2.2 Procedura di annotazione
2.2.1 Annotazione
2.2.1.4 Specifiche per l’annotazione delle alternanze
Sulla base del tag-set IMAGACT, l’autrice ha realizzato una specifica per l’an- notazione della struttura tematica delle alternanze argomentali39, in italiano ed
inglese (tab. 2.7). La formalizzazione prodotta40dovrebbe consentire, in futuro,
la portabilità con VerbNet (tab. 2.8).
Tabella 2.7: Principali alternanze semantico-sintattiche: regole di annotazione dei ruoli tematici
Alternanza Italiano IMAGACTInglese
Spray/Load Alternantion
[Il facchino]AG [carica]V [i mattoni]TH [sul camion]DE
[Jessica]AG [loads]V
[boxes]TH [into the wagon]DE [Il facchino]AG [carica]V [il
camion]TH [con i mattoni]TH
[Jessica]AG [loads]V [the wagon]TH [with boxes]TH [Cristina]AG [spruzza]V [il
repellente [per zanzare]]TH [sulla pelle]DE
[Jack]AG [sprays]V [paint]TH [on the wall]DE
[Cristina]AG [spruzza]V [la pelle]TH [con il repellente [per zanzare]]TH
[Jack]AG [sprays]V [the wall]TH [with paint]TH
Middle Alternation
[Cristina]AG [spezza]V [il pane]TH
[Carol]AG [cuts]V [the bread]TH
[Il pane]TH [si spezza]V [facilmente]MA
[The bread]TH [cuts]V [easily]MA
Causative/inchoative Alternation
[Fabio]AG [gira]V [la
ruota]TH [Bill]AG [rolls]V [the ball]TH [La ruota]TH [gira]V [The ball]TH [rolls]V Substance/source
Alternation
[L’acqua]TH [gocciola]V [dal rubinetto]SO
[Heat]TH [radiates]V [from the sun]SO
[Il rubinetto]CA [gocciola]V [The sun]CA [radiates]V [heat]TH
39La trattazione più importante sull’argomento è senza dubbio il più volte citato volume di
Levin (1993); uno studio simile è stato condotto sull’italiano da Ježek (2003). Nell’ambito del progetto IMAGACT, l’argomento è stato parzialmente affrontato dalla dott.ssa Giulia Corsi nella sua tesi di laurea magistrale (Corsi, 2012): rinviamo a tale lavoro per una lista di verbi d’azione italiani che possono manifestare alternanze semantico-sintattiche.
40I dati sono stati pubblicati in calce al report di specifica “Annota-
tion 1/2, Annotation Interface” col titolo “appendix A - main english and italian alternations: thematic roles annotation”; il documento è di- sponibile all’URL http://lablita.dit.unifi.it/projects/IMAGACT/folder.2010-11- 25.7365875310/imagact_milestones.
Locative
Preposition Drop -
[Claire]TH [skates]V [the canals]LO
[Claire]TH [skates]V [along the canal]LO
“with” Preposition Drop Alternation
[Andrea]AG [picchia]V
[Gianni]TH [Anne]AG [fights]V [Cathy]TH [Andrea]AG [si picchia]V [con
Gianni]CO
[Brenda]AG [fights]V [with Molly]CO
[Andrea e Gianni]AC [si picchiano]V
[Brenda and Molly]AC [fight]V
- [Brenda and Molly]AG[fight]V [each other]TH
Conative
Alternation -
[Paul]AG [hits]V [the fence]TH
[Paul]AG [hits]V [at the fence]DE
Dative Alternation -
[The waiter]AG [serves]V [the food]TH [to Mary]BE [The waiter]AG [serves]V [Mary]BE [the food] Benefactive
Alternation -
[Martha]AG [carves]V [a toy]TH [for the baby]BE [Martha]AG [carves]V [the baby]BE [a toy]TH
Clear &Wipe Alternation
- [Doug]AG [cleans]V [thedishes]TH [from the table]SO [Doug]AG [cleans]V [the table]TH [of dishes]TH [Matteo]AG [pulisce]V [le
tracce]TH [dal muro]SO
[Brian]AG [wipes]V [the fingerprints]TH [from the counter]SO
[Matteo]AG [pulisce]V [il muro]TH [dalle impronte]TH
[Brian]AG [wipes]V [the counter]TH
Material/Product Alternation -
[Martha]AG [carves]V [a toy]TH [out of the piece [of wood]]SO
