• Non ci sono risultati.

Influencing the Misinformed Misbehaver: An Analysis of Public Policy towards Uncertainty and External Effects.

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "Influencing the Misinformed Misbehaver: An Analysis of Public Policy towards Uncertainty and External Effects."

Copied!
30
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

W?i?U?} |i t?uLh4i_ tMi@ihG

? ?@*)tt Lu M*U L*U) |L@h_t N?Uih|@?|)

@?_ , |ih?@* ,giU|t



6h@?UitU@ @h}L33

|

ih|h@?_ V**i?ii

}

@) 2ff

Devwudfw

Zh vwxg| d vlwxdwlrq zkhuh wkh jryhuqphqw lqxhqfhv frqvxphuv* eh0 kdylruv e| surylglqj erwk lqirupdwlrq dqg lqfhqwlyhv1 Pruh jhqhudoo|/ zh sursrvh d phwkrgrorj| iru vroylqj prghov ri vljqdo fxp fkhds wdon1

Zh ghyhors wkh fdvh ri frqvxpswlrq fkrlfh lq wkh suhvhqfh ri xqfhu0 wdlqw| dqg h{whuqdo hhfwv1 Wkh lqvwuxphqwv xvhg e| wkh jryhuqphqw duh lqirupdwlrq fdpsdljqv dqg wd{hv1 D glfxow| dulvhv ehfdxvh wkh jryhuq0 phqw zrxog olnh wr lpsuryh lwv lpshuihfw frhuflyh lqvwuxphqwv e| gholyhulqj eldvhg lqirupdwlrq wr wkh plvehkdyhu1 Zh vwxg| wkh htxloleulxp wudgh0r ehwzhhq lqiruplqj dqg jlylqj lqfhqwlyhv1 Hqylurqphqwdo wd{ srolf|/ dqwl0 vprnlqj fdpsdljqv dqg srolf| djdlqvw dqwlelrwlfv ryhu0frqvxpswlrq vhuyh dv looxvwudwlrqv1

Zh kdyh uhfhlyhg ydoxdeoh frpphqwv/ vxjjhvwlrqv ru fruuhfwlrqv e| Jldfrpr Fdo}rodul/

Khopxwk Fuhphu/ Wkrpdv gh Jdulgho/ Euxqr Mxoolhq/ Dohvvdqgur Ol}}hul/ Pdxulfh Pdufkdqg dqg vhplqdu sduwlflsdqwv lq Erorjqd/ Ero}dqr/ Pdgulg/ Sdulv/ Vhdwwoh1 Khohqh Erulhv/ Sdwulfn Frxuydolq dqg Dqqd Plqjdugl khoshg xv wr gudz wkh slfwxuh ri dqwlelrwlfv lq wkh lqwurgxfwlrq1 Huuruv/ lq dq| fdvh/ duh rxu uhvsrqvlelolw|1

|Xqlyhuvlw| ri Erorjqd/ Vwudgd Pdjjlruh 78/ 73458 Erorjqd/ Lwdo|1 H0pdlo=

eduljr}}Cvser1xqler1lw1

}FHD dqg LGHL/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Wrxorxvh 4/ 54 doohh gh Eulhqqh/ 64333 Wrxorxvh/ Iudqfh1

H0pdlo= ehuwudqg1yloohqhxyhCflfw1iu1

(2)

 W?|hL_U|L?

t uLh |i R4@_ UL _ti@ti Lh L|ih L|*) _iM@|i_ ttit UL?Uih??} TM*U i@*|c uLL_ t@ui|) @?_ |i i?hL?4i?|c ht! UL?|hLihtit @i }hL? _h@4 4@|U@**) 5?Ui TL*U) 4@!iht 4t| Lu|i? @ttitt @?_ UL44?U@|i tU ht!tc |i UL?€_i?Ui ?__@*t uii* |L@h_t |i }Lih?4i?| Lh L|ih @|Lh|it t @ _iUti UL4TL?i?| Lu TL*U) 4@!?} h Lh! uLUtit L? UL44?U@|L? @t @ _tU*Ltih Lu |i UL?U|t Mi|ii? @ Mi?iL*i?| @|Lh|) @?_ UL?t4iht AL ? }hi_i?|t @hi ?_tTi?t@M*iG |i €ht| t |i TM*U<t *@U! Lu !?L*i_}i UL?Uih??} |i ht! |L Mi hi}*@|i_ @?_ |i tiUL?_ t |i 4TLttM*|) uLh ?__@*t @*L?i |L h}|*) ?|ih?@*3i Uih|@? ?i}@|i UL?ti^i?Uit Lu |ih @U|L?t ,@U ThLM *i4 |@!i? ? tL*@|L? t hi*@|i*) i@t) |L tL*iG |i uLh4ih ?ii_t ?uLh4@|L? ThL_i_ |L |i TM*Uc ihi@t |i *@||ih ?ii_t LT|43i_ ?Ui?|it | T| |L}i|ihc |iti hi4i_it ?|ihuihi @?_ hit*| ? TL*|U@* UL?utL? i? ?Ui?|it @?_ ULihUi ?t|h4i?|t @hi _iuiU|i W?_ii_c |i 4@ 43@|L? Lu tLU@* i* u@hi _Lit?<| }@h@?|ii |h|u* TL*Uitc @?_ UL?t4iht @hi @@hi Lu |@| Ai) @hi ii? 4Lhi @?_ 4Lhi t!iT|U@* ? uhL?| Lu ThL4L|L?@* t|h@|i}it t?} |i L|UL4i Lu |i tUi?|€U *|ih@|hi Lh U|?} i Tih| @_tLh) UL44||iit

W? |i Thiti?| T@Tihc |i TL*U) 4@!?} ThLUitt t @?@*)3i_ @t @ }@4i ihi |i }Lih?4i?| @?|t |L ?i?Ui UL?t4iht< Mi@Lht M) t?} ML| @ |@ TL* U) @?_ ?uLh4@|L? U@4T@}?tc @?_ ihi h@|L?@* UL?t4iht hi@U| ? @ @)it@? 4@??ih W?t|h4i?|t Mi?} 4TihuiU|c |i }Lih?4i?| t Lu|i? |i4T|i_ |L R4 ThLi Mi@Lht M) ti?_?} M@ti_ ?uLh4@|L? t Lh Lh! tLtc UL?€_i?Ui t ?L| i@t*) UL?|hL**i_ #iTi?_?} L? |i ULLh_?@|L? Mi|ii? |i }Lih?4i?| @?_ |i UL?t4ihtc |i t@4i M@U!}hL?_ _@|@ U@? ThL_Ui @ @hi|) Lu TL* Uit @?_ hi@* igiU|t `i _i|ih4?i |i t|hU|hi Lu 4T*i4i?|@M*i TL*Uit @?_ i _tUtt |i |h@_iLg Mi|ii? @}i?itt ? UL44?U@|L? @?_ _t|Lh|L? ? ?Ui?|it

W?i?Ui B@4it `i ?|hL_Ui @ }i?ih@* 4i|L_L*L}) uLh |@U!*?} ?i?Ui }@4itc i }@4it ? U |i Th?UT@* t |i ?uLh4i_ T@h|) @?_ UL4M?it _u uihi?| ?t|h4i?|t uLh |h@?t4||?} ?uLh4@|L? @?_ ThL_?} ?Ui?|it |L |i @}i?| Ai *|ih@|hi U t ?i?|@* uLh |t Lh! @t ?|@|i_ M) h@ uLh_ @?_ 5LMi* EbH2 @?_ *}hL4 @?_ +LMih|t EbHS h@uLh_ @?_ 5LMi* EbH2 tL |@| |i ThiUtL? Lu |i ?uLh4@|L? |h@?t4||i_ _iTi?_t L? |i ?|i?t|) Lu |i UL?U| i t|?} Mi|ii? |i |L T@h|it< LMiU|it "|i hi Ui?|*)c |iti _i@t @i Mii? @TT*i_ |L TL*|U@* }@4it ? U @ *LMM) |hit |L ?i?Ui TL*U) 4@!iht W? @ 4@Lh UL?|hM|L? |L |i h@|L?@* uL?_@|L?t

Lu @_ih|t?}c *}hL4 @?_ +LMih|t EbHS 4L_i* @ €h4 t}?@**?} |t ThL_U| ^@*|) |hL} ThUi @?_ _ttT@|i @_ih|t?} EMh?i_ 4L?i) |L i?@?Ui |i

