Questo lavoro di tesi ha dimostrato che le femmine del parassitoide P. concolor sono in grado di apprendere degli stimoli olfattivi derivanti da un loro ospite sia in presenza di un vantaggio (e.g. cibo) che in presenza di un pericolo (e.g. shock elettrico). Uno stimolo olfattivo per natura non attrattivo è diventato attrattivo quando associato ad una ricompensa alimentare (ipotesi sperimentale 1) mentre uno stimolo olfattivo per natura attrattivo è diventato non attrattivo quando associato ad una situazione di pericolo (ipotesi sperimentale 2). I risultati dell’esperimento 1 infatti hanno mostrato che le femmine del braconide allenate in presenza di 3 differenti HIPVs (acido nonanoico, acido decanoico, geranil acetone), per natura non attrattivi, preferiscono l’odore associato alla ricompensa alimentare piuttosto che il controllo, indipendentemente dal dosaggio al quale i composti sono stati testati (1 e 10 µg/µL). I risultati dell’esperimento 2 hanno evidenziato che le femmine del parassitoide allenate in presenza di due distinti HIPVs (etil octanoato, decanale), per natura attrattivi, preferiscono il controllo piuttosto che l’odore associato al
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pericolo quando i due composti vengono testati alla concentrazione maggiore (10 µg/µL), mentre non preferiscono né l’odore né il controllo quando i due HIPVs vengono testati alla concentrazione minore (1µg/µL).
L’apprendimento associativo manifestato dalle femmine di P. concolor in presenza di uno stimolo olfattivo e di una ricompensa (esperimento 1) può trovare applicazione nell’ambito di programmi di controllo biologico dei fitofagi. Infatti, è possibile condizionare in laboratorio gli esemplari di P. concolor prima del loro rilascio in campo associando una ricompensa (stimolo incondizionato) ad uno stimolo olfattivo (stimolo condizionato) in modo che, una volta in campo, i parassitoidi utilizzino gli stimoli appresi durante il condizionamento per facilitare e/o velocizzare la ricerca dei propri ospiti, ottenendo così un miglior controllo dei ditteri tefritidi dannosi all’agricoltura. L’apprendimento associativo in presenza di un pericolo (esperimento 2) invece può costituire una strategia per aumentare le possibilità di sopravvivenza dei parassitoidi in campo. Infatti, gli esemplari di P. concolor possono essere condizionati prima del loro rilascio utilizzando come stimolo olfattivo degli odori correlati a contesti di pericolo (come l’odore di un predatore) e come stimolo incondizionato lo shock elettrico in modo che, durante la ricerca in campo degli ospiti da parassitizzare, evitino gli odori associati a contesti di pericolo appresi durante il condizionamento, assicurandosi così maggiori probabilità di sopravvivenza.
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