭❛♥❞ ❝✐1❝✉❧❛♥&✮ ♠❛&1✐❝❡#✱

❞✐#&1✐❜✉&✐♦♥ #♣❡❝&1❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ✐♥ &❤❡ ❲❡②❧ #❡♥#❡✱ ❝♦♥❞✐&✐♦♥✐♥❣✱ ❛#②♠♣&♦&✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉1 ♦❢ &❤❡ ❡①✲

&1❡♠❛❧ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡# ✈✐❛ ❧♦✇ 1❛♥❦ ♣❡1&✉1❜❛&✐♦♥# ❛♥❞ #&✉❞② ♦❢ ♦✉&❧✐❡1#✳ ■♥ &✉1♥ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ &❤❡♠ ❛1❡

♦❢ ✐♥&❡1❡#& ❢♦1 ♥✉♠❡1✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❣♦1✐&❤♠✐❝ ♣✉1♣♦#❡#✿ &❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ♦❢ &❤❡ ✐♥&1✐♥#✐❝ ❞✐✣❝✉❧&② ♦❢ &❤❡

♣1♦❜❧❡♠ ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛& ❞❡#✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ✭♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐&✐♦♥❡❞✮ ❑1②❧♦✈ ♠❡&❤♦❞# ❬✺✱✶✶❪✳

❋✐1#& ✇❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ ❝❧❛##✐❝❛❧ ♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐&✐♦♥✐♥❣ #&1❛&❡❣②✱ ❞❡#✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❛ X1❡❝♦♥❞✐&✐♦♥❡❞ ❈♦♥❥✉❣❛&❡

●1❛❞✐❡♥& ✭X❈●✮ ♠❡&❤♦❞✱ ✇✐&❤ ❝✐1❝✉❧❛♥& ❙&1❛♥❣ ♣1❡❝♦♥❞✐&✐♦♥❡1✳ ❇✉& ✐♥ ❛ ♠✉❧&✐❧❡✈❡❧ #❡&&✐♥❣✱

✇❤❡♥ ❛♥ ❛#②♠♣&♦&✐❝ ❝♦♥❞✐&✐♦♥ ✐# ♣1❡#❡♥&✱ ❛# ✐& ✐# ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❧✐&❡1❛&✉1❡ ❬✾✽✱ ✶✷✹✱ ✶✷✾❪✱

✈✐✐

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♦❢ ✐ ❡,❛ ✐♦♥$✳ ❆❧ ❤♦✉❣❤✱ ✉♣ ♦ ♦✉, ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ♠❛♥② ❤❡♦,❡ ✐❝❛❧ ,❡$✉❧ $ ♦♥ ♠✉❧ ✐❣,✐❞ ❝♦♥✈❡,❣❡♥❝❡

✐♥ ❜❧♦❝❦ $❡ ✐♥❣$ ❛,❡ $ ✐❧❧ ♠✐$$✐♥❣ ♦, ✐♥ ♣,❡♣❛,❛ ✐♦♥ ❬✶✸✵❪✱ ✇❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛ ❡ ❤❡♠ ♥✉♠❡,✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤❡

❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❛♣♣,♦♣,✐❛ ❡ $♠♦♦ ❤❡, ❛♥❞ ♣,♦❧♦♥❣❛ ✐♦♥ ♦♣❡,❛ ♦,$ ❛,❡ ❥✉$ ✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❤❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝✐❛♥

♥❛ ✉,❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ $②♠❜♦❧ ❛♥❞ $✉♣♣♦, ❡❞ ❜② ❤❡ ❡♥❝♦✉,❛❣✐♥❣ ,❡$✉❧ $ ✐♥ ❛ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❝♦♥ ❡① ✐♥ ❬✹✽❪✱ ❛♥❞

✐♥ ❤❡ $❝❛❧❛, ♠✉❧ ✐❧❡✈❡❧ ❝❛$❡$ ❬✷✱✸✱✻✾❪✳

▼♦,❡♦✈❡,✱ ❜❛$❡❞ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ ♦❢ $②♠❜♦❧✱ ✐ ❤❛$ ❜❡❡♥ ♣♦$$✐❜❧❡ ♦ ❞❡$✐❣♥ $♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢❛$ ♠❡ ❤♦❞$