4Vhh Khospdq +5333,/ Suhvlghqwldo Dgguhvv dw wkh Hfrqrphwulf Vrflhw| Zruog Frqjuhvv/

Vhdwwoh dqg Jurvvpdq dqg Khospdq +5334,/ iru vxuyh|v1

(3)

UL?t4iht **?}?itt|LT@) uLh |i ThL_U| W? *?i | |iti @h|U*itc @?_ UL? |h@h) |L @t!? @?_ AhL*i Ebb2c U@h@U|ih3?} LT|4@* 4iU@?t4t t ?L| Lh Th4@h) LMiU|i( h@|ihc i t|_) |i UL4M?@|L? Lu 4TihuiU| 4iU@?t4tc }?} |i ThLh|) |L |ih Th@U|U@* t|hU|hi @?_ UL?ti^i?Uit

W? @ hiUi?| _ii*LT4i?| @*L?} |iti *?itc t|i?54| @?_ @?!t E2fff tLc t|@h|?} uhL4 |i U*@ttU@* 4L_i* Lu h@uLh_ @?_ 5LMi*c L Mh??} 4L?i) U@? 4ThLi Ui@T |@*! W? T@h|U*@hc |i) U*i@h*) tL ) |i ?uLh4@ |L? |h@?t4||i_ U@? Mi TihuiU|c @?_ ) |i 4Lt| ?uLh4@|i i^*Mh4 ?ii_ ?L| Mi |i 4Lt| iUi?|

`i hi|hii |iti hit*|t ? Lh UL?|i |c M| Lh ?i@|*) _gihi?| 4i|L_L*L})c U t UL?Uii_ |L Mi @TT*U@M*i |L @ @hi|) Lu 4L_i*tc i?@M*it t |L ThLi L|ih tiu* €?_?}t 6ht| i U@?}i |i TihtTiU|iG i tL |@| Ui@T |@*! t @*4Lt| ti*itt i? ULt|*) t}?@*t @hi @@*@M*ic2 @?_ ) 4Lhi ThiUti

i^*Mh@ @hi |)TU@**) 4Lhi _t|Lh|i_ 5iUL?_c h@|ih |@? ti@hU?} uLh |i i^*Mh@ Lu @ }i? iUL?L4)c i _i€?i |i 4?4@* ti| Lu _@|@ E@ t!i*i|L? tiu* uLh _itUhM?} @? i^*Mh4c @?_ i _i|ih4?i |i u** ti| Lu iUL?L4it U @_4| @ }i? t!i*i|L? @t @? i^*Mh4 `i ThLi |i ?^i?itt Lu |i u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4c @?_ i U@h@U|ih3i tU @? i^*Mh4 ? _i|@* Lhi }i?ih@**)c Lh @TThL@U ? |ih4t Lu t!i*i|L?t u@U*|@|it |i ?_iht|@?_?} Lu |i ?|ih@U|L? Mi|ii? ULt|*) @?_ uhii t}?@*c @?_ LTi?t |i @) |L ?|ihit|?} UL4T@h@|i t|@|Ut

Ai ?@*)tt Lu Oi@*| @?_ ,?hL?4i?|@* L*U) h 4L_i* _i@*t | TL*Uit @giU|?} |i UL?t4T|L? Lu UL44L_|it U @hi _i|h4i?|@* |L UL? t4iht< i*u@hi ML| @| @ Th@|i @?_ @| @ TM*U *ii* A)TU@**)c t_i igiU|t @hi _i |L ?__@* UL?t4T|L?c ihi@t i |ih?@* igiU|t @hi _i |L Lih@** UL?t4T|L? ? |i iUL?L4) hL@_ tTiU|h4 @?|ML|Ut i M| |t _LM*i ?i}@|i 4T@U| EMit_it |i LMLt Mi?i€U@* igiU|tG @| |i ?__@* *ii*c |i) U*i@h |i @) |L LTTLh|?t|U ?uiU|L?t M) 4Lhi hitt|@?| }ih4tc *ic

@| |i tLU@* *ii*c |i) i?@?Ui |i ih) hitt|@?Ui Lu |i }ih4t ?L*i_ ? UL?|@}Lt _ti@tit ?@*L}Lt*)c ? |i U@ti Lu |LM@UUL @?_ @*ULL*c L?i U*i@h*) _t|?}tit _ti@tit hi*@|i_ |L ?__@* UL?t4T|L? uhL4 |i T@tti t4L! ?} Lh |i ULt| |L |i i@*| U@hi t)t|i4 E?L| |L tTi@! Lu Tt)ULtLU@* ttit *!i _h?! _h?} Lh @__U|L?

Aiti |L |)Tit Lu ?i}@|i igiU|t i T*@? )c |L| }Lih?4i?|@* ?|ih i?|L? ? |i uLh4 Lu ?uLh4@|L? Lh ?Ui?|itc UL?t4iht 4@) ?L| UL?t4i

5Rxu surri lv gluhfw> dq lqgluhfw surri zdv dydlodeoh lq Pdqhool +4<<9,1

6Vrph eurdg0vshfwuxp dqwlelrwlfv ghfuhdvh wkh lqglylgxdo*v lppxqrorjlf uhdfwlrq dqg/ dv d

frqvhtxhqfh/ qhz glvhdvhv fdq dulvh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ pdq| dqwlelrwlfv edvhg rq shqlfloolq duh xvhg wr wuhdw glvhdvhv olnh eurqfklwlv/ rwlwlv dqg wrqvloolwlv fdxvhg e| glhuhqw edfwhuld +vwdsklorfrffxv dxuhxv/ kdhproxv lqxhq}dh/ vwuhswrfrffxv sqhxprqldh,1 Srvvleoh vlgh hhfwv ri shqlfloolq frqvxpswlrq duh fdqglgd doelfdqv dqg khushv1 Vhh Ohy| +4<<5, iru wkh phglfdo ylhzsrlqw/ dqg Eurzq dqg Od|wrq +4<<9, iru dq h{fhoohqw hfrqrplf dqdo|vlv ri wkh h{whuqdo hhfwv lqyroyhg1

(4)

iUi?|*) 6ht|*)c t_i igiU|t @hi ?L| ?iUitt@h*) i** TihUii_ M) UL?t4iht 6Lh i @4T*ic |i hi@* t|hi?}| Lu t_i igiU|t hi4@?t L?*) @ @}i ?L|L? uLh |i 4@Lh|) Lu TiLT*i @t u@h @t @?|ML|Ut @hi UL?Uih?i_( *!itic |i ht! t4L!iht TihUii U@? Mi ?_ih Lh Lihit|4@|i_ EVtUt bbf 5iUL?_*)c i |ih?@* igiU|t Ei} hitt|@?Ui @U^t|L? Lh T@tti t4L!i @hi @t|*) }?Lhi_ M) UL?t4iht ? |i @Mti?Ui Lu ?Ui?|it tU @t |@ itc ?Lh4tc UL?|hL*t

L*|U@* @|||_it |L@h_t |LM@UUL t |)TU@* Lu |i tU3LThi?@ i @?@*)3i ? |i Thiti?| Lh! ,Ui?| |@ @|L? tc ? }i?ih@*c _U*| |L it|@M*t M| UL4T@hi_ |L L|ihtc |LM@UUL |@ it @hi @? i@t) tLhUi Lu u?_t Ai }Lih?4i?| 4@) |h) |L LT|43i i@*| @?_ M_}i|@h) LMiU|it M) 4@?T*@|?} UL?t4iht Mi*iut L? |i ?__@* UL?ti^i?Uit Lu t4L!?} MLt*)c h@|L?@* UL?t4iht uLh4 |ih LT?L? | |t |hi@| ? 4?_c @?_ |i tUUitt Lu |iti @||i4T|t t ?Uih|@? W? |i t@4i i?c hi4@h! |@| |i LT?L? |@| UL?t4?} @ *L| Lu @?|ML|Ut 4@) U@ti ?__@* hitt|@?Ui |L |i |hi@|4i?| t Tih@tic M| ?L| uL?_i_ EW? u@U| |i ThLM*i4 t h@|ih _i |L |i hitt|@?Ui @U^hi_ M) |i }ih4tc U UL?Uih?t |i tLUi|) h@|ih |@? |i ?__@* ti?t t|hU|L |Lh|it EU 4@) ?L| Mi _hiU|*) hitTL?tM*i uLh |t Mi*iu @hi U*i@h*) |i4T|i_ ?L| |L ULhhiU| |c t?Ui | tihit E@| @ *L ULt| |t Th@U|U@* }L@*G UhM?} UL?t4T|L?

