Il dialogo tra šarīʿa e ordinamento giuridico italiano. La domanda di diritto da parte delle comunità musulmane in Italia e l’incontro/scontro con la legislazione e la giurisprudenza italiane.

Testo completo

(1)Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Lavoro, Cittadinanza sociale, Interculturalità (LM-87) Tesi di Laurea. Il dialogo tra šarīʿa e ordinamento giuridico italiano. La domanda di diritto da parte delle comunità musulmane in Italia e l’incontro/scontro con la legislazione e la giurisprudenza italiane.. Relatore Ch. Prof. Marco Ferrero Correlatore Ch. Prof. Lauso Zagato Laureando Francesca Menotti Matricola 810277 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012.

(2) .

(3) ಯ2JQXQRFKLDPDEDUEDULHTXHOORFKHQRQªQHLVXRLXVLVHPEUDLQIDWWLFKHQRLQRQDEELDPRDOWURSXQWRGL ULIHULPHQWRSHUODYHULW¢HODUDJLRQHFKHO HVHPSLRHO LGHDGHOOHRSLQLRQLHGHJOLXVLGHOSDHVHLQFXLVLDPRರ 0LFKHOGH0RQWDLJQH'HL&DQQLEDOL ಯ2JQLSURVSHWWLYDªVLJQLILFDQWHSHUFROXLLOTXDOHODYHGHVLJQLILFDQWH TXHVWRQRQYXROGLUHFKHOD YHGDGLYHUVDPHQWHGDFRPHª

(4) $Q]LLQTXHVWRVHQVRRJQLSURVSHWWLYDªXJXDOPHQWHVLJQLILFDQWH 6®ªLPSRUWDQWHFKHLRGHEEDIDUPLRDQFKHLOGLVSUH]]RFKHFKLXQTXHDOWURSX´QXWULUHQHLPLHL FRQIURQWLFRPHSDUWHHVVHQ]LDOHHVLJQLILFDWLYDGHOPRQGRYLVWRGDOPLRSRVWRರ /XGZLJ:LWWJHQVWHLQ1RWHVXOಯ5DPRGಬRURರGL)UD]HU . . 2.

(5) ,1',&( ,QWURGX]LRQHಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS 6SD]LHOLPLWLGLGLDORJRWUDODģDUíȾDHLOTXDGURRUGLQDPHQWDOHLQFXLVLLQVHULVFHಹಹಹಹS /DģDUíȾD1DWXUDJLXULGLFDGHOGLULWWRLVODPLFRಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS D2ULJLQHHIRQWLಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS E7UDWWLSULQFLSDOLಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS ,OTXDGURJLXULGLFRLQFXLªLQVHULWRLOGLULWWRLVODPLFRLQ,WDOLDIRQWLJLXULGLFKH LQWHUQD]LRQDOLXQLYHUVDOLHXURSHHHQD]LRQDOLಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS D,7XWHODGHLGLULWWLXPDQLHGHOODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQH*OLVWUXPHQWL LQWHUQD]LRQDOLXQLYHUVDOLಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /D'LFKLDUD]LRQH8QLYHUVDOHGHL'LULWWL8PDQL 218

(6) ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS ,O3DWWR,QWHUQD]LRQDOHVXL'LULWWL&LYLOLH3ROLWLFL 218

(7) ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS D,,,VOÃPHGLULWWLXPDQLಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /D'LFKLDUD]LRQH8QLYHUVDOHGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRQHOOಬ,VODP &RQVLJOLRLVODPLFRGಬ(XURSD

(8) ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /D'LFKLDUD]LRQHGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRQHOOಬ,VODP 2&,

(9) ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /D&DUWDDUDEDGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPR /HJDGHJOL6WDWLDUDELH

(10) ಹಹS E6WUXPHQWLHXURSHLSHUODWXWHODGHLGLULWWLXPDQLHGHOODOLEHUW¢GL UHOLJLRQHಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /D&RQYHQ]LRQH(XURSHDSHUODVDOYDJXDUGLDGHL'LULWWL8PDQLHGHOOHOLEHUW¢ IRQGDPHQWDOL &RQVLJOLRGಬ(XURSD

(11) ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS &DUWDGHLGLULWWLIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOOಬ8QLRQH(XURSHD 8(

(12) ಹಹಹಹಹಹS F/D&RVWLWX]LRQHHODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQHಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /HSRVVLELOLW¢GLGLDORJRLQ,WDOLDಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS D,OGLULWWRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHSULYDWRಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS E,OGLULWWRHFFOHVLDVWLFRಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS ,QWHUORFXWRULHVWUXPHQWLGLGLDORJRಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /ಬDVVRFLD]LRQLVPRPXVXOPDQRLQ,WDOLDಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS ,OSUREOHPDGHOODUDSSUHVHQWDQ]DGHOOಬ,VOÃPLQ,WDOLDಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /HER]]HGಬLQWHVDFRQOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS D/DER]]DGLLQWHVDWUDOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDHOಬ8&2,,

(13) ಹಹಹS E/DER]]DGLLQWHVDIUDOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDHOಬ$0,

(14) ಹಹಹಹS F,QWHVDWUDOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDHOD&RPXQLW¢,VODPLFDLQ,WDOLD &R5H,V

(15) ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /D&RQVXOWDSHUOಬ,VODPLWDOLDQR

(16) ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS. 3.

(17) *OLLVWLWXWLGLGHULYD]LRQHLVODPLFDDOFRQIURQWRFRQO RUGLQDPHQWRQD]LRQDOHಹಹಹಹಹಹS ',5,772',)$0,*/,$ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS 0DWULPRQLRULSXGLRHSROLJDPLDಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS /DNDIÃODHLOGLYLHWRGಬDGR]LRQHಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS 0$1,)(67$5(/$)('(ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS 3UHJKLHUDIHVWLYLW¢HUDPDૃÃQಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS $EELJOLDPHQWRUHOLJLRVRODTXHVWLRQHGHOYHORಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS 6FXRODHGHGXFD]LRQHUHOLJLRVDಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS =DNÃWHILQDQ]LDPHQWRGHOOHDWWLYLW¢GLFXOWRಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS 5LIOHVVLRQLFRQFOXVLYHಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS 2ULHQWDPHQWRLWDOLDQRWUDOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQHHSURILOLGLVFULPLQDWRULಹಹಹಹಹಹS 8QFRQIURQWRFRQDOFXQHHVSHULHQ]HHXURSHHಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS $SSURFFLRLQWHUFXOWXUDOHLQWHUQRUPDWLYLW¢HLQWHJUD]LRQHಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS %,%/,2*5$),$ಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹಹS . 4.

(18) 127$',75$6/,77(5$=,21( , WHUPLQL LQ OLQJXD DUDED VRQR WUDVOLWWHUDWL VHFRQGR OD WDEHOOD DOOHJDWD 6L ª VFHOWR GL QRQ ULSRUWDUH OಬKDP]D LQL]LDOH LQ WHUPLQL FRPH LVOÃP SHU QRQ DSSHVDQWLUH OD VFULWWXUD 1HOOH FLWD]LRQL YHQJRQR ULVSHWWDWH OH VFHOWH GHJOL DXWRUL $O ILQH GL DJHYRODUH OD SURQXQFLD GHL WHUPLQL DUDEL QHO WHVWR DOOHJKLDPRODVHJXHQWHWDEHOOD . /(77(5$$5$%$,62/$7$ 120(/(77(5$ 75$6/,77(5$=,21(. . ᥠ. KDP]D. ɇɋ. >Ț@. . ᥭ. ȻDOLI. Ã. YDULHLQFOXVD>Dɏ@. . ᥯. EÃȻ. E. >E@. . ᥵. WÃȻ. W. >W@. . ᥹. ଥÃȻ. ଥ. >˥@. . ᥽. ƩíPMíPJíP. Ʃ. >Ȫ@>Ș@>ǧ@. . ᦁ. ૛ÃȻ. ૛. >é@. . ᦅ. ૡÃȻ. ૡ. >[@. . ᦉ. GÃO. G. >G@. . ᦋ. ૅÃO. ૅ. >²@. . ᦍ. UÃȻ. U. >U@. . ᦏ. ]Ã\. ]. >]@. . ᦑ. VíQ. V. >V@. . ᦕ. ģíQ. ģ. >ȉ@. . ᦙ. ଙÃG. ଙ. >Vɀ@. . ᦝ. ૃÃG. ૃ. >Gɀ@. ᦡ. ଣÃȻ. ଣ. >Wɀ@. ᦥ. ୉ÃȻ. ୉. >²ɀ@>]ɀ@. ᦩ. ȺD\Q. Ⱦ. >ț@>Țɀ@. ᦭. ãD\Q. ã. >ǩ@>ȇ@. ᦱ. IÃȻ. I. >I@. ᦵ. TÃI. T. >T@. ᦹ. NÃI. N. >N@. ᦽ. OÃP. O. >O@>Oɀ@. ᧁ. PíP. P. >P@. ᧅ. QĭQ. Q. >Q@. ᧉ. KÃȻ. K. >K@. ᧍. ZÃZ. Zĭ. >Z@>Xɏ@. ᧑. \ÃȻ. \í. >M@>Lɏ@. . 5. ,3$.

(19) . 6.

(20) ,QWURGX]LRQH ,Q TXHVWR HODERUDWR YRUUHPPR FRPSLHUH XQಬDQDOLVL GL DOFXQH LVWDQ]H GL GLULWWR DYDQ]DWH GDOOH FRPXQLW¢ PXVXOPDQH LQ ,WDOLD H GHOOD ORUR VRGGLVID]LRQH R ULJHWWR GD SDUWH GHOOಬRUGLQDPHQWR JLXULGLFR H GHOOD JLXULVSUXGHQ]D LWDOLDQD /D PRWLYD]LRQH GL TXHVWD ULFHUFD ª OD VHPSUH SL» HVWHVD HG RUJDQL]]DWD SUHVHQ]D GHOOಬ,VOÃP LQ ,WDOLD FKH FL KD SRUWDWR D LQWHUURJDUFL VXO VXR HIIHWWLYR ULFRQRVFLPHQWR GD SDUWH GHOOH LVWLWX]LRQL H GHO OHJLVODWRUH LWDOLDQR /D FXOWXUD H OD WUDGL]LRQH JLXULGLFD FDUDWWHUL]]DQWL OD UHOLJLRQH PXVXOPDQDVRQRXQDSUHVHQ]DDQWLFDVXOWHUULWRULRQD]LRQDOHHORVFDPELRHOಬLQFRQWURWUD FXOWXUH H UHOLJLRQL GLIIHUHQWL FRVWLWXLVFRQR QHOOD FHOHEUH LQWHUSUHWD]LRQH GL %UDXGHO OಬHVVHQ]DGHOOಬDUHD PHGLWHUUDQHD &L ULIHULDPR SHU´ LQ TXHVWR HODERUDWR LQ SDUWLFRODUHDG XQDSUHVHQ]DLVODPLFDSL»UHFHQWHSRUWDWDGDLSURFHVVLGLHPLJUD]LRQHLPPLJUD]LRQHGHJOL XOWLPLWUHQWಬDQQL/ಬ,VOÃPಯGLLPPLJUD]LRQHರDFDYDOORWUDJOLDQQLಬHLಫFRQWDYDLQ,WDOLD FLUFD GXHFHQWRPLOD IHGHOL TXHVWD SUHVHQ]D LQ UDSLGD FUHVFLWD HUD VWLPDWD QHO GDO 0LQLVWHUR GHOOಬ,QWHUQR LQWRUQR DO SHU FHQWR XQLW¢

(21) GHOOD SRSROD]LRQH LPPLJUDWD UHJRODUH 4XHVWR QXPHUR ULVXOWD UDGGRSSLDWR JL¢ QHO H GDOOH VWLPHSL». )%UDXGHO,O0HGLWHUUDQHR/RVSD]LRODVWRULDJOLXRPLQLOHWUDGL]LRQL%RPSLDQL0LODQR 6$OOLHYL)'DVVHWWR,OULWRUQRGHOOಬLVODP,PXVXOPDQLLQ,WDOLD(GL]LRQL/DYRUR,VFRV5RPDS ,ELGHP . $ 3DFLQL , PXVXOPDQL LQ ,WDOLD 'LQDPLFKH RUJDQL]]DWLYH H SURFHVVL GL LQWHUD]LRQH FRQ OD VRFLHW¢ H OH. LVWLWX]LRQL LWDOLDQH LQ 6 )HUUDUL D FXUD GL

(22) 0XVXOPDQL LQ ,WDOLD /D FRQGL]LRQH JLXULGLFD GHOOH FRPXQLW¢ LVODPLFKHLO0XOLQR%RORJQDS. 7.

(23) UHFHQWLVLFRQWDQRLQ,WDOLDPXVXOPDQLVWUDQLHULSL»XQDSLFFRODSHUFHQWXDOHGL FRQYHUWLWL R QDWXUDOL]]DWL LWDOLDQL 4XHVWL QXPHUL PRVWUDQR FRPH Oಬ,VOÃP FRVWLWXLVFD OD VHFRQGDUHOLJLRQHLQ,WDOLDHLQ(XURSD7DOHSUHVHQ]DªHWQLFDPHQWHFRQQRWDWDLQIDWWLª PROWR IRUWH DQFRUD OಬLQIOXHQ]D GHJOL 6WDWL DG HVHPSLR GHO 0DURFFR