❢♦, $♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❧❛,❣❡ ❧✐♥❡❛, $②$ ❡♠$ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③ ♦, ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③✲❧✐❦❡ $ ,✉❝ ✉,❡ ✐♥ ✈❛,✐♦✉$ $❡ ✐♥❣$✳

❲❤❡♥ $♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③✲❧✐❦❡ ♠❛ ,✐❝❡$✱ ✇❡ ❛,❡ ,❡❢❡,,✐♥❣ ♦ $♠❛❧❧ ♣❡, ✉,❜❛ ✐♦♥$ ♦❢ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③

♠❛ ,✐❝❡$ ♦, ❜❧♦❝❦ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③ ♠❛ ,✐❝❡$✱ ✇❤❡,❡ ❤❡ ♣,❡❝✐$❡ $ ,✉❝ ✉,❡ ✐$ ♦❜$❡,✈❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ,❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❢❡✇

,♦✇$ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧✉♠♥$✳

❇❡❝❛✉$❡ ♦❢ ❤❡✐, ♣❡,✈❛$✐✈❡ ❛♣♣❡❛,❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛♥② $❤✐❢ ✲✐♥✈❛,✐❛♥ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠ ❬✼✱ ✸✷✱ ✾✸❪✱ ❤❡,❡ ❤❛$

❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❧♦ ♦❢ ❛ ❡♥ ✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❢❛$ ♠❡ ❤♦❞$ ❢♦, $♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❧❛,❣❡ ❧✐♥❡❛, $②$ ❡♠$ ✇✐ ❤ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③ ♦, ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③✲

❧✐❦❡ $ ,✉❝ ✉,❡ ✭$❡❡ ❤❡ ,❡✈✐❡✇ ♣❛♣❡,$ ✐♥ ❬✸✷✱ ✾✸✱ ✾✹❪✮✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❜♦ ❤ ❞✐,❡❝ ❢❛$ ❛♥❞ $✉♣❡,❢❛$

$♦❧✈❡,$ ❬✾✸✱✾✹❪ ❛♥❞ ✐ ❡,❛ ✐✈❡ $♦❧✈❡,$ ❬✸✱✸✷❪✳

❍❡,❡ ✇❡ ❝♦♥$✐❞❡, ❤❡ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉ ✐♥❣ ❤❡ $♣❡❝ ,✉♠ ❛♥❞✱ ❢♦, $✉❝❤ ②♣❡ ♦❢ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠$✱ ✇❡

❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❛ ❝❧❛$$ ♦❢ ❢❛$ ♠❡ ❤♦❞$ $ ❛, ✐♥❣ ❢,♦♠ ❤❡ ,❡$✉❧ $ ✐♥ ,❡❝❡♥ ✇♦,❦ ❬✻✷❪✱ ✇❤❡,❡ ❊❦$ ,W♠✱

●❛,♦♥✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❡,,❛✲❈❛♣✐③③❛♥♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥❥❡❝ ✉,❡❞ ❤❡ ❡①✐$ ❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛$②♠♣ ♦ ✐❝ ❡①♣❛♥$✐♦♥ ❢♦, ❤❡

❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$ ♦❢ ❜❛♥❞❡❞ $②♠♠❡ ,✐❝ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③ ♠❛ ,✐❝❡$✳ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❧② ❇♦❣♦②❛✱ ❇W ❝❤❡,✱ ●,✉❞$❦②✱

❛♥❞ ▼❛①✐♠❡♥❦♦ ❬✶✻✱✶✼✱✶✾❪ ❤❛✈❡ ♦❜ ❛✐♥❡❞ ❤❡ ♣,❡❝✐$❡ ❛$②♠♣ ♦ ✐❝ ❡①♣❛♥$✐♦♥ ❢♦, ❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$

♦❢ ❛ $❡Y✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③ ♠❛ ,✐❝❡$ {Tn(f )}n✱ ✉♥❞❡, $✉✐ ❛❜❧❡ ❛$$✉♠♣ ✐♦♥$ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❛$$♦❝✐❛ ❡❞

❣❡♥❡,❛ ✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥ f✳

■♥ ❬✻✷❪ ❤❡ ❛✉ ❤♦,$ ♣,♦✈✐❞❡❞ ♥✉♠❡,✐❝❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡$ ❤❛ $♦♠❡ ♦❢ ❤♦$❡ ❛$$✉♠♣ ✐♦♥$ ❝❛♥ ❜❡