`i @tt4i |@| |i }Lih?4i?| t Mi||ih ?uLh4i_ @?_ Mi?iL*i?|c @?_ |@| | 4@ 43it |i |*|) Lu |i hiThiti?|@|i UL?t4ih

AL tTTLh| Lh @tt4T|L? |@| |i }Lih?4i?| t Mi||ih ?uLh4i_c hi4@h! |@| |i }Lih?4i?| 4@) @TTi@* |L i Tih|t EU* tih@?|tc ThLuittL?@*tc @U@ _i4Ut L @hi @M*i |L |h@?tuLh4 _tTihti_ _@|@ @?_ hit*|t ? LTih@|L?@* !?L*i_}i `i _L ?L| ?ii_ |L Mi*ii |@| |t LTih@|L? t TihuiU|c L?*) |@| | t Mi||ih _L?i M) |i i Tih|t |@? M) |i 4@Lh|) Lu |i TM*U LhiLihc ?uLh4?} |i TM*U t @ ?iihi?_?} |@t! `i !?L |@| @||i4T|t |L _tULh @}i |ii?@}iht uhL4 t4L!?} hi^hi hi?ii_ t|h@|i}it )i@h @u|ih )i@h AL} L?i 4@) |?! |@| |i RtLUi|) t @*hi@_) t@|h@|i_ | ?uLh4@|L? L? |i hi*@|L?tT Mi|ii? |LM@UUL @?_ U@?Uihc i@U ?i ULLh| Lu UL?t4iht @t |L Mi i_U@|i_e

iih|i*ittc |i }Lih?4i?| UL?uhL?|t |i uL**L?} _*i44@G |@ it @hi 4 TihuiU| ?t|h4i?|tc @?_ 4ThL?} |ih TihuLh4@?Ui | M@ti_ ?uLh4@|L? t |i4T|?} At 4L|@|it @ tLh| Lu T@|ih?@*t4G |i }Lih?4i?| @?|t UL?t4iht |L UL?t4i iUi?|*)c M|c Mi?} ?@M*i |L UL44| |L ?i|h@* @?_ |h|u* ?uLh 4@|L? |h@?t4ttL?c | 4@) ti?_ ?|ihit|i_ 4itt@}it W? Lh ic |@ it 4t| Mi ?_iht|LL_ @t @ 4i|@TLh uLh 4Lhi UL4Thii?ti TL*U)c *!i UL?|h@U|tc hit|hU |L?tc t|@?_@h_t Lh ?Lh4tc ? @** UhU4t|@?Uit ihi |ihi t tL4i 4TihuiU|L? U 4Ti_it iUL?L4U iUi?U)D

7Sxeolfdwlrq ri urxjk vflhqwlf qglqjv lq wkh pdvv phgld/ wkrxjk lq sulqflsoh d frqwulexwlrq

wr wkh irupdwlrq ri sxeolf rslqlrq/ pd| uhvxow lq frqixvlrq> vhqvdwlrqdolvp dqg fdulfdwxuhv duh frpprq1 Wkh ehvw h{dpsohv duh irxqg lq h{wuhph glhwdu| uhfrpphqgdwlrqv1

8Fdxvhv ri lpshuihfwlrq duh riwhq uhodwhg wr dv|pphwulf lqirupdwlrq1 Lq prudo kd}dug

(5)

?i UhU@* @tTiU| Lu |i 4L_i* UL?Uih?t |i @?@*)tt Lu |i |@ @t @ t}?@* |h@?t4||?} ?uLh4@|L? L? |i @*i Lu t_i igiU|t Ai |@ @t |L UL?ti ^i?UitG €ht|c 4L_u)?} |i UL?t4T|L? ThUic | ThL_it ?Ui?|it |L ?|ih ?@*3i |i i |ih?@* igiU|t( tiUL?_c |i |@ t @ t}?@* U ?uLh4t L? |i @*i Lu t_i igiU|t

W?uLh4@|L? U@4T@}?t @hi @?@*)3i_ @t 4itt@}itc i tLh| t|@|i4i?|t @4?} @| ?uLh4?} ?__@*t @ML| |i igiU|t Lu Uih|@? }LL_t `@h??} *@Mi*t L? U}@hi||i T@U!t Lh L? @3@h_t hi*@|i_ |L _h?!?}c @hi |i Mit| i @4T*it  u?_@4i?|@* U@h@U|iht|U Lu |iti ?uLh4@|L? U@4T@}?t t |@| |i) @i ?L _hiU| UL?ti^i?Ui L? |i }Lih?4i?|<t @?_ L? |i UL?t4iht< |*|)G |i) @hi ?i Ti?tic @?_ |L t4T*u)c i?|ih ?|L |i U@|i}Lh) Lu Ui@T |@*! 4itt@}itSc.

At 4T*it |@| |i *|ih@* 4i@??} Lu |i ?uLh4@|L? ThL_i_ t tUi?|*) @}i ?L| |L Mi u@*t€@M*i A@!i |i @h??} *@Mi* R5ihLt*) O@h4u* |L Oi@*| L? U}@hi||i T@U!t At t ?L| u@*tic M| |i i @U| ?@?Ui | Mi@ht t @ 4@||ih Lu tLU@* UL?i?|L? EtTiU€U@**) |i @) Ui@T |@*! t ?|ihThi|i_ w!i |@ itc ?uLh4@|L? U@4T@}?t @hi 4TihuiU| TL*U) ?t|h4i?|t

?L|ih UhU@* ?}hi_i?| UL?Uih?t |i @?@*)tt Lu |@ _t|Lh|L?t W? |i 4L_i*c |i t}? Lu |i 4@h}?@* ULt| Lu TM*U u?_t t ?L| hit|hU|i_ @ ThLh 6Lh |t hi@tL?c |i T@Tih _h@t Th@U|U@* 4T*U@|L?t Lu |i *|ih@|hi L? |i R_LM*i __i?_ U UL?Uih?t i?hL?4i?|@* *iit UULh_?} |L |t *|ih@|hi @ |@ L? @ TL**|?} }LL_ t i*u@hi 4ThL?} uLh |L hi@tL?tG €ht| MiU@ti | 4@!it TL**|L? _iUhi@tic @?_c tiUL?_c MiU@ti | hi_Uit _t|Lh|L?t U@ti_ M) Thii t|?} |@ it "|i hiUi?|*)c | @t Mii? tL? |@| |i _LM*i __i?_ i t|t L?*) ?_ih Uih|@? UL?_|L?tc U 4i@?t ? T@h|U*@h |@| |i t}? Lu |i 4@h}?@* ULt| Lu TM*U u?_t t ?L| _i|ih4?i_ @ ThLh Etii BL*_ih bbD uLh @ thi)H

6?@**) i tLc ? @ uh@4iLh! ihi @|Lh|it @hi Mi?iL*i?| @?_ UL? t4iht @hi h@|L?@*c |@| |i *@U! Lu Uhi_M*|) Lu |i }Lih?4i?| t |i 4@Lh U@ti Lu |hLM*i  }Lih?4i?| @M*i |L UL44| i @?|i |L ?uLh4 |h|u**) L*_ ?L|c M) _i€?|L?c i?UL?|ih |i _U*|it i _tUtt Wu tU @ }L ih?4i?| t ? T*@Uic €?i `i hi4@h! Liih |@| _t|ht|u* @|||_i L? |i T@h| Lu |i TM*U |L@h_t ?uLh4i_ @|Lh|it t uhi^i?|G TiLT*i Lu|i? uii* |@|

prghov/ iru h{dpsoh/ rxwfrphv duh revhuydeoh/ exw wkh frqwulexwlrq ri hruw fdqqrw eh shuihfwo| vhsdudwhg iurp udqgrp hhfwv1 Dv d frqvhtxhqfh/ frqwudfwv duh uduho| deoh wr lpsohphqw uvw0 ehvw hflhqf|1