[Martha]AG [carves]V [the piece [of wood]]TH [into a toy]DE
Reciprocal Alternation
[Il cuoco]AG [separa]V [il tuorlo]TH [dall’albume]SO
[Martha]AG [separates]V [the yolk]TH [from the white]SO [Il cuoco]AG [separa]V [il
tuorlo]TH [e l’albume]TH
[Martha]AG [separates]V [the yolk]TH [and the white]TH
[Christian]AG [attacca]V [la poltrona]TH [al divano]DE
[Herman]AG [connects]V [a computer]TH [to the network]DE [Christian]AG [attacca]V [la
poltrona]TH [e il divano]TH
[Herman]AG [connects]V [the computer]TH [and the printer]TH
Image impression Alternation
[Cristina]AG [ricama]V [un cigno]TH [sul cuscino]DE
[Smith]AG [inscribes]V [his name]TH [on the ring]DE [Cristina]AG [ricama]V [il
cuscino]TH [con un cigno]TH
[Smith]AG [inscribes]V [the ring]TH [with his name]TH [L’artigiano]AG [incide]V [un
disegno]TH [nel metallo]DE
[Smith]AG [inscribes]V [his name]TH [on the ring]DE [L’artigiano]AG [incide]V [la
lastra [di metallo]]TH
[Smith]AG [inscribes]V [the ring]TH
Through/with Alternation
[La sarta]AG [infilza]V [l’ago]TH [nella stoffa]DE
[Allison]AG [pokes]V [the needle]TH [through the cloth]DE
[La sarta]AG [infilza]V [la stoffa]TH [con l’ago]IN
[Allison]AG [pokes]V [the cloth]TH [with a needle]IN Body-part
Possessor Ascention Alternation
[L’ape]AG [punge]V [Marco]TH [sulla spalla]DE
[The horse]AG [kicks]V [Penny]TH [in the shin]DE [L’ape]AG [punge]V [la spalla
[di Marco]]TH
[The horse]AG [kicks]V [[Penny’s] shin]TH
Instrument / subject Alternation
[Marco]AG [buca]V [il muro]TH [con il trapano]IN
[Tony]AG [breaks]V [the window]TH [with a hammer]IN [Il trapano]CA [buca]V [il
muro]TH
[The hammer]CA [breaks]V [the window]TH
Locatum Subject Alternation
[Mario]AG [riempie]V [il secchio]TH [con l’acqua]TH
[Leslie]AG [fills]V [a glass]TH [with milk]TH
[L’acqua]CA [riempie]V [il secchio]TH
[The milk]CA [fills]V [the glass]TH
Tabella 2.8: Annotazione dei ruoli tematici: IMAGACT e VerbNet a confronto
Alternanza IMAGACT VERBNET
Spray/Load Alternation
[Jessica]AG [loads]V [boxes]TH [into the wagon]DE
Jessica loaded boxes into the wagon
Agent V Theme Destination
[Jessica]AG [loads]V [the wagon]TH [with boxes]TH
Jessica loaded the wagon with boxes
Agent V Destination {with} Theme
[Jack]AG [sprays]V [paint]TH [on the wall]DE
Jack sprayed paint on the wall Agent V Theme
[Jack]AG [sprays]V [the wall]TH [with paint]TH
Jack sprayed the wall with paint
Agent V Destination Middle
Alternation
[Carol]AG [cuts]V [the bread]TH Carol cut the bread Agent V Patient [The bread]TH [cuts]V [easily]MA The bread cuts easily
Patient V ADV Causative/inchoative
Alternation
[Bill]AG [rolls]V [the ball]TH Bill rolled the ball Agent V Theme [The ball]TH [rolls]V The ball rolled
Theme V
Substance/source Alternation
[Heat]TH [radiates]V [from the sun]SO
Heat radiates from the sun Theme V {from out_of} Source
[The sun]CA [radiates]V [heat]TH The sun radiates heat Source V Theme Locative
Preposition Drop Alternation
[Claire]TH [skates]V [the canals]LO
Claire skated the canals Theme V Location [Claire]TH [skates]V [along the
canal]LO
Claire skated along the canal Theme V Location
“with”
Preposition Drop Alternation
[Anne]AG [fights]V [Cathy]TH Anne fought Cathy Agent V Co-Agent [Brenda]AG [fights]V [with
Molly]CO
Brenda fought with Molly Agent V {with} Co-Agent [Brenda and Molly]AC [fight]V Brenda and Molly fought
Agent V [Brenda and Molly]AG [fight]V
[each other]TH ?