,❡❧❛①❡❞✱ ♠❛✐♥ ❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ❤❡ ❤②♣♦ ❤❡$✐$ ♦♥ f ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ,❡❛❧ ❝♦$✐♥❡ ,✐❣♦♥♦♠❡ ,✐❝ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧

✭❘❈❚$✮✱ ♠♦♥♦ ♦♥❡ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳

❙ ✉❞②✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❡,,♦,$ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❛♣♣,♦①✐♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$ ❜② ✉♥✐❢♦,♠ $❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤❡ $②♠✲

❜♦❧✱ ✇❡ ❞❡✈✐$❡ ❛♥ ❡① ,❛♣♦❧❛ ✐♦♥ ♣,♦❝❡❞✉,❡ ❢♦, ❝♦♠♣✉ ✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$ ♦❢ ❜❛♥❞❡❞ $②♠♠❡ ,✐❝

❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③ ♠❛ ,✐❝❡$ ♦❢ ✈❡,② ❧❛,❣❡ ❞✐♠❡♥$✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❧❣♦,✐ ❤♠ ✐$ ♣❡,❢♦,♠❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❝✲

❝✉,❛❝② ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❤❡ ❝♦$ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉ ✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞❡,❛ ❡ ♥✉♠❜❡, ♦❢ $♠❛❧❧ $✐③❡❞

♠❛ ,✐❝❡$✳

❋,♦♠ ❛ ❤❡♦,❡ ✐❝❛❧ ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ ✱ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣)❡+, ■■■✱ ■❱✱ ❱ ❤❡ ❛$$✉♠♣ ✐♦♥$ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❣❡♥❡,❛ ✐♥❣

❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ,❡❧❛①❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡① ❡♥❞❡❞ ❛❧$♦ ❢♦, ❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡$ ♦❢✿

✶✳ ♣,❡❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❛♥❞❡❞ $②♠♠❡ ,✐❝ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③ ♠❛ ,✐❝❡$ ❬✶❪❀

✷✳ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③✲❧✐❦❡ ♠❛ ,✐❝❡$✱ n−1Kn[p]✱ nMn[p]✱ n−2L[p]n ✱ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢,♦♠ ❤❡ ❇✲$♣❧✐♥❡ ■❣❆ ❛♣♣,♦①✐♠❛✲

✐♦♥ ♦❢ −u′′= λu✱ ♣❧✉$ ✐ $ ♠✉❧ ✐✈❛,✐❛ ❡ ❝♦✉♥ ❡,♣❛, ❢♦, −∆u = λu ❬✺✽❪❀

✸✳ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❛♥❞ ♣,❡❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❜❛♥❞❡❞ $②♠♠❡ ,✐❝ ❚♦❡♣❧✐ ③ ♠❛ ,✐❝❡$ ❬✻✵❪✳

❲❡ ❛❧$♦ ♣,♦✈❡✱ ❢♦, ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥ ❡① $ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ ❤❡ ✜,$ ♦,❞❡, ❛$②♠♣ ♦ ✐❝ ❡,♠ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❡①♣❛♥$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

✇❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ ❤❡ ,❡$✉❧ $ ♦❢ ❬✺✶✱ ✼✶✱ ✼✷✱ ✼✸✱ ✼✹✱ ✼✻✱ ✼✼❪✱ ♣,♦✈✐♥❣ $❡✈❡,❛❧ ✐♠♣♦, ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧② ✐❝

♣,♦♣❡, ✐❡$ ♦❢ ep(θ)✱ $♣❡❝ ,❛❧ $②♠❜♦❧ ♦❢ {n−2L[p]n }n

✈✐✐✐

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❋♦" ■$❡♠ ✸ ✇❡ ❝♦♥+✐❞❡" $❤❡ ♥❛$✉"❛❧ ❡①$❡♥+✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②+✐+ ❢♦" $❤❡ ❝❛+❡ ♦❢ f ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♥ s × s

♠❛$"✐①✲✈❛❧✉❡❞ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥ ✇✐$❤ s ≥ 1✱ ❛♥❞ Tn(f ) $❤❡ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❚♦❡♣❧✐$③ ♠❛$"✐① ❣❡♥❡"❛$❡❞ ❜② f✳ ❍❡♥❝❡