9Vhh Fudzirug dqg Vreho +4<;5,1

:Qrwh wkdw rxu dssurdfk lv ydolg li lqirupdwlrq fdpsdljqv duh frvwo|/ exw wkhlu frvw lv

lqghshqghqw ri wkh phvvdjh wkh dxwkrulw| ghflghv wr vhqg1 Wklv phdqv wkdw wkh glxvlrq frvw ri _vprnh lv ghwulphqwdo wr rqh*v khdowk% lv wkh vdph dv wkdw ri _vprnh lv yhu| ghwulphqwdo wr rqh*v khdowk%1 Dv d frqvhtxhqfh/ li qr0phvvdjh lv qrw d fkrlfh/ zh fdq/ zlwkrxw jhqhudolw| orvv/ qrupdol}h wklv frvw wr }hur1

;Dfwxdoo| wkh pdujlqdo frvw ri sxeolf ixqgv fdq eh hlwkhu srvlwlyh ru qhjdwlyh/ ghshqglqj

rq wkh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq suhh{lvwlqj wd{hv dqg wkh wd{ rq wkh jrrg kdupixo wr khdowk1 Rxu prgho fryhuv doo wkh fdvhv1

(6)

|i }Lih?4i?|<t @U|L?t @hi 4L|@|i_ M) iUL?L4U ?|ihit| 4Lhi |@| M) |i TM*U ?|ihit| E|?! @ML| ?uLh4@|L? _gtL? UL?Uih??} |i OWV UL?|@4 ?@|i_ M*LL_ ? |i i}|it ? 6h@?Ui @?_ Bih4@?)c Lh UL?Uih??} |i R4@_ UL _ti@ti ? ,hLTi

AL tL*i |i tLU@* }@4i t!i|Ui_ ihic i ti @? @TThL@U M@ti_ L? @)it@? i^*Mh4 ?L|L?tG TiLT*i @hi ?L| t)t|i4@|U@**) uLL*i_ @?_ |i }Lih?4i?| |hit |L }i| |i Mit| Lu |t @@*@M*i ?t|h4i?|t Ai 4@? Th@U|U@* 4T*U@ |L?t Lu Lh 4L_i* @hi |i uL**L?} `i @?@*)3i L?i Lu |i TLttM*i U@tit Lu UL?t4iht< _t|ht|u* Mi@Lh @}@?t| |i TM*U @|Lh|) `i it|@M*t |i |h@_iLg Mi|ii? |i ThiUtL? Lu |i ?uLh4@|L? |h@?t4||i_ @?_ |i LT|4@* |) Lu |i TL*U) 4T*i4i?|i_G ThiUtL? t }ih | *itt iUi?| TL*|U@* ThL}h@4tc @?_ Ui iht@ `i ThLi |@| |i i^*Mh4 t ?iih iUi?| i @?|ic @?_ |@| |ihi i t|t @ ?^i u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4 U t @*4Lt| thi*) ?iUi?| i TLt|

*@? 5iU|L? 2 Thiti?|t |i |ih4t Lu |i TL*U) _*i44@ ? |i U@ti Lu UL4 4L_|it @giU|?} i@*| @?_ |i i?hL?4i?| `i _i€?i |i i^*Mh4 ? 5iU|L?  5iU|L?t e . _ii*LT Lh 4i|L_L*L}) u|ih @ ui hit*|t L? |i t|hU|hi Lu |i }Lih?4i?|<t Thiuihi?Uit E5iU|L? ec |i @?@*)tt t _ii*LTi_ ? |hii t|iTt 6ht|*) i tL |@| @? i^*Mh4 U@? Mi t44i_ T M) |t Rt!i*i|L?c i @ hi*@|i*) t4@** ti| Lu TL*Uit t@|tu)?} ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M* |) uLh |i ti?_ih E5iU|L? D 5iUL?_*)c i tL ?_ih U UhU4t|@?Uit @ }i? Rt!i*i|L? U@? Mi 4T*i4i?|i_ ? @? i^*Mh4 At t UhU@* |L @i ?t}|t L? |i t|hU|hi Lu T@h|@**) hii@*?} i^*Mh@ E5iU|L? S 6?@**) i U@h@U|ih3i |i ?^i u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4 Lu |i }@4i E5iU|L? . W4 T*U@|L?t UL?Uih??} |@ TL*U) uLh ui*tc 52 i4ttL?t @?_ _h}t @hi _tUtti_

? |i UL?U*tL?

2 Ai L_i*

2 Ai L?t4iht

L?t4iht *i |L TihL_t @?_ |i @*i Lu |ih TihL_|L UL?t4T|L? %2 t

?i}@|i*) @giU|i_ M) TihL_L?i UL?t4T|L? % hiuihi?Uit U@? Mi h||i? @tG

Ld%o n %2 w% #%

E

ihi L t |i *L}@h|4U |*|) u?U|L?b Ai UL?ti^i?Uit Lu %

 L? TihL_

|L |*|) T@tt |hL} |L _t|?U| U@??i*tG

<Prvw sursrvlwlrqv lq Vhfwlrq 7 +fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh htxloleuld, gr qrw uho| rq wklv uh0

vwulfwlrq rq xwlolw|/ dv fdq eh vhhq lq wkh surriv1 Wkh h{solflw fdofxodwlrqv ri wkh uvw0 dqg vhfrqg0ehvw wkdw zh fdq shuirup zlwk wkh orjdulwkp duh qhyhuwkhohvv pruh ohjleoh1

(7)

 Ai |ih4 w% 4i@thit t_i igiU|t _i |L |i UL?t4ih<t L? UL?t4T

|L? ? TihL_  Ai ?|i?t|) w t ?L| ThiUti*) !?L? |L UL?t4iht Ai U4*@|i _t|hM|L? u?U|L? 8Ew @?_ |t _i?t|) sEwc ML| tTTLh|i_ ? dwc woc hiThiti?| UL?t4iht< ThLht L? w W? }i?ih@*c s t UL?|?Lt @?_ ?L? ?i}@|i L? |i tTTLh|

 Ai |ih4 #% ?_U@|it |i ?i}@|i i |ih?@*|) U _iTi?_t L? %c

|@| t L? @ih@}i TihL_L?i UL?t4T|L? ? |i iUL?L4) Ai ?|i?t|) # t tTTLti_ |L Mi !?L? |L @** |i @}i?|tf Ai UL?t4ih _Lit ?L|

?|ih?@*3i |i tLU@* UL?ti^i?Ui Lu % At @TTi?t MiU@ti |ihi t @

*@h}i ?4Mih Lu @|L4t|U UL?t4iht ? |i iUL?L4)G i@U UL?t4ih !?Lt |@| i L*_ @giU| |i i |ih?@*|) L?*) 4@h}?@**)

wi| | Mi |i |@ h@|i ti_ M) |i }Lih?4i?| Ai hiThiti?|@|i UL?t4ihc ?L| ?|ih?@*3?} |i i |ih?@*|) #c tL*itG

+

4@ %

c%2 . dLd%o n %2 w%o

t| G ER n |%n R2%2 ' `

E2

ihi |i i TiU|i_ @*i Lu |*|) t UL?_|L?@* L? |i UL?t4ih<t ?uLh4@|L?( R @?_ R2 @hi |i ThUit uLhc hitTiU|i*)c TihL_L?i @?_ |L UL?t4T|L?tc @?_

` t |i UL?t4ih<t i?_L4i?|

AL uh|ih t4T*u) |i ThL}h@4 i ?Lh4@*3i R2 |L  @?_ R |L f |L| *Ltt

Lu }i?ih@*|) t?Ui |i tTTLh| Lu w U@? Mi |h@?t*@|i_ |L @UUL?| uLh |i ThUic U t i L}i?Lt Ai? i tMt|||i |i M_}i| UL?t|h@?| ? |i LMiU|i u?U|L? @?_ i _hLT |i tMtUhT|t |L h|i |i €ht| TihL_ UL?t4T|L? @t % Ai t4T*€i_ UL?t4ih<t ThL}h@4 tG

4@ % . dLd%o  Ew n |%o E 

t @ UL?ti^i?Uic UL?t4T|L? ULUi %W _iTi?_t L? |i UL?t4ih<t ?uLh4@|L?

