• Non ci sono risultati.

Promoting European active citizenship: a participatory intervention towards the politicization of youth social concerns

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "Promoting European active citizenship: a participatory intervention towards the politicization of youth social concerns"

Copied!
21
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

3URPRWLQJ(XURSHDQDFWLYHFLWL]HQVKLS

DSDUWLFLSDWRU\LQWHUYHQWLRQWRZDUGVWKHSROLWLFLVDWLRQ

RI\RXWKVRFLDOFRQFHUQV



-RDQD3&UX]

&DUOD0DODIDLD

)LOLSH3LHGDGH



-RVp(GXDUGR6LOYD

,VDEHO0HQH]HV













[Ricevuto il 18 febbraio 2019 Accettato per la stampa il 26 aprile 2019]



$EVWUDFW  'HVSLWHWKHLUQRUPDWLYHDQGUHJXODWRU\QDWXUHVFKRROVDVFRQWH[WVIRUGHPRFUDWLFHGX FDWLRQDUHDOVRSODFHVIRUIUHHGLVFXVVLRQFULWLFDODQDO\VLVDQGLPDJLQLQJSHUVRQDODQGVRFLH WDOFKDQJH8QGHUWKH(XURSHDQSURMHFWCATCH-Eyo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

5LDVVXQWRPromuovere la cittadinanza europea attiva dei giovani: un intervento parteci-pativo sulla politicizzazione delle preoccupazioni sociali dei giovani



/HVFXROHFRPHFRQWHVWLGLHGXFD]LRQHGHPRFUDWLFDQRQRVWDQWHODQDWXUDQRUPDWLYDVR QRDQFKHGHLOXRJKLGLGLVFXVVLRQHDQDOLVLFULWLFDHGLFUHD]LRQHGLXQFDPELDPHQWRSHUVRQD OH H VRFLHWDULR 1HO SURJHWWR HXURSHR CATCH-EyoU DEELDPR VYLOXSSDWR XQ LQWHUYHQWR D 

&,,(௅&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDomRHGH,QWHUYHQomR(GXFDWLYDV)DFXOGDGHGH3VLFRORJLDH GH &LrQFLDV GD (GXFDomR 8QLYHUVLGDGH GR 3RUWR MRDQDSPFUX]#JPDLOFRP FDUODOPHLGD #ISFHXSSWISLHGDGH#ISFHXSSW *,(3௅*UXSRGH,QYHVWLJDomRHP(VWXGRV3HUIRUPDWLYRV&HQWURGH(VWXGRV+XPD QtVWLFRV8QLYHUVLGDGHGR0LQKRHGXDUGRVLOYD#JPDLOFRP )DFXOGDGHGH3VLFRORJLDHGH&LrQFLDVGD(GXFDomR8QLYHUVLGDGHGR3RUWRLPHQH]HV #ISFHXSSW 

(2)

VFXRODGHOODGXUDWDGLGXHDQQLFRQXQJUXSSRGLVWXGHQWLSRUWRJKHVLGHOODVFXRODVHFRQGDULD LVSLUDWRDOO¶DSSURFFLRGHOODULFHUFDD]LRQHSDUWHFLSDWDFRQLJLRYDQL <3$5 &RQVLGHUDQGRL JLRYDQL FRPH FRULFHUFDWRUL PHWRGL FRQYHQ]LRQDOL TXHVWLRQDUL H LQWHUYLVWH  HG HPHUJHQWL WHDWURGHOO¶RSSUHVVRHSKRWRYRLFH VRQRVWDWLXVDWLSHULQGDJDUHODYLROHQ]DQHOOHUHOD]LRQL WUDSDULXQSUREOHPDSUHFHGHQWHPHQWHLGHQWLILFDWRGDLJLRYDQLFRPHULOHYDQWHQHOODSURSULD FRPXQLWj/¶DUWLFRORGHVFULYHLOSURFHVVRGHOO¶LQWHUYHQWRHQHGLVFXWHSRWHQ]LDOLWjHOLPLWL  3DUROHFKLDYHJLRYDQLFLWWDGLQDQ]DSDUWHFLSD]LRQHLQWHUYHQWRULFHUFDSDUWHFLSDWD   ,QWURGXFWLRQ  *UHWD7KXQEHUJD\HDUROG6ZHGLVKVWXGHQWDQGFOLPDWHFKDQJHDF WLYLVWUHFHQWO\VWDUWHGDFKDLQRIVFKRROVWULNHVWKDWKDYHVSUHDGWKURXJKD QXPEHU RI FRXQWULHV LQFOXGLQJ 3RUWXJDO WKDW FRQFHQWUDWHG WKRXVDQGV RI VWXGHQWVLQGLIIHUHQWFLWLHVRQ0DUFK'XULQJDQLQWHUYLHZDQG DUJXLQJ WKDW SDUHQWV VKRXOG VXSSRUW WKHLU FKLOGUHQ RQ VWULNLQJ VKH VWDWHG WKDW©(YHU\RQHNHHSVVD\LQJWKDWWKH\RXQJSHRSOHVKRXOGEHPRUHDFWLYH DQGWKH\¶UHVROD]\EXWRQFHZHGRVRPHWKLQJZHJHWFULWLFL]HGª7KLVNLQG

RIVWDWHPHQWXQYHLOVWKHSURIRXQGFRQWUDGLFWLRQVDWVWDNHLQ\RXWKFLYLFDQG SROLWLFDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG WKH DGXOWFHQWULF YLVLRQV RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ZKLFK GHYHORS LQWR QDUUDWLYHV RI \RXWK DSDWK\ WKDW JURXQGHG RQ GLVFRXUVHV RI LPPDWXULW\ IDLO WR UHFRJQLVH \RXWK¶V SROLWLFDO DJHQF\ HJ 4XLQWHOLHU 0HQH]HVet al. 6LPLODUO\WKHUROHRIVFKRROVLQHGXFDWLQJIRU SDUWLFLSDWRU\FLWL]HQVKLSKDVJDLQHGPRPHQWXPLQWKHODVWIHZ\HDUVZLWK FULWLTXHVRIWKHGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHIRFXVRQHYDOXDWLRQDQGFRQFHUQVZLWKOD ERXU PDUNHW LQWHJUDWLRQ %LHVWD  0F&RZDQ   &RQVLGHULQJ WKH FHQWUDOLW\RIVFKRROHGXFDWLRQLQDQ\GHPRFUDWLFVRFLHW\VFKRROVDUHDFHQ WUDOFRQWH[WIRU\RXQJVWHUV¶FLWL]HQVKLSSUDFWLFHV+RZHYHULVWKHUHURRPLQ VFKRROV WR DFWXDOO\ SURPRWH FROOHFWLYH HQJDJHPHQW DQG WR YDOXH WKH VWX GHQWV¶ RZQ RSLQLRQV DQG H[SHULHQFHV LQDQGRXWVLGH RI VFKRRO" :KDW DUH WKHOLPLWVRISDUWLFLSDWRU\LQWHUYHQWLRQVIUDPHGE\WKHVFKRRO"

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



:HDUGHQ* &DUULQJWRQ' -DQXDU\ 7HHQDJHDFWLYLVWWDNHV6FKRRO6WULNHV &OLPDWH$FWLRQWR'DYRVThe Guardian5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVZZZWKHJXDUGLDQFRP

(3)

%HDQH0F&RZDQ 7KLVLQWHUYHQWLRQZDVWULJJHUHGE\DFULWL FDOSDUWLFLSDWRU\OHDUQLQJPRGHO FI)LQQ NHHSLQJLQVLJKWWKHLP SRUWDQFHRIWKH³TXDOLW\RISDUWLFLSDWLRQH[SHULHQFHV´LQSROLWLFDOGHYHORS PHQW )HUUHLUD$]HYHGR 0HQH]HV 7KXVWKHSURYLVLRQRIRSSRU WXQLWLHV IRU DFWXDO KDQGVRQ H[SHULHQFHV LQFOXGLQJ SHRSOH¶V RZQ H[SHUL HQFHV  DQG FULWLFDO DQDO\VHV RI SRZHU FRQVLGHULQJ WKH VRFLDO DQG SROLWLFDO VWUXFWXUHVRIUHOHYDQWSUREOHPV ZLWKLQDVXSSRUWLYHHQYLURQPHQWIRUUHIOHF WLRQDQGLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHPHDQLQJVRIWKHH[SHULHQFHVDQGDFWLYLWLHVJXLG HGWKLVVFKRROEDVHGSDUWLFLSDWRU\LQWHUYHQWLRQ

 