(24) GL RULJLQH GHL PXVXOPDQL SUHVHQWL LQ ,WDOLD 4XHVWR OHJDPH SRUWD JOL VWXGLRVL D GHILQLUH OD SUHVHQ]D PXVXOPDQD LQ ,WDOLD H SDUWH GHO VXR DVVRFLD]LRQLVPR HVSUHVVLRQH GHOOಬ,VOÃP GHJOL 6WDWL FRQWUDSSRVWRDGXQ,VOÃPQD]LRQDOHDQFRUDLPPDWXUR /H FRPXQLW¢ PXVXOPDQH LWDOLDQH SXU QRQ DYHQGR WURYDWR DQFRUD XQಬXQLYRFD UDSSUHVHQWDQ]DKDQQRGDWRYLWDDQXPHURVHIRUPHDVVRFLDWLYHILQGDJOLDQQLಬHFRPH RVVHUYD $OXIIL %HFN3HFFR] VL VRQR PRVWUDWH SDUWLFRODUPHQWH FDSDFL H SURSHQVH ಯQHOOಬLQGLFDUHOHSURSULHQHFHVVLW¢HULFKLHVWHHQHOUHFODPDUHLQWHUPLQLJLXULGLFLLOULVSHWWR GHO SURSULR GLULWWR DOOಬLGHQWLW¢ FXOWXUDOHರ LQ UDJLRQH GHOOR VWUHWWR OHJDPH WUD OD SURSULD WUDGL]LRQHJLXULGLFDHLOSURSULRFUHGR 3URFHGHUHPR DOOಬDQDOLVL GL WDOL LVWDQ]H LQGLYLGXDQGR SULPDULDPHQWH JOL VSD]L H L OLPLWL GL GLDORJRWUDLGXHRUGLQDPHQWLQHOOHIRQWLJLXULGLFKHLQWHUQD]LRQDOLXQLYHUVDOLHUHJLRQDOLH SRLQD]LRQDOLULJXDUGDQWLODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQH,QSDUWLFRODUHDSSURIRQGLUHPRODULIOHVVLRQH VXOVLJQLILFDWRHVXOODQDWXUDGHLGLULWWLXPDQLHGHOGLULWWRDOODOLEHUW¢UHOLJLRVDLQDPELWR LVODPLFR ,OOXVWUHUHPR H GLVFXWHUHPR GXQTXH GXH VWUXPHQWL GL GLDORJR XWLOL DOOಬDQDOLVL LO. . 'RVVLHU 6WDWLVWLFR ,PPLJUD]LRQH &DULWDV0LJUDQWHV 5HSRUW VSHFLILFR FRQVXOWDELOH DOOಬLQGLUL]]R ZHE. KWWSZZZFDULWDVLWDOLDQDLWPDWHULDOL3XEEOLFD]LRQLOLEULBGRVVLHUBLPPLJUD]LRQHVFKHGDBUHOLJLRQLSGI 6$OOLHYL,VODPLWDOLDQR9LDJJLRQHOODVHFRQGDUHOLJLRQHGHOSDHVH(LQDXGL7RULQRS,; ಯ0DURFFR$OEDQLD7XQLVLD6HQHJDO3DNLVWDQ%DQJODGHVK. 0DFHGRQLD$OJHULD.RVRYRರ 'RVVLHU6WDWLVWLFR,PPLJUD]LRQH &DULWDV0LJUDQWHV KWWSZZZFDULWDVLWDOLDQDLWPDWHULDOL3XEEOLFD]LRQLOLEULBGRVVLHUBLPPLJUD]LRQHVFKHGDBUHOLJLRQLSGI 5 $OXIIL %HFN3HFFR] ,VODP XQLW¢ H SOXUDOLW¢ LQ 6 )HUUDUL D FXUD GL

(25) 0XVXOPDQL LQ,WDOLD /D FRQGL]LRQH. JLXULGLFDGHOOHFRPXQLW¢LVODPLFKHLO0XOLQR%RORJQDS. 8.

(26) GLULWWR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH SULYDWR H OಬLQWHVD FRQ OD 5HSXEEOLFD LWDOLDQD H[ DUW F GHOOD &RVWLWX]LRQH $SSURIRQGLUHPR TXLQGL OR VWUXPHQWR GHOOಬDFFRUGR DWWUDYHUVR OಬDQDOLVL GHOOH ER]]H GL LQWHVD SUHVHQWDWH GDOOಬ8&2,,

(27) GDOOಬ$0,

(28) H GDOOD &R5H,V

(29) HODGHILQL]LRQHGHOUXRORGHOOD&RQVXOWD

(30) HGHO&RPLWDWR

(31) SHUOಬ,VODP LWDOLDQR/DSDUWHGL DQDOLVL YHUDH SURSULDGHOOH LVWDQ]HDSDUWLUHGDOOH ULFKLHVWHRSHUDWH QHLSURJHWWLGಬLQWHVDHYLGHQ]LHU¢DOFXQHFULWLFLW¢QHOOಬDSSOLFD]LRQHGHOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQRLQ ,WDOLD FRQ ULVFRQWUR QHOOD JLXULVSUXGHQ]D H QHOOಬRUGLQDPHQWR LWDOLDQR ,Q SDUWLFRODUH VL DQDOL]]HUDQQRLVWLWXWLUHODWLYLDOGLULWWRGLIDPLJOLD SROLJDPLDGLYRU]LR NDIÃOD

(32) HUHODWLYLDOOD PDQLIHVWD]LRQH GHOOD IHGH DEELJOLDPHQWR UHOLJLRVR IHVWLYLW¢ VFXROD HG HGXFD]LRQH UHOLJLRVD H ]DNÃW

(33) /R VFRSR GHOOಬHODERUDWR ª ULOHYDUH HG HYLGHQ]LDUH OಬRULHQWDPHQWR GHO OHJLVODWRUH H GHO JLXGLFH LWDOLDQR QHL FRQIURQWL GL TXHVWH ULFKLHVWH GL GLDORJR DQFKH FRQIURQWDQGROR FRQ OH HVSHULHQ]H GL DOFXQL 6WDWL HXURSHL (VDPLQDQGR OH VROX]LRQL H L ULVXOWDWL GL TXHVWR GLDORJR LWDOLDQR H HXURSHR VL LQWURGXUU¢ LQ FRQFOXVLRQH LO FRQFHWWR GL LQWHUQRUPDWLYLW¢TXDOHDSSURFFLRSUDJPDWLFRHFRVWUXWWLYRDOOಬHVDPHGHOODFRPSDWLELOLW¢WUD WUDGL]LRQHJLXULGLFDLVODPLFDHSULQFLSLHGRUGLQDPHQWRLWDOLDQL . 9.

(34) 6SD]LHOLPLWLGLGLDORJRWUDODģDUíȾDHLOTXDGURRUGLQDPHQWDOHLQFXLVLLQVHULVFH /D UHOLJLRQH PXVXOPDQD ª ಯXQD UHOLJLRQH QRUPDWLYDರ H KD SURGRWWR XQ RUGLQDPHQWR JLXULGLFR OD ģDUíȾD FKH ª SDUWH HVVHQ]LDOH GHOOD WHRORJLD H GHOOD FXOWXUD LVODPLFD /H FRPXQLW¢ GL RULJLQH PXVXOPDQD LQ ,WDOLD WUD VHFRODUL]]D]LRQH H UHLVODPL]]D]LRQH DSSOLFDQR TXRWLGLDQDPHQWH LVWLWXWL GL GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR DO ORUR LQWHUQR LQ SDUWLFRODUH LQ DPELWR IDPLOLDUH /D WUDGL]LRQH JLXULGLFD LVODPLFD SHUPHD H UHJRODPHQWD WXWWD OD TXRWLGLDQLW¢ GHL IHGHOL H OL YLQFROD DO ULVSHWWR GL WDOL QRUPH FRQ TXDOFKH DWWHQXDQWH RYXQTXHHVVLVLWURYLQR/ಬRVVHUYDQ]DGHOOHQRUPHGLGLULWWRLVODPLFRFRV®LQQHVWDWHQHOOD WHRORJLDHQHOODFXOWXUDPXVXOPDQDªSDUWHHVVHQ]LDOHGHOODUHOLJLRVLW¢GHLPXVXOPDQLH FRVWLWXLVFH OD SURYD GHOOಬDSSDUWHQHQ]D D WDOH FUHGR H DOOD FRPXQLW¢ ,QROWUH OD SUHVHQ]D PXVXOPDQD LQ ,WDOLD VHEEHQHSLXWWRVWR UHFHQWH H PDOH RUJDQL]]DWD KDSRVWR DOOR 6WDWR GHOOHULFKLHVWHGLGLULWWRDWWUDYHUVRORVWUXPHQWRFRVWLWX]LRQDOHGHOOಬLQWHVDSUHVHQWDQGRWUH ER]]HGLDFFRUGR,QIDWWLRVVHUYD$OXIIL%HFNದ3HFFR] ಯ>ಹ@LPXVXOPDQLSDLRQRSDUWLFRODUPHQWHHIILFDFLQHOOಬLQGLFDUHOHORURQHFHVVLW¢HULFKLHVWHH QHO UHFODPDUH LQ WHUPLQL JLXULGLFL LO ULVSHWWR GHO SURSULR GLULWWR DOOಬLGHQWLW¢ FXOWXUDOH &L´ GLSHQGHGDOIDWWRFKHLOGLULWWRªSDUWHHVVHQ]LDOHGHOODFXOWXUDLVODPLFDVWHVVD/DVFLHQ]D JLXULGLFD RFFXSD XQ UXROR FHQWUDOH WUD OH VFLHQ]H LVODPLFKH H LO PXVXOPDQR FRQVLGHUD. . 5 *XROR /D VKDULD LQ ,WDOLD ,O GLULWWR SDUDOOHOR GHOOH FRPXQLW¢ LVODPLFKH LQ ಯ'LULWWR ,PPLJUD]LRQH H. FLWWDGLQDQ]Dರ,S. 10.

(35) QHFHVVDULRLOULVSHWWRGLFHUWHQRUPHSHUYLYHUHSLHQDPHQWHODSURSULDIHGHರ. 4XHVWRಯGLULWWRSDUDOOHORರFRPHORGHILQLVFH*XRORVLHVWULQVHFDLQQHOOಬDPPLQLVWUD]LRQH GLXQGLULWWRVWUDQLHURVXOVXRORLWDOLDQRPDIXRULGDOODJLXULVGL]LRQHLWDOLDQDHFRVWLWXLVFH XQಬHYLGHQ]D GHOOಬRSSRUWXQLW¢ GL LPPDJLQDUH IRUPH GL GLDORJR HG HYHQWXDOPHQWH GL ULFRQRVFLPHQWR ದ PXWXR ದ GHOOD UHOLJLRQH LVODPLFD H GHO VXR SRVVLELOH DSSRUWR DO GLULWWR YLYHQWHQHOO RUGLQDPHQWRQD]LRQDOH ,Q TXHVWR FDSLWROR FHUFKHUHPR GL GHILQLUH JOL VSD]L H L OLPLWL HQWUR FXL TXHVWR GLDORJR ª SRVVLELOHDQDOL]]DQGROHIRQWLGLSURGX]LRQHGHOOಬXQRHGHOOಬDOWURRUGLQDPHQWRFRLQYROWHGD TXHVWDLQWHUD]LRQHWUDRUGLQDPHQWLSURGRWWDLQSDUWLFRODUHGDOIHQRPHQRPLJUDWRULRFKHKD LQWHUHVVDWRO ,WDOLDQHJOLXOWLPLWUHQW DQQL . /DģDUíȾD1DWXUDJLXULGLFDGHOGLULWWRLVODPLFR /D ģDUíȾD HODVFLHQ]DFKHODVWXGLDHGLQWHUSUHWD ILTK

(36) FRVWLWXLVFRQRLO FRUSXV QRUPDWLYR GHO GLULWWR HVSUHVVR GDOOD UHOLJLRQH PXVXOPDQD /D ģDUíȾD WHUPLQH FKH LQGLFD ಯOD YLD GLULWWDರªOಬLQVLHPHGLUHJROHSURLEL]LRQLHUDFFRPDQGD]LRQLFKHJXLGDQRODTXRWLGLDQLW¢ GHO FUHGHQWH PXVXOPDQR ª PHWDIRULFDPHQWH LO FDPPLQR GD LQWUDSUHQGHUH 4XHVWR LQVLHPH HWHURJHQHR GL QRUPH QRQ VL RFFXSD VROWDQWR GHOOಬDPELWR UHOLJLRVR HG HWLFR PD. 5$OXIIL%HFNದ3HFFR] ,VODPXQLW¢HSOXUDOLW¢LQ6)HUUDUL DFXUDGL

(37) 0XVXOPDQLLQ,WDOLD/DFRQGL]LRQH. JLXULGLFDGHOOHFRPXQLW¢LVODPLFKHLO0XOLQR%RORJQDS . 5 *XROR /D VKDULD LQ ,WDOLD ,O GLULWWR SDUDOOHOR GHOOH FRPXQLW¢ LVODPLFKH LQ ಯ'LULWWR ,PPLJUD]LRQH H. FLWWDGLQDQ]Dರ,S ಯ(VLVWHGXQTXHXQಬDPPLQLVWUD]LRQHGHOGLULWWRFKHDYYLHQHLQWHUULWRULRLWDOLDQRPDIXRULGDOODJLXULVGL]LRQH. LWDOLDQDರ,ELGHP 7UDOHQXPHURVHSUDWLFDPHQWHHTXLYDOHQWLWUDGX]LRQLVFHOJRTXHOODGHOSL»FHOHEUHLQWHUSUHWHGHO&RUDQR. $%DXVDQL/ಬ,VODP8QDUHOLJLRQHXQಬHWLFDXQDSUDVVLSROLWLFD*DU]DQWL0LODQRS. 11.

(38) GLVFLSOLQDOಬDWWLYLW¢XPDQDWXWWDVLDHVVDOHJDWDDOUDSSRUWRWUDIHGHOL HQRQ

(39) VLDUHODWLYDDO UDSSRUWRWUD'LRHOಬXRPR. )LTKQHOODVXDDFFH]LRQHSL»DPSLDGLಯFRQRVFHQ]DರªORVWXGLRGHOODģDUíȾDHFRPSRQH OD SDUWH SL» UD]LRQDOH GHO GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR OಬLQWHUSUHWD]LRQH GHOOD ULYHOD]LRQH ,O GLULWWR PXVXOPDQRDVFULYLELOHDOOಬLQVLHPHGHLGLULWWLVDFULSUHVHQWDDOFXQHSDUWLFRODULW¢(ಬPHQR RPRJHQHR GL DOWUL HVHPSL GL GLULWWR VDFUR TXDOL OಬHEUDLFR H LO FDQRQLFR LQIDWWL OD VXD HODERUD]LRQHVLFRPSLHJUD]LHDOOಬDSSRUWRGLQXPHURVHVFXROHQRQGLUDGRLQGLVDFFRUGR &RPH LO GLULWWR FDQRQLFR LO GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR VL SRQH FRPH HVSUHVVLRQH SROLWLFD GHOOD UHOLJLRQH VWHVVD PD QHOOಬ,VODP QRQ WURYD XQ SRWHUH SROLWLFR RUJDQL]]DWR FKH OR DIIHUPL &RVWLWXLVFH ಯOಬXQLFR IHQRPHQR GL XQD VFLHQ]D JLXULGLFD ದ H QRQ GL XQR 6WDWR ದ FKH KD DVVXQWR LO UXROR GL OHJLVODWRUH QRQFK« OಬXQLFR IHQRPHQR GL PDQXDOL RSHUD GHL JLXULVWL H DYHQWL IRU]D GL OHJJHರ 4XHVWD VLQJRODULW¢ ª UHVD SRVVLELOH GD GXH HOHPHQWL FKH FRQWUDGGLVWLQJXRQR LO GLULWWR LVODPLFR OD GRWWULQD GHO FRQVHQVR RYYHUR OD SURJUHVVLYD RPRJHQHL]]D]LRQH GHL SDUHUL GLVFRUGDQWL GL JLXULVWL H VFXROH DWWUDYHUVR DQFKH LO PXWXR ULFRQRVFLPHQWR GL SDUL RUWRGRVVLD WUD VFXROH H OD VRVWLWX]LRQH GHOOಬDXWRULW¢ VHFRODUH FRQ OಬDXWRULW¢ GLYLQD SURFHGLPHQWR FKH VL FRPSOHWD FRQ OಬDEROL]LRQH GHO ULFRUVR DOOಬLáWLKÃG LO UDJLRQDPHQWRLQGLYLGXDOH HSUHWWDPHQWHಯXPDQRರ

(40) LQWRUQRDOG& 6LFRPSUHQGHFRPHLOWUDGL]LRQDOLVPRVLDXQDFDUDWWHULVWLFDIRQGDQWHGLTXHVWRGLULWWRFKH WURYD RULJLQH QHOOD ULYHOD]LRQH H QHOOಬHVHPSLR GHO 3URIHWD ,QROWUH GLYHQWD FKLDUR GDOOH SUHPHVVH FKH LO GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR VLD XQ GLULWWR VRYUDQD]LRQDOH PD QRQ XQLYHUVDOH 6L ULIHULVFHDOODFRPXQLW¢ XPPDGHLFUHGHQWLFKHVRQRWHQXWLDVHJXLUQHOHUHJROHRYXQTXH. - 6FKDFKW ,QWURGX]LRQH DO GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR (GL]LRQL GHOOD )RQGD]LRQH *LRYDQQL $JQHOOL 7RULQR . S ,YLS. 12.