@?_ L? |i |@ h@|i |G

%Wd|c .wo tL*it Ld%o ' .w n |

Ee |@| t

%Wd|c .wo ' 

.w n | ED

43Dq dowhuqdwlyh prgho frxog sxw xqfhuwdlqw| rq = Lq jhqhudo/ wkrxjk/ wklv xqfhuwdlqw| dorqh

zrxog qrw h{klelw wkh vruw ri frqlfw zh duh srlqwlqj dw vlqfh wkh frqvxphu*v ehkdylru lv qrw dhfwhg e| wkh lqwhqvlw| ri wkh h{whuqdolw|1 Lq rxu vshflfdwlrq/ frqvxpswlrq grhv qrw hyhq ghshqg rq =

44Qrwlfh wkdw wkh olqhdu sduw lq wkh suhihuhqfhv dovr uhsuhvhqw wkh xwlolw| iurp jrrgv rwkhu

wkdq {=

(8)

22 5LU@* `i*u@hi @?_ |i @h}?@* Lt| Lu M*U 6?_t

Ai tLU@* i*u@hi u?U|L? |@| t 4@ 43i_ M) |i }Lih?4i?| ULhhitTL?_t |L |i UL?t4iht< |*|) L?Ui |i i |ih?@*|) @?_ |i i @U| @*i Lu t_i igiU|t @hi |@!i? ?|L @UUL?| Ai €tU@* hii?i uhL4 ?UL4ic U@T|@*c Lh L|ih UL44L_|it t i L}i?Lt @?_ |@ @|L? t _t|Lh|L?@h) `|? |t TM*U €?@?Ui TihtTiU|ic i U@*U*@|i L % tL*_ Mi |@ i_ W? @__|L? |L |i u@U| |@| |@ it @hi 4TihuiU|c |i }Lih?4i?| t @4Tihi_ M) |t ?@M*|) |L UL44| |L @ TL*U) |@| ?uLh4t |h|u**) L? |i @*i Lu w W? L|ih |ih4tc |i }Lih?4i?| t Mi?iL*i?| t?Ui | i@*@|it UL?t4T|L? ? |i UL?t4iht< Mit| ?|ihit|c M| LTTLh|?t|U t?Ui | _Lit?<| @*i |h|u* ?uLh4@|L? Tih tic @?_ L*_ _iUii UL?t4iht ThL_i_ |t ?_Uit RMi||ih Mi@Lh E@?_ hi_Uit _t|Lh|L?t U@ti_ M) |i |@  At @|||_i tL*_ Mi tii? @t @ @hi|) Lu T@|ih?@*t4

** UL?t4iht Mi?} _i?|U@*c ? i^*Mh4 7% ' %c @?_ |i }Lih?4i?|<t LMiU|i u?U|L? U@? Mi hiThiti?|i_ @tG

Ld%o  Ew n #% n 7  E n b -ES

ihi 7 t |i UL?t4ih<t thT*t uhL4 TM*U i Ti?_|hit - Ai }Lih?4i?| h@tit - | }i?ih@* |@ @|L? @| |i i*u@hi ULt| E n b -c | b :  Bi?ih @**)c ? T@h|@* i^*Mh4 4L_i*tc |i T@h@4i|ih b t U@**i_ |i t@_L ULt| Lu TM*U u?_t @?_ | hiThiti?|t |i _t|Lh|L? _i |L |i h@t?} Lu €tU@* hii?i2

W? Lh 4L_i*c - @?_ 7 @hi UL?t|@?|c @?_ @ ?i |@ L? |i }LL_ % t @__i_ |L Thii t|?} |@ it t |i 4L_ih? TM*U €?@?Ui |iLh) @t tL?c ?L }i?ih@* UL?U*tL? U@? Mi _h@? @ML| |i t}? Lu |i t@_L ULt| Lu |@ @|L? i? @ hii?i?i|h@* tMt|||L? Mi|ii? _gihi?| |@ it t 4T*i4i?|i_ Ai t}? Lu b t ?L| hit|hU|i_ @ ThLh @?_ _iTi?_t L? |i t|hU|hi Lu Thii t|?} |@ it E? T@h|U*@h |ih *ii* Lu iUi?U) @?_ L? |i ?|ih@U|L? Mi|ii? |i4 @?_ |i ?i |@ 

`i? |i }Lih?4i?| ?|hL_Uit @ |@ | L? }LL_ % @?_ |i |@ hii?i |% t _iL|i_ |L hi_U?} Thii t|?} |@ itc ES MiUL4itc @u|ih t4T*€U@|L?G

Ld%o  Ew n #  b|% n 7  E n b-E.

L4T@h?} E  @?_ E.c i tii |@| |ihi @hi |hii 4@? _gihi?Uit Mi|ii? |i }Lih?4i?|<t @?_ |i UL?t4ih<t ThL}h@4t Ai €ht| t |i tTihLh ?uLh4@|L? L? w( |i tiUL?_ t |i ?|ih?@*3@|L? Lu # M) |i }Lih?4i?|c @?_ |i |h_ t

45Vhh/ iru h{dpsoh/ wkh vkdgrz frvw ri sxeolf ixqgv xvhg lq wkh wkhru| ri uhjxodwlrq +Odrqw

dqg Wluroh 4<<6,1 Lq jhqhudo htxloleulxp prghov ri wd{dwlrq +h1j1 Udpvh|,/  zrxog eh wkh +hqgrjhqrxv, Odjudqjh pxowlsolhu dvvrfldwhg wr wkh jryhuqphqw*v exgjhw frqvwudlqw1 Xqghu vrph uhjxodulwlhv frqglwlrqv/ wkh Odjudqjh pxowlsolhu lv htxlydohqw wr zkdw wkh wkhru| ri frvw0 ehqhw dqdo|vlv fdoov wkh vkdgrz frvw ri d pdujlqdo fkdqjh lq d sxeolf surmhfw1 Vhh Guh}h dqg Vwhuq +4<;:,1

46Iru d v|qwkhwlf glvfxvvlrq rq wklv lvvxh/ wkh uhdghu fdq vhh Edoodug dqg Ixoohuwrq +4<<5,

dqg Jrxoghu +4<<8,1

(9)

|i Thiti?Ui Lu b ? |i }Lih?4i?|<t LMiU|i u?U|L? t uLh |i i |ih?@*|)c |i UL?t4ih _Lit ?L| ?|ih?@*3i |i igiU| Lu t UL?|hM|L? |% L? |i |L|@* _t|Lh|L? U@ti_ M) |@ @|L?

Ai U@ti b : f EThii t|?} |@ it ?U| @ i*u@hi ULt| *@h}ih |@? - hi*@|it |L |i hiUi?|*) _iM@|i_ R_LM*i __i?_ igiU| UULh_?} |L |t *|ih@|hic @ hii?i?i|h@* tMt|||L? Lu i?hL?4i?|@* |@ it uLh Lh_?@h) ?UL4i |@ it 4}| Lgih @ _LM*i __i?_G ?L| L?*) E | 4ThLit |i i?hL?4i?| M| @*tL E2 | hi_Uit |i ULt|t Lu |i |@ t)t|i4 |hL} U|t ? _t|Lh|L?@h) |@ it Etii BL*_ih bbD AL }h@tT @? ?||L? Lu |t hit*|c @tt4i |@| % @?_ |i L|ih |@ i_ }LL_t E*@MLh ?U*_i_ @hi }hLtt tMt|||it W? |@| U@tic |)TU@**)c |i |@ | hi_Uit |i UL?t4T|L? Lu % @?_ ?Uhi@tit |i UL?t4T|L? Lu |i L|ih |@ i_ }LL_t Atc |i |L|@* €tU@* hii?i ?Uhi@tit @t i**c @?_ |@ it L? |i L|ih }LL_t U@? Mi hi_Ui_c U @||i?@|it _t|Lh|L?tecD L|Ui |@| i

UL*_ @*tL hi@tL? ? |ih4t Lu hi*@|i iUi?U)G i? b : f @ |@ L? }LL_ % t hi*@|i*) *itt _t|Lh|L?@h) |@? Thii t|?} |@ it `i? b fc @ |@ L? }LL_ % t hi*@|i*) 4Lhi _t|Lh|L?@h) |@? Thii t|?} |@ it

#hLTT?} UL?t|@?| |ih4t U @hi ?L| ?i?| uLh TL*U) _iUtL?tc @ hi_Ui_ uLh4 Lu |i }Lih?4i?|<t LMiU|i u?U|L? tG

7` d%c |c wo  Ld%o  Ew n #  b|% EH

2 L?t|h@?i_ ,Ui?| **LU@|L?t

Ai €ht|Mit| @**LU@|L? t _i€?i_ @t |i i*u@hi 4@ 43?} @**LU@|L? |i }L ih?4i?| L*_ ULLti u | UL*_ 4TLti UL?t4T|L? At 4T*it %6Ew ' wn# 