1.1 Youth citizenship and political agency



7KH SHULRG RI DGROHVFHQFH LV RIWHQ UHJDUGHG DV D GHYHORSPHQWDO SKDVH FKDUDFWHULVHG E\D³WLPHYDFXXP´LQ ZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOVDUH VHHQ IRU³ZKDW WKH\DUHQRW´UDWKHUWKDQIRU©ZKDWWKH\>DFWXDOO\@areDQGZKDWWKH\>DFWXDO O\@ doª $XJXVWR  S   7KH QRWLRQ RI \RXWK DV LQEHWZHHQ FKLOG KRRGDQGDGXOWKRRG©DSHULRGWKDW LVKLJKO\XQVWUXFWXUHG DQGXQVHWWOHG >LQ LQGXVWULDOL]HGVRFLHWLHV@ª $UQHWWS EULQJVDERXWLPSRUWDQWLP SOLFDWLRQVIRU\RXWK¶VSROLWLFDOFDSLWDO HJ+DQQRQ 7LPV ,QGHHG \RXQJ SHRSOH¶V UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK FLWL]HQVKLS DUWLFXODWHV ZLWK WKHLU IXWXUH RZQHUVKLSRIDGXOWUROHVOLQNHGWRKDYLQJDMREJHWWLQJPDUULHGDQGEHFRP LQJ D SDUHQW )ODQDJDQ  /HYLQH  +HGNWH   5HJDUGHG DV ³DSD WKHWLF´ ³GLVFRQQHFWHG´ DQG ³GLVHQJDJHG´ FRQFHUQLQJ FLYLF DQG SROLWLFDO LV VXHV \RXQJVWHUV¶ YRLFHV DUH RIWHQ GLVPLVVHG DQG GHOHJLWLPL]HG HJ 'HOOL &DUSLQL=XNLQet al. ZKLOHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\EHLQJKHOGUHVSRQVL EOHIRUWKHGHFOLQHLQSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHSROLWLFDOOLIH $QGROLQDet al.,  2QWKHRWKHUKDQGUHVHDUFKVKRZVWKHOLPLWHGRXWORRNVSURYLGHGE\VXFKJHQ HUDWLRQDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRISDUWLFLSDWLRQ HJ6SDQQULQJ DVWKHUHLVDF WXDOO\HYLGHQFHRI3RUWXJXHVH\RXWKSDUWLFLSDWLQJPRUHWKDQWKHLUDGXOWFRXQ WHUSDUWV 0DJDOKmHV 0RUDO9HLJD ,QWKLVYHLQ=XNLQDQGFRO OHDJXHV  S   VWDWH WKDW FRQVLGHULQJ \RXWK DV ©DSDWKHWLF DQG GLVHQ JDJHGIURPFLYLFOLIHLVVLPSO\ZURQJª$QDO\VLQJ\RXWKSDUWLFLSDWLRQQHFHV VDULO\LQYROYHVWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKHLUKHWHURJHQHRXVPXOWLSOHDQGQRQOLQHDU SDWKZD\V 3DLV DQGWKHLUSRWHQWLDOWRLQWURGXFHQHZSRVVLELOLWLHVDQG UHLQYHQWFLYLFDQGSROLWLFDODFWLRQV <RXQLVVet al.1RUULV 7DN LQJ5DQFLqUH¶V  YLHZRQGHPRFUDF\\RXWKVDUHDOUHDG\FDSDEOHDJHQWV RI GHPRFUDWLF SROLWLFV DQG WKHLU EHFRPLQJ SROLWLFDO VXEMHFWV WDNHV SODFH WKURXJK SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DGGLQJ QHZ ©ZD\V RI doing RI being DQG RI sayingª %LHVWDS ,QVXPDIDLUDQGLQFOXVLYHGHEDWHDERXW\RXWKSDUWLFL SDWLRQ PXVWEHJLQE\XQGHUVWDQGLQJ ³FLWL]HQVKLSDVSUDFWLFH´ DV RSSRVHG WR

(4)

³FLWL]HQVKLSDVDFTXLVLWLRQ´ /DZ\ %LHVWD ZKLFKHQWDLOVWKHUHFRJ QLWLRQRI\RXWKDVUHDG\WRSDUWLFLSDWHLIVSDFHVZKHUHGHPRFUDF\LVOLYHGDQG FLWL]HQVKLSLVSUDFWLFHGDUHSURYLGHGLQFOXGLQJLQWKHVFKRROVHWWLQJ

 

1.2 Citizenship education at school



&DOOHG RQ WR UHYLWDOLVH FLYLF DQG SROLWLFDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQ VFKRROV DUH UH TXLUHGQRWRQO\WRSURPRWHVFKRRODQGFRPPXQLW\EDVHGGHPRFUDWLFH[SH ULHQFHVEXWDOVRWRWULJJHUFULWLFDODZDUHQHVV %HDQH WRZDUGVDQDF WLYH FLWL]HQVKLS .HUU  6DUPHQWR   +RZHYHU ZKHQ VFKRRO EDVHGFLWL]HQVKLSHGXFDWLRQLQLWLDWLYHVSULYLOHJHNQRZOHGJHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQ

aboutSROLWLFVWKHLUWUDQVIRUPDWLYHSRWHQWLDOLVRIWHQUHGXFHGWRUKHWRULFLQ

GLVUHJDUG RI \RXWKV DV ©FLWL]HQV RI WKHLU RZQ ULJKWª 5LEHLUR &DHWDQR  0HQH]HV  S   6XFK D VFKRODVWLF PRGHO UHODWHV WR 0RQWHLUR DQG )HUUHLUD¶V  PHWDSKRURIWKHVFKRRODVDYHUVLRQRIWKHFXUVHRI0LGDV LQZKLFKHYHU\WKLQJLW©WRXFKHVEHFRPHVVFKRROOLNHDQGLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWR DGGDQ\WKLQJWRWKHVFKRROWKDWFDQQRWEHUHGXFHGWRWKHVFKRROLWVHOIª S 

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ FLWL]HQVKLS DV D IXQGDPHQWDOO\ FRQWHVWHG FRQFHSW UH TXLUHV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LW DV D VSKHUH LQ ZKLFK VRFLDO FKDQJH SOXUDOLW\ DQG FRQWHVWDWLRQDUHSDUWRILWVXQGHUO\LQJGHPRFUDWLFJUDPPDURITXHVWLRQLQJ WKHVWDWXVTXR )UHLUH0RXIIH6KRU +RZHYHUWKLVLV QRWQHFHVVDULO\WKHSUHGRPLQDQWSHUVSHFWLYH7KHPRVWUHFHQW(XU\GLFHUH SRUW  GHILQHVFLWL]HQVKLSHGXFDWLRQDVIROORZV



©&LWL]HQVKLSHGXFDWLRQLVDVXEMHFWDUHDZKLFKDLPVWRSURPRWHKDUPRQLRXVFR H[LVWHQFH DQG IRVWHU WKH PXWXDOO\ EHQHILFLDO GHYHORSPHQW RI LQGLYLGXDOV DQG WKH FRPPXQLWLHVLQZKLFKWKH\OLYH,QGHPRFUDWLFVRFLHWLHVFLWL]HQVKLSHGXFDWLRQVXS SRUWVVWXGHQWVLQEHFRPLQJDFWLYHLQIRUPHGDQGUHVSRQVLEOHFLWL]HQVZKRDUHZLOO LQJDQGDEOHWRWDNHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHPVHOYHVDQGIRUWKHLUFRPPXQLWLHVDWWKH QDWLRQDO(XURSHDQDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOª (XU\GLFH%ULHIS 



:KLOHWKLVGHILQLWLRQRIFLWL]HQVKLSHGXFDWLRQKLJKOLJKWVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI DQDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDWWKHORFDOQDWLRQDO(XURSHDQDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHY HOVWKHIRFXVRQDQ³KDUPRQLRXVFRH[LVWHQFH´DQG³PXWXDOO\EHQHILFLDOGH YHORSPHQW´ VHHPV WR QHJOHFW WKH FHQWUDO SODFH RI FRQIOLFW LQ GHPRFUDF\ 0RXIIH   $V VWDWHG E\ =LPHQNRYD  S   ©ZKDW LV H[SHFWHG WKHQIURPDQDFWLYHSROLWLFDOFLWL]HQLVWKDWVKHPDLQWDLQVFRKHVLRQREVHUYHV SROLWLFVDQG LIDWDOO FULWLFDOO\UHIOHFWVRQSROLWLFVª6FKRROFXUULFXODLQLWV WXUQJRLQOLQH ZLWK WKLVUHJXODWRU\XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFLWL]HQVKLS HGXFDWLRQ HLWKHUE\SUHVHQWLQJDRQHVLGHGQDUURZYHUVLRQRIZKDWEHLQJD³JRRGFLWL

(5)

]HQ´ PHDQV YDQ GHU 3ORHJ  *XpULQ   RU E\ FRQYH\LQJ PDLQO\ QRQ FRQIURQWDWLRQDO SHUVSHFWLYHV ©ZLWK (XURSHDQ FLWL]HQVKLS EHLQJ EULHIO\ DQG QRUPDWLYHO\SUHVHQWHGWRWKHVWXGHQWVª 3LHGDGHet al.S 

 

1.3 The potential of youth participatory action research in schools



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

3HUFHLYHG DV D FULWLFDO PHWKRGRORJ\ DLPHG DW DFKLHYLQJ VRFLDO MXVWLFH DQGWKHOLEHUDWLRQRIRSSUHVVHGJURXSV )DOV%RUGD SDUWLFLSDWRU\DF WLRQ UHVHDUFK 3$5  FRPSULVHV D UDQJH RI FROODERUDWLYH PHWKRGV DQG DS SURDFKHV %DQNVet al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± LQGHHG ©HPDQFLSDWLRQ LV HYHU\ WLPH DQG HYHU\ZKHUHDFWLRQDEOHª +XUWDGRS 7KHFRQWLQXRXVFLUFOHRIDF WLRQDQGUHIOHFWLRQLVFHQWUDOWRNQRZOHGJHJHQHUDWLRQLQ3$5VXVWDLQHGE\ WKHSURPRWLRQRIFULWLFDOFRQVFLRXVQHVVWKURXJKWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHIDFWRUV HJVRFLRHFRQRPLFSROLWLFDOFXOWXUDO LQIOXHQFLQJVRFLDODQGORFDOSURE OHPVLWLVH[SHFWHGWKDWWKLVWULJJHUVPRELOLVDWLRQDQGDFWLRQ )UHLUH  <RXWK3$5XVXDOO\LQYROYHVWUDLQLQJRQUHVHDUFKPHWKRGVZKLFKDUHWKHQ

(6)

XVHGWRLGHQWLI\VRFLDOFRQFHUQVLQ\RXQJSHRSOH¶VFKRROVDQGFRPPXQLWLHV WRGRVR\RXQJSHRSOHEHFRPHFRUHVHDUFKHUVRIWKHLUVXUURXQGLQJUHDOLW\ DQG WKHUHDIWHU DJHQWV RI FKDQJH )RVWHU)LVKPDQ et al.  2]HU 5LW WHUPDQ :DQLV 

 