Conative Alternation
[Paul]AG [hits]V [the fence]TH Paul hit the fence Agent V Patient
[Paul]AG [hits]V [at the fence]DE Paul hit at the window Agent V (at) Patient Dative
Alternation
[The waiter]AG [serves]V [the food]TH [to Mary]BE
They lent a bicycle to me Agent V Theme {to} Recipient [The waiter]AG [serves]V
[Mary]BE [the food]
They lent me a bicycle Agent V Recipient Theme
Benefactive Alternation
[Martha]AG [carves]V [a toy]TH [for the baby]BE
Martha carved a toy for the baby
Agent V Product {for} Beneficiary
[Martha]AG [carves]V [the baby]BE [a toy]TH
Martha carved the baby a toy Agent V Beneficiary Product
Clear &Wipe Alternation
[Doug]AG [cleans]V [the dishes]TH [from the table]SO
Doug cleaned the dishes from the table
Agent V Theme Location [Doug]AG [cleans]V [the table]TH
[of dishes]TH
Doug cleaned the table of dishes Agent V Location {of} Theme [Brian]AG [wipes]V [the
fingerprints]TH [from the counter]SO
Brian wiped the fingerprints from the counter
Agent V Theme Source [Brian]AG [wipes]V [the
counter]TH
Brian wiped the counter Agent V Source
Material/Product Alternation
[Martha]AG [carves]V [a toy]TH [out of the piece [of wood]]SO
Martha carved a toy out of the piece of wood
Agent V Product {from out_of} Material
[Martha]AG [carves]V [the piece [of wood]]TH [into a toy]DE
Martha carved the piece of wood into a toy
Agent V Material {into} Product
Reciprocal Alternation
[Martha]AG [separates]V [the yolk]TH [from the white]SO
I separate the yolk from the white
Agent V Patient {from} Co-Patient
[Martha]AG [separates]V [the yolk]TH [and the white]TH
I separate the yolk and the white
Agent V Patient
[Herman]AG [connects]V [a computer]TH [to the network]DE
Herman added a computer to the network
Agent V Patient {with into to} Co-Patient
[Herman]AG [connects]V [the computer]TH [and the printer]TH
Herman connected the computers
Agent V Patient
Image impression Alternation
[Smith]AG [inscribes]V [his name]TH [on the ring]DE
Smith inscribed his name on the ring
Agent V Theme Destination
[Smith]AG [inscribes]V [the ring]TH [with his name]TH
Smith inscribed the ring with his name
Agent V Destination {with} Theme
[Smith]AG [inscribes]V [his name]TH [on the ring]DE
Smith inscribed his name on the ring
Agent V Theme Destination [Smith]AG [inscribes]V [the
ring]TH
Smith was inscribing the rings Agent V Destination
Through/with Alternation
[Allison]AG [pokes]V [the needle]TH [through the cloth]DE
Allison poked the needle through the cloth
Agent V Instrument {through into} Patient
[Allison]AG [pokes]V [the cloth]TH [with a needle]IN
Allison poked the cloth with a needle
Agent V Patient {with} Instrument
Body-part Possessor Ascension Alternation
[The horse]AG [kicks]V [Penny]TH [in the shin]DE
Paula swatted Deirdre on the back
Agent V Patient {{+loc}} Location
[The horse]AG [kicks]V [[Penny’s] shin]TH
Paula swatted the fly Agent V Patient
Instrument / subject Alternation
[Tony]AG [breaks]V [the window]TH [with a hammer]IN
Tony broke the window with a hammer
Agent V Patient {with} Instrument
[The hammer]CA [breaks]V [the window]TH
The hammer broke the window Instrument V Patient
Locatum Subject Alternation
[Leslie]AG [fills]V [a glass]TH [with milk]TH
Leslie staffed the store with employees
Agent V Destination {with} Theme
[The milk]CA [fills]V [the glass]TH
The employees staffed the store Theme V Destination
2.2.2 Validazione
Il verbo annotato si trova a questo punto nella tabella <Processed Verbs> della homepage (fig. 2.3), marcato da una spunta rossa nella casella <Valid>. Clic- cando su <Select> nella colonna <Action>, l’annotatore accede all’interfaccia di validazione <<Validation>>.
L’obiettivo del lavoro è ridurre l’eventuale eccessiva granularità e verificare la “consistenza interna” del tipo, confrontando tutte le occorrenze precedentemente annotate con i [B.E.].
Nel caso in cui l’annotatore individui un’alternanza argomentale o una variazio- ne aspettuale non censita nella pagina <<First Annotation>>, può arricchire l’annotazione, creando uno o più [B.E.] aggiuntivi41.
Figura 2.9: Interfaccia <<Validation>>
La pagina di validazione è così strutturata (fig. 2.9):
• l’area <Action Types>, in cui sono listati e selezionabili i tipi creati nella fase di annotazione, sulla sinistra;
• l’area <Type>, contenente tutti i [B.E.] del tipo selezionato dall’annota- tore, in alto a destra;
41Nuovi [B.E.] possono essere aggiunti cliccando il pulsante <Add Best Example for this
• l’area <Standardized Occurrences>, che mostra tutte le frasi standar- dizzate assegnate ad un tipo, ordinate per Best Example, in basso a destra.
La procedura di validazione è articolata in tre fasi:
1. annotazione delle proprietà aspettuali (aktionsart) dei Best Example; 2. tagging della struttura tematica per ogni occorrenza standardizzata; 3. creazione di uno script per ogni tipo.