At @**LU@|L? U@? Mi 4T*i4i?|i_ ii? |L| u** UL?|hL* Lih % | |i t|@?_@h_ }L@? |@ | ' # L?*) u b ' f E?L _t|Lh|L?@h) |@ it L? |i L|ih }LL_t

Ai tiUL?_Mit| @**LU@|L? t _i€?i_ @t |i Mit| |i }Lih?4i?| U@? hi@U | UL?t4iht TihuiU|*) ?uLh4i_ L? w i? E | t UL?t|h@?i_ |L @ *?i@h |@ L? %c @?_ E2 |i 4@h}?@* ULt| Lu TM*U u?_t t ?L| 3ihL At U@? Mi h||i? @t uL**LtG +

4@ | Ld%o  E# n w  b|% t| G % ' 

wn|

Eb

Oi?Ui |i tiUL?_Mit| UL?t4T|L? @?_ |@ h@|i

+

%5Ew ' #nEnbw

|5Ew ' # n bw

Ef

47Frpsohphqwdulw| ehwzhhq { dqg wkh rwkhu wd{hg jrrgv doorzv wkh vdph uhdvrqlqj wr krog

zkhq  ? 31

48Wkh vdph uhdvrqlqj lq whupv ri vxevwlwxdelolw| dqg frpsohphqwdulw| ehwzhhq {> wkh rwkhu

jrrgv/ dqg wkh sxeolf surmhfw +qdqfhg e| U, pd| eh grqh1 Lq rwkhu zrugv/ wkh frvw ri sxeolf ixqgv dovr ghshqgv rq wkh lqwhudfwlrq ehwzhhq wkh sxeolf h{shqglwxuhv dqg wkh wd{hg dfwlylwlhv1

(10)

iU@ti Lu |i R_LM*i __i?_c |i tiUL?_Mit| |@ t *@h}ih |@? |i €ht|Mit| |@ i? b : f Ai LTTLt|i L*_t uLh b f 6Lh @ }i? bc |i |@ h@|i t t|hU|*) ?Uhi@t?} E_iUhi@t?} | hitTiU| |L w i? b : f Eb f W? @?) U@tic | t 4TLh|@?| |L hi4@h! @| |t t|iT |@| |i |@ h@|i t TL|i?|@**) ?uLh4@|i L? |i @*i Lu t_i igiU|t

5|h@}|uLh@h_ U@*U*@|L?t *i@_ |L @ tLh| Lu +@4ti)L|i ThU?} h*iGS

|5Ew nb# |5Ew ' b  n b  0 E ihi 0  Y%W

Y| %|W ' wn|| t |i |@ i*@t|U|) Lu _i4@?_ A@ i*@t|U|) Mi?}

_iUhi@t?} ? w uLh @?) |c E tLt |@|c uLh TLt|i bc |i t|hL?}ih |i t_i igiU|tc |i }ih |i |@  Ai LTTLt|i L*_t uLh ?i}@|i b

6hL4 EHc @?_ uLh @ }i? |@ |c |i 4@h}?@* ?i| i |ih?@* igiU| Lu UL?t4T|L? % t #  b|c ihi # t uLh i |ih?@* igiU|t ti?t t|hU|Lc @?_ b| uLh |i igiU|t Lu |i |@ L? TM*U €?@?Ui |@| |i UL?t4iht _L ?L| ?|ih?@*3i tt4i |@| b : f 6ht|*)c |i tLU@* i*u@hi u?U|L? EH tLt |@|c L|iht |?}t E? T@h|U*@h % i^@*c |i }Lih?4i?| L*_ *!i |L 4TLti @ R*@h}i E? u@U| ?€?|i |@ c ? Lh_ih |L RUhi@|i *@h}i TLt|i i |ih?@*|it 5iUL?_*)c }i? tU TLt|i i |ih?@*|itc |i }Lih?4i?| @t |L ULLti L |L |@ % ? Lh_ih |L 4@!i UL?t4iht ?|ih?@*3i |iti }i TLt|i igiU|t( @UULh_?} |L |i }L h*ic m|  E#  b|m tL*_ Mi 4?43i_ @?_ |t t @||@?i_ @| | ' 7|  #

nb

N?uLh|?@|i*)c |iti |L @h}4i?|t _h@ ? LTTLt|i _hiU|L?t @?_ |i |L }L@*t hi*) L? |i t@4i ?t|h4i?| | At i T*@?t ) |i LT|4@* |h@_iLg t |5Ewc @ @*i Mi|ii? 7| @?_ n4.

Ai W?i?Ui B@4i

Ai |4?} Lu |i 4L_i* t @t uL**LtG €ht|*) |i }Lih?4i?| LMtihit wc tiUL?_*) | ULLtit |t TL*U) @?_ €?@**) |i UL?t4ihc LMtih?} |i TL*U)c T_@|it t Mi*iut L? w @?_ ULLtit t UL?t4T|L? *ii*

 TL*U)  ' E|c 6 5 U- t UL4TLti_ Lu |i |@ h@|i | @?_ @ EUi@T |@*! R4itt@}i 6 |@!i? ? @ Uih|@? *@h}i ti|  AhL} |i ULUi Lu @ TL*U) c |i }Lih?4i?| @?|t |i UL?t4ih |L @TThL@U |i iUi?| UL?t4T|L? Ai |@ @t |i _LM*i hL*i Lu ThL_?} ?Ui?|it @?_ t}?@*?} ?uLh4@|L?c *i Ui@T |@*! U@? L?*) |h@?t4| ?uLh4@|L? `i U@? |?! Lu 6 @t UL4TLti_ Lu @ Rti?|i?Ui `i @tt4i |@|  t hU i?L} |L t@) @| ?ii_t |L Mi t@_( uLh i @4T*i | U@? Mi UL4TLti_ M) @** hi@tL?@M*) tLh| ||ih@?Uit ? ,?}*t Etiic i}c 6@hhi** @?_ +@M? bbS L? @| Ui@T |@*! t @?_ t ?L| W| t tiu*c

49D vlplodu h{suhvvlrq fdq eh irxqg lq Vdqgpr +4<:8,1 Vhh dovr Eryhqehuj dqg ydq ghu Sorhj

+4<<7,1

4:Zkhq  ? 3> zlwk d {hg {/ wkh jryhuqphqw zrxog olnh odujh vxevlglhv +w $ 4,> wVE+,

lv ehwzhhq 4 dqg w=

(11)

@| |t TL?|c |L 4@!i @ _t|?U|L? Mi|ii? |i 4itt@}i |i }Lih?4i?| ti?_t @?_ |i ?|ihThi|@|L? |@| |i UL?t4ih }it |L tU @ 4itt@}i @| |i i^*M h4 `@| hi@**) 4@||iht t ?L| |i 4itt@}i |ti*uc M| |i @) |i UL?t4ih ?_iht|@?_t |i TL*U) AL Mi U*i@hihc @|iih |i *@?}@}i |@| t ti_ |L UL44?U@|ic i ** UL?Ui?|h@|i L? |i 4i@??} E|i hiti_ .w |i UL?t4ih @tt}?t |L iih) TL*U)H

u|ih LMtih?} |i TL*U)c |i UL?t4ih T_@|it t ThLht U @hi |i? _i?L|i_ M) >E E| >E 5 {Edwc woc |i ti| Lu ThLM@M*|) _t|hM|L?t Lih dwc wo `i _i?L|i .Ewm M)wEe

#i€?|L?   ihuiU| @)it@? ,^*Mh4 E, Lu |i }@4i t @ Thi t|h@| i}) S 4@TT?} dwc wo ?|L U-n  @?_ @ Mi*iu > 4@TT?} U-   ?|L {Edwc wo

tU |@|G

 L*Uit @hi LT|4@* }i? Mi*iutG uLh i@U w 5 dwc woc SEw tL*it 4@  7` d%Wd|cwEoc |c woe

E2

2 i*iut @hi h@|L?@* }i? i^*Mh4 TL*U)G uLh i@U c %Wd|cwEo tL*ite

4@ % ] w

w dLd%o  Ew n |%o>Ewm_wc

E 

ihi >Ewm  WWtEw' usEw Uw

w WWtEw' usEr_r

c WW Mi?} |i ?_U@|Lh u?U|L?