(41) VL WURYLQR DQFKH VH LQ ಯYHUVLRQH DWWHQXDWDರ SHU L IHGHOL FKH YLYRQR VRWWR SRWHUL SROLWLFL RVWLOLRFRPXQTXHQRQLVODPLFL

(42) $OWUD SDUWLFRODULW¢ GHO GLULWWR LVODPLFR ª LO VXR FRQWHQXWR LQ ODUJD SDUWH UD]LRQDOH /D VXD IRUPD]LRQHLQIDWWLDYYLHQHDWWUDYHUVROಬLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHUD]LRQDOHGHOODULYHOD]LRQHLSDUHUL SHUVRQDOLGHLJLXULVWLHLOUDJLRQDPHQWRSHUDQDORJLDHQRQDWWUDYHUVRODULYHOD]LRQHVROD 5HVWDQR HOHPHQWL GL LUUD]LRQDOLW¢ FKH WURYDQR VSLHJD]LRQH QHOOD QDWXUD IDOODFH GHOOD UDJLRQH XPDQD FKH VHFRQGR OD UHOLJLRQH LVODPLFD QRQ SX´ FRPSUHQGHUH DSSLHQR OD UDJLRQH GL 'LR 4XHVWಬXOWLPD RVVHUYD]LRQH FL SRUWD DG XQ WUDWWR PROWR LPSRUWDQWH GHOOD UHOLJLRQH LVODPLFD OD VWHVVD UDGLFH GHOOD SDUROD ಫ,VOÃP LQGLFD WUD L PROWHSOLFL VLJQLILFDWL TXHOORGLಯVRWWRPLVVLRQHರDUUHQGHUVLD'LRHGDFFHWWDUQHODSDURODLQYLUW»GHOODVXDVWHVVD HVLVWHQ]D /ಬLPSRUWDQ]DGHOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQRQHOODGRWWULQDUHOLJLRVDªULDVVXQWRFRV®GD6FKDFKW ಯ,O GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR ª OD VLQWHVL GHO SHQVLHUR LVODPLFR OD SL» WLSLFD PDQLIHVWD]LRQH GHO PRGR GL YLYHUH LVODPLFR LO QXFOHR FHQWUDOH GHOOR VWHVVR LVODP ,O WHUPLQH ILTK ಯFRQRVFHQ]DರPRVWUDLQHIIHWWLFKHOಬLVODPGHOOHRULJLQLKDFRQVLGHUDWRODFRQRVFHQ]DGHOOD /HJJHVDFUDFRPHODIRUPDGLFRQRVFHQ]DSDUH[FHOOHQFH>ಹ@7XWWDODYLWDGHLPXVXOPDQL OD OHWWHUDWXUD DUDED OH GLVFLSOLQH GHOOD FXOWXUD DUDED H LVODPLFD VRQR SURIRQGDPHQWH SHUPHDWHGDOOHLGHHGHOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQRªLPSRVVLELOHTXLQGLFRPSUHQGHUHOಬLVODPVHQ]D. ,Q GRWWULQD GÃU DO૛DUE RYYHUR LQ WHUULWRUL GRYH YLJH XQ SRWHUH SROLWLFR SRWHQ]LDOPHQWH RVWLOH DOOಬ,VOÃP QHL. TXDOLLOPXVXOPDQRªWHQXWRDOULVSHWWRGHOOHOHJJLORFDOLRYHQRQLQFRQWUDVWRFRQODSURSULDOHJJHUHOLJLRVDH SX´ VH LQ SHULFROR ಯGLVVLPXODUHರ OD SURSULD DSSDUWHQHQ]DUHOLJLRVD $ &LODUGR ,O GLULWWR LVODPLFR H LO VLVWHPD. JLXULGLFR LWDOLDQR /H ER]]H GL LQWHVD WUD OD 5HSXEEOLFD LWDOLDQD H OH DVVRFLD]LRQL LVODPLFKH LWDOLDQH (GL]LRQL 6FLHQWLILFKH,WDOLDQH1DSROLSSH$%DXVDQL /ಬ,VODP8QDUHOLJLRQHXQಬHWLFDXQDSUDVVLSROLWLFD *DU]DQWL0LODQRSS. 13.

(43) FRPSUHQGHUQHLOGLULWWRರ. D2ULJLQHHIRQWL /ಬ,VOÃPFRQLOVXR3URIHWDDQFRUDLQYLWDHSHUWXWWRLOSULPRVHFRORQRQSURGXFHDQFRUDXQ LQVLHPH GL QRUPH VLVWHPDWL]]DWR H RPRJHQHR ,Q TXHVWR SHULRGR 'LR ª WUD L IHGHOL H DWWUDYHUVRODULYHOD]LRQHHOಬHVHPSLRGHO3URIHWDVLVRSSHULVFHDOODPDQFDQ]DGLXQGLULWWR SURSULDPHQWHGHWWR3RLLSULPLTXDWWURFDOLIIL G&

(44) LEHQJXLGDWLFROPHUDQQR DOFXQL YXRWL OHJLVODWLYL DG HVHPSLR OD GHILQL]LRQH GL SHQH FKH QHO &RUDQR QRQ YHQJRQR HVSOLFLWDWH SRQHQGRVL FRPH OHJLVODWRUL , SULPL TXDWWUR FDOLIIL KDQQR XQ UXROR QHOOD IRUPD]LRQHHQHOOಬHODERUD]LRQHGHOODOHJJHGLYLQDDQFKHVHODGRWWULQDLVODPLFDGHVFULYHLO &RUDQRHOಬHVHPSLRGHOSURIHWDFRPHOHXQLFKHIRQWLQRUPDWLYHHG¢VRORD'LRLOSRWHUHGL OHJLIHUDUH)LQRDFLUFDLOG&LOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQRªLQIDVHGLHODERUD]LRQHHDSHUWR DOOHFRQVXHWXGLQLSUHLVODPLFKH (ಬ VRWWR JOL RPD\\DGL G&

(45) FKH VL SRQJRQR OH EDVL GHO GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR VL UHJLVWUDQRLSULPLJLXULVWLHLSULPLJLXGLFLTÃૃíFRQDXWRULW¢GLHPHWWHUHVHQWHQ]HHGLIDUOH HVHJXLUH(ಬXQPRPHQWRGLIRUWHFUHVFLWDHGLFRQIOLWWRWUDOHHPHUJHQWLVFXROHUHJLRQDOL LPSHJQDWHDWURYDUHDSSOLFD]LRQLFRQFUHWHGHOODULYHOD]LRQHDQFKHDWWUDYHUVRLOULFRUVRDOOH RSLQLRQL SHUVRQDOL GHL JLXULVWL H OD SDUWH SL» WUDGL]LRQDOLVWD FKH FULWLFD TXHVWR PHWRGR SHUFK« LQWURGXFH HOHPHQWL GL IDOOLELOLW¢ H TXLQGL VL GHGLFD D UDFFRJOLHUH OH WUDGL]LRQL RUDOL VXOOD YLWD GHO 3URIHWD LQL]LDQGR XQD VLVWHPDWL]]D]LRQH GL TXHVWL DQHGGRWL ಫD૛ÃGíଥ VLQJ. ૛DGíଥ

(46) FKHUDSSUHVHQWDQRLOPRGHOORFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHGDVHJXLUHHYDQQRDFRVWLWXLUHOD. -6FKDFKW ,QWURGX]LRQHDOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQR(GL]LRQLGHOOD)RQGD]LRQH*LRYDQQL$JQHOOL7RULQRS. . 14.

(47) VXQQD GHO 3URIHWD /ಬ,VOÃP LQ HVSDQVLRQH GHL SULPL VHFROL ª VLQFUHWLFR DVVLPLOD L QXRYL IHGHOL ULPDQHQGR SUDJPDWLFDPHQWH PDOOHDELOH DQFKH LQ UDJLRQH GL XQಬHVLJHQ]D GL VYLOXSSRHUDIIRU]DPHQWRGHOODQXRYDFRPXQLW¢ ,OSHULRGRDEEDVVLGH G&

(48) ªLOSHULRGRLQFXLLQL]LDODVLQWHVLGHOGLULWWRLVODPLFR ,O JLXULVWD DO TXDOH GREELDPR LO SULPR WHQWDWLYR GL VLVWHPDWL]]D]LRQH GHOOD WHRULD H GHOOH IRQWL GHO GLULWWR LVODPLFR ª 0X૛DPPDG DOĢÃILȾí P

(49) VRWWR OD VXD LQIOXHQ]D OH VFXROHUHJLRQDOLVLWUDVIRUPDQRLQVFXROHSHUVRQDOLOHJDWHDGXQJLXULVWDHVLGHOLQHDQROH TXDWWURVFXROHVXQQLWH ૛DQDILWDPÃOLNLWDģÃILȾíWDH૛DQEDOLWD

(50) DOOHTXDOLYLHQHULFRQRVFLXWD SDUL RUWRGRVVLD ,O FRQVROLGDPHQWR GHOOH VFXROH OಬLQWHUSUHWD]LRQH GHOOD ULYHOD]LRQH FKH FRQWLQXHU¢ ILQR DOOD FKLXVXUDGHOODSRUWD GHOOಬLáWLKÃG LQWRUQR DO G&H OD UDFFROWDH VHOH]LRQH GHJOL D૛ÃGíଥ FRQWULEXLUDQQR D GHILQLUH OD ģDUíȾD FRPH XQ FRUSXV FRHUHQWH GL GRWWULQH /HIRQWLಫXଙĭOGHOGLULWWRLVODPLFRVRQRLO&RUDQRTXUಬÃQHGRYHTXHVWRQRQVLHVSULPH OD VXQQDRYYHUROಬLQVLHPHGHJOL D૛ÃGíଥ OHLQGLFD]LRQLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOLWUDWWHVRWWRIRUPD GLDQHGRWWLGDOOಬHVHPSLRGHO3URIHWD ,O&RUDQRªODWUDVFUL]LRQHGHOODSDURODGL'LRULYHODWDDWWUDYHUVR0X૛DPPDG5DFFRJOLHOD ULYHOD]LRQH LQ FHQWRTXDWWRUGLFL VXUH GLVSRVWH DG HFFH]LRQH GHOOD SULPD ಯOಬDSUHQWHರ LQ RUGLQHGLOXQJKH]]DGHFUHVFHQWH1HOG&LOWHU]RFDOLIIREHQJXLGDWRಫ8ଥPÃQVFHJOLH XQD YHUVLRQH H FHUFD GL XQLILFDUH LO WHVWR VDFUR GLVWUXJJHQGR WXWWH OH DOWUH WUDVFUL]LRQL TXHVWRªLOSULPRWHQWDWLYRPDVLJLXQJHU¢DGXQDYHUVLRQHXQLFDULFRQRVFLXWDGDWXWWDOD. /HWWHUDOPHQWHಯEDVLರ ಯ/DSDUROD&RUDQR 4XUಬÃQ

(51) VLJQLILFDLQRULJLQHOHWWXUDDGDOWDYRFHSURFODPD]LRQHSUHGLFD]LRQHHLQWDO. VHQVR FKH SDU GHULYDWR GDO VLULDFR THU\ÃQÃ ª XVDWD SHU OR SL» QHO &RUDQR VWHVVR PD EHQ SUHVWR YHQQH DQFKH DGHVLJQDUH LO OLEUR FRQWHQHQWH OD SUHGLFD]LRQHರ LQ $ %DXVDQL D FXUD GL

(52) ,O &RUDQR 5L]]ROL0LODQR SS;;;,ದ;;;,,. 15.

(53) FRPXQLW¢VRORQHO;VHFROR/RVFRSRGHOWHVWRªPRUDOHLO&RUDQRWUDWWDXQDODUJDYDULHW¢ GLFRPSRUWDPHQWLXPDQLGLVFULPLQDQGRLOHFLWLGDJOLLOOHFLWLHQXPHURVHDOVXRLQWHUQRVRQR OH HVRUWD]LRQL D VHJXLUH OD SDUROD GL 'LR H DG DIILGDUVL DOOD VXD OHJJH /H VXUH VRQR FRPSRVL]LRQLGLSURVDULPDWDFKHVLDSURQRFRQODEDVPDOD'HLVHLPLODYHUVHWWLGLFXLVL FRPSRQHLOWHVWRVDFURFLUFDFLQTXHFHQWRVHLFHQWRVRQRLQHUHQWLDOODPDWHULDJLXULGLFD3HU TXDQWRYDULJOLDPELWLVXFXLLO&RUDQRG¢LQGLFD]LRQLLOWHVWRªVSHVVRRVFXURHWDFHRQRQ SUHFLVDDOFXQLDVSHWWLFKHLQWHUHVVDQRDLIHGHOL ಯLO&RUDQRFRQWLHQHOಬDEER]]RGLXQDWHRORJLDGLXQDJLXULVSUXGHQ]DGLXQDOLWXUJLDGLXQD PRUDOH PD ª EHQ OXQJL GDOOಬHVVHUH VXIILFLHQWH DOOD FRPSUHQVLRQH GHOOಬDWWXDOH VLVWHPD WHRORJLFRJLXULGLFRHOLWXUJLFRPXVXOPDQRರ. /D VXQQD ª OD UDFFROWD GHOOH WUDGL]LRQL RUDOL VXOOD YLWD GHO 3URIHWD UDSSUHVHQWD OD IRQWH VHFRQGDULDHLQWHUYLHQHGRYHLO&RUDQRQRQVLHVSULPHRQRQªFKLDUR4XHVWHWUDGL]LRQL RUDOLPHVVHSHULVFULWWRLQWRUQRDO;VHFRORYHQJRQRFRQVLGHUDWHSL»RPHQRDWWHQGLELOLD VHFRQGDGHOOಬDXWRUHYROH]]DHDIILGDELOLW¢UHSXWDWDDFKLOHKDWUDPDQGDWH /HXଙĭODOILTKVLFRPSOHWDQRFRQOHGXHIRQWLPHWRGRORJLFKHOಬLƩPDȾHLOTL\ÃV. ,ƩPDȾ ª LO FRQVHQVR HVSOLFLWR R WDFLWR GHL JLXULVWL 6FKDFKW FRQVLGHUD TXHVWR VWUXPHQWR FHQWUDOHLQTXDQWRಯ>ಹ@JDUDQWLVFHOಬDXWHQWLFLW¢GHOOHGXHIRQWLPDWHULDOLHGHWHUPLQDODORUR. %LVPLಬOOÃ DOUD૛PÃQ DOUD૛íP WUDG ಯ1HO QRPH GL 'LR FOHPHQWHPLVHULFRUGLRVRರ

(54) ಯ6L WUDWWD GL XQD IRUPXOD. GHYR]LRQDOHGLRULJLQHTXDVLFHUWDPHQWHHEUDLFD>ಹ@VLWURYDSUHPHVVDDWXWWHOHVXUHGHO&RUDQRHFFHWWXDWD OD ,; HG ª XVDWD GDL PXVXOPDQL VSHFLDOPHQWH QHOOD IRUPD DEEUHYLDWD ELVPLಬOOÃ ಯ1HO QRPH GL 'LRರ

(55) FRPH LQWURGX]LRQH VDFUDOL]]DQWH QHOOH SL» YDULH RFFDVLRQL GHOOD YLWDರ $ %DXVDQL D FXUD GL

(56) ,O &RUDQR 5L]]ROL 0LODQRS ,YLS;/9,,. 16.

(57) FRUUHWWD LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHರ 4XHVWR VWUXPHQWR GL DSSURYD]LRQH KDSHUPHVVRDOOD GRWWULQD PXVXOPDQD GL DUULFFKLUVL GL HOHPHQWL DQFKH JLXULGLFL DWWLQWL GD DOWUH FXOWXUH VHFRQGR XQ SULQFLSLRGLXWLOLW¢ ,O UDJLRQDPHQWR SHU DQDORJLD R TL\ÃV ª LO PHWRGR LQWHUSUHWDWLYR DWWUDYHUVR LO TXDOH VL ULVROYRQR SUREOHPL FKH QRQ WURYDQR VROX]LRQL HVSOLFLWH QHO &RUDQR H QHOOD VXQQD QRQ ª DPPHVVRGDWXWWHOHVFXROHJLXULGLFKHSRLFK«LQWURGXFHLOUDJLRQDPHQWRXPDQRHTXLQGL HOHPHQWLGLIDOOLELOLW¢HLQUDJLRQHGHOOಬDVVXQWRFKHDIIHUPDFKHQRQªSRVVLELOHQRQWURYDUH ULVSRVWDQHO&RUDQRHQHOODVXQQD. E7UDWWLSULQFLSDOL /HQRUPHGLGLULWWRLVODPLFRVLGLYLGRQRXQGXHPDFURLQVLHPLOHȾLEÃGÃWHOHPXȾÃPDOÃW. Ⱦ,EÃGÃWGDOODUDGLFHȾEGFKHWUDLVXRLVLJQLILFDWLFRPSUHQGHಯVHUYLUHರHಯDGRUDUHರVRQROH UHJROHFKHGLVFLSOLQDQRLOUDSSRUWRWUDOಬXRPRLOFUHGHQWHH'LR6RQRQRUPHSUHWWDPHQWH UHOLJLRVH H ULWXDOL $ TXHVWD FDWHJRULD DSSDUWHQJRQR L FRVLGGHWWL FLQTXH SLODVWUL DUNÃQ

(58) GHOOಬ,VOÃPRYYHURODSURIHVVLRQHGLIHGH ģDKÃGD

(59) ODSUHJKLHUDFDQRQLFD ଙDOÃW

(60) LOGLJLXQR QHOPHVHGLUDPDૃÃQ ଙDZP

(61) LOSHOOHJULQDJJLRDOOD0HFFD ૛DƩƩ

(62) HODWDVVD]LRQHUHOLJLRVD ]DNÃW

(63) /D SUHVFUL]LRQH FRUDQLFD SL» WULVWHPHQWH IDPRVD LO ƩLKÃG QRQ ª SDUWH GHL FLQTXH DUNÃQDOLVOÃPDQFKHVHTXHVWDHVFOXVLRQHªVWDWDPROWRGLVFXVVDHGLIDWWLYLHQH. -6FKDFKW ,QWURGX]LRQHDOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQR(GL]LRQLGHOOD)RQGD]LRQH*LRYDQQL$JQHOOL7RULQRS. &RPXQHPHQWHWUDGRWWRಯJXHUUDVDQWDರTXHVWRWHUPLQHFRPSUHQGHQHOODVXDUDGLFHLOVLJQLILFDWRSULPDULRGL. ಯVIRU]R WHQVLRQHರ H LQ TXHVWD OHWWXUD SUHQGH LO VLJQLILFDWR GL ಯVIRU]R GL LVODPL]]D]LRQHರ LQWHVR FRPH SURVHOLWLVPRQHOOHVXHYDULHIRUPHPDDQFKHHVRSUDWWXWWRFRPHಯVIRU]RLQWHULRUHರODYRURIDWWRVXVHVWHVVL GLLVODPL]]D]LRQHWHQVLRQHFRVWDQWHDOULVSHWWRGHLSUHFHWWLLVODPLFL. 17.

(64) FRQVLGHUDWDTXDVLXQVHVWRSLODVWURHVHQWLWDಯFRPHXQIRUWHGRYHUHPRUDOHರ'LTXHVWR LQVLHPHIDQQRSDUWHDQFKHOHUHJROHSHUODSXULW¢HOಬLPSXULW¢OHQRUPHFKHGLVFLSOLQDQROD PDFHOOD]LRQHULWXDOHHDOFXQHQRUPHOHJDWHDOOಬLVWLWXWRGHOPDWULPRQLR /H PXȾÃPDOÃWVRQRLQYHFHOHQRUPHFKHUHJRODQRLUDSSRUWLWUDXRPLQL DOOಬLQWHUQRGHOOD FRPXQLW¢HWUD FUHGHQWL HQRQ FUHGHQWL

(65) )DQQRSDUWHGLTXHVWR LQVLHPH DGHVHPSLR OH QRUPH UHODWLYH DL FRQWUDWWL WUD FXL LO PDWULPRQLR DOOD ILOLD]LRQH H DOOಬDGR]LRQH LO GLULWWR VXFFHVVRULR H OD GLVFLSOLQD ULJXDUGDQWH OD FDSDFLW¢ JLXULGLFD 4XHVWH QRUPH DUULYDQR D GLVFLSOLQDUHDPELWLFKHVHPEUDQRORQWDQLGDOODVIHUDUHOLJLRVDVHQRQVLªEHQFRPSUHVD OಬDWWLWXGLQHGHOODUHOLJLRQHLVODPLFDDSHUPHDUHWXWWDODTXRWLGLDQLW¢GHLVXRLIHGHOL 1HO GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR LO VRJJHWWR FRQ SLHQD FDSDFLW¢ JLXULGLFD ª GHWWR PXNDOODI OD FDSDFLW¢ GL GLULWWL H GRYHUL WDNOíI OD GHYH D FLQTXH FDUDWWHULVWLFKH ROWUH DO SUHVXSSRVWR GHOOಬHVLVWHQ]DILVLFDRYYHUROಬHVVHUH PXVOLP PXVXOPDQR

(66) DGXOWRRSXEHUH EÃOLã

(67) VDQR GL PHQWH ȾÃTLO

(68) PRUDOPHQWH LUUHSUHQVLELOH ȾDGO

(69) H PDVFKLR ૅDNDU

(70) &KL QRQ SRVVLHGH WXWWH TXHVWH FDUDWWHULVWLFKH ª SRVWR VRWWR WXWHOD H OD VXD FDSDFLW¢ JLXULGLFD YLHQH TXLQGL OLPLWDWD/RVFKLDYRȾDEGªFRQVLGHUDWRXQDPHUFHHTXLQGLRJJHWWRGLGLULWWR &DUDWWHULVWLFDGHOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQRªLOIDWWRFKHOHVXHSUHVFUL]LRQLQRQDEELDQRWXWWHOR VWHVVR JUDGR GL FDWHJRULFLW¢ 7XWWH OH D]LRQL XPDQH YHQJRQR GLIIHUHQ]LDWH LQ FLQTXH FDWHJRULH D VHFRQGD GDO ORUR OLYHOOR GL REEOLJDWRULHW¢ 6L GLVWLQJXRQR DWWL ZÃƩLE R IDUૃ QHFHVVDULREEOLJDWRULFRPHLOGLJLXQRLOSHOOHJULQDJJLRHODSUHJKLHUD

(71) PDQGĭER VXQQD UDFFRPDQGDWLFKHIDQQRDFTXLVLUHPHULWRDWWLGHJQLGLULFRPSHQVDVHFRPSLXWLPDQRQ SXQLELOL VH RPHVVL

(72) ૛DOÃO R PXEÃ૛ OHFLWL SHUPHVVL R LQGLIIHUHQWL

(73) PDNUĭK ELDVLPHYROL DQFKHVHQRQVRJJHWWLDSXQL]LRQH

(74) H૛DUÃP SURLELWLLOOHFLWLSDVVLELOLTXLQGLGLSXQL]LRQH

(75) $&LODUGR ,OGLULWWRLVODPLFRHLOVLVWHPDJLXULGLFRLWDOLDQR/HER]]HGLLQWHVDWUDOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDHOH. DVVRFLD]LRQLLVODPLFKHLWDOLDQH(GL]LRQL6FLHQWLILFKH,WDOLDQH1DSROLS. 18.

(76) 4XHVWH FODVVLILFD]LRQL HWLFRJLXULGLFKH GHOOಬDJLUH XPDQR VRQR FKLDPDWH DOD૛NÃP DO. ૡDPVDHVRQRLOLPLWLFKH'LRSRQHDOODOLEHUW¢XPDQD&LODUGRULFRUGDFKHVRQRQRUPHಯOD FXLRVVHUYDQ]DªXQGRYHUHFLYLOHHQHOORVWHVVRWHPSRXQREEOLJRUHOLJLRVRರ . ,O TXDGUR JLXULGLFR LQ FXL ª LQVHULWR LO GLULWWR LVODPLFR LQ ,WDOLD IRQWL JLXULGLFKH LQWHUQD]LRQDOLXQLYHUVDOLHXURSHHHQD]LRQDOL 3URFHGLDPR FRQ OಬLQGLYLGXD]LRQH GHL SDUDPHWUL H GHL OLPLWL FKH OಬDSSOLFD]LRQH GHO GLULWWR LVODPLFRWURYDQHOFRQWHVWRLWDOLDQR3DUWLDPRGDOOHIRQWLGLGLULWWRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHGHLGLULWWL XPDQLULFRUGDQGROಬDUWFRPPDSULPRHVHFRQGRGHOOD&RVWLWX]LRQHGHOOD5HSXEEOLFD LWDOLDQD FKH VWDELOLVFH FKH OಬRUGLQDPHQWR GHOOD 5HSXEEOLFD VL FRQIRUPD DOOH QRUPH GL GLULWWR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH JHQHUDOPHQWH ULFRQRVFLXWH H DGHULVFH DL WUDWWDWL LQWHUQD]LRQDOL UDWLILFDWL GDOOಬ,WDOLD QHO WUDWWDPHQWR JLXULGLFR GHOOR VWUDQLHUR H UHVWULQJLDPR LO FDPSR LQGLFDQGR JOL VWUXPHQWL GL OLPLWH H GL WXWHOD HXURSHL H SRL QD]LRQDOL OH OHJJL QD]LRQDOL LQ SDUWHRSHUDGHOOHJLVODWRUHLQWHUQRPDLQQRWHYROHHFUHVFHQWHPLVXUDFRVWLWXLWHGDPLVXUH GL DSSOLFD]LRQH GHO GLULWWR FRPXQLWDULR H GHJOL DFFRUGL LQWHUQD]LRQDOL UDWLILFDWL GDOOಬ,WDOLD 3DUWLFRODUHDWWHQ]LRQHYHUU¢SRVWDDOWHPDGHOOಬXQLYHUVDOLW¢GHLGLULWWLXPDQL. D, 7XWHOD GHL GLULWWL XPDQL H GHOOD OLEHUW¢ GL UHOLJLRQH *OL VWUXPHQWL LQWHUQD]LRQDOLXQLYHUVDOL *OL VWUXPHQWL IRQGDPHQWDOL D JDUDQWLUH L GLULWWL XPDQL H OD OLEHUW¢ GL UHOLJLRQH D OLYHOOR XQLYHUVDOHVRQROD'LFKLDUD]LRQH8QLYHUVDOHGHL'LULWWL8PDQLHLO3DWWR,QWHUQD]LRQDOHVXL 'LULWWL&LYLOLH3ROLWLFL $&LODUGR ,OGLULWWRLVODPLFRHLOVLVWHPDJLXULGLFRLWDOLDQR/HER]]HGLLQWHVDWUDOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDHOH. DVVRFLD]LRQLLVODPLFKHLWDOLDQH(GL]LRQL6FLHQWLILFKH,WDOLDQH1DSROLS. 19.

(77) -. /D'LFKLDUD]LRQH8QLYHUVDOHGHL'LULWWL8PDQL 218

(78) . ,O SULPR VWUXPHQWR D WXWHOD GHL GLULWWL XPDQL DGRWWDWR GDOOಬ$VVHPEOHD *HQHUDOH GHOOH 1D]LRQL 8QLWH LO GLFHPEUH VL SUHVHQWD FRPH XQ GLVSRVLWLYR GL VRIW ODZGL WXWHOD LQGLUHWWD LQ TXDQWR LO WHVWR QRQ SUHYHGH XQR VWUXPHQWR GL FRQWUROOR GHOOಬDSSOLFD]LRQH GHOOD GLFKLDUD]LRQH PD ID FRUSR FRQ /D &DUWD GL 6DQ )UDQFLVFR /D VXD OLPLWDWD HIIHWWLYLW¢ YLHQH SHU´ LQWHJUDWD GDOOD IRUWH YDOHQ]D VLPEROLFD GL TXHVWR GRFXPHQWR , SULQFLSL FRQWHQXWL QHOOD GLFKLDUD]LRQH VRQR FRQVLGHUDWL SDUWH GHOOR LXV FRJHQV H FRQVHJXHQWHPHQWH XQLYHUVDOL PD OD ORUR WLWRODUH XQLYHUVDOLW¢ GLYLHQH GLVFXWLELOH VH VL SHQVDDOODJHQHVLWUDYDJOLDWDFKHTXHVWRDFFRUGRKDDYXWRHDOOHRWWRDVWHQVLRQLLQVHGH GLUDWLILFD WUDFXLOಬ$UDELD6DXGLWD

(79) *OLDUWLFROLFKHKDQQRDWWLQHQ]DFRQLOQRVWURFDPSRGಬDQDOLVLVRQROಬDUW ಯ$G RJQL LQGLYLGXR VSHWWDQR WXWWL L GLULWWL H WXWWH OH OLEHUW¢ HQXQFLDWH QHOOD SUHVHQWH 'LFKLDUD]LRQHVHQ]DGLVWLQ]LRQHDOFXQDSHUUDJLRQLGLUD]]DGLFRORUHGLVHVVRGLOLQJXD GL UHOLJLRQH GL RSLQLRQH SROLWLFD R GL DOWUR JHQHUH GL RULJLQH QD]LRQDOH R VRFLDOH GL ULFFKH]]D GL QDVFLWD R GL DOWUD FRQGL]LRQH 1HVVXQD GLVWLQ]LRQH VDU¢ LQROWUH VWDELOLWD VXOOD EDVH GHOOR VWDWXWR SROLWLFR JLXULGLFR R LQWHUQD]LRQDOH GHO SDHVH R GHO WHUULWRULR FXL XQD SHUVRQD DSSDUWLHQH VLD LQGLSHQGHQWH R VRWWRSRVWR DG DPPLQLVWUD]LRQH ILGXFLDULD R QRQ DXWRQRPRRVRJJHWWRDTXDOVLDVLOLPLWD]LRQHGLVRYUDQLW¢ರ. HOಬDUW ಯ2JQL LQGLYLGXR KD GLULWWR DOOD OLEHUW¢ GL SHQVLHUR GL FRVFLHQ]D H GL UHOLJLRQH WDOH GLULWWR. /3LQHVFKL/D'LFKLDUD]LRQHXQLYHUVDOHGHLGLULWWLXPDQLLQ/3LQHVFKL DFXUDGL

(80) /D7XWHODLQWHUQD]LRQDOH. GHL'LULWWL8PDQL*LXIIUª0LODQRS ,YLS 218'LFKLDUD]LRQH8QLYHUVDOHGHL'LULWWL8PDQLDUW. 20.

(81) LQFOXGH OD OLEHUW¢ GL FDPELDUH GL UHOLJLRQH R GL FUHGR H OD OLEHUW¢ GL PDQLIHVWDUH LVRODWDPHQWHRLQFRPXQHHVLDLQSXEEOLFRFKHLQSULYDWRODSURSULDUHOLJLRQHRLOSURSULR FUHGRQHOOಬLQVHJQDPHQWRQHOOHSUDWLFKHQHOFXOWRHQHOOಬRVVHUYDQ]DGHLULWLರ. 7DOLDUWLFROLVDQFLVFRQROಬXJXDJOLDQ]DWUDXRPRHGRQQDVXOSLDQRJLXULGLFRGLJRGLPHQWR GHL GLULWWL H JDUDQWLVFRQR OD OLEHUW¢ GL FDPELDUH UHOLJLRQH SXQWL FKH QRQ WURYDQR FRUULVSRQGHQWHQHOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQRHFKHTXLQGLQRQSRVVRQRHVVHUHDVVLPLODWLGDXQR 6WDWR FKHDSSOLFKL XQ RUGLQDPHQWR JLXULGLFR LVSLUDWRDL SULQFLSL VFLDUDLWLFL PRWLYRSHU FXL Oಬ$UDELD6DXGLWDVLDVWHQQHGDOYRWDUHTXHVWD'LFKLDUD]LRQH ,OGLULWWRDOODOLEHUW¢UHOLJLRVDVDQFLVFHXQRVSD]LRGLGLULWWRDOPXVXOPDQRPDDOORVWHVVR WHPSR FRQWUDVWD FRQ L SUHFHWWL LVODPLFL SHUPHWWHQGR OD FRQYHUVLRQH FKH QHOOಬ,VOÃP ª FRQFHSLWDVRORಯDVHQVRXQLFRರRYYHURFRPHOLEHUW¢ದVHQ]DSHU´FRVWUL]LRQHGHLQRQ PXVXOPDQLDFRQYHUWLUVLDOOಬ,VOÃPPDQRQYLFHYHUVD 9LVRQRDOPHQRDOWULGXHDUWLFROLLOFXLUHFHSLPHQWRGDSDUWHGHOODFRPXQLW¢PXVXOPDQDª SDU]LDOH OಬDUW FKH SURWHJJH L GLULWWL GHOOಬLQGLYLGXR QHO UDSSRUWR FRQ LO JUXSSR GL SURYHQLHQ]D H OಬDUW VXOOD OLEHUW¢ GL FRQWUDUUH PDWULPRQLR WUD SHUVRQH GL UHOLJLRQL GLYHUVH -. ,O3DWWR,QWHUQD]LRQDOHVXL'LULWWL&LYLOLH3ROLWLFL 218

(82) . ,O 3DWWR DGRWWDWR GDOOಬ$VVHPEOHD *HQHUDOH GHOOH 1D]LRQL 8QLWH LO GLFHPEUH H HQWUDWRLQYLJRUHLOPDU]R DXWRUL]]D]LRQHDOODUDWLILFDHRUGLQHGLHVHFX]LRQHLQ ,WDOLD FRQ OHJJH Q GHO RWWREUH

(83) DJOL DUWW H ULFDOFD VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH LO 218'LFKLDUD]LRQH8QLYHUVDOHGHL'LULWWL8PDQLDUW %DVWLSHQVDUHDOSHVRFKHODXPPDKDVXOODOLEHUW¢GHOOಬLQGLYLGXRQHOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQR 5LFRUGLDPRFKHDGXQPXVXOPDQRªFRQVHQWLWRVSRVDUHXQDQRQPXVXOPDQD PDDSSDUWHQHQWHDOOH*HQWL. GHO/LEURRYYHURFULVWLDQLHEUHLH]RURDVWULDQL

(84) PDDGXQDPXVXOPDQDQRQªFRQVHQWLWRFRQWUDUUHPDWULPRQLR FRQXQQRQPXVXOPDQR. 21.

(85) FRQWHQXWRGHJOLDUWWHGHOOD'LFKLDUD]LRQH8QLYHUVDOHPDªGDVHJQDODUHOಬRPLVVLRQH DOOಬDUWGHOGLULWWRDFDPELDUHUHOLJLRQHFHVVLRQHVLPERORGHLFRPSURPHVVLDFFHWWDWLLQ IDVH GL HODERUD]LRQH GHO 3DWWR &L VRQR SHU´ GXH HYROX]LRQL SRVLWLYH HG LPSRUWDQWL OಬLQGHURJDELOLW¢ DOOಬDUW FRPPD GL DOFXQL GLULWWLVDQFLWL GDO WUDWWDWR WUD FXL OD OLEHUW¢GL UHOLJLRQH H OಬLVWLWX]LRQH FRQ OಬDUW GL XQ &RPLWDWR SHU LO FRQWUROOR GHOOಬDSSOLFD]LRQH GHL GLULWWLVDQFLWLGDO3DWWR DWWUDYHUVRUDSSRUWLSHULRGLFLGDSDUWHGHJOL6WDWLSDUWHHDWWUDYHUVR OD UHJRODPHQWD]LRQH GL XQ VLVWHPD GL ULFRUVL

(86) ,O 3DWWR GLYLHQH FRV® LO SULPR VWUXPHQWR D FDUDWWHUHXQLYHUVDOHFRQWHQHQWHಯREEOLJKLJLXULGLFLYLQFRODQWLLQPDWHULDGLWXWHODGHLGLULWWL IRQGDPHQWDOLVXOSLDQRJHQHUDOHDFDULFRGHJOL6WDWLSDUWLರ 6L QRWL FKH SXU HVVHQGR VWDWR UDWLILFDWR GD PROWL 6WDWL DUDEL HR D IRUWH SUHVHQ]D PXVXOPDQD OH ULVHUYH H OH GLFKLDUD]LRQL LQWHUSUHWDWLYH SRVWH GD TXHVWL 6WDWL DG DOFXQL DUWLFROL LQ SDUWLFRODUH DJOL DUWLFROL GL LQWHUHVVH SHU TXHVWD ULFHUFD VLVWHPDWLFDPHQWH VYXRWDQRGLVHQVROHQRUPHGHO3DWWRPRVWUDQGRXQಬDGHVLRQHSDU]LDOHHFRQWUDGGLWWRULD DLSULQFLSLIRQGDQWLOಬRJJHWWRHORVFRSRGHO3DWWR . D,,,VOÃPHGLULWWLXPDQL /HULVHUYHHOHGLFKLDUD]LRQLLQWHUSUHWDWLYHDJOLDUWLFROLGHJOLVWUXPHQWLLQWHUQD]LRQDOLSRVWH GDDOFXQL6WDWLDIRUWHSUHVHQ]DPXVXOPDQDFRQODPRWLYD]LRQHGLQRQSRWHUVLDWWHQHUHD WDOLSULQFLSLSHUFK«LQFRQWUDVWRFRQOHGLVSRVL]LRQLVFLDUDLWLFKHRFRQOಬRUGLQDPHQWRVWDWDOH LVSLUDWR DOOD ģDUíȾD PRVWUDQR XQ UHFHSLPHQWR SDU]LDOH H FRQGL]LRQDWR GL TXHVWL SULQFLSL. ಯ/DVXGGHWWDGLVSRVL]LRQHQRQDXWRUL]]DDOFXQDGHURJDDJOLDUWLFROL SDUDJUDILH

(87) Hರ. 2183DWWR,QWHUQD]LRQDOHVXL'LULWWL&LYLOLH3ROLWLFLDUW / 3LQHVFKL ,O 3DWWR GHOOH 1D]LRQL 8QLWH VXL GLULWWL FLYLOL H. SROLWLFL LQ / 3LQHVFKL D FXUD GL

(88) /D 7XWHOD. LQWHUQD]LRQDOHGHL'LULWWL8PDQL*LXIIUª0LODQRS. 22.

(89) HODERUDWL XQLYHUVDOPHQWH H DO WHPSR VWHVVR UHQGRQR SDOHVH OಬRULJLQH RFFLGHQWDOH GL TXHVWLWUDWWDWL HGHOORURFRQWHQXWR

(90) SRVWLFRPHXQLYHUVDOL ,OIHQRPHQRGHOODUHJLRQDOL]]D]LRQHGHLGLULWWLXPDQLIHQRPHQRFKHQHOOಬDPELWRGಬDQDOLVL ULVFKLD GL QHJDUH QHOOD IRUPD H QHOOD VRVWDQ]D OD ORUR XQLYHUVDOLW¢ ULJXDUGD DQFKH Oಬ,VOÃP /ಬHODERUD]LRQH GL WUH GRFXPHQWL D WXWHOD GHL GLULWWL XPDQL QHOOಬ,VOÃP H LQILQH

(91) ª XQಬRSHUD]LRQH GL ಯOHJLWWLPD]LRQH LVODPLFD GHL GLULWWL XPDQLರ H GL DIIHUPD]LRQHGHOODSURSULDVSHFLILFLW¢FXOWXUDOH 4XHVWDVSHFLILFLW¢GHULYDGDXQDFRQFH]LRQHPROWRGLYHUVDFLUFDOಬRULJLQHHODYDOHQ]DGHL GLULWWLXPDQLVHFRQGRODGRWWULQDLVODPLFD ಯ/ಬ,VODPDIIURQWDODWHPDWLFDGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRGLVFRVWDQGRVLGDTXHOODYLVLRQHWLSLFDGHO GLULWWR QDWXUDOH OD TXDOH GLFKLDUDWD XQLYHUVDOH QHO IRUVH LQ PRGR DUWLILFLRVR YHGH OಬLQGLYLGXR LQWULQVHFDPHQWH GRWDWR GL GLULWWL H GL OLEHUW¢ FRQQHVVH DOOD VXD ILJXUD GL HVVHUH YLYHQWH QHOOಬ,VODP QRQ SRWHQGRVL VFLQGHUH OD UHOLJLRQH GDOOR 6WDWR H GDOOD UHODWLYD VIHUD JLXULGLFD L GLULWWL XPDQL GHEERQR FRQVLGHUDUVL FRPH SULYLOHJL DFFRUGDWL GD 'LR DOOD VXD FUHDWXUDSUHGLOHWWDOಬXRPRFKHªTXLQGLYLQFRODWRDGDUHORURVHJXLWRLQYLUW»GHOODQDWXUD. 9HGL & % &HIID /D OLEHUW¢ UHOLJLRVD QHOOಬ,VODP OD &DUWD DUDED GHL GLULWWL GHOOಬXRPR LQ ಯ6WDWR &KLHVH H. SOXUDOLVPRFRQIHVVLRQDOH5LYLVWDWHOHPDWLFDZZZVWDWRHFKLHVHLWರOXJOLRS QRWD

(92) H$&LODUGR ,. GLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRODFRQFH]LRQHGLVRYUDQLW¢HSRWHUHVHFRQGRLOGLULWWRLVODPLFRLQLQ,=LOLR*UDQGL DFXUDGL

(93) ,O GLDORJRGHOOHOHJJL2UGLQDPHQWRJLXULGLFRLWDOLDQRHWUDGL]LRQHJLXULGLFDLVODPLFD0DUVLOLR9HQH]LDS 6$QJLRL/HGLFKLDUD]LRQLVXLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRQHOOಬ,VODPLQಯ,'LULWWLGHOOಬXRPR&URQDFKHHEDWWDJOLHರ,. S &%&HIID/DOLEHUW¢UHOLJLRVDQHOOಬ,VODPOD&DUWDDUDEDGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRLQ6WDWRಯ&KLHVHHSOXUDOLVPR. FRQIHVVLRQDOH5LYLVWDWHOHPDWLFDZZZVWDWRHFKLHVHLWರOXJOLRS 6$QJLRL/HGLFKLDUD]LRQLVXLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRQHOOಬ,VODPLQಯ,'LULWWLGHOOಬXRPR&URQDFKHHEDWWDJOLHರ,. S. 23.

(94) GLYLQDFKHGHULYDGDWDOHFRQQHVVLRQHರ. /DQDWXUDGLYLQDGHLGLULWWLXPDQLHLOFRQWLQXRULIHULPHQWRDOODģDUíȾDQHLGRFXPHQWLLVODPLFL VXL GLULWWL GHOOಬXRPR HYLGHQ]LDQR OD YDOLGLW¢ H OಬRSHUDWLYLW¢ GHO GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR H ಯOಬHVLVWHQ]DGLXQVLVWHPDGLVWLQWRGLYDORULHTXLQGLGLJHUDUFKLDGHOOHIRQWLರ,OFRQFHWWR VWHVVRGLGLULWWLXPDQLªVWUDYROWRLQTXHVWDWHRULDSRLFK«WURYDUHRULJLQHHPRWLYD]LRQHD WDOL GLULWWL LQ 'LR LPSOLFD QRQ VROR OಬHVFOXVLRQH GHL QRQ FUHGHQWL GD WDOL GLULWWL PD OD FRQVHJXHQ]DFKHLGLULWWLXPDQLGLYHQWLQRFRQFHVVLRQL HQRQYDORULFRQGLYLVLHFRVWUXLWLGD XQD FXOWXUD H GD XQD VRFLHW¢

(95) ,O ULIHULPHQWR DO GLULWWR LVODPLFR FRVWLWXLVFH XQ OLPLWH DOOH GLFKLDUD]LRQL FRQWHQXWH QHL GRFXPHQWL LVODPLFL VXL GLULWWL XPDQL SRLFK« YDUL FRQFHWWL HUURQHDPHQWHXQLYHUVDOLFRPHODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQHDFTXLVWDQRXQVLJQLILFDWRSDUWLFRODUH VH OHWWL QHOOಬRWWLFD LVODPLFD /D OLEHUW¢ GL UHOLJLRQH VXOOD TXDOH WRUQHUHPR SL» DYDQWL QHO WHVWR ª HPEOHPDWLFD GL TXHVWR OLPLWH LQIDWWL QRQ FRPSUHQGH OD OLEHUW¢ GL FDPELDUH UHOLJLRQH ª SHU FRV® GLUH ಯD VHQVR XQLFRರ 9HGLDPR SHU´ QHOOR VSHFLILFR OH WUH GLFKLDUD]LRQL -. /D 'LFKLDUD]LRQH 8QLYHUVDOH GHL GLULWWL GHOOಬXRPR QHOOಬ,VODP &RQVLJOLR LVODPLFR Gಬ(XURSD

(96) . ,OSULPRGRFXPHQWRLVODPLFRVXLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRHVHPSLRGHOODWHRULDGHOODOHJLWWLPD]LRQH LVODPLFDGHLGLULWWLXPDQLFKLDULVFHDWWUDYHUVRLOIUHTXHQWHULFKLDPRDO&RUDQRHDOOHQRUPH. &%&HIID/DOLEHUW¢UHOLJLRVDQHOOಬ,VODPOD&DUWDDUDEDGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRLQ6WDWRಯ&KLHVHHSOXUDOLVPR. FRQIHVVLRQDOH5LYLVWDWHOHPDWLFDZZZVWDWRHFKLHVHLWರOXJOLRSS *&DWDOGL 8QLYHUVDOLW¢GHLGLULWWLXPDQLHSDUWLFRODULW¢FXOWXUDOLLQ,=LOLR*UDQGL DFXUDGL

(97) ,OGLDORJRGHOOH. OHJJL2UGLQDPHQWRJLXULGLFRLWDOLDQRHWUDGL]LRQHJLXULGLFDLVODPLFD0DUVLOLR9HQH]LDS 3UHFLVRFKHTXHVWLGRFXPHQWLYHQJRQRLQVHULWLLQTXHVWRVRWWRFDSLWRORLQTXDQWRVWUXPHQWLLQWHUQD]LRQDOLSHU. ODWXWHODGHLGLULWWLXPDQLPDQRQULJXDUGDQRODULIOHVVLRQHVXLOLPLWLSRVWLDOOಬHVHUFL]LRGHOGLULWWRLVODPLFRQHO FRQWHVWRQD]LRQDOHSRLFK«QRQUDWLILFDWLGDOOಬ,WDOLD. 24.

(98) GHOOD WUDGL]LRQH JLXULGLFD PXVXOPDQD FRPH TXHVWD FRQGL]LRQL WDOL GLULWWL GD XQ SXQWR GL YLVWDVRVWDQ]LDOHHGLQWHUSUHWDWLYR &L´ªSDOHVHQHOSUHDPERORHSRLLQSDUWLFRODUHQHJOLDUWWHULJXDUGDQWLLOGLULWWRDOOD OLEHUW¢ GL UHOLJLRQH FKH WDFFLRQR OD OLEHUW¢ GL FDPELDUH UHOLJLRQH H OD SRVVLELOLW¢ GL PDQLIHVWDUHODSURSULDDOWUDIHGHVLDLQSXEEOLFRVLDLQSULYDWR,QVLGLRVLVRQRDQFKHJOLDUWW H ULVSHWWLYDPHQWH VXO GLULWWR D IRQGDUH XQD IDPLJOLD H VXL GLULWWL GHOOD GRQQD FRQLXJDWDFKHQRQULFRQRVFRQRDGHVHPSLRDOODOHWWHUDFGHOOಬDUWLFRORSDULW¢GLGLULWWLH GRYHULWUDXRPRHGRQQD$OWUDGLVSDULW¢GLWUDWWDPHQWRVLKDQHOODWXWHODGHOOHPLQRUDQ]H UHOLJLRVHQRQPXVXOPDQH DUW

(99) 6HEEHQHVLDJDUDQWLWDORUROLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQHVHFRQGR LOSULQFLSLRFRUDQLFRSHULOTXDOHQRQYLGHYHHVVHUHFRVWUL]LRQHQHOODIHGHODVWHVVDQDWXUD GHLGLULWWLXPDQLQHOOಬ,VOÃPQHJDORURODWLWRODULW¢GLTXHVWLGLULWWL ULFRUGLDPRFKHVHFRQGROD GRWWULQDODFDSDFLW¢JLXULGLFDHTXLQGLLOWRWDOHJRGLPHQWRGHLGLULWWLªVXERUGLQDWRDFLQTXH FDUDWWHULVWLFKH WUD FXL TXHOOD GL HVVHUH PXVXOPDQR

(100) 4XHVWD FRQGL]LRQH GHO QRQ PXVXOPDQR GHULYD GDOOD WUDGL]LRQDOH VROX]LRQH JLXULGLFD DO SUREOHPD GHOOಬDOWUR QHOOಬ,VOÃP FKHVYLOXSSDLOFRQFHWWRHLOFRQVHJXHQWHWUDWWDPHQWRJLXULGLFRGHOOಬDOWURSDUWHQGRQRQGD XQSULQFLSLRGLXJXDJOLDQ]DPDGDXQSULQFLSLRGLGLYHUVLW¢HTXLQGLJDUDQWHQGRLOGLULWWRD SUHVHUYDUHTXHVWDGLYHUVLW¢ . &%&HIID/DOLEHUW¢UHOLJLRVDQHOOಬ,VODPOD&DUWDDUDEDGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRLQ6WDWRಯ&KLHVHHSOXUDOLVPR. FRQIHVVLRQDOH5LYLVWDWHOHPDWLFDZZZVWDWRHFKLHVHLWರOXJOLRS ಯ2JQLPDULWRKDLOGRYHUHGLPDQWHQHUHODPRJOLHHLILJOLFRQIRUPHPHQWHDLSURSULPH]]Lರ&RQVLJOLRLVODPLFR. Gಬ(XURSD'LFKLDUD]LRQHXQLYHUVDOHGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRQHOOಬ,VODPDUWOHWWHUDF 9HGLELQTXHVWRWHVWR 6)HUUDUL 0RQRWHLVPRHGLULWWLXPDQLLOFDVRGHOOಬ,VODPLQ01RUGLR*9HUFHOOLQ DFXUDGL

(101) ,VODPHGLULWWL. XPDQLXQ IDOVR"

(102) SUREOHPD'LDEDVLV5HJJLR(PLOLDS. 25.

(103) -. /D'LFKLDUD]LRQHGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRQHOOಬ,VODP 2&,

(104) . /D FRVLGGHWWD 'LFKLDUD]LRQH GHO &DLUR GHO DIIHUPD DQFRUD SL» PDUFDWDPHQWH OD WHRULD GHL GLULWWL XPDQL LQ RWWLFD LVODPLFD GLULWWL GHL TXDOL 'LR ª OD IRQWH SHUFHSLWL TXDOL FRQFHVVLRQL , FRQFHWWL GL XJXDJOLDQ]D DQFKH GL JHQHUH

(105) H GL OLEHUW¢ UHOLJLRVD H GL HVSUHVVLRQH VRQR ULFRQGRWWL DG XQಬLQWHUSUHWD]LRQH QHO TXDGUR GHOOD ģDUíȾD /ಬDUW SXU JDUDQWHQGR OD WXWHOD GD TXDOXQTXH GLVFULPLQD]LRQH LYL FRPSUHVD OD GLVFULPLQD]LRQH LQ EDVHDOFUHGRUHOLJLRVROLPLWDTXHVWDWXWHODDOFRPPDVHFRQGRFKHDIIHUPDODVXSHULRULW¢ GL FRORUR FKH VRQR SL» XWLOL DOOD VRFLHW¢ H VL GLVWLQJXRQR SHU GHYR]LRQH HG REEHGLHQ]D /ಬDUWVXOGLULWWRDIRQGDUHXQDIDPLJOLDWDFHVXOODSRVVLELOLW¢GLPDWULPRQLRWUDSHUVRQHGL GLYHUVRFUHGRUHOLJLRVRSXUFLWDQGRLQYHFHOಬLPSRVVLELOLW¢GLUHVWUL]LRQLDOPDWULPRQLRVXOOD EDVHGHOODUD]]DGHOFRORUHHGHOODQD]LRQDOLW¢HFRV®GHOLQHDODUHOLJLRQHFRPHSRVVLELOH GLVFULPLQDQWH/ಬDUWSUHVHQWDOHVWHVVHSUREOHPDWLFKHQHOULFRQRVFLPHQWRGLSDULGLULWWLH GRYHULWUDXRPRHGRQQDYLVWHQHOOಬDUWGHOOD'LFKLDUD]LRQHGHO ,QILQHOಬDUWHOಬDUWOLPLWDQRODOLEHUW¢UHOLJLRVDHODOLEHUW¢GLHVSUHVVLRQHDOODOLEHUW¢ GLSURIHVVDUHODIHGHPXVXOPDQD ಯ/ಬ,VODPªODUHOLJLRQHFRQQDWXUDWDDOOಬHVVHUHXPDQR(ಬSURLELWRHVHUFLWDUHTXDOVLDVLIRUPD GL FRHUFL]LRQH VXOOಬXRPR R GL VIUXWWDUH OD VXD SRYHUW¢ R LJQRUDQ]D DO ILQH GL FRQYHUWLUOR D XQಬDOWUDUHOLJLRQHRDOOಬDWHLVPRರ ಯ2JQXQR KD LO GLULWWR GL HVSULPHUH OLEHUDPHQWH OD SURSULD RSLQLRQH LQ XQ PRGR FKH QRQ FRQWUDYYHQJDDLSULQFLSLGHOOD6KDULಬDK 2JQXQR KD LO GLULWWR GL VRVWHQHUH FL´ FKH ª JLXVWR H SURSDJDQGDUH FL´ FKH ª EXRQR H PHWWHUHLQJXDUGLDFRQWURFL´FKHªVEDJOLDWRHPDOYDJLRVHFRQGROHQRUPHGHOOD6KDULಬDK 2&,'LFKLDUD]LRQHVXLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRQHOOಬ,VODPDUW. 26.

(106) LVODPLFDರ. $GXOWHULRUHFRQIHUPDGHOODVXERUGLQD]LRQHGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRDOODIHGHLVODPLFDHDOVXR GLULWWR VDFUR JOL DUWLFROL H ULVSHWWLYDPHQWH DVVRJJHWWDQR WXWWL L GLULWWL H OH OLEHUW¢ FRQWHQXWHQHOOD'LFKLDUD]LRQHDOGLULWWRLVODPLFRHSRQJRQRODģDUíȾDFRPHXQLFRVWUXPHQWR LQWHUSUHWDWLYRGHOOHQRUPHGHOODGLFKLDUD]LRQH -. /D&DUWDDUDEDGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPR /HJDGHJOL6WDWLDUDELH

(107) . /D &DUWD DUDED DSSURYDWDQHO HSRL ULHODERUDWDQHO VLSUHVHQWD LQXQD IRUPD ಯFRQYHQ]LRQDOHರSL»VLPLOHDOOD'LFKLDUD]LRQHXQLYHUVDOHGHO1RQªUHDOPHQWHSULYD GLFRQWHQXWRHFXPHQLFRದQHOSUHDPERORYLHQHIDWWRVSHFLILFRULIHULPHQWRHGDGHVLRQHDOOD 'LFKLDUD]LRQHGHOOಬ2&,GHOPDVRUSUHQGHSHUODPDQFDQ]DGHLFRQWLQXLULIHULPHQWL DOODOHJJHLVODPLFDHDLSUHFHWWLFRUDQLFL /ಬDIIHUPD]LRQHFRQWHQXWDQHOOಬDUWGHOODSULPDYHUVLRQHGHOWHVWRಯLOSRSRORªODIRQWH GHO SRWHUHರ VHJQD LO SDVVDJJLR SRL SHU´ QRQ FRQVHUYDWR QHOOD YHUVLRQH HPHQGDWD GHO GDOODಯOHJLWWLPD]LRQHLVODPLFDGHOSRWHUHDOODOHJLWWLPD]LRQHGHPRFUDWLFDರ /ಬDUW VXOOD OLEHUW¢ GL UHOLJLRQH H GL RSLQLRQH H OಬDUW VXO GLULWWR D IRQGDUH XQD IDPLJOLD VRQR UHWLFHQWL ULJXDUGR DOOD OLEHUW¢ GL FRQYHUVLRQH H TXLQGL QRQ ULPXRYRQR LO GLYLHWRGLDSRVWDVLD

(108) HDOOಬXJXDJOLDQ]DWUDXRPRHGRQQD /ಬDUW SUHYHGH LQILQH XQR VWUXPHQWR GLFRQWUROOR VX PRGHOORGHO &RPLWDWR LVWLWXLWR GDO 3DWWR VXL 'LULWWL FLYLOL H SROLWLFL GHO PD SDU]LDOH SRLFK« JOL DUWLFROL VHJXHQWL QRQ UHJRODPHQWDQRXQVLVWHPDGLULFRUVLDO&RPLWDWR. 2&,'LFKLDUD]LRQHVXLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRQHOOಬ,VODPDUWOHWWHUHDHE /HJDGHJOL6WDWLDUDEL&DUWDDUDEDGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRDUW $&LODUGR ,OGLULWWRLVODPLFRHLOVLVWHPDJLXULGLFRLWDOLDQR/HER]]HGLLQWHVDWUDOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDHOH. DVVRFLD]LRQLLVODPLFKHLWDOLDQH(GL]LRQL6FLHQWLILFKH,WDOLDQH1DSROLS. 27.

(109) /D&DUWDDUDEDGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRªLPSRUWDQWHQRQVRORSHUODVXDSL»DPSLDDGHVLRQH DOSULQFLSLRGLXQLYHUVDOLW¢GHLGLULWWLXPDQLSL»QHOODIRUPDFKHQHOODVRVWDQ]DPDDQFKH SHUFK«QHOODYHUVLRQHHPHQGDWDGHOªOಬXQLFRVWUXPHQWRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHLVODPLFRLQ YLJRUH 5LDVVXPHQGRFRQVWDWDWDODSUXGHQ]DHIUHGGH]]DGHJOL6WDWLLVODPLFLQHLFRQIURQWLGHJOL VWUXPHQWL XQLYHUVDOL D WXWHOD GHL GLULWWL XPDQL VL HYLGHQ]LDQR LQ WXWWL JOL VWUXPHQWL GL PDWULFH LVODPLFD VXL GLULWWL XPDQL UHVLVWHQ]H VX WUH SXQWL IRQGDPHQWDOL OಬXJXDJOLDQ]D WUD PXVXOPDQL H QRQPXVXOPDQL DO TXDOH VL DJJLXQJH LO ILOWUR GL JHQHUH

(110) OD SRVVLELOLW¢ GL FRQYHUVLRQHDGDOWUDUHOLJLRQH HGLFRQVHJXHQ]DOಬDEROL]LRQHGHOGLYLHWRGLDSRVWDVLD

(111) HGL PDQLIHVWDUHODSURSULDDOWUDUHOLJLRQHSXEEOLFDPHQWHHODSDULW¢QHLGLULWWLHQHLGRYHULWUD XRPRHGRQQDHLQSDUWLFRODUHWUDFRQLXJL/ಬLQGXEELDGLIIHUHQ]LD]LRQHHGLVSDULW¢GLGLULWWL ದ WUDXRPRHGRQQD H WUD PXVXOPDQRHQRQPXVXOPDQR LQ SURVSHWWLYD FRUDQLFD YLHQH SHU´ULGLPHQVLRQDWDVHVLFRPSOHWDFRQOHULIOHVVLRQLDVHJXLUH ,Q SULPR OXRJR ELVRJQD WHQHUH FRQWR GHOOH GLYHUVH GLPHQVLRQL GHOOD UHOLJLRQH 6H DVWUDWWDPHQWHLQWHVHOHSUHVFUL]LRQLLVODPLFKHVRQRSRUWDWULFLGLXQD:HOWDQVFKDXQJQHOOD TXDOHFRPHDFFDGHSHUJOLDOWULPRQRWHLVPLOಬ,VOÃPVLUHSXWDXQLFRSRUWDWRUHGL9HULW¢H TXLQGL ಯLQ FRQWUDGGL]LRQH FRQ OD FRQFH]LRQH SOXUDOLVWLFD GHO PRQGR LQWULQVHFD DL GLULWWL. 5$OXIIL%HFNದ3HFFR] ,VODPXQLW¢HSOXUDOLW¢LQ6)HUUDUL DFXUDGL

(112) 0XVXOPDQLLQ,WDOLD/DFRQGL]LRQH. JLXULGLFDGHOOHFRPXQLW¢LVODPLFKHLO0XOLQR%RORJQDS . /ಬRPLVVLRQH QHOOH GLFKLDUD]LRQL LVODPLFKH GHOOD ORFX]LRQH ಯVLD LQ SXEEOLFR VLD LQ SULYDWRರ ULJXDUGR DOOH. SRVVLELOLW¢GLPDQLIHVWDUHODSURSULDIHGHQRQªFDVXDOH3HUDSSURIRQGLPHQWLULJXDUGRDOODSUREOHPDWL]]D]LRQH H GHILQL]LRQH GHL FRQFHWWL GL SXEEOLFR H SULYDWR QHOOಬ,VODP ULPDQGR D* 9HUFHOOLQ 7UD YHOL H WXUEDQWL 5LWXDOL. VRFLDOLHYLWDSULYDWDQHLPRQGLGHOOಬ,VODP0DUVLOLR9HQH]LD. 28.

(113) XPDQLರ6HLQYHFHVLFRQWHVWXDOL]]DVWRULFDPHQWHLOSURFHVVRGLIRUPD]LRQHGHOOHQRUPH UHOLJLRVH LVODPLFKH GD XQ ODWR H GHL GLULWWL XPDQL GDOOಬDOWUR FL VL DFFRUJH GHOOD OXQJD HODERUD]LRQH HG HYROX]LRQH

(114) GHO GLULWWR VDFUR PXVXOPDQR H GHOOD FRGLILFD]LRQH LQYHFH UHFHQWHGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPRDQFRUDLQIRUPD]LRQHVRSUDWWXWWRQHOOಬLVWLWX]LRQHGLDSSDUDWLGL FRQWUROOR GHOOಬDSSOLFD]LRQH GL WDOL GLULWWL 5LJXDUGR D TXHVWD HYROX]LRQH 9HUFHOOLQ SRUWD OಬHVHPSLR GHOOD VFKLDYLW» FRQGL]LRQH GLVFLSOLQDWD GDO GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR PD QRQ SL» ULFRQRVFLXWDQHOOHOHJJLGHJOL6WDWLLVODPLFLHDOOಬLQWHUQRGHOODVRFLHW¢PXVXOPDQD ,QILQHULFRUGLDPRFKHQRQRVWDQWHOHFDUDWWHULVWLFKHGLFRQIHVVLRQDOLW¢SHUVRQDOLW¢HGH[WUD VWDWXDOLW¢GHOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQRLOVXRUHFHSLPHQWRGDLVLQJROL6WDWLQRQªTXDVLPDLWRWDOH RVFRQWDWR ಯ'HL 6WDWL PHPEUL GHOOಬ2UJDQL]]D]LRQH GHOOD FRQIHUHQ]D LVODPLFD 2&,

(115) FKH KDQQR PDJJLRUDQ]HDVVROXWHRUHODWLYHGLPXVXOPDQLQRQFRQWHPSODQRQHOODORUR&RVWLWX]LRQH OD VKDUíಬD FRPH IRQWH XIILFLDOH GL GLULWWR >ಹ@ DOFXQL HOHPHQWL VFLDUDLWLFL VRQR LQJOREDWL QHL FRGLFL QRQ FRPH GLULWWR UHOLJLRVR EHQV® FRQVXHWXGLQDULR ,Q DOWUL 3DHVL OD VKDUíಬD ª FRQWHPSODWDXQLFDPHQWHSHULOGLULWWRGLIDPLJOLDSHUOHFRPXQLW¢PXVXOPDQH>ಹ@*OLXQLFL 6WDWL FKH GLFKLDUDQR GL EDVDUH L VLVWHPL JLXULGLFL LQWHJUDOPHQWH VXOOD VKDUíಬD VRQR $UDELD 6DXGLWD ,UDQ 0DOGLYH DOFXQL VWDWL GHOOD 1LJHULD VX

(116) H LO 6XGDQ VHWWHQWULRQDOH PHQWUHHVVDFRQVHUYDJUDQGHSHVRQHOOHUHSXEEOLFKHLVODPLFKHGL$IJKDQLVWDQ0DXULWDQLD H 3DNLVWDQ 9D FRPXQTXH ULOHYDWR FKH HFFHWWR Oಬ$UDELD 6DXGLWD LO FXL DSSDUDWR JLXULGLFR UHOLJLRVRVLFRVWUXLVFHLQFRQWLQXLW¢FRQLOFRVWXPHGHLVHFROLSUHFHGHQWLQHJOLDOWUL3DHVLVL. *9HUFHOOLQ ,VODPHGLULWWLXPDQLXQ IDOVR"

(117) SUREOHPDLQ01RUGLR*9HUFHOOLQ DFXUDGL

(118) ,VODPHGLULWWL. XPDQLXQ IDOVR"

(119) SUREOHPD'LDEDVLV5HJJLR(PLOLDS ,ELGHP. 29.

(120) WUDWWDGLSURFHVVLGLUHLVODPL]]D]LRQHDWWXDWLGRSRXQDIDVHGLVHFRODUL]]D]LRQHರ. ,Q TXHVWD SURVSHWWLYD GLVFXWHUHPR QHO SDUDJUDIR OಬDSSRUWR GHO GLULWWR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH SULYDWRDOGLDORJRWUDģDUíȾDHRUGLQDPHQWRLWDOLDQR . E6WUXPHQWLHXURSHLSHUODWXWHODGHLGLULWWLXPDQLHGHOODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQH $ OLYHOOR HXURSHR VRQR GXH JOL VWUXPHQWL JHQHUDOL SHU OD WXWHOD GHL GLULWWL GHOOಬXRPR OD &RQYHQ]LRQH(XURSHDSHUODVDOYDJXDUGLDGHL'LULWWL8PDQLHGHOOHOLEHUW¢IRQGDPHQWDOLH OD&DUWDGHL'LULWWLIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOOಬ8QLRQH(XURSHD4XHVWLVWUXPHQWLVRQRLSL»DYDQ]DWL QHOVLVWHPDGLFRQWUROORGHLGLULWWLWXWHODWLHSUHVHQWDQRQRUPHFRQWUROHGLVFULPLQD]LRQLH SHUODWXWHODGHOOHPLQRUDQ]HFKHDXPHQWDQRLSXQWLGLFRQWUDVWRWUDLOGLULWWRPXVXOPDQRH JOLRUGLQDPHQWLFKHUHFHSLVFRQRTXHVWHFRQYHQ]LRQL -. /D &RQYHQ]LRQH (XURSHD SHU OD VDOYDJXDUGLD GHL 'LULWWL 8PDQL H GHOOH OLEHUW¢ IRQGDPHQWDOL &RQVLJOLRGಬ(XURSD

(121) . /D&RQYHQ]LRQHHXURSHDVXLGLULWWLXPDQLDEEUHYLDWD&('8YLHQHDGRWWDWDGDO&RQVLJOLR Gಬ(XURSD LO QRYHPEUH HG HQWUD LQ YLJRUH LO VHWWHPEUH 5DWLILFDWD H UHVD HVHFXWLYD SHU Oಬ,WDOLD LO DJRVWR FRQ OD OHJJH Q ª WXWWRUD OR VWUXPHQWR SHU OD WXWHODGHLGLULWWLXPDQLಯSL»DYDQ]DWRVRWWRLOSURILORGHOVLVWHPDLQWHUQD]LRQDOHGLFRQWUROOR VXO ULVSHWWR GHL GLULWWL WXWHODWL HVVHQGR OಬXQLFR D SUHYHGHUH XQ PHFFDQLVPR GL JDUDQ]LD FKHQHOODVXDFRQILJXUD]LRQHDWWXDOHªLQWHJUDOPHQWHJLXULVGL]LRQDOHರ,QVHJXLWRVRQR VWDWL HODERUDWL 3URWRFROOL IDFROWDWLYL SHU LQWHJUDUH R PRGLILFDUH OH GLVSRVL]LRQL GHOOD. % 'H 3ROL , PXVXOPDQL H OD OLEHUW¢ UHOLJLRVD LQ 9 3RVVHQWL D FXUD GL

(122) 'LULWWL XPDQL H OLEHUW¢ UHOLJLRVD. 5XEEHWWLQR6RYHULD0DQQHOOLSS 03HGUD]]L /D&RQYHQ]LRQHHXURSHDVXLGLULWWLXPDQLHLOVXRVLVWHPDGLFRQWUROORLQ/3LQHVFKL DFXUD. GL

(123) /D7XWHODLQWHUQD]LRQDOHGHL'LULWWL8PDQL*LXIIUª0LODQRS. 30.

(124) &RQYHQ]LRQH,OWUDWWDWRWUDHLVSLUD]LRQHGDOOD'LFKLDUD]LRQHXQLYHUVDOHGHLGLULWWLGHOOಬXRPR GHOHVYLOXSSDHVSHFLILFDSDUWHGHOOHGLVSRVL]LRQLLQHVVDFRQWHQXWHLQSDUWLFRODUHL GLULWWL FLYLOL H SROLWLFL FRQ OD ಯFRQYLQ]LRQH FKH VROWDQWR L GLULWWL DSSDUWHQHQWL D TXHVWD FDWHJRULD IRVVHUR SLHQDPHQWH MXVWLFLDEOH H GXQTXH VXVFHWWLELOL GL JDUDQ]LD DWWUDYHUVR LO VLVWHPDGLFRQWUROORHYROXWRSUHGLVSRVWRGDOOD&RQYHQ]LRQHರ *OLDUWLFROLGLLQWHUHVVHDOODQRVWUDDQDOLVLVRQROಬDUWULJXDUGDQWHODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQH ಯ2JQLSHUVRQDKDLOGLULWWRDOODOLEHUW¢GLSHQVLHURGL FRVFLHQ]DHGLUHOLJLRQHWDOHGLULWWR LQFOXGH OD OLEHUW¢ GL FDPELDUH UHOLJLRQH R FUHGR FRV® FRPH OD OLEHUW¢ GL PDQLIHVWDUH OD SURSULD UHOLJLRQH R LO SURSULR FUHGR LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH R FROOHWWLYDPHQWH LQ SXEEOLFR R LQ SULYDWRPHGLDQWHLOFXOWROಬLQVHJQDPHQWROHSUDWLFKHHOಬRVVHUYDQ]DGHLULWL /DOLEHUW¢GLPDQLIHVWDUHODSURSULDUHOLJLRQHRLOSURSULRFUHGRQRQSX´HVVHUHRJJHWWRGL UHVWUL]LRQL GLYHUVH GD TXHOOH FKH VRQR VWDELOLWH GDOOD OHJJH H FRVWLWXLVFRQR PLVXUH QHFHVVDULH LQ XQD VRFLHW¢ GHPRFUDWLFD SHU OD SXEEOLFD VLFXUH]]D SHU OD SURWH]LRQH GHOOಬRUGLQHGHOODVDOXWHRGHOODPRUDOHSXEEOLFDRSHUODSURWH]LRQHGHLGLULWWLHGHOODOLEHUW¢ DOWUXLರ. HOಬDUWVXOODWXWHODFRQWUROHGLVFULPLQD]LRQL ಯ,OJRGLPHQWRGHLGLULWWLHGHOOHOLEHUW¢ULFRQRVFLXWLQHOODSUHVHQWH&RQYHQ]LRQHGHYHHVVHUH DVVLFXUDWR VHQ]D QHVVXQD GLVFULPLQD]LRQH LQ SDUWLFRODUH TXHOOH IRQGDWH VXO VHVVR OD UD]]D LO FRORUH OD OLQJXD OD UHOLJLRQH OH RSLQLRQL SROLWLFKH R GL DOWUR JHQHUH OಬRULJLQH QD]LRQDOHRVRFLDOHOಬDSSDUWHQHQ]DDXQDPLQRUDQ]DQD]LRQDOHODULFFKH]]DODQDVFLWDR. 03HGUD]]L /D&RQYHQ]LRQHHXURSHDVXLGLULWWLXPDQLHLOVXRVLVWHPDGLFRQWUROORLQ/3LQHVFKL DFXUD. GL

(125) /D7XWHODLQWHUQD]LRQDOHGHL'LULWWL8PDQL*LXIIUª0LODQRS &RQVLJOLRGಬ(XURSD&('8DUW. 31.

(126) RJQLDOWUDFRQGL]LRQHರ. 5LFRUGLDPRDQFKHODWXWHODGHOODOLEHUW¢GಬRSLQLRQHDOOಬDUW6LQRWLFKHWDOLDUWLFROLGDXQ ODWRJDUDQWLVFRQRXQಬDPSLDWXWHODDOODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQHHTXLQGLDQFKHDOODOLEHUW¢SHUL PXVXOPDQL GL PDQLIHVWDUH OD SURSULD IHGH PD DOOR VWHVVR WHPSR OLPLWDQR TXHVWR GLULWWR QHOOD PLVXUD LQ FXL WDOH FRGLILFD]LRQH FRQWUDVWD FRQ LO FRQFHWWR GL OLEHUW¢ UHOLJLRVD H GL XJXDJOLDQ]DVYLOXSSDWLGDOGLULWWRLVODPLFR/DOLEHUW¢UHOLJLRVDಯDVHQVRXQLFRರVHFRQGROD GRWWULQD LVODPLFD FRPH JL¢ RVVHUYDWR QRQ DPPHWWH LO GLULWWR GL FDPELDUH FUHGR DEEDQGRQDQGRODUHOLJLRQHHODFRPXQLW¢LVODPLFKHPDVROWDQWRODSRVVLELOLW¢GLFDPELDUH UHOLJLRQHDEEUDFFLDQGRODIHGHLVODPLFDRPHJOLRಯWRUQDQGRರDOODIHGHLVODPLFDSRLFK«WXWWL JOLHVVHUHXPDQLVRQRFRQVLGHUDWLPXVOLPĭQRYYHURVRWWRPHVVLD'LRSHUQDVFLWD -. &DUWDGHLGLULWWLIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOOಬ8QLRQH(XURSHD 8(

(127) . /DFRVLGGHWWD&DUWDGL1L]]DDGRWWDWDLOGLFHPEUHGHOGDOOಬ8QLRQH(XURSHDªXQR VWUXPHQWR FKH RIIUH DQFRUD PDJJLRUL WXWHOH LQ SDUWLFRODUH LQ PDWHULD GL WXWHOD FRQWUR OH GLVFULPLQD]LRQL /ಬDUW FKH GLVFLSOLQD LO GLULWWR DOOD OLEHUW¢ GL SHQVLHUR FRVFLHQ]D H UHOLJLRQH ULFDOFD VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH OಬDUW GHOOD &('8 H DJJLXQJH QHO VHFRQGR FRPPD LO ULFRQRVFLPHQWRGHOOಬRELH]LRQHGLFRVFLHQ]D/ಬDUWDOODUJDODWXWHODDQWLGLVFULPLQD]LRQL ಯ(ಬYLHWDWDTXDOVLDVLIRUPDGLGLVFULPLQD]LRQHIRQGDWDLQSDUWLFRODUHVXOVHVVRODUD]]D LO FRORUH GHOOD SHOOH R OಬRULJLQH HWQLFD R VRFLDOH OH FDUDWWHULVWLFKH JHQHWLFKH OD OLQJXD OD UHOLJLRQH R OH FRQYLQ]LRQL SHUVRQDOL OH RSLQLRQL SROLWLFKH R GL TXDOVLDVL DOWUD QDWXUD OಬDSSDUWHQHQ]DDGXQDPLQRUDQ]DQD]LRQDOHLOSDWULPRQLRODQDVFLWDOಬHW¢ROಬRULHQWDPHQWR VHVVXDOHರ. &RQVLJOLRGಬ(XURSD&('8DUW 8(&DUWDGHLGLULWWLIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOOಬ8QLRQH(XURSHDDUW. 32.

(128) ,QROWUH OಬDUW JDUDQWLVFH LO ULVSHWWR GHOOD GLYHUVLW¢ FXOWXUDOH H UHOLJLRVD DQFKH VH FRQJLXQWDPHQWHFRQOHDOWUHGLVSRVL]LRQLGHOOD&DUWD ಯ/ಬXQLRQHULVSHWWDODGLYHUVLW¢FXOWXUDOHUHOLJLRVDHOLQJXLVWLFDರ. ,QILQH YDOH XQD EUHYH QRWD OಬDUW FKH DIIHUPD H VSHFLILFD OಬXJXDJOLDQ]D WUD L VHVVL /ಬDPSOLDPHQWRGHOODWXWHODDQWLGLVFULPLQDWRULDLQTXHVWD&DUWDFUHDXOWHULRULSUREOHPDWLFLW¢ VH FRQIURQWDWD FRQ L SULQFLSL GL GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR ದ VL SHQVL DG HVHPSLR DOOH GLVFULPLQD]LRQL SHU OಬRULHQWDPHQWR VHVVXDOH WHPD GHOLFDWR QRQ VROR SHU LO GLULWWR VDFUR PXVXOPDQRSXUGDOOಬDOWURODWRJDUDQWHQGRDQFKHDOODFRPXQLW¢PXVXOPDQDLQ(XURSD SL»DPSLVSD]LGLPDQLIHVWD]LRQHGHOODIHGHHGHOODFXOWXUDOHJDWDDOODWUDGL]LRQHLVODPLFD . F/D&RVWLWX]LRQHHODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQH /D&RVWLWX]LRQHGHOOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDVDQFLVFHODOLEHUW¢GLUHOLJLRQHDJOLDUWWH ಯ7XWWHOHFRQIHVVLRQLUHOLJLRVHVRQRHJXDOPHQWHOLEHUHGDYDQWLDOODOHJJH /H FRQIHVVLRQL UHOLJLRVH GLYHUVH GDOOD FDWWROLFD KDQQR LO GLULWWR GL RUJDQL]]DUVL VHFRQGR L SURSULVWDWXWLLQTXDQWRQRQFRQWUDVWLQRFRQOಬRUGLQDPHQWRJLXULGLFRLWDOLDQR , ORUR UDSSRUWL FRQ OR 6WDWR VRQR UHJRODWL SHU OHJJH VXOOD EDVH GL LQWHVH FRQ OH UHODWLYH UDSSUHVHQWDQ]Hರ ಯ7XWWL KDQQR GLULWWR GL SURIHVVDUH OLEHUDPHQWH OD SURSULD IHGH UHOLJLRVD LQ TXDOVLDVL IRUPD LQGLYLGXDOH R DVVRFLDWD GL IDUQH SURSDJDQGD H GL HVHUFLWDUQH LQ SULYDWR R LQ SXEEOLFR LO. 8(&DUWDGHLGLULWWLIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOOಬ8QLRQH(XURSHDDUW $VVHPEOHD&RVWLWXHQWH&RVWLWX]LRQHGHOOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDDUW. 33.

(129) FXOWRSXUFK«QRQVLWUDWWLGLULWLFRQWUDULDOEXRQFRVWXPHರ. /ಬDUWJDUDQWLVFHTXLQGLODOLEHUW¢GLPDQLIHVWDUHLOSURSULRFUHGRLQSXEEOLFRHLQSULYDWR H OಬDUW SHUPHWWH DOOH FRPXQLW¢ GHL IHGHOL GL FKLHGHUH XQ SDUWLFRODUH ULFRQRVFLPHQWR DWWUDYHUVRORVWUXPHQWRGHOOಬLQWHVDFRQOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQD VXPRGHOORGHLSDWWLFRQLO 9DWLFDQRHOD&KLHVDFDWWROLFDLQWHVDWXWHODWDDOOಬDUW

(130) /ಬXJXDJOLDQ]DWUDFLWWDGLQLªVWDWXLWDDOOಬDUWFRPPDSULPR ಯ7XWWL L FLWWDGLQL KDQQR SDUL GLJQLW¢ VRFLDOH H VRQR HJXDOL GDYDQWL DOOD OHJJH VHQ]D GLVWLQ]LRQL GL VHVVR GL UD]]D GL OLQJXD GL UHOLJLRQH GL RSLQLRQL SROLWLFKH GL FRQGL]LRQL SHUVRQDOLHVRFLDOLರ. ,QROWUH KD SDUWLFRODUH ULOLHYR DL ILQL GL TXHVWR HODERUDWR DQFKH ಯOಬHJXDJOLDQ]D PRUDOH H JLXULGLFDGHLFRQLXJLರVXOODTXDOHªEDVDWRLOPDWULPRQLRH[DUW /ಬDUWDLFRPPDSULPRHVHFRQGRULFKLDPDLOGLULWWRFRQVXHWXGLQDULRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHHL WUDWWDWLUDWLILFDWLGDOOಬ,WDOLDDWXWHODGHOWUDWWDPHQWRGHOORVWUDQLHURHFRVWLWXLVFHXQDULVHUYD GLOHJJHULQIRU]DWD ಯ/ಬRUGLQDPHQWR JLXULGLFR LWDOLDQR VL FRQIRUPD DOOH QRUPH GHO GLULWWR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH JHQHUDOPHQWHULFRQRVFLXWH /DFRQGL]LRQH JLXULGLFDGHOORVWUDQLHURªUHJRODWD GDOODOHJJHLQFRQIRUPLW¢GHOOHQRUPH H GHLWUDWWDWLLQWHUQD]LRQDOLರ. $VVHPEOHD&RVWLWXHQWH&RVWLWX]LRQHGHOOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQDDUW ,YLDUW ,YLDUW ,YLDUW. 34.

(131) &RQ TXHVWH SUHPHVVH VL SURILODQR GXH YLH GL GLDORJR WUD OಬRUGLQDPHQWR LWDOLDQR H OH LVWDQ]H GL GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR GHOOD FRPXQLW¢ LVODPLFD LQ ,WDOLD /R VWUXPHQWR GHO GLULWWR LQWHUQD]LRQDOHSULYDWRH H[ DUWWHU]RFRPPDGHOOD&RVWLWX]LRQHODVWUDGDGHOOಬLQWHVDH GHOGLULWWRHFFOHVLDVWLFR . /HSRVVLELOLW¢GLGLDORJRLQ,WDOLD *OL VSD]L GL GLDORJR WUD GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR H RUGLQDPHQWR LWDOLDQR VL GLIIHUHQ]LDQR D VHFRQGD GL TXDOH ಯRULJLQHರ GLDPR DOOH ULFKLHVWH GL GLULWWR GHOOH FRPXQLW¢ PXVXOPDQH LQ ,WDOLD 6H VL FRQVLGHUD OಬRULJLQH QD]LRQDOH R PHJOLR OD FLWWDGLQDQ]D GL FKL SRQH TXHVWH ULFKLHVWH VL XWLOL]]D OR VWUXPHQWR GHO GLULWWR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH SULYDWR 6H LQYHFH VL SRQH OಬDFFHQWRVXOOಬDSSDUWHQHQ]DDGXQDFRPXQLW¢FXOWXUDOHHUHOLJLRVDORVWUXPHQWRGHOOಬLQWHVD FRQOD5HSXEEOLFDLWDOLDQD H[ DUWWHU]RFRPPDGHOOD&RVWLWX]LRQHVLSURILODFRPHLOSL» DGDWWR . D,OGLULWWRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHSULYDWR ,O GLULWWR LQWHUQD]LRQDOH SULYDWR ª ಯOಬLQVLHPH GL UHJROH FKH GLVSRQJRQR FLUFD OD OHJJH GD DSSOLFDUH D VLWXD]LRQL R D UDSSRUWL GL WLSR SULYDWLVWLFR RYH TXHVWL SUHVHQWLQR ULVSHWWR DOOಬRUGLQDPHQWR LQWHUQR GHL TXDOLILFDWL HOHPHQWL GL HVWUDQHLW¢ರ 3HUPHWWH H GLVFLSOLQD TXLQGLOಬXWLOL]]RGDSDUWHGHOJLXGLFHGLXQDTXDOXQTXHDOWUDOHJJHGLYHUVDGDOOD OH[IRULR. . 6WUXPHQWR FKH FRPH YHGUHPR SHU GHILQL]LRQH H VRVWDQ]D QHOOಬDWWXDOH LQWHUSUHWD]LRQH RUPDL GLVWDQWH. GDOOಬRULJLQDOH PDQFLQLDQD ª DSSOLFDELOH VROR DOOR VWUDQLHUR&KH IDUH GXQTXH GL IURQWH DOOH ULFKLHVWH GL GLULWWR PXVXOPDQR GD SDUWH GL XQ FLWWDGLQR LWDOLDQR"6L SURILOHUHEEH OಬHVLVWHQ]D TXLQGL LQ FRQIRUPLW¢ FRQ SHQVLHUR PDQFLQLDQR QRQ VRQR GL 6WDWL SOXULOHJLVODWLYL VX EDVH WHUULWRULDOH FULWHULR GL FLWWDGLQDQ]D

(132) PD DQFKH GL 6WDWL SOXULOHJLVODWLYLVXOODEDVHGHOORVWDWXWRSDUWLFRODUHGHOOHSHUVRQH FULWHULRGLQD]LRQDOLW¢PDQFLQLDQR

(133) $3LHWURERQ&LWWDGLQDQ]DHOHJJHDSSOLFDELOHFULVLGLXQDWUDGL]LRQH"LQ/=DJDWR DFXUDGL

(134) ,QWURGX]LRQH. DLGLULWWLGLFLWWDGLQDQ]D7HU]DHGL]LRQH/LEUHULD(GLWULFH&DIRVFDULQD9HQH]LDS. 35.

(135) OHJJHGHO3DHVHGHOJLXGLFH(ಬXQLQVLHPHGLQRUPHLQWHUQHGHWWHGLFRQIOLWWRRGLULQYLR FKH GLVFLSOLQDQR H OLPLWDQR LO ULFRUVR DOOD OHJJH VWUDQLHUD VWDELOHQGR LO FULWHULR GL FROOHJDPHQWR DSSOLFDWR GDO JLXGLFH QHOOಬLQGLYLGXD]LRQH GHO GLULWWR GD DSSOLFDUH 4XHVWR ULFRUVR ª VXERUGLQDWR D GXH HOHPHQWL ª DSSOLFDELOH VROR D UDSSRUWL R VLWXD]LRQL GL WLSR SULYDWLVWLFR H TXHVWH VLWXD]LRQL GHYRQR FRQWHQHUH HOHPHQWL GL HVWUDQHLW¢ ULVSHWWR DOOD OH[. IRUL /ಬDSSOLFD]LRQH GL XQD OHJJH GLYHUVD GD TXHOOD GHO JLXGLFH KD RULJLQL DQWLFKH QHO WDUGR PHGLRHYRVLVRSSHU®FRV®DOOಬHVLJHQ]DGLXQDOHJJHGHOOXRJRGLSURYHQLHQ]DFKHVHJXLVVH LVRJJHWWLQHLORURVSRVWDPHQWLXQPHWDIRULFRಯDELWRJLXULGLFRರLQGRVVDWRGDLVRJJHWWR $ PHW¢ RWWRFHQWR LO FULWHULR GHO OXRJR GL SURYHQLHQ]D GLYHQQH GL QD]LRQDOLW¢ JUD]LH VRSUDWWXWWRDOOಬLQIOXVVRGHOJLXULVWD)LOLSSR6WDQLVODR0DQFLQL