$❤❡ ♥❛$✉"❛❧ +$❡♣ ✐+ $❤❛$ ♦❢ ❞❡"✐✈✐♥❣ $❤❡ ❛♥❛❧♦❣♦✉+ ❝♦♥❞✐$✐♦♥+ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥+✉"❡ $❤❡ ❡①✐+$❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥

❛+②♠♣$♦$✐❝ ❡①♣❛♥+✐♦♥ ❢♦" $❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡+ ✐♥ ❜❧♦❝❦ +❡$$✐♥❣+✳ ■♥ ♣❛"$✐❝✉❧❛" ❤♦✇ $❤❡ ❛++✉♠♣$✐♦♥+ ♦♥

$❤❡ +❝❛❧❛" +②♠❜♦❧ f ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ "❡❛❧✱ ♠♦♥♦$♦♥❡✱ ❝♦+✐♥❡ $"✐❣♦♥♦♠❡$"✐❝ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❛"❡ $"❛♥+❢♦"♠❡❞

❢♦" $❤❡ ♠❛$"✐①✲✈❛❧✉❡❞ +②♠❜♦❧ ❢✳ ❍❡"❡ $❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥+ ♦❢ f✱ λ(i)(f ), i = 1, . . . , s✱ ♣❧❛②

❛♥ ❛♥❛❧♦❣♦✉+ "♦❧❡ ♦❢ f ❢♦" $❤❡ +❝❛❧❛" ❝❛+❡+✳ ❋✉"$❤❡"♠♦"❡ ✇❡ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡"+✐♦♥ ❢"♦♠

♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ ✭❘❈❚1✮ $♦ ❍❡"♠✐$✐❛♥ ♠❛$"✐①✲✈❛❧✉❡❞ $"✐❣♦♥♦♠❡$"✐❝ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ ✭❍❚1✮✳

❚❤❡ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ ✐❞❡❛ ❢♦" $❤❡ ❝♦♥+✐❞❡"❡❞ ❛+②♠♣$♦$✐❝ ❡①♣❛♥+✐♦♥ ✐+ ❜❛+❡❞ ♦♥ $❤❡ "✐❣❤$ "❡♦"❞❡"✐♥❣ ♦❢

❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡+ ✇✐$❤ "❡+♣❡❝$ $♦ $❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛$✐♦♥+ ♦❢ f ✭♦❢ λ(i)(❢), i = 1, . . . , s✱ ✐♥ ❝❛+❡ s > 1✮✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞

❢♦" s = 1✱ $❤❡ ❛++✉♠♣$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦♥♦$♦♥✐❝✐$② ♦❢ f ✐+ ❝"✉❝✐❛❧ $♦ ❡♥+✉"❡ $❤❡ ❝♦""❡❝$ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢

❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡+ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛$✐♦♥+✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣♦✉+❧②✱ ❢♦" s > 1✱ $❤❡ "✐❣❤$ "❡♦"❞❡"✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ✈❛❧✐❞✐$② ♦❢ ❡①✲

♣❛♥+✐♦♥ ❛"❡ ❣✉❛"❛♥$❡❡❞ ❣❧♦❜❛❧❧② ♦♥ $❤❡ +♣❡❝$"✉♠✱ "❡C✉✐"✐♥❣ $❤❡ ♠♦♥♦$♦♥✐❝✐$② ♦❢ ❡✈❡"② ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡

❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥+ ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ❡♠♣$② ✐♥$❡"+❡❝$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ "❛♥❣❡+ $✇♦ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥ λ(j)(f ) ❛♥❞ λ(k)(f )

❢♦" ❡✈❡"② ♣❛✐" ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐❝❡+ j, k ∈ {1, . . . , s} +✉❝❤ $❤❛$ j 6= k✳ ■❢ $❤❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐$✐♦♥ ✐+ ✈✐♦❧❛$❡❞✱ ✐$

✐+✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡"✱ ♣♦++✐❜❧❡ $♦ "❡❝♦✈❡" $❤❡ ❛+②♠♣$♦$✐❝ ❡①♣❛♥+✐♦♥ ❢♦" $❤❡ ♣♦"$✐♦♥ ♦❢ +♣❡❝$"✉♠ ❛++♦❝✐❛$❡❞