Ai hi@_ih Lhhi_ |@| hiti_ Mi*iut 4@) ?L| @*@)t Mi i**_i€?i_ U@? tii Lh hLTLt|L? 

e L*U) hiuihi?Uit Lu |i BLih?4i?|

@_ ?it uLh UL44?U@|L? }htG |i UL?t4ih<t h@|L?@*|) Thii?|t |i }L ih?4i?| |L |h? *i@_ ?|L }L*_ | ?Ui UL44?U@|L? t|h@|i}it W? L|ih Lh_t |ihi t ?L Tihihti hi@tL? ) ThLT@}@?_@ L*_ 4@!i *itt _ith@M*i t|@|it Lu |i Lh*_ E*@h}ih t_i igiU|t Thiuih@M*i

hLTLt|L?  W? @?) i^*Mh4c |i *@h}ih |i t_i igiU|tc |i *Lih |i tLU@* i*u@hi

4;Dv dq h{dpsoh/ ohw p

4dqg p5ghqrwh wzr phvvdjhv vhqw lq d shuihfwo| uhyhdolqj htxloleulxp1

Dvvxph wkdw p4 fruuhvsrqgv wr wkh zrug _grj% dqg p5 fruuhvsrqgv wr wkh zrug _fdw%1 Wklv

lv dq htxloleulxp dv orqj dv wkh uhfhlyhu xqghuvwdqgv wklv odqjxdjh dqg dvvljqv wr wkh phvvdjh _grj% wkh phdqlqj/ vd| _ @ 4%> dqg wr wkh phvvdjh _fdw% wkh phdqlqj/ vd| _ @ 5%> zkhuh

4dqg 55 ^> `=

(12)

hLLu wi| w @?_ w2 Mi |L TLttM*i t|@|it Lu |i Lh*_c @?_ *i|  ' E|c 6

@?_ 2 ' E|2c 62 Mi |L i^*Mh4 TL*Uit Ai UL?t4T|L? *ii*t ?_Ui_ M)

|i |L i^*Mh4 TL*Uit hitTiU|i*) @hi %@?_ %2 Wu w w2c |i? Ld%2oE#n

wb|2%2  Ld%2oE#nw2b|2%2 ? |i L|ih @?_c |i ?Ui?|i UL?t|h@?| Lu

|i |)Tiw tLU@* T*@??ih hi@_tG Ld%oE#nwb|%  Ld%2oE#nwb|2%2

) |h@?t||)c i }i|G Ld%o  E# n w b|%  Ld%2o  E# n w2 b|2%2 At

|i tLU@* T*@??ih<t T@)Lg _iUhi@tit | hitTiU| |L |i t_i igiU|t

W? |i hit| Lu |t tiU|L?c i @?@*)3i |i }Lih?4i?|<t ?Ui?|it |L 4@?T *@|i ?uLh4@|L?c i |i hi@tL?t )c @?_ |L @| i |i?|c |i }Lih?4i?|<t @U|L?t @?_ @**i}@|L?t @hi *!i*) |L Mi ttTULt uLh |i UL?t4ih

+i4@h!  W? i^*Mh4c @?) TL*U)  U@? Mi @?@*)3i_ |L| *Ltt Lu ?t}| @t @ T@h E|cwc ihi | t |i |@ h@|ic @?_e w |i Mi*iu @ttLU@|i_ |L |i TL*U)e

`i _i€?i 7`d|cwc wo  7` d%e Wd|cwoc |c wo @t |i @*i Lu @ TL*U) U@h@U|ih3i_e

M) |i |@ Mi*iut T@h E|cw uLh @ }Lih?4i?| Lu |)Ti w +i@tL??} _hiU|*) L?e |@ Mi*iut T@ht @**Lt @ t4T*ih @?@*)tt Lu ?Ui?|i UL?t|h@?|tc ?_iTi?_i?|*) Lu |i Ui@T |@*! 4itt@}i ti?| M) |i }Lih?4i?| W?_ii_c ?Ui?|i UL4T@| M*|) uLh Ew ' E|cw @?_ Ewe  ' E|cwe U@? U*i@h*) Mi UiU!i_ M) UL4T@h?}

7` d|cwc wo | 7`d|e cwec woc @?_ 7` d|cwc we o | 7` d|cwec wo

Ai UL?t4ih tL*it Ld%o ' wE n | AihiuLhi uhL4 EHc i U@? tii |@|e

|i UL?t4ih<t ULUi i^@*t |i tLU@**) LT|4@* UL?t4T|L? i?G

e

wE n E n b | ' w n # Ee

5TTLti |@| |i UL?t4ih t ?@i @?_ Mi*iit @|iih @??L?Ui4i?| Lu |i }Lih?4i?| Ai }Lih?4i?| L*_ i @U|*) ti| |i |@ h@|i @?_ ?_Ui Mi*iut tL |@| Ee t ih€i_ L|Ui |@| |i h}| @?_ t_i Lu Ee t @ UL?t|@?| `i? b : f E| htit tLU@* i*u@hic |i }Lih?4i?| hi*@|i*) Thiuiht |L ti| } |@ it @?_ |L ?_Ui *L Mi*iut W? L|ih Lh_t | Thiuiht |L 4@!i |i UL?t4ih LT|4t|U @ML| t_i igiU|tc @?_ 4Lt|*) hi*it L? |@ @|L? Ai LTTLt|i t |hi i? b f E| )i*_t _i@_i}| *LttitG |i }Lih?4i?| Thiuiht |L 4@!i |i UL?t4ih Titt4t|U @ML| t_i igiU|tc @?_ |L _hi |@ @|L? |L |t *Lit| *ii* W? uhL?| Lu @ h@|L?@* UL?t4ihc |t uLh4 Lu TL*U) t LMLt*) ?iih UL? tt|i?|( ?iih|i*ittc | }it tiu* ?_U@|L?t L? |i ?Ui?|it TihUii_ M) |i }Lih?4i?| 6Lh ?t|@?Uic i? Ui@T |@*! L?*) t @@*@M*ic i^@|L? Ee MiUL4it wE  ' w n # W? |t U@tic |i }Lih?4i?| @t @*@)t ?Ui?|it |Le Liht|@|i |i @*i Lu w tU @t |L 4@!i |i UL?t4ih ?|ih?@*3i |i i |ih?@*|) Ai ti||?} t |i? t4*@h |L h@uLh_ @?_ 5LMi* EbH2 At i T*@?t ) |i i@*| @|Lh|) t Mi||ih Lg i? UL?t4iht @i @? Lih*) } TihUiT|L? Lu |i t_i igiU|t Lu @?|ML|Utc @t 4i?|L?i_ ? |i ?|hL_U|L?

`i @hi 4Lhi uLh4@* ?L L*Uit @hi hit|hU|i_ |L ?_Ui €?|i UL?t4T|L?c i ?|ihLh tL*|L?t uLh |i UL?t4ih<t ThL}h@4 Atc ui@tM*i TL*Uit @hi tU |@| | nw : f Ai _U*|) ihi t |@| ?_gihi?Ui Uhit @hi ?L| 4L?L|L?UGe

(13)

|ihi t @? LT|4@* TL*U) E?uLh|?@|i*) ?UL?tt|i?| | @)it@? UL?t4iht @t i ** 4@!i U*i@hc @?_ |*|) _iUhi@tit @t |i |@ @?_ |i Mi*iu }i|t u@h|ih uhL4 |i LT|44 iih|i*ittc |i uL**L?} ThLTLt|L? }it tiu* ThLTih|it |L }L L? | |i @?@*)tt Lu ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*|)

hLTLt|L? 2  6Lh @** wc |i TTih UL?|Lht Lu 7` | hitTiU| |L | @?_

e

w @hi UL?i 

2 6Lh @** wc |@?}i?|t |L ?_gihi?Ui Uhit @hi Lh3L?|@* @*L?} |i t|h@}| *?i Enb|nw ' #nwc @?_ ih|U@* @*L?} |i t|h@}| *?i |nEbe w ' #nwe Ai Lih@** LT|44 t |i ?|ihtiU|L? Lu |iti *?it E| ' #nw

b cw ' e #nwb (

|i LT|44 | | ' f t w ' w n #e

 wi| YEw Mi @? ?_gihi?Ui Uhi uLh |)Ti w T@tt?} |hL} E|cw YEwe |h?t UL?|?Lt*) U*LU!ti u b : f E@?|U*LU!ti u b f *LU@**) @| Ewc | @t w ?Uhi@tit @?_ ?_gihi?Ui Uhit hi*@|i_ |L |L _gihi?| |)Tite UhLtt L?Ui @| 4Lt|

hLLu  W| tUit |L ihu) |@| |i |*|) t ^@tUL?U@i AL _L |tc i UiU! |@| |i tUUitti Th?UT@* 4?Lht Lu |i MLh_ihi_ Oitt@? 4@|h @*|ih?@|i t}?t EL__ Th?UT@* 4?Lht @i |L Mi TLt|i Ai MLh_ihi_ Oitt@? 4@|h tG 5 9 9 9 9 9 7 f #nw3|3E3bwe E|new2 #nw3Enb|3ew E|new2 #nw3|3E3bew E|new2  2#n2w3|3E32bew E|new  2#n2w3Enb|3E3bew E|new #nw3Enb|3ew E|new2  2#n2w3Enb|3E3bew E|new  2#n2w3En2b|3ew E|new 6 : : : : : 8 ED

Ai €ht| Th?UT@* 4?Lh t i^@* |L 3ihLc |i tiUL?_ t ?i}@|i @?_ i €?_ b2

E|newe

uLh |i |h_ At }it |i hit*|

2 @?_  Ai +5 Mi|ii? | @?_ w te _| _we   7` 'UL?t|@?|' # n w  E n b|  e w # n w  |  E  bwe ES W|t _ih@|i | hitTiU| |L w t  bE| nwe E# n w  |  E  bwe2 E.

U t ?i}@|i ETLt|i uLh b : f Eb f uLh |nw : f A@?}i?|t |L ?_gihi?Uie Uhit Mi?} ih|U@* i?iih # n w  |  E  bw ' fc |i U*@4 t ULhhiU| Aie

(14)

LT|44 t |i t?}*@h TL?| ihi ML| |i ?4ih@|Lh @?_ |i _i?L4?@|Lh Lu ES i^@* 3ihL

L|Ui |@|c u L?i T|t @t_i _L4@? hit|hU|L?tc TTih UL?|Lht @hi U*Lti_c 4i@??} |@| |L ?_gihi?Ui Uhit hi*@|i_ |L |L _gihi?| |)Titc u iih |i) UhLttc UhLtt |Ui @| *i@t| `i ThLi_ ihi |@| ? |i hi*i@?| h@?}i E| nw : fe UhLtt?} LUUht L?Ui @| 4Lt|c U t tUi?| |L hi|hii |i t|@?_@h_ @h}4i?| M@ti_ L? t?}*i UhLtt?}

6}hi  tLt |i }Lih?4i?|<t ?_gihi?Ui Uhit uLh # ' c w ' fc 7w ' c b ' . @?_ w ' 

W?tih| €}hi  ihi

`i ThLi ?L |@| |i tiUL?_Mit| TL*U) t ?L| 4T*i4i?|@M*i ? @ @)it@? i^*Mh4 5TTLti |i UL?t4ih |?!t |@| |i }Lih?4i?| T*@)t |i tiUL?_ Mit| t|h@|i}) Ai |@ tUi_*i |5 Mi?} ?ih|M*ic |i ?__@* U@? ?uih

?@4M}Lt*) w u |5Ew t 4TLti_ iih|i*ittc | t ?L| TLttM*i |L 4T*i4i?|

|t @**LU@|L? ? @ @)it@? i^*Mh4 W? u@U|c |i €tU@* hii?i |5Ew%5Ew

?Uhi@tit @t w _iUhi@tit `i? b : f @?_ w t }c |i }Lih?4i?| 4@) @i ?|ihit| ? hiTLh|?} @ *Lih wc ? L|ih |ih4t ? 4@!?} |i UL?t4ih LT|4t|U ? |i UL?|h@h)c i? b fc |i }Lih?4i?| 4@) @i ?|ihit| ? 4@!?} |i UL?t4ih Titt4t|U

LhL**@h)  Ai tiUL?_Mit| @**LU@|L? t ?iih @? i^*Mh4 u b 9' f

W?_ii_c @| E|5Ewc w ' E# n bwc wc uLh @** wc |i |@?}i?| Lu |i ?_gihi?Ui

Uhi Lu |i }Lih?4i?| t ih|U@* Etii TL?| 2 ? |i hLTLt|L?G t4@** U@?}it ? |i |@ @i €ht|Lh_ih igiU|tc ihi@t t4@** U@?}it ? |i Mi*iut @i L?*) tiUL?_Lh_ih igiU|t L? |i }Lih?4i?|<t LMiU|i W? UL?ti^i?Uic u b : fc @?) TL*U) U*Lti |L |i tiUL?_Mit| E# n bwc w M| | | # n bw t Thiuihhi_( |t t |i U@ti uLh @ tiUL?_Mit| TL*U) @ttLU@|i_ |L U*Lti M| t4@**ih |)Ti Wu b fc tiUL?_Mit| TL*Uit @ttLU@|i_ |L U*Lti M| *@h}ih |)Tit @hi Thiuihhi_ W? @?) U@tic |i tiUL?_Mit| @**LU@|L? t ?L| ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*ic U UL?€h4t |@| |i }Lih?4i?| u@Uit t|hL?} ?Ui?|it |L ThL_i M@ti_ ?uLh4@|L?

L|Ui ? UL?|h@t| |@|c i? b ' fc |i €ht|Mit| @**LU@|L? t 4T*i4i?|@M*i ? @ , W?_ii_c }i? |@| |i }Lih?4i?| @t ?L ?Ui?|i |L *i Etii Eec |i |@ t tTiU€U@**) ti_ |L ?|ih?@*3i |i i |ih?@*|) E| ' #c M| |i |@ h@|i Mi?} ??uLh4@|i L? wc Ui@T |@*! @t |L Mi ti_ |L i*4?@|i @t)44i|hU ?uLh4@|L? `| @ t*}| @Mtic i^*Mh4 TL*Uit U@? Mi h||i? @t  ' E| ' #cw ' wc ihi ?uLh4@|L? t u**) |h@?t4||i_ At tc Lu ULhtic ih)e T@h|U*@h

(15)

D 5!i*i|L?t

 _itUhT|L? Lu @** |i i^*Mh@ }i? |i ThLh |)Ti _t|hM|L? t _U*| |L TihuLh4 Oi?Uic ?t|i@_ Lu *LL!?} uLh i^*Mh@ ? |i |h@_|L?@* @) uLh t} ?@**?} }@4itc i ?|hL_Ui @ _gihi?| |iU?^i `i tL*i |i ?ihti ThLM*i4G i €?_ |i ti| Lu |)Tit @?_ |i _t|hM|L?t Lu |)Tit U @hi UL?tt|i?| | @ Uih|@? i^*Mh4 @**LU@|L? At ?i @TThL@U |L i^*Mh@ @t tL4i hi*@|L? tT | 4@|i4@|U@* |LL*t 4Lt|*) ti_ ? 4@}ih) E?@4i*) VLhL?L _@}h@4tc @?_ |t _@*c #i*@?@) |h@?}*@|L? uhL4 U i MLhhL Lh LU@M*@h) E|i t!i*i|L?b Ai @?@*L}) t |i uL**L?}G }i? @ T@h||L? Lu |i |)Titc |)Tit ?

i@U tMti| @TT*)?} |i t@4i TL*U)c @?_ |L _gihi?| tMti|t @TT*)?} _gih i?| TL*Uitc L?i 4@) Mi ?|ihit|i_ ? |i ?_ih*)?} TL*Uit L?ihti*)c }i? @ Uih|@? ti| Lu TL*Uitc @?_ }i? |@| |i }Lih?4i?| hitTL?_t |L |t ?Ui?|itc L?i 4@) Mi ?|ihit|i_ ? |i |)Tit U @i |L Mi @ttLU@|i_ | i@U TL*U) W? @** |iti ThLM*i4tc Thiuihi?Uit U@? Mi tii? @t @ 4i@thi Lu _t|@?Ui

Ai uL**L?} ThLTLt|L? }i?ih@*3it |i i**!?L? hit*| Lu h@uLh_ @?_ 5LMi* EbH2c i?UiuLh| 5 |@| @** i^*Mh@ @hi RT@h||L? i^*Mh@ 5ii @*tL t|i?54| @?_ @?!t E2fff

hLTLt|L? ