Questo studio ha analizzato la relazione tra la propensione al disgusto nelle sue tre dimensioni principali e i sintomi di contaminazione da contatto e contaminazione mentale, controllando l’effetto di depressione e ansia.
Come atteso e in linea con la letteratura, i sintomi del timore di contaminazione da contatto si sono rivelati strettamente associati al disgusto patogeno, che ne è risultato l’unico predittore significativo, controllando l’effetto delle variabili potenzialmente confondenti.
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Sempre come atteso, in linea con la nostra ipotesi, i sintomi di contaminazione mentale si sono invece rivelati strettamente associati al disgusto sessuale, che ne è risultato l’unico predittore significativo, ma non a quello morale.
Quest’ultimo dato è l’unico contrario alle aspettative e alla letteratura sulla contaminazione mentale che sostiene (seppur senza supporto empirico) la rilevanza del disgusto morale nella contaminazione mentale. Riteniamo quindi possibile che il senso di sporco interno e i relativi rituali di lavaggio tipici di questo tipo di contaminazione siano associati a un disprezzo morale nei confronti di se stessi ma solo in relazione a comportamenti, pensieri, immagini, ricordi o desideri a contenuto sessuale considerato dal soggetto come immorale. La trasgressione morale di per sé, non associata a temi sessuali (es. rubare, ingannare, ecc.) non sembra attivare disgusto verso sé stessi tale da innescare un senso di contaminazione mentale.
Del resto, già Olatunji et al. (2012), analizzando le correlazioni tra i 3 domini del disgusto della TDDS e le sottoscale del Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ, Graham et al., 2009), avevano evidenziato come soltanto il disgusto patogeno e sessuale fossero associati ai valori morali della purezza/santità, in quanto un soggetto che si trova a contatto con un agente patogeno o che pratica atti sessuali immorali, si sente sporco internamente e quindi, non puro (Olatunji, 2008). Invece, contrariamente alle aspettative, il disgusto morale non presentava nessuna associazione con i valori morali della purezza/santità; ciò è veramente sorprendente, visto che i valori morali della purezza/santità si basano sul concetto secondo il quale “il nostro corpo è come un luogo sacro che non deve essere violato da azioni immorali”.
Questi risultati potrebbero trovare spiegazione nell’ipotesi secondo la quale le violazioni morali “più lievi” (es. furto, menzogna) siano maggiormente associate ai valori morali del danno/cura, e che invece, il disgusto socio-morale sia associato alle violazioni morali più ripugnanti legate al valore della purezza/santità (es. incesto, pedofilia, omofilia, nazismo). Tuttavia, queste violazioni ripugnanti appena elencate non sono valutate all’interno della TDDS e questa assenza potrebbe spiegare parzialmente come mai non è stata riscontrata una correlazione attesa tra la scala del disgusto morale della TDDS e la contaminazione mentale.
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Questo studio è il primo, a livello internazionale, a evidenziare questi risultati, ma presenta una serie di limitazioni.
Dal momento che il nostro studio è di tipo trasversale, non è possibile definire un particolare ordine temporale delle variabili; non sono state escluse sequenze temporali alternative, ed è possibile che le relazioni indagate siano bidirezionali per natura. In particolare, anche se la propensione al disgusto è stata teoricamente concettualizzata come variabile di tratto, è anche possibile che la presenza dei sintomi ossessivi possa portare a un suo incremento, come avviene per altre variabili di tratto (ad es., l’anxiety sensitivity; Marshall, Miles, & Stewart, 2010).
Non siamo stati in grado di includere un gruppo di controllo, e senza un controllo non clinico o altri gruppi psichiatrici di confronto è impossibile sapere se le relazioni riportate siano specificamente rilevanti solo per i sintomi di contaminazione dei pazienti con DOC.
I partecipanti sono auto-selezionati, quindi il campione potrebbe non essere rappresentativo della popolazione clinica di riferimento, e la dimensione estremamente ridotta del campione può limitare la potenza delle analisi e la generalizzazione delle nostre conclusioni.
La propensione al disgusto è solo una delle molte variabili che possono contribuire al fenomeno della paura di contaminazione, sia da contatto che mentale. Ricerche future potrebbero beneficiare dell’inclusione di strumenti di misura di ulteriori potenziali fattori di vulnerabilità per tali sintomi.
Tutti i dati sono stati ricavati tramite strumenti self-report; ciò, come è noto, tende ad aumentare le associazioni tra le variabili.
Nonostante queste limitazioni, il presente studio ha identificato delle relazioni specifiche che potrebbero beneficiare di un’ulteriore valutazione e potrebbero avere importanti implicazioni per la prevenzione e il trattamento del DOC, in particolar modo ove sia implicata la contaminazione mentale.
Gli approcci cognitivo-comportamentali al trattamento del DOC in generale, e della contaminazione mentale in particolare, attualmente non affrontano esplicitamente il problema del disgusto sessuale, ma questi risultati suggeriscono che essi potrebbero essere arricchiti considerando in particolare questo costrutto e sviluppando strategie mirate a ridurlo.
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