$♦ $❤♦+❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥+ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✈❡"✐❢② ❧♦❝❛❧❧② ❜♦$❤ $❤❡ ♥♦♥✲✐♥$❡"+❡❝$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦♥♦$♦♥✐❝✐$②

❝♦♥❞✐$✐♦♥+✳

❚❤❡ ❛+②♠♣$♦$✐❝ +♣❡❝$"❛❧ ❡①♣❛♥+✐♦♥ ❜❡❝♦♠❡+ ❛ ♣♦$❡♥$✐❛❧ $♦♦❧ ❢♦" $❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉$❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡

+♣❡❝$"✉♠ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡"❡♥$✐❛❧ ♦♣❡"❛$♦"+✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣"❡# ■❱ ✇❡ ♣❡"❢♦"♠ ❛ ❞❡$❛✐❧❡❞ +♣❡❝$"❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②+✐+ ♦❢

$❤❡ ♠❛$"✐❝❡+ n−1Kn[p], nMn[p], n−2L[p]n

■♥ ♣❛"$✐❝✉❧❛" ❢♦" p ≥ 3✱ ✇❡ ♣"♦✈✐❞❡ ♥✉♠❡"✐❝❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣"❡❝✐+❡ ❛+②♠♣$♦$✐❝ ❡①♣❛♥+✐♦♥ ❢♦"

$❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡+✱ ❡①❝❡♣$ ❢♦" $❤❡ ❧❛"❣❡+$ noutp = n− mod(p, 2) ♦✉$❧✐❡"+✱ ♦❢ n−2L[p]n

■♥ ❛❞❞✐$✐♦♥✱ ❢♦" p = 1 ❛♥❞ p = 2✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣✉$❡ $❤❡ ❡①❛❝$ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡+ ❛♥❞ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝$♦"+ ♦❢ Kn[p] Mn[p]✱ ❛♥❞ L[p]n ✳ ■♥ ❜♦$❤ ❝❛+❡+ ♦❢ p✱ $❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡+ ❛"❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ "❡+♣❡❝$✐✈❡❧② ❜② fpj,n)✱ gpj,n)

❛♥❞ epj,n)✱ ❢♦" j = 1, . . . , n+p−2✱ θj,n = jπ/n✱ ✇❤❡"❡ fp(θ)✱ gp(θ)✱ ❛♥❞ ep(θ)❛"❡ $❤❡ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥+

$❤❛$ +♣❡❝$"❛❧❧② ❞❡+❝"✐❜❡ $❤❡ +❡C✉❡♥❝❡+ {n−1Kn[p]}n✱ {nMn[p]}n✱ ❛♥❞ {n−2L[p]n }n✱ "❡+♣❡❝$✐✈❡❧② ❬✼✼✱

❙❡❝$✐♦♥ ✶✵✳✼❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①❛❝$ ❝♦♠♣✉$❛$✐♦♥ ✐+ ♠❛❞❡ ♣♦++✐❜❧❡ +✐♥❝❡ $❤❡ ♠❛$"✐❝❡+ Kn[p], Mn[p], L[p]n ❜❡❧♦♥❣

$♦ $❤❡ +❛♠❡ ♠❛$"✐① ❛❧❣❡❜"❛✳ ❇② ✉+✐♥❣ $❡♥+♦"✲♣"♦❞✉❝$ ❛"❣✉♠❡♥$+ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛❧+♦ ♣"❡+❡♥$ ❛ ❞❡$❛✐❧❡❞

❡①$❡♥+✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❛♥❛❧②+✐+ $♦ $❤❡ ❣❡♥❡"❛❧ k✲❞✐♠❡♥+✐♦♥❛❧ +❡$$✐♥❣✳

❲❡ +❤♦✇ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ $❤❛$ $❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡✕❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝$♦" +$"✉❝$✉"❡ ♦❢ $❤❡ ♠❛$"✐① ❛"✐+✐♥❣ ❢"♦♠ $❤❡ ■❣❆

❛♣♣"♦①✐♠❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ✶❉ ♣"♦❜❧❡♠

−u′′(x) = λu(x), x∈ (0, 1),

u(0) = u(1) = 0, ✭✸✮

❝♦♠♣❧❡$❡❧② ❞❡$❡"♠✐♥❡+ $❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡✕❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝$♦" +$"✉❝$✉"❡ ♦❢ $❤❡ ♠❛$"✐① L[p]n ✐♥ $❤❡ k✲❞✐♠❡♥+✐♦♥❛❧

+❡$$✐♥❣✳

❚❤❡ ❡①❛❝$ ❢♦"♠✉❧❛❡ ❢♦" $❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡+ ❛"❡ ❛❧+♦ ♣"❡+❡♥$❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣"❡# ❱ ❢♦" $❤❡ +❝❛❧❡❞ ♠❛$"✐① +❡C✉❡♥❝❡+✱ {Mn(p)}n✱ {Kn(p)}n ❛♥❞ {L(p)n }n={(Mn(p))−1Kn(p)}n✱ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢"♦♠ ♦"❞❡" p ▲❛❣"❛♥❣✐❛♥

❋✐♥✐$❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥$ ❛♣♣"♦①✐♠❛$✐♦♥+ ♦❢ ❛ +❡❝♦♥❞ ♦"❞❡" ❡❧❧✐♣$✐❝ ❞✐✛❡"❡♥$✐❛❧ ♣"♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❧❣♦"✐$❤♠

$❤❛$ ❡①❛❝$❧② ❝♦♠♣✉$❡+ $❤❡ +♣❡❝$"✉♠ ♦❢ $❤❡ ♠❛++ Mn(p)✱ +$✐✛♥❡++ Kn(p) ❛♥❞ L(p)n ✐+ ❜❛+❡❞ ♦♥ ❛

♣"♦♣❡" ❡✈❛❧✉❛$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ +♣❡❝$"❛❧ +②♠❜♦❧+ ❣✱ ❢ ❛♥❞ # ♦♥ $❤❡ ❝♦""❡❝$ ❣"✐❞✳

✐①

(14)

■♥ ❛❧❧ (❤❡ (!❡❛(❡❞ ❝❛4❡4 (❤❡ !❡4✉❧(✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦!✐(❤♠4 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥(❡!♣!❡(❛(❡❞ ❛4 ❡✐❣❡♥4♦❧✈❡!4 (❤❛( ❞♦

♥♦( ♥❡❡❞ (♦ 4(♦!❡ ❡✐(❤❡! (❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥(4 ♦❢ (❤❡ ♠❛(!✐❝❡4 ♦! ♣❡!❢♦!♠ ♠❛(!✐①✲✈❡❝(♦! ♣!♦❞✉❝(4✱ ❛♥❞

❢♦! (❤✐4 !❡❛4♦♥ (❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ !❡❝❡♥(❧② ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♠❛"#✐①✲❧❡)) 4♦❧✈❡!4 ❬✺✼❪✳

❲❡ ♣!❡4❡♥( ❛♥❞ ❝!✐(✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❛❧②③❡ ♠❛♥② ♥✉♠❡!✐❝❛❧ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡4✳ ❖♥ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ (❤✐4 ❤❛4 (❤❡

♣✉!♣♦4❡ (♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛(❡ ❛♥❞ ♥✉♠❡!✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦♥✜!♠ (❤❡ ♣!♦♣♦4❡❞ (❤❡♦!❡(✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❣♦!✐(❤♠✐❝ !❡4✉❧(4✳

❖♥ (❤❡ ♦(❤❡! ❤❛♥❞ ✇❡ 4❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ (♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛(❡ ♠❛♥② ❡①❛♠♣❧❡4 ♦❢ ♣!❛❝(✐❝❛❧ ✐♥(❡!❡4(✳ ❋♦! ✐♥4(❛♥❝❡

✇❡ 4❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ (♦ ❜②♣❛44 (❤❡ ♠♦♥♦(♦♥❡ ❝♦♥❞✐(✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❢❡✇ 4♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❛4❡4 ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ (♦ !❡❞✉❝❡ ❛ ❜❧♦❝❦

♣!♦❜❧❡♠ (♦ ❢❡✇✱ 4❡♣❛!❛(❡✱ ❛♥❞ 4✐♠♣❧❡! 4❝❛❧❛! ♣!♦❜❧❡♠4✳

❚❤❡ ❧❛4( 4❡❝(✐♦♥4 ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛(❡❞ (♦ ✐❧❧✉4(!❛(❡ ❢❡✇ (♦♣✐❝4 ❢♦! ❢✉(✉!❡ !❡4❡❛!❝❤ !❡❧❛(❡❞ (♦ (❤❡

(❤❡♠❡4 ♦❢ (❤❡ ♣!❡4❡♥( (❤❡4✐4✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❧❛♥ ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞ ✐4 (❤❛( ♦❢ ❝♦♥(✐♥✉❡ ♣!♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣

♠❡(❤♦❞4 ✐♥ ♦!❞❡! (♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐(❤ (❤❡ ♠♦4( ❣❡♥❡!❛❧ ❝❧❛44❡4 ♦❢ 4(!✉❝(✉!❡❞ ♠❛(!✐① 4❡L✉❡♥❝❡4 ❛♥❞ M❉❊

❞✐4❝!❡(✐③❛(✐♦♥4✳

❈♦♥❝❡!♥✐♥❣ (❤✐4 ❞✐!❡❝(✐♦♥ (❤❡ ✜!4( 4(❡♣ !❡❣❛!❞4 ❛ ❢❡❛4✐❜❧❡ ❡①(❡♥4✐♦♥ ♦❢ (❤❡ ♣!♦♣♦4❡❞ ♠❛(!✐①✲

❧❡44 ❡✐❣❡♥4♦❧✈❡!4 (♦ ♠✉❧(✐❧❡✈❡❧ ❝♦♥(❡①(4✱ ✐♥ ❝❛4❡4 ✇❤❡!❡ ❛ (❡♥4♦! ♣!♦❞✉❝( ❛!❣✉♠❡♥( ❝❛♥♥♦( ❜❡

❡①♣❧♦✐(❡❞✳ ❍❡!❡ (❤❡ ♣!✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦♣❡♥ L✉❡4(✐♦♥ ❝♦♥❝❡!♥4 (❤❡ ❢♦!♠❛❧✐③❛(✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ❜♦(❤ 4❝❛❧❛! ♦! ❜❧♦❝❦

❝❛4❡✱ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❛4②♠♣(♦(✐❝ 4♣❡❝(!❛❧ ❡①♣❛♥4✐♦♥ ❢♦! k✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♠❛(!✐❝❡4✱ (❤❛( ✐♥ (✉!♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞4 ♦♥ (❤❡ ❧❛❝❦

♦❢ (❤❡ ♠♦♥♦(♦♥✐❝✐(② ❝♦♥❝❡♣( ❢♦! ❛ k ✈❛!✐❛(❡ 4②♠❜♦❧✳

■♥ (❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❡ ❜!✐❡✢② ❞❡4❝!✐❜❡ (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡♥(4 ♦❢ (❤❡ ✉♣❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❈❤❛♣$❡&' ■✲❱ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ (❤❡

❈❤❛♣$❡& ❱■ ♦❢ (❤❡ (❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ !❡4✉❧(4✳

❼ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣$❡& ■ ✇❡ 4❡( (❤❡ ♥♦(❛(✐♦♥ ✉4❡❞ (❤!♦✉❣❤♦✉( (❤❡ (❤❡4✐4 ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ♣!♦✈✐❞❡ (❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛✲

♠❡♥(❛❧ ❜❛❝❦❣!♦✉♥❞ (❤❛( ✐4 ♥❡❝❡44❛!② ❢♦! ✉♥❞❡!4(❛♥❞✐♥❣ (❤❡ 4✉❜4❡L✉❡♥( ❝❤❛♣(❡!4✳

■♥ ♣❛!(✐❝✉❧❛!✿ (❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐(✐♦♥4 ❛♥❞ (❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣!♦♣❡!(✐❡4 ♦❢ ❚♦❡♣❧✐(③✱ ❝✐!❝✉❧❛♥( ❛♥❞ ●▲❚

4❡L✉❡♥❝❡4 ✐♥ (❤❡ ♠♦4( ❣❡♥❡!❛❧ ❜❧♦❝❦ k✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❢♦!♠✱ (❤❡ ♥♦(✐♦♥ ♦❢ 4♣❡❝(!❛❧ ❬4✐♥❣✉❧❛! ✈❛❧✉❡❪

❞✐4(!✐❜✉(✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ (❤❡ ♣!❡❧✐♠✐♥❛!② ✈❡!4✐♦♥ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❛4②♠♣(♦(✐❝ 4♣❡❝(!❛❧ ❡①♣❛♥4✐♦♥✳ ▼♦!❡♦✈❡!