0HWKRGRORJ\ 

2.1 Aims and general description of the intervention



7KH LQWHUYHQWLRQ GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV DUWLFOH SDUW RI WKH (XURSHDQ + SURMHFWCATCH-EyoUZDVJXLGHGE\WKHIROORZLQJDLPVD WRVWUHQJWKHQ WKH\RXWKV¶DZDUHQHVVRIWKH(8DQGLQFUHDVHWKHLULQWHUHVWDQGSRVLWLYHDW WLWXGHV WRZDUG WKH (8 E  WR HQKDQFH VWXGHQWV¶ VHQVH RI RZQHUVKLS DQG FRPSHWHQFHLQHQJDJLQJZLWKVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOLVVXHVWKDWKDYHDORFDODV ZHOODVD(XURSHDQGLPHQVLRQDQGF WRLQFUHDVHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶DZDUHQHVVRI WKHLU UROH DV (8 FLWL]HQV SURPRWLQJ WKHLU DFWLYH VRFLDO DQG SROLWLFDO HQ JDJHPHQWDWWKHORFDODQG(XURSHDQOHYHOV7KHLQWHUYHQWLRQZDVFRQGXFWHG WKURXJKRXWWZRVFKRRO\HDUVZLWKDYRFDWLRQDOFODVVRIJUDGHVFRP SRVHGE\VWXGHQWVIURPDVFKRROLQWKHQRUWKRI3RUWXJDO,QWKH3RUWX JXHVHFDVHWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQZDVLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKUHHUHVHDUFKHUV PHP EHUVRIWKHCATCH-EyoUWHDP OLNHZLVHPDQ\<3$5SURMHFWVWKDWXVXDOO\ LQYROYHXQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFKHUVIDFLOLWDWLQJWKHSURFHVV 0F,QW\UH2] HU 5LWWHUPDQ  :DQLV   7KXV WKH UHVHDUFKHUV DVVXPHG WKH UROH RI ³LQLWLDWRUV´ ± XVLQJ 6WRHFNHU¶V WHUPLQRORJ\   UHIHUULQJ WR WULJJHULQJ FRPPXQLW\ LQYROYHPHQW ± DLPLQJ DW D WUDQVIRUPDWLYH UHVHDUFK SURSRVDO 1HOVRQ 3ULOOHOWHQVN\ 7KLVZDVLPSOHPHQWHGLQDIRUWQLJKWO\EDVLV WKURXJKPLQXWHVVHVVLRQVLQVHUWHGLQWKHVWXGHQWV¶WLPHWDEOH RFFXS\LQJ WKHVORWVRIGLIIHUHQWFODVVHV DVWKHVFKRROFRQVLGHUHGWKDWWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQ JRDOV ZHUH UHODWHG WR OHDUQLQJ REMHFWLYHV WUDQVYHUVDO WR GLIIHUHQW VXEMHFWV 7KH LQWHUYHQWLRQ IROORZHG IXQGDPHQWDO JXLGHOLQHV GHYHORSHG E\ WKH &$7&+(\R8 LQWHUQDWLRQDO WHDP DQG WKHVH VWHHUHG WKH <3$5 DSSURDFK WKURXJKGLIIHUHQWVWDJHV

L identifying and locating the problem7KHILUVW\HDUZDVGHGLFDWHGWRWKH H[SORUDWLRQ RI VRFLDO LVVXHV SHUFHLYHG DV UHOHYDQW E\ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV %DVHG RQ D FROOHFWLYH H[SORUDWLRQ RI VWXGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQV DQG H[SHUL HQFHV WKURXJK DUWLVWLF WHFKQLTXHV WZR LVVXHV ZHUH ILUVWO\ LGHQWLILHG DV VLJQLILFDQW SRZHULPEDODQFHVLQWKHVFKRRODQGGDWLQJYLROHQFH HYHQ WXDOO\GDWLQJYLROHQFHZDVGHFLGHGWREHWKHIRFXVRIWKHUHVHDUFK&ULWL FDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH VRFLDO LVVXHV ZDV DOVR FDUULHG RXW WKURXJKRXW WKLV SKDVH

(7)

LL  mapping and understanding the social issue 7KH VHFRQG \HDU SUR JUHVVHGEDVHGRQWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIDPRUHV\VWHPDWLFUHVHDUFKSURFHVV XVLQJFRQYHQWLRQDODQGQRQFRQYHQWLRQDOPHWKRGVVHHNLQJWREHWWHUXQ GHUVWDQGWKHSUREOHPZLWKWKHVFKRRODQGWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\%\PDS SLQJVRFLDODFWRUVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGDOVRE\LQYROYLQJRWKHUVWXGHQWV IURPWKHVFKRROSDUWLFLSDQWVVWDUWHGWKHLUGDWDFROOHFWLRQSURFHVV LLL suggesting solutions and actions$VWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQZDVGHYHORSHG

ZLWKD³SUREOHPVROYLQJ´IRFXV±IURPWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHURRWVRI GDWLQJYLROHQFHWRWKHVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOPHFKDQLVPVWKDWFDQDGGUHVV WKHSUREOHPDWWKHORFDOQDWLRQDODQG(XURSHDQOHYHOV±WKHZKROHFODVV EURXJKWWRWKHIRUHVRPHSROLWLFDODFWLRQV$QXPEHURIWKHPZHUHVXJ JHVWHG DQG WKHQ WKH OLVW ZDV QDUURZHG GRZQ E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKHLU GH JUHHRIIHDVLELOLW\DQGWKHLU(XURSHDQVFRSH

LY  sharing and disseminating recommendations $W WKH HQG RI WKH LQWHU YHQWLRQVWXGHQWVKDGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRSUHVHQWWKHLUUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV WRDQDXGLHQFHRI(XURSHDQSROLF\PDNHUVDQGDFDGHPLFVLQ%UXVVHOV 



2.2 First year of the intervention – December 2016 to July 2017

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

%DVHGRQ%RDO¶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©WKHSRZHUWRIUDPHWKHLVVXHVGHILQHWKH

(8)

WHUPVRIWKHGHEDWHDQGVHWWKHDJHQGDIRUGLVFRXUVHLVWRZLQWKHJDPHEH IRUHLWKDSSHQVª



Tab. 1 – Detailed description of year 1

 3KDVH 2FWREHU± 'HFHPEHU  3KDVH 'HFHPEHU±0DUFK   3KDVH $SULO±-XQH  0DLQ

*RDOV 3URMHFWWLRQ DUUDQJHPHQWVSUHSDUD ZLWK WKH VFKRRO ERDUG DQG SUHOLPL QDU\ PDSSLQJ RI WKHFRPPXQLW\VR FLDOVWUXFWXUHV 5HIOHFWLRQRQSRZHUG\QDPLFV ,PPHUVLRQ LQ WKH &RPPXQLW\ 5DLVLQJSUREOHPV

&ULWLFDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH SUREOHPV $FWLYLWLHV 6HOHFWLRQRIFODVV (VWDEOLVKPHQW RI SDUWQHUVKLSVLQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH WKH VFKRRO FRPPXQL W\ 3UHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHSURMHFW ([HUFLVHV WR XQYHLO SRZHU UH ODWLRQV IRU H[DPSOH ³The

great game of power”>$WDEOH

WKUHHFKDLUVDQGDJODVVRIZD WHULQWKHVHWWLQJ7KHDXGLHQFH LVLQYLWHGWRGHEDWHSRZHUVSD WLDO UHODWLRQV DVVRFLDWLQJ OLYHG H[SHULHQFHV WR WKDW SDUWLFXODU DQGLPEDODQFHGVHWWLQJ@ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG DQDO\VLV RI VRFLDOLVVXHV WKURXJK 72 WHFK QLTXHVVXFKDV

L “Walk as if you were late to

school” >2QH KDG WR ZDON LQ

GLIIHUHQW ZD\V UHPHPEHULQJ GDLO\ VLWXDWLRQV LQ D FRQVFLRXV IRUP DQG LPLWDWH RWKHUV LQ WKHLU ZDONLQJ SDWWHUQV VR WKH\ FRXOG PDQDJH WR VHH WKHP VHOYHVWKURXJKWKHRWKHUV@ LLL ³I’ve already´>$OOWKHVWX GHQWVVDWRQFKDLUVDUUDQJHGLQ DFLUFOHH[FHSWRQHZKRVWDQGV LQWKHFHQWUH+HVKHPXVWVWDWH D WUXH HYHQW IURP KLVKHU SDVW H[SHULHQFH 7KRVH ZKR KDYH IDFHG D VLPLODU HYHQW KDYH WR VWDQG XS DQG TXLFNO\ FKDQJH VHDWV VR DQRWKHU SHUVRQ LV VSRWWHG LQ WKH FHQWUH FRQWLQX LQJWKHUHYHODWLRQV@ 3UREOHPDWL]DWLRQ RI VRFLDO LVVXHV XVLQJ ,PDJH 7KHDWUH QHZV SDSHUV PXVLF VSHFLILF OHJLVODWLRQ DQG H[HU FLVHV VXFK DV WKH “Rhythms Machine” on Gender” >2QH E\ RQH WKH\ KDG WR FUHDWH D PRYHPHQW DQG D VRXQG WKH\ UHODWH WR D JLYHQ JHQGHU DQG HQ JDJH LQ D FROOHFWLYH PDFKLQH ZLWK WKH PRYHPHQWVDQGVRXQGV RIWKHRWKHUV@ 

3URGXFWLRQ RI D YLGHR WRFRPPXQLFDWHWKHUH IOHFWLRQ DERXW WKH VR FLDOLVVXHVLGHQWLILHG

(9)

5HVXOWV 3UHOLPLQDU\ FRQWH[W HYDOXDWLRQ 3UHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH LQWHUYHQWLRQ 6HOILPSOLFDWLRQ /HJLWLPDWLRQ RI WKH SDUWLFL SDWRU\ DSSURDFK VHHQ DV ³RXWVLGH´WKHVFKRRODXWKRUL WDWLYHPRGHO ,GHQWLILFDWLRQRISRZHUUHOD WLRQLQWKHVFKRRODQGGDWLQJ YLROHQFHDVVLJQLILFDQWVRFLDO LVVXH

'HYHORSPHQW RI UHIOH[LYH DQG FULWLFDO DELOLWLHV DV GDWD FROOHFWLRQ LQWHUVHFWHG ZLWK GDWDDQDO\VLV 6HOIHIILFDF\LQSDUWLF LSDWLQJLQSROLWLFDOGLV FXVVLRQV 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH FRPPRQDOLW\ RI WKH SUREOHPV &RQVFLHQWL]DWLRQ IURP LPPHUVLYH H[SH ULHQFHWRHPHUVLRQ   :HUHIOHFWHGRQWKHSRZHUGLPHQVLRQWKDWH[LVWVLQHYHU\VRFLDOLQWHUDF WLRQ±IURPWKHVFKRRO¶VFRUULGRUVWRWKHGLUHFWRU¶VRIILFH±DQGXVHG,PDJH 7KHDWUHDVDZD\WRSUREOHPDWL]HWKHLUYLHZVRQGLIIHUHQWLVVXHVDQGWKHLU FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQV RI ³FRPPXQLW\´ 7KH ³JUHDW JDPH RI SRZHU´ ZDV SDU WLFXODUO\XVHIXOWRWULJJHUVSHFLILFWRSLFVWKDWVWXGHQWVIHOWZHUHFRQFXUULQJ WR DQ RSSUHVVLRQ VLWXDWLRQ ,Q WKLV VHTXHQFH WZR PDLQ LVVXHV HPHUJHG ± SRZHU LPEDODQFHVLQ WKHVFKRRO DQGGDWLQJ YLROHQFH ,WZDV WKHQ GHFLGHG E\PDMRULW\WKDWGDWLQJYLROHQFHZRXOGEHWKHPDLQIRFXVFRQVLGHULQJWKDW LW DSSHDUHG WR EH D SUHVVLQJ LVVXH ZLWKLQ WKH JURXS ± VRPH VWXGHQWV ZHUH SHUVRQDOO\H[SHULHQFLQJUHODWHGSUREOHPV±DQGDOVRWKDWLWZDVDWRSLFRI LQWHUHVWLQWKHVFKRROZKHUHPXOWLSOHSURMHFWVZHUHEHLQJGHYHORSHG7KHQ VHYHUDOVHVVLRQVZHUHIRFXVHGRQJHQGHULPEDODQFHVWU\LQJWRXQFRYHUVWH UHRW\SHV HJ³5K\WKPV0DFKLQH´ DQGSURPRWHDFULWLFDODQDO\VLVRIWKH SUREOHPLQZKLFK,PDJH7KHDWUHZDVDOVRIXQGDPHQWDO

2.3 Second year of the intervention – September 2017 to July 2018



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

(10)

DO *URXS&XVHGSKRWRYRLFHWRSRUWUD\WKHLURZQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIYLR OHQW UHODWLRQVKLSV LQ RUGHU WR H[SORUH WKH SURFHVV RI GDWLQJ YLROHQFH DQG *URXS ' HQJDJHG LQ LPDJH WKHDWUH %RDO   WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH IDFWRUV WULJJHULQJ YLROHQW EHKDYLRXUV LQ GDWLQJ UHODWLRQVKLSV WKURXJK WHFKQLTXHV DLPLQJDWERG\DQGGLDORJXHH[SORUDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWYLROHQWHSLVRGHVWKH\ KDGH[SHULHQFHG



Tab. 2 – Detailed description of year 2

 3KDVH 2FWREHU±0DUFK  3KDVH 0DUFK 3KDVH $SULO௅-XO\ 0DLQ *RDOV 3ODQQLQJ DQG FRQGXFWLQJ WKHUHVHDUFK

6KDULQJ ILQGLQJV ± OR FDO GLVVHPLQDWLRQ HYHQW

(ODERUDWLRQ DQG SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI SROLWL FDOUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV 6SHFLILF 7DVNV 'HILQLQJ UHVHDUFK TXHV WLRQV SDUWLFLSDQWV DQG PHWKRGV L :KDWDUHWKH1*2V¶DQG SROLFHRIILFHUV¶DQVZHUVWR WKH YLFWLPV RI GDWLQJ YLR OHQFH">LQWHUYLHZV@ LL +RZGRVWXGHQWVRIGLI IHUHQWDJHVWKLQNDERXWYL ROHQFH LQ GDWLQJ UHODWLRQ VKLSV">TXHVWLRQQDLUHV@ LLL ,QZKLFKZD\VGRSHR SOHUHDFWWRZDUGVUHSUHVHQ WDWLRQVRIGDWLQJYLROHQFH" >SKRWRYRLFH@

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¶ H[SHULHQFHV DQG XQGHUVWDQG SHUVRQDO SURE OHPV LQ D FRPPXQLWDULDQ DQGVRFLDOIUDPH  (QKDQFH WKHLU VHQVH RIVHOIHIILFDF\  /HJLWLPL]H WKHLU UROH DVNQRZOHGJHPDNHUV  &RQIURQWDWLRQ ZLWK GLIIHUHQW RSLQLRQV DQG UHIRUPXODWLRQ RI WKH DQDO\VLV (QKDQFH WKHLU H[WHU QDOSROLWLFDOHIILFDF\ ,QFUHDVH WKH XQGHU VWDQGLQJ RI WKH (XUR SHDQ GLPHQVLRQ RI VRFLDO SUREOHPV DQG KRZWKH\DUHSROLWLFDO



(11)

$IWHUGDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHGLQWHUSUHWHGDQG GLVFXVVHG WKH VWXGHQWV ZHUH HQFRXUDJHGWRWXUQWKHLUFRQFOXVLRQVLQWRSROLWLFDOSURSRVDOVDWWKHORFDOQD WLRQDO DQG (XURSHDQ OHYHOV DQG WR PDNH WKHP SXEOLF LQ GLVVHPLQDWLRQ HYHQWV RQH WRRN SODFH DW WKH VFKRRO DQG DQRWKHU DW WKH (PLOLD 5RPDJQD 'HOHJDWLRQWRWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQLQ%UXVVHOV   2.4 Process monitoring  ,QRUGHUWRPRQLWRUWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQWKHIDFLOLWDWRUVFRQGXFWHGIRFXVJURXS GLVFXVVLRQV ZLWKWKHSDUWLFLSDWLQJVWXGHQWVLQ WKUHH PRPHQWVDWWKHEHJLQ QLQJRIWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQDWWKHHQGRIWKHILUVW\HDUDQGDWWKHHQGRIWKHLQWHU YHQWLRQ)RFXVJURXSVVRXJKWWRDVVHVVWKHVWXGHQWV¶H[SHFWDWLRQVDQGPRWL YDWLRQVSURPRWHDFROOHFWLYHUHIOHFWLRQDERXWWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVDQGSURYLGH WKHPURRPIRUVXJJHVWLQJZD\VWRWDFNOHSRVVLEOHIUXVWUDWLRQVWKURXJKRXWWKH SURFHVV7KLVHQDEOHGLQFUHPHQWLQJWKHVWXGHQWV¶RZQHUVKLSRIWKHGHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVVHV FRQVROLGDWLQJ WKHLU UROHV DV FRUHVHDUFKHUV $OO IRFXV JURXSV ZHUH DXGLRUHFRUGHG WUDQVFULEHG DQG DQDO\VHG DQG VRPH H[FHUSWV ZLOOEHXVHGEHORZWRLOOXPLQDWHWKHVWXGHQWV¶H[SHULHQFHVLQWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQ DQGWKHUHIRUHWRGLVFXVVLWVSRWHQWLDODQGOLPLWDWLRQVLQWHUPVRIHQKDQFLQJ \RXWKSROLWLFDODJHQF\DQGFLWL]HQVKLS$OOSDUWLFLSDQWV¶QDPHVDUHILFWLRQDO



 7KHSURFHVVRISROLWLFLVDWLRQGULYHQE\WKHLQWHUYHQWLRQ 

'DWLQJ YLROHQFH DV PDQ\ RWKHU VRFLDO SUREOHPV LV RIWHQ IUDPHG DV D SHUVRQDOSUREOHPFLUFXPVFULEHGWRDSULYDWHVSKHUHOHDYLQJXQWDSSHGWKH SURFHVVHVDQGVWUXFWXUHVVXVWDLQLQJDQGUHSURGXFLQJLWVXQGHUO\LQJLQHTXDOL WLHV&RQVLGHULQJWKDWLQRUGHUWRFOHDUO\FRQVLGHUSROLWLFDOSKHQRPHQDRQH PXVWUHPRYHKLP KHU VHOIIURPWKHP +RZH%RDO 6RHLUR WKHXVH RI72ZDVLQVWUXPHQWDOLQSURPRWLQJVXFKDVKLIWLQSHUVSHFWLYHZLWKLQGL YLGXDOVEHLQJDEOHWREHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGWKHLUVRFLDOSODFHWKURXJKWKHPLUURU RI DHVWKHWLFV LQVWLJDWLQJ DZDUHQHVV %RDO   0DLQO\ WKURXJKRXW WKH ILUVW \HDU IDFLOLWDWRUV SURPRWHG WKH SUREOHPDWLVDWLRQ RI GDWLQJ YLROHQFH WKURXJK D SURFHVV LQYROYLQJ GHLGHRORJL]DWLRQ 0DUWLQ%DUy   DQG FRQVFLHQWL]DWLRQ )UHLUH   E\ FKDOOHQJLQJ WKH UXOLQJ LGHRORJLFDO GLV



 7KLV UHVHDUFK LV SDUW RIWKH ³CATCH-EyoU ௅&RQVWUXFWLQJ $F7LYH &LWL]HQV+LS ZLWK (XURSHDQ<RXWK3ROLFLHV3UDFWLFHV&KDOOHQJHVDQG6ROXWLRQV´IXQGHGE\(XURSHDQ8QLRQ +RUL]RQ3URJUDPPH*UDQW$JUHHPHQWQXPKWWSZZZFDWFKH\RXHX7KH GDWD XVHG IRU WKH DQDO\VHV DUH DFFHVVLEOH DW WKH IROORZLQJ OLQNKWWSGRLRUJ XQLERDPVDFWD

(12)

FRXUVHDQGDFWLYDWLQJ WKH G\QDPLFVRI GHDOLHQDWLRQ 7KLV SURFHVV ZDV LQ KHUHQWO\DVHDUFKIRUDVROXWLRQZLWKWKHVWXGHQWVGHSDUWLQJIURPWKHLUSHU VSHFWLYHV WR

©

RYHUFRPH WKHLU DOLHQDWHG SHUVRQDO DQG VRFLDO LGHQWLWLHV

ª

 -L PpQH]'RPtQJXH]S ZKLFKEURXJKWDERXWDUHOHYDQWWUDQVIRU PDWLRQLQWKHVWXGHQWV¶UHODWLRQVKLSZLWKSROLWLFVDQGFLWL]HQVKLS7KHLGHD RI SROLWLFV DV D ³ERULQJ´ DQG GLVWDQW PDWWHU ZDV UHFRQILJXUHG GXULQJ WKH WZR\HDUSURFHVV  ©-RUJH,QHYHUWKRXJKWRISROLWLFV«EXWQRZ«EHFDXVHRIWKLVSURMHFW,KDYH WRWKLQNLWWKURXJKLVQ¶WLW"%DVHGRQZKDWZH¶YHGRQH«WKHSUREOHPVZHWULHGWR VROYH±GDWLQJYLROHQFHJHQGHULQHTXDOLW\«DOOWKDWLVSROLWLFVLVQ¶WLW" 5DIDHO:HGLVFXVVHGSROLWLFDOWRSLFV -RUJH:HGHEDWHG'LVFXVVLQJLVPDNLQJSROLWLFV 'LRJR<HVZHHQWHUHGWKDWZRUOGª  



6WHSSLQJLQWRWKH³ZRUOGRISROLWLFV´ZDVLQVWLJDWHGE\WKHSHUVRQDOLP SOLFDWLRQLQDFRQFUHWHDQGFROOHFWLYHSUREOHPUDLVHGE\WKHJURXS

,Q IDFW WKH VHQVH RI SXUSRVH GULYHQ E\ WKH ZLOOLQJQHVV WR FKDQJH ZDV SRLQWHG RXW DV D IXQGDPHQWDO GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKLV SURMHFW DQG UHJXODU VFKRRO FODVVHV /LNHZLVH WKH IDFW WKDW WKH\ ZHUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK VRPHWKLQJ WKDWFRQFHUQHGWKHPLQFUHDVHGWKHLUVHQVHRISXUSRVHDQGHQJDJHPHQW



6XVDQD©:HLQYHVWLJDWHVRPHWKLQJWKDWLVWRWDOO\SUHVHQWLQRXUGDLO\OLYHVEXW ZHGLGQ¶WNQRZLWZDVVRELJª  

-RmR ©$OWKRXJK LWZDV WLULQJ DQGKDUGZRUN LWZDV UHZDUGLQJ ZH DUULYHG DW VXUSULVLQJILQGLQJVZHGLVFRYHUHGWKLQJVZHZHUHQRWH[SHFWLQJ/XLV:HJRWWR RXWFRPHVWKDWPDGHXVERWKKDSS\DQGVXUSULVHGª  



6WXGHQWVVRPHWLPHVPHQWLRQHGKRZWKHVFKRODVWLFPRGHORIWHQKLQGHUV WKHLUPRWLYDWLRQWRJHWHQJDJHGPRVWO\ZKHQVXFKHQJDJHPHQWLVH[WHUQDO O\GHILQHG$FFRUGLQJWR$UD~MRDQG0RQWHLUR S ©WREHDVWX GHQWLVWRZRUNLQDQGIRUWKHVFKRROª±VLQFHERWKVFKRRODWWHQGDQFHDQG HPSOR\PHQWLPSO\H[WHUQDOLPSRVLWLRQVDQGGXWLHV,QWKLVLQWHUYHQWLRQWKH DLP ZDV SUHFLVHO\ WR KDYH VWXGHQWV LQYROYHG LQ DFWLYLWLHV DQG ZLWK WRSLFV PHDQLQJIXO WR WKHP &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH H[SHULHQFH RI DFWXDOO\ SOD\LQJ DQ DFWLYH UROH DV FRUHVHDUFKHUV LQ H[SORULQJ VRFLDO LVVXHV WKURXJK KDQGRQ DFWLYLWLHVPDGHWKHPHQWKXVLDVWLF



-pVVLFD©,OLNHWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKRVHDFWLYLWLHVEHFDXVHWKH\JLYHXVPRUHLQ IRUPDWLRQWKDQMXVWWDONLQJDERXWLW)RUH[DPSOHWKHJDPHRIWKHFKDLUVWKHFRXUW DFWLYLW\ EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH PRUH LQWHUDFWLYH« GLVFXVVLQJ RQO\ LQVLGH WKH FODVV URRP,WKLQNLWZRXOGEHPRUHERULQJDQGEHFDXVHWKLVLVDFWLYHSHRSOHKDYHPRUH

(13)

HQWKXVLDVPª 5LFDUGR ©$QG WKH\ UHPHPEHU PRUH WKLQJVª  -pVVLFD ©<HV WKH\ KDYHPRUHLGHDVWKDQLIWKH\ZHUHVDWLQFODVV«ª,QrV©*HWWLQJRXWRIRXUDUHD :HDUHORFNHGWKHZKROHGD\ª    $OWKRXJKVWXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVGXULQJWKHSURFHVVZHUHWKDWWKH\GLGQRW KDYHWKHOHJLWLPDF\WRDVVXPHDQ³H[SHUW´SRVLWLRQ±DQGWKLVVHHPVWREHD FRPPRQIHDWXUHRI<3$5SURMHFWV HJ$PVGHQ 9DQ:\QVEHUJKH  ± WKLV ZDV VRIWHQHG E\WKHHQGRIWKHSURFHVV ZKHQ WKH\ IRXQG WKHPVHOYHV SUHVHQWLQJWKHLUUHVXOWVZKLFKZHUHUHFRJQLVHGDVDGGHGYDOXHNQRZOHGJHLQ WKH H\HV RI SHRSOH WKH\ FRQVLGHUHG ³UHOHYDQW´ RWKHUV 7KH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ HYHQWWKDWWRRNSODFHLQWKHLUVFKRROSOD\HGDPDMRUUROHLQWKLVUHJDUG'L YHUVHVWDNHKROGHUVDWWHQGHGLWWKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH\RXWKFKDPEHULQWKHPX QLFLSDOLW\WKHGLUHFWRURIWKHVFKRROWHDFKHUVVWXGHQWVSURIHVVLRQDOVZRUN LQJRQJHQGHUYLROHQFHDQGXQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFKHUV7KHVWXGHQWVJRWIHHGEDFN RQWKHLUZRUNDQGZDWFKHGWKHLUFRQFOXVLRQVEHLQJEURXJKWWRWKHWDEOH ,QDGGLWLRQEHFRPLQJ³H[SHUWV´RQWKHLURZQUHDOLW\LQYROYHGQRWRQO\ OHDUQLQJPRUHDERXWWKHLVVXHDWVWDNHEXWDOVRWDNLQJWKHFKDQFHWRYRLFH FRQFHUQVDFTXLULQJWKHWRROVQHHGHGIRUWKDWDQGIURPDQHPSRZHUHGSRVL WLRQVHHNLQJWRLQIOXHQFHRWKHUVDQGWUDQVIRUPWKHVWDWXVTXR  ,VDEHO©,KDYHWREHKRQHVWULJKW",GLGQRWOHDUQDQ\WKLQJQHZDERXWWKLVVXE MHFWLQWKHSURMHFW%HFDXVH,DPDUHDOO\PHODQFKROLFSHUVRQ,ZDVDOUHDG\LQVXFK DVLWXDWLRQ>GDWLQJYLROHQFH@VR,NQHZZKDW,ZDVWDONLQJDERXWLQKHUH7KDW¶VZK\ ,FRXOGWDNHVXFKJRRGSKRWRV%XW,OLNHGWRGRWKLVDQGWDNHSKRWRVEHFDXVH,ZDQW WKHRWKHUVWRFKDQJHWKHLUSHUFHSWLRQVDERXWWKLVSUREOHP$QG,NQRZWKDWZKDW, GLG FDQ KHOS WR FODULI\ WKLV LVVXH , GLG WKLV WR KHOS WKH RWKHUV%HFDXVH D SHUVRQ ZRQ¶WVD\³,QHHGKHOS´MXVWOLNHWKDWVR,WKLQNSKRWRVFDQKHOSWUDQVPLWP\PHV VDJHZKDW,IHOWLQWKDWSRVLWLRQª  



7KH ©FKDQFH WR YRLFH WKHLU SUREOHPVª LPSOLHV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI EHLQJ KHDUGE\OHJLWLPDWHRWKHUV7KLVZDVRQHRIWKHIRFLRICATCH-EyoULQWKH ILQDOSKDVHRIWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQVWXGHQWVZHUHFDOOHGWRUHIOHFWRQOHJLVODWLYH SURSRVDOVWKDWPLJKWWUDQVIRUPWKHLUUHDOLWLHV7KRVHSURSRVDOVZHUHSUHVHQWHG DWWKH(PLOLD5RPDJQD'HOHJDWLRQWRWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQLQ%UXVVHOVZKHUH VWXGHQWVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQDSXEOLFHYHQWWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUVWXGHQWVIURPRWKHU (XURSHDQFRXQWULHVSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHSURMHFW,QWKHODVWIRFXVJURXSWKH\ DQWLFLSDWHGWKLVPHHWLQJLQ%UXVVHOVLQDYHU\HQWKXVLDVWLFOLJKW  -RVp©<RXWKFDQEHOLVWHQHGWR,QHYHUWKRXJKWZHFRXOGEHOLVWHQHGLQUHODWLRQ WRWKH(8,WKRXJKWZHZHUHWRROLWWOHWREHFRQVLGHUHGª   0DULD©,ILWZHUHQRWIRUWKLVSURMHFW,ZRXOGQHYHUJHWLQFRQWDFWZLWK(8ª   

(14)

6XUHO\ WKH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ HYHQWV ERWK LQ 3RUWXJDO ± FRYHUHG E\ WZR MRXUQDODUWLFOHV DORFDOQHZVSDSHUDQGDZLGHO\UHDGQDWLRQDOQHZVSDSHU ± DQGLQ%UXVVHOVZHUHQRWRQO\LPSRUWDQWWRH[SDQGWKHLPSDFWRIWKHLQWHU YHQWLRQE\VKDULQJWKHSURMHFWDQGVWXGHQWV¶ILQGLQJVZLWKDODUJHDXGLHQFH EXWDOVRWRJLYHVWXGHQWVDVHQVHWKDWWKH\ZHUHEHLQJOLVWHQHGWR$WWKHEH JLQQLQJRIWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQVWXGHQWVVWUHVVHGWKHLGHDWKDW\RXQJSHRSOHUH DOO\ZDQW©WREHOLVWHQHGE\VRPHRQHZKRLVZLOOLQJWROLVWHQDQGFDSDEOHRI XQGHUVWDQGLQJª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tV©,VKRXOGEHPRUHDZDUHRIWKHWKLQJVWKDWDUHQH[WWRPHVR,FDQKHOS RWKHUVª -RmR©:HPXVWEHPRUHDZDUHRIZKDWLVJRLQJRQRXWWKHUHDQGLIQHHGHGUH SRUWWKHVLWXDWLRQª ,VDEHO©,WKLQNLWZDVDGLIIHUHQWH[SHULHQFHEHFDXVHZHFRXOGUHDOO\EHSUHVHQW DQGGHYHORSWKHZKROHSURFHVV,WZDVQRWGHYHORSHGE\RWKHUV,WZDVXV:HGLG HYHU\WKLQJRXUVHOYHVª    ,QWKLVFRQWH[WPDNLQJVHQVHRIRQH¶VRZQH[SHULHQFHUHLQWHUSUHWHGDQG HQOLJKWHQHGE\JHWWLQJDFFHVVWRQHZLQIRUPDWLRQDQGNQRZOHGJHOHDGVWR UHVLJQLI\LQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGXOWLPDWHO\WRWDNLQJXSWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI ©UHQHZLQJDFRPPRQZRUOGªZKLFKVKRXOGEHSDUWRIWKHUROHRIFRQWHP SRUDU\HGXFDWLRQ $UHQGWS    $QGFRQFOXGLQJ  'H*URRWDQG9HXJHOHUV  GHILQHGWKH©DSROLWLFDOFLWL]HQV>DV@FLW L]HQVZKRKDYHQRWVWXGLHGSRZHULQHTXDOLWLHVDQGZKRKDYHQRWEHHQLQ WURGXFHGWRDVFKRROFXOWXUHWKDWWHDFKHVVWXGHQWVKRZWKH\FDQDGGUHVVVR FLDO MXVWLFH LVVXHVª S   7KLV LQWHUYHQWLRQ DLPHG DW WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D VSDFHJURXQGHGLQDFWLRQZKHUHWKH\RXQJVWXGHQWV¶DJHQF\ZDVHQFRXU DJHGIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJDVWKH\EHFDPHSDUWDQGSDUFHORIWKHSURFHVVLW

(15)

VHOI±ZLWKDOOWKHULVNVWKLVHQWDLOV UHVLVWDQFHDQGGLIILFXOWLHVEXWDOVRSRV VLELOLWLHV  ,I LQ RUGHU WR EH OHDUQHG GHPRFUDWLF FLWL]HQVKLS QHHGV WR EH SUDFWLFHG /DZ\  %LHVWD   LW FOHDUO\ RSSRVHV D VFKRODVWLF ³VWDWLF´ DQG ³DEVWUDFW´  W\SH RI FLWL]HQVKLS 3DLV   ,Q IDFW WKH FRQWUDVW EH WZHHQWKHUDWLRQDOHRIDSDUWLFLSDWRU\DSSURDFKDQGWKHZLGHULQVWLWXWLRQDO FRQWH[WIUDPLQJLWPDGHYLVLEOHVRPHOLPLWVRIWKLVNLQGRILQWHUYHQWLRQL  WKH FRPSXOVRU\ DWWHQGDQFH H[SRVHG WKH SDUDGR[ RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ FI 4XDJKHEHXU0DVVFKHOHLQ 1JX\HQ LL WKHULJLGKLHUDUFKLFDOVWUXF WXUHRIWKHVFKRROLWVGLYLVLRQRIWLPHDQGUROHVWKHFLUFXPVFULSWLRQWRLQ GRRU DFWLYLWLHV DQG WKH ODUJH QXPEHU RI VWXGHQWV ZHUH GLIILFXOW WRDFFRP PRGDWHLLL WKHZHLJKWRIVFKRROZRUNORDGLPSDFWHGRQWKHVWXGHQWV¶SDUWLF LSDWLRQDSUREOHPUHSRUWHGLQGLYHUVH<3$5SURMHFWV FI%RVWRFN )UHH PDQ&RUQZDOO -HZNHV LY WKHVWXGHQWV¶HPERGLPHQWRID VRPHZKDWQRUPDWLYHVFKRROHWKRV HJQRQQRUPDWLYHDFWLYLWLHV±VXFKDV WKHDWUH DQG SKRWRJUDSK\ ± UHJDUGHG DV ³OHVV VHULRXV´ DQG GLVPLVVHG RQFH WKH\ GR ³QRW FRXQW IRU HYDOXDWLRQ´  6XUHO\ DQ\ LQWHUYHQWLRQ RI WKLV NLQG GHPDQGVV\VWHPDWLFUHIOHFWLRQIURPWKHIDFLOLWDWRUVLQRUGHUWRUHGLUHFWWKH SURFHVV VHHNLQJ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ HQJDJHPHQW LQ DFWLYLWLHV WKDW WKH\ PD\ UHFRJQLVHDVPHDQLQJIXO7KLVQHHGVWREHHTXDWHGZLWKWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI PXWXDOWUXVWIRUVXFFHVVIXORXWFRPHVLQDGXOW\RXWKSDUWQHUVKLSVDQG\RXWK OHGUHVHDUFK )RUG5DVPXV $OOHQ ZKLFKUHTXLUHVDFRQVLGHUDEOH DPRXQWRIWLPH .LP $ZDUHRIWKHFKDOOHQJHVH[DPLQHGE\*UDQW 1HOVRQ 0LWFKHOO  WKHIDFLOLWDWRUVWULHGWRPDNHWKHSURFHVVIOH[L EOHDOORZLQJFKDQJHVRQSODQQHGDFWLYLWLHVWRNHHSWKHVWXGHQWV¶PRWLYDWLRQ KLJKZKLOHQRWGLVUHJDUGLQJWKHJXLGHOLQHVRIWKHODUJHU(XURSHDQSURMHFW WKLVLQWHUYHQWLRQZDVDSDUWRI(YHQWKRXJKWKHVFKRROERDUGZDVYHU\FR RSHUDWLYHNHHSLQJWKHVWXGHQWV¶HQJDJHPHQWUHTXLUHGWLPHDQGHQHUJ\IURP WKHIDFLOLWDWRUVLQQHJRWLDWLQJVHVVLRQVORWVRQDZHHNO\EDVLVDQGLQLQYROY LQJVFKRROWHDFKHUVLQWKHSURMHFWDUWLFXODWLQJLWZLWKVRPHFXUULFXODUDFWLYL WLHV$V0HQH]HVVWUHVVHV©HPSRZHUPHQWRISHRSOHFDQQRWEHGRQHZLWK RXWWKHHPSRZHUPHQWRIWKHSURIHVVLRQDOVWKDWLQWHUDFWZLWKWKHPª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

(16)

IDFH EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW FRQWH[WV LQ WKH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ HYHQW DWWHQGHG E\ PXOWLSOH VWDNHKROGHUV WKH \RXQJVWHUV¶ PHVVDJHV JHQHUDWHG UHOHYDQW PDVV PHGLDLPSDFW *RLQJEDFNWRWKHLQLWLDOH[DPSOHRIWKH³6WULNH&OLPDWH´RQH$XVWUDOL DQVWXGHQWILJKWLQJLQWKHVHFOLPDWHSURWHVWVVWDWHGLQWKHVWUHHWVRI&DQEHU UD©,IVRPDQ\VWXGHQWVDUHVNLSSLQJVFKRROWDNLQJWLPHRXWRIWKHLUGD\WR VD\VRPHWKLQJDQGWU\WRPDNHDGLIIHUHQFH\RXVKRXOGOLVWHQ&DXVHLWGHI LQLWHO\ PHDQV WKDW VRPHWKLQJ¶V ZURQJ DQG \RX QHHG WR DFW QRZª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©+RZFODVVURRPVDUHVHWXSZKRJHWVWRWDONZKHQKRZDGXOWV FRQGXFWWKHPVHOYHVKRZGHFLVLRQVDUHPDGHKRZOHVVRQVDUHHQDFWHG±DOO WKHVH DQG PRUH  LQHYLWDEO\ VHUYH DV OHVVRQV LQ FLWL]HQVKLSª :HVWKHLPHU S 6RLWLVFUXFLDOWRUHFRQVLGHUKRZVFKRROLVVHUYLQJWKHSXU SRVHRIUHVFXLQJVWXGHQWVIURPDSDWK\RUDV:HVWKHLPHU  IRUPXODW HG©:KDWNLQGRIFLWL]HQ LVVFKRROIRUPLQJ "ª

%\JURXQGLQJLWVHOILQWKHUHDOLW\RIWKHFRPPXQLWLHVWKLVVSDFHRIGLD ORJXH VWUXJJOHG WR WUDQVFHQG LW WUDQVIRUPLQJ LQGLYLGXDOV LQWRDJHQWLF VXE MHFWV DQG QRW PHUH VSHFWDWRUVREVHUYHUV RI WKHLU RZQ OLYHV 6R QRZ WKH ³SDUWLFLSDWRU\´ EDOO LV LQRXUFRXUWDUH ZH WUXO\ DYDLODEOH WR OLVWHQ WRVWX GHQWV" $QGWRFRPPLWRXUVHOYHVWR WKHFKDQJHV WKH\ VXJJHVW" 2QH RIRXU VWXGHQWVZKHQDVNHGDERXWKLVH[SHFWDWLRQVDERXWWKHSURMHFWVWDWHG©WREH OLVWHQHGE\VRPHRQHZKRLVZLOOLQJWROLVWHQDQGFDSDEOHRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJª $UHZHOLVWHQLQJ"$QGDUHZHFDSDEOHRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ"      +DQQDK+LJJLQV 1RYHPEHU 7KRXVDQGVRIVWXGHQWVMRLQFOLPDWHSURWHVW7KH *XDUGLDQ5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVZZZWKHJXDUGLDQFRP

(17)

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KH DXWKRUV H[SUHVV WKHLU SXEOLF UHFRJQLWLRQ WR WKH VFKRRO (VFROD 6HFXQGiULD 'U-RDTXLP*RPHV)HUUHLUD$OYHVDQGLWVERDUGSDUWLFXODUO\WKHGLUHFWRU'UÈO YDUR 6DQWRV DQG SUHVLGHQW RI WKH JHQHUDO FRXQFLO 'U $QDEHOD $PDUDO WKH FODVV WHDFKHUVDQGDOOWKH\RXQJSHRSOHZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKLVSURMHFW

7KLVUHVHDUFKLVSDUWRIWKH³CATCH-EyoU௅&RQVWUXFWLQJ$F7LYH&LWL]HQV+LS ZLWK (XURSHDQ <RXWK 3ROLFLHV 3UDFWLFHV &KDOOHQJHV DQG 6ROXWLRQV´ IXQGHG E\ (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ +RUL]RQ  3URJUDPPH *UDQW $JUHHPHQW QXP  KWWSZZZFDWFKH\RXHX

-RDQD3&UX]DQG-RVp(GXDUGR6LOYDDUHVXSSRUWHGE\WKH3RUWXJXHVH6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ )RXQGDWLRQ )&7  ZLWK D GRFWRUDO 3'%'  DQG D SRVWGRFWRUDO 6)5+%3' VFKRODUVKLSUHVSHFWLYHO\&DUOD0DODIDLD DQG )LOLSH 3LHGDGH ZHUH DW WKH WLPH RI WKLV UHVHDUFK IHOORZ UHVHDUFKHUV RI WKH CATCH-EyoUSURMHFWDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3RUWR   5HIHUHQFHV  $PVGHQ- 9DQ:\QVEHUJKH5  &RPPXQLW\PDSSLQJDVDUHVHDUFKWRRO ZLWK\RXWKAction Research, 3  GRL $QGROLQD0-HQNLQV..HHWHU6 =XNLQ&  6HDUFKLQJIRUWKH0HDQ LQJRI<RXWK&LYLF(QJDJHPHQW1RWHV)URPWKH)LHOGApplied Developmental Science, 6GRL6;$'6B

$UD~MR 0-  0RQWHLUR +   &ULDQoDV GH WRGR R PXQGR XQLYRV 1RWDV VREUHDVXEPLVVmRGDVFULDQoDVj³LGHRORJLDGRWUDEDOKR~WLO´Ambiente & Edu-cação Revista de EduEdu-cação Ambiental, 23  

$UHQGW+  Between past and future1HZ<RUN3HQJXLQ%RRNV

$UQHWW--  'HEDWH(PHUJLQJ$GXOWKRRGLQ(XURSHD5HVSRQVHWR%\QQHU Journal of Youth Studies, 9  GRL $XJXVWR 1   $ MXYHQWXGH H D V  SROtWLFD V  GHVLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DomR H LQGL

YLGXDOL]DomRRevista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, 81

%DQNV6$UPVWURQJ$&DUWHU.*UDKDP++D\ZDUG3+HQU$ 6WUD FKDQ $   (YHU\GD\ HWKLFV LQ FRPPXQLW\EDVHG SDUWLFLSDWRU\ UHVHDUFK Contemporary Social Science: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences, 8   GRL

%DUUHWW0 =DQL%  Political and civic engagement: Multidisciplinary perspectives./RQGRQDQG1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH

%DUUHWW0 =DQL%  3ROLWLFDODQGFLYLFHQJDJHPHQW7KHRUHWLFDOXQGHUVWDQG LQJV HYLGHQFH DQG SROLFLHV ,Q 0 %DUUHWW  % =DQL (GV Political and Civic Engagement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives SS /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH %DXP ) 0DF'RXJDOO &  6PLWK '   3DUWLFLSDWRU\ DFWLRQ UHVHDUFK

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60    GRL MHFK

%HDQH-$  Affect in the curriculum: Toward democracy, dignity, and di-versity. 1HZ<RUN7HDFKHUV&ROOHJH3UHVV

(18)

%LHVWD*  *RRGHGXFDWLRQLQDQDJHRIPHDVXUHPHQW2QWKHQHHGWRUH FRQQHFW ZLWK WKH TXHVWLRQ RI SXUSRVH LQ HGXFDWLRQ Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability,21  GRLV %LHVWD *   7KH ,JQRUDQW &LWL]HQ 0RXIIH 5DQFLqUH DQG WKH 6XEMHFW RI

'HPRFUDWLF(GXFDWLRQStudies in Philosophy and Education, 30   %RDO$  Games for actors and non-actors.1HZ<RUN86$5RXWOHGJH %RVWRFN- )UHHPDQ-  µ1ROLPLWV¶'RLQJSDUWLFLSDWRU\DFWLRQUHVHDUFK

ZLWK\RXQJSHRSOHLQ1RUWKXPEHUODQGJournal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 13  GRLFDVS

&KHFNRZD\%  :KDWLV\RXWKSDUWLFLSDWLRQ"Children and Youth Services Review, 33  GRLMFKLOG\RXWK

&RUQZDOO$ -HZNHV5  :KDWLVSDUWLFLSDWRU\UHVHDUFK"Social Science & Medicine, 41  GRL  6

'H*URRW, 9HXJHOHUV:  :K\ZHQHHGWRTXHVWLRQWKHGHPRFUDWLFHQ JDJHPHQWRIDGROHVFHQWVLQ(XURSHJournal of Social Science Education, 14   

'HOOL&DUSLQL0  *HQ&RP<RXWKFLYLFHQJDJHPHQWDQGWKHQHZLQIRU PDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQW Political Communication, 17    GRL  

(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ  (XU\GLFH%ULHI&LWL]HQVKLS(GXFDWLRQDW6FKRROLQ (XURSH S   (GXFDWLRQ $XGLRYLVXDO DQG &XOWXUH ([HFXWLYH $JHQF\ 5H WULHYHG IURP KWWSVZZZQDRUJPNWOBILOHVGRFVHSOXVHXU\GLFHSXE %ULHIB&LWL]HQVKLS(GXFDWLRQHQSGI

)DOV%RUGD2  3DUWLFLSDWRU\ DFWLRQ UHVHDUFKLQVRFLDOWKHRU\2ULJLQVDQG FKDOOHQJHV,Q35HDVRQ +%UDGEXU\ (GV Handbook of action research SS /RQGRQ8.6DJH

)HUUHLUD3'$]HYHGR& 0HQH]HV,  7KHGHYHORSPHQWDOTXDOLW\RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ H[SHULHQFHV %H\RQG WKH UKHWRULF WKDW ³SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV DOZD\V JRRG´ Journal of Adolescence, 35    GRL MDGROHVFHQFH 

)LQQ -/   7KH SURPLVH RI SDUWLFLSDWRU\ UHVHDUFK Journal of Progressive Human Services, 5  GRL-YQB

)ODQDJDQ &  /HYLQH 3   &LYLF HQJDJHPHQW DQG WKH WUDQVLWLRQ WR DGXOW KRRGThe Future of children, 20  GRLIRF

)RVWHU)LVKPDQ3/DZ./LFKW\/ $RXQ&  <RXWK5H$&7IRU6R FLDO &KDQJH $ 0HWKRG IRU <RXWK 3DUWLFLSDWRU\ $FWLRQ 5HVHDUFK American Journal Community Psychology, 46GRLV\ 2]HU(5LWWHUPDQ0 :DQLV0  3DUWLFLSDWRU\DFWLRQUHVHDUFK 3$5 LQ PLGGOHVFKRRORSSRUWXQLWLHVFRQVWUDLQWVDQGNH\SURFHVVHVAmerican Journal Community Psychology, 46  GRLV )UHLUH3  Extensão ou comunicação?HG5LRGH-DQHLUR3D]H7HUUD )UHLUH3  Pedagogia do OprimidoHG HGLomR 5LRGH-DQHL UR3D]H7HUUD *UDQW-1HOVRQ* 0LWFKHOO7  1HJRWLDWLQJWKHFKDOOHQJHRISDUWLFLSD WRU\ DFWLRQ UHVHDUFK 5HODWLRQVKLSV SRZHU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ FKDQJH DQG FUHGLELO

(19)

LW\,Q35HDVRQ +%UDGEXU\ (GV A SAGE handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice QGHG  SS /RQGRQ8.6$*( *HVVQHU6  7HDFKLQJ&LYLF(GXFDWLRQLQD0LJUDWLQJ*OREDO&RPPXQLW\

+RZ &DQ 6WXGHQWV ZLWK D 0LJUDWLRQ %DFNJURXQG &RQWULEXWH WR 'LGDFWLFV DQG &LYLF (GXFDWLRQ 7KHRU\" Journal of Social Science Education, 16    GRLMVVHYL

+DQQRQ& 7LPV&  An anatomy of youth./RQGRQ'HPRV

+HGWNH5  :KRLVDIUDLGRIDQRQFRQIRUPLVW\RXWK"7KHULJKWWRGLVVHQWDQGWR QRWSDUWLFLSDWH,Q5+HGWNH 7=LPHQNRYD (GV Education for civic and polit-ical participation: A critpolit-ical approach SS 1HZ<RUN86$5RXWOHGJH +RZH.%RDO- 6RHLUR- (GV   The Routledge Companion to

Thea-tre of the Oppressed.8.5RXWOHGJH

+XUWDGR-&  Por uma infância emancipada?&DGHUQRGH/HLWXUDVQ 6pULH,QIkQFLD

-LPpQH]'RPtQJXH]%  ,JQDFLR0DUWtQ%DUy¶V6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\RI/LEHUDWLRQ 6LWXDWHG.QRZOHGJHDQG&ULWLFDO&RPPLWPHQW$JDLQVW2EMHFWLYLVP,Q00RQWHUR &&6RQQ (GV Psychology of Liberation, Peace Psychology Book Series, 37. 6SULQJHU6FLHQFH %XVLQHVV0HGLDGRLB

.HUU'  &LWL]HQVKLSHGXFDWLRQLQWKHFXUULFXOXPDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHYLHZ School Field, 10  7UDWWRGDKWWSZZZLEHXQHVFRRUJILOHDGPLQXV HUBXSORDG&XUULFXOXP6((3')VNHUUSGI

.LP -   <RXWK LQYROYHPHQW LQ SDUWLFLSDWRU\ DFWLRQ UHVHDUFK SDU  &KDO OHQJHV DQG EDUULHUV. Critical Social Work, 17   7UDWWR GD KWWSZZZ XZLQGVRUFDFULWLFDOVRFLDOZRUN\RXWKBLQYROYHPHQW

.ODQGHUPDQV%  The social psychology of protest2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO /DUVRQ 5 :DONHU .  3HDUFH 1   $ FRPSDULVRQ RI \RXWKဨGULYHQ DQG

DGXOWဨGULYHQ\RXWKSURJUDPV%DODQFLQJLQSXWVIURP\RXWKDQGDGXOWVJournal of Community Psychology, 33  GRLMFRS

/DZ\5 %LHVWD*  &LWL]HQVKLSDVSUDFWLFHWKHHGXFDWLRQDOLPSOLFDWLRQV RI DQ LQFOXVLYH DQG UHODWLRQDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI FLWL]HQVKLS British Journal of Educational Studies, 54  GRLM[ 0DJDOKmHV3 0RUDO-6  Os jovens e a política/LVERD&HQWURGH6RQ

GDJHQVH(VWXGRVGH2SLQLmRGD8QLYHUVLGDGH&DWyOLFD3RUWXJXHVDFHVRS 7UDWWRGDKWWSVMSQXSSWSGI2VBMRYHQVBHBDBSROLWLFDSGI

0DUWtQ%DUy,  /DGHVLGHRORJL]DFLyQFRPRDSRUWHGHODSVLFRORJtDVRFLDODO GHVDUUROORGHODGHPRFUDFLDHQ/DWLQRDPpULFDBoletín de Avepso, VIII    7UDWWR GD KWWSZZZXFDHGXVYFROHFFLRQGLJLWDO,0%ZSFRQWHQW XSORDGV/DGHVLGHRORJL]DFLRQFRPRDSRUWHGHODSVLFRORJLD VRFLDODOGHVDUUROOR$9(362BSGI

0F&RZDQ7  $µVHDPOHVVHQDFWPHQW¶RIFLWL]HQVKLSHGXFDWLRQJournal of Philosophy of Education, 43GRLM[ 0F,QW\UH $   $FWLYLVW UHVHDUFK DQG VWXGHQW DJHQF\ LQ XQLYHUVLWLHV DQG XUEDQ

FRPPXQLWLHVUrban Education, 41  GRL 0HQH]HV,  Intervenção Comunitária – uma perspetiva psicológica3RUWR

(20)

0HQH]HV , &LFRJQDQL (  $PQn (   &$7&+(\R8 ,QWHUYHQWLRQ LQ 6FKRROV 0HWKRGRORJ\ (YDOXDWLRQ DQG 0DLQ 5HVXOWV (;75$&7 3RUWXJDO 8QLYHUVLW\RI%RORJQDKWWSGRLRUJXQLERDPVDFWD>'DWDVHW@ 0HQH]HV,5LEHLUR1)HUQDQGHV-HVXV00DODIDLD& )HUUHLUD3 (GV 

 Agência e participação cívica e política: Jovens e imigrantes na con-strução da democracia.3RUWR/LYSVLF

0RQWHLUR+ )HUUHLUD3  8QSROLWH&LWL]HQVKLS7KH1RQ3ODFHRI&RQ IOLFWLQ3ROLWLFDO(GXFDWLRQJournal of Social Science Education, 10 0RXIIH&  On the political./RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH

1HOVRQ* 3ULOOHOWHQVN\,  Community psychology: In pursuit of libera-tion and well-being. 1HZ<RUN3DOJUDYH0DF0LOODQ

1RUULV3  Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing political activism.&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

2]HU(5LWWHUPDQ0 :DQLV0  3DUWLFLSDWRU\DFWLRQUHVHDUFK 3$5  LQPLGGOHVFKRRORSSRUWXQLWLHVFRQVWUDLQWVDQGNH\SURFHVVHVAmerican Jour-nal of Community Psychology, 46    GRL V 

3DLV-0  -RYHQVHFLGDGDQLDSociologia, problemas e práticas, 49 7UDWWR GD KWWSZZZVFLHORPHFSWVFLHORSKS"VFULSW VFLBDEVWUDFW SLG 6  OQJ SW QUP L

3DUN3  :KDWLVSDUWLFLSDWRU\UHVHDUFK"$WKHRUHWLFDODQGPHWKRGRORJLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH,Q33DUN0%U\GRQ0LOOHU%+DOO 7-DFNVRQ (GV Voices of change: Participatory research in the United States and Canada SS  :HVWSRUW&7%HUJLQ *DUYH\

3LHGDGH)5LEHLUR1/RII01HYHV7 0HQH]HV,  /HDUQLQJ$ERXW WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQLQ7LPHVRI&ULVLV3RUWXJXHVH7H[WERRNV¶1RUPDWLYH9L VLRQVRI(XURSHDQ&LWL]HQVKLSJournal of Social Science Education, 17   KWWSZZZMVVHRUJLQGH[SKSMVVHDUWLFOHYLHZ

4XDJKHEHXU . 0DVVFKHOHLQ -  1JX\HQ +   3DUDGR[ RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ JLYLQJ RU WDNLQJ SDUW"Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 14GRLFDVS

4XLQWHOLHU(  'LIIHUHQFHVLQSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQEHWZHHQ\RXQJDQGROG SHRSOHContemporary Politics, 13GRL 5DQFLqUH-  The philosopher and his poor'XUKDP1&'XNH8QLYHUVLW\

3UHVV

5HDVRQ3  &KRLFHDQGTXDOLW\LQDFWLRQUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFHJournal of Man-agement Inquiry, 15  GRL

5LEHLUR $% &DHWDQR $  0HQH]HV ,   &LWL]HQVKLS HGXFDWLRQ HGXFD WLRQDOSROLFLHVDQG1*2VBritish Educational Research Journal, 42 GRLEHUM

6DUPHQWR 0-   $V FXOWXUDV GD LQIkQFLD QDV HQFUX]LOKDGDV GD VHJXQGD PRGHUQLGDGH,Q0-6DUPHQWR$%&HULVDUD (GV Crianças e miúdos: Per-spetivas sociopedagógicas da infância e educação SS 3RUWR$VD 6KRU,  Empowering education: Critical teaching for social change&KL

(21)

6SDQQULQJ 5   8QGHUVWDQGLQJ QRQ  3DUWLFLSDWLRQ )RUPV 0HDQLQJV DQG 5HDVRQV ,Q 5 6SDQQULQJ * 2JULV  : *DLVHU (GV  Youth and Political Participation in Europe. Results of the Comparative Study EUYOUPART SS 

6WRHFNHU5  &RPPXQLW\EDVHGUHVHDUFK)URPSUDFWLFHWRWKHRU\DQGEDFN DJDLQ Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 9    KWWSKGOKDQGOHQHWVSR

9DQGHU3ORHJ3 *XpULQ/  4XHVWLRQLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGVROLGDULW\DV JRDOV RI FLWL]HQVKLS HGXFDWLRQ Critical Review, 28    GRL 

9HLJD6  O impacto do envolvimento dos estudantes universitários em ac-tividades extra-curriculares no empowerment psicológico e no desenvolvimento cognitivo-vocacional 8QSXEOLVKHG GRFWRUDO GLVVHUWDWLRQ  8QLYHUVLW\ RI 3RUWR 3RUWXJDO

9HUED66FKOR]PDQ./ %UDG\+  Voice and equality: civic volun-tarism in American politics. &DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV :HVWKHLPHU-  :KDWNLQGRIFLWL]HQVGRZHQHHG"Educational Leadership,

75    7UDWWR GD KWWSZZZDVFGRUJSXEOLFDWLRQVHGXFDWLRQDO OHDGHUVKLSQRYYROQXP:KDW.LQGRI&LWL]HQV'R:H

1HHG&$DVS[

<RXQLVV - %DOHV 6 &KULVWPDV%HVW 9 'LYHUVL 0 0F/DXJKOLQ 0  6LO EHUHLVHQ5  <RXWKFLYLFHQJDJHPHQWLQWKHWZHQW\ILUVWFHQWXU\Jour-nal of Research on Adolescence, 12    GRL   =DII-0DODQFKXN2 (FFOHV-6  3UHGLFWLQJSRVLWLYHFLWL]HQVKLSIURP DGROHVFHQFHWR\RXQJDGXOWKRRG7KHHIIHFWVRIDFLYLFFRQWH[WApplied Devel-opmental Science, 12  GRL =LPHQNRYD7  $FWLYHFLWL]HQVKLSDVKDUPRQLRXVFRH[LVWHQFH"$ERXWWKH 3ROLWLFDOLQ3DUWLFLSDWRU\(GXFDWLRQ,Q5+HGWNH7=LPHQNRYD (GV Educa-tion for civic and political participa3ROLWLFDOLQ3DUWLFLSDWRU\(GXFDWLRQ,Q5+HGWNH7=LPHQNRYD (GV Educa-tion: A critical approach SS 1HZ <RUN5RXWOHGJH

=XNLQ&.HHWHU6$QGROLQD0-HQNLQV. 'HOOL&DUSLQL0  A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citi-zen.2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

Although SZAFER (1961) suggested that two species occurred in the Neogene of Europe, the distinction was only based on fruit size, and TRALAU (1963) reported that fruit size

 try to implement the concept and the requirement of quality within the school; For this purpose educational initiatives could be expected, managers and teachers to introduce

This geo-database was used to produce maps (e.g. susceptibility, ground deformation velocities, damage assessment, risk zonation) which today are constantly used by the Civil

In February 2018, the Department of Architecture of the University of Florence (DIDA) promoted an open and public analysis and evaluation of the research carried out by the

This may suggest that the charging process does not depend only on the grain size but also on the grain composition; (c) there is a very strong and fast feedback between sand /

Since the Buchberger algorithm implemented with MAPLE turns out to be more efficient when running by usual term orders, the use of global procedures PolyMilnor and PolyTyurina has to

Diese Menschen sind sämtlich müde, schiffsbrüchig, europasatt. Die ein- same Insel im Südmeer ist ihnen nicht mehr – wie im weitweit flacheren “Ro- binson Crusoe” –