✇❡ ❜!✐❡✢② !❡❝❛❧❧ (❤❡ ❜❛4✐❝ ✐❞❡❛4 ✇❤✐❝❤ !❡♣!❡4❡♥( (❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ (♦♦❧4 ❢♦! ✉♥❞❡!4(❛♥❞✐♥❣ (❤❡

♠✉❧(✐❣!✐❞ ❛♥❞ ♣!❡❝♦♥❞✐(✐♦♥❡❞ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛(❡ ❣!❛❞✐❡♥( ♠❡(❤♦❞4✳

❼ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣$❡& ■■ ✇❡ ❛!❡ ✐♥(❡!❡4(❡❞ ✐♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥(❧② 4♦❧✈✐♥❣ (❤❡ ❧❛!❣❡ ❧✐♥❡❛! 4②4(❡♠4 ❛!✐4✐♥❣

❢!♦♠ (❤❡ ❞✐4❝!❡(✐③❛(✐♦♥ ♦❢ (❤❡ (✇♦✕❞✐♠❡♥4✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠♣!❡44✐❜❧❡ ◆❛✈✐❡!✲❙(♦❦❡4 ❡L✉❛(✐♦♥4 ❜②

❉✐4❝♦♥(✐♥✉♦✉4 ●❛❧❡!❦✐♥ ♠❡(❤♦❞4 ♦♥ 4(❛❣❣❡!❡❞ ♠❡4❤❡4✳ ❚❤❡4❡ ♥♦✈❡❧ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ♦!❞❡!

4❡♠✐✲✐♠♣❧✐❝✐( 4❝❤❡♠❡4 ❛!❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ❢♦! (❤❡ ✜!4( (✐♠❡ ✇✐(❤ ●▲❚ (❡❝❤♥✐L✉❡4✳ ❲❡ 4❤♦✇

(❤❛( (❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥( ♠❛(!✐① 4❡L✉❡♥❝❡ ❤❛4 ❛ ♠✉❧(✐❧❡✈❡❧ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❚♦❡♣❧✐(③ 4(!✉❝(✉!❡ ♣❧✉4 ❛ ❧♦✇

!❛♥❦ ❝♦!!❡❝(✐♦♥4✳ ❚❤❡ !❡4✉❧(4 ❛!❡ (❤❡♥ ✉4❡❞ ❢♦! ❞❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ 4♣❡❝(!❛❧ ✐♥❢♦!♠❛(✐♦♥4 ♦♥ ♦✉(❧✐❡!4✱

❝♦♥❞✐(✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛4②♠♣(♦(✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉! ♦❢ (❤❡ ❡①(!❡♠❛❧ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡4✳ ■♥ (✉!♥ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ (❤❡♠ ❛!❡

♦❢ ✐♥(❡!❡4( ❢♦! ♥✉♠❡!✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❣♦!✐(❤♠✐❝ ♣✉!♣♦4❡4✿ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✉4❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ !❡4✉❧(✐♥❣ ❛4②♠♣(♦(✐❝

4♣❡❝(!❛❧ ✐♥❢♦!♠❛(✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❞❡4✐❣♥ 4♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♣!❡❝♦♥❞✐(✐♦♥❡❞ ❑!②❧♦✈ ❛♥❞ (✇♦ ❣!✐❞4 ♠❡(❤♦❞ ❢♦!

(❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥( !❡4♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❛44♦❝✐❛(❡❞ ❧✐♥❡❛! 4②4(❡♠4✳ ❲❡ ♦❜(❛✐♥ (❤❛( (❤❡ ✉4❡ ♦❢ M❈●

♠❡(❤♦❞ ✇✐(❤ ❝✐!❝✉❧❛♥( ❙(!❛♥❣ ♣!❡❝♦♥❞✐(✐♦♥❡! ❝❛♥♥♦( ❡♥4✉!❡ (❤❡ 4✉♣❡!❧✐♥❡❛! ❝♦♥✈❡!❣❡♥❝❡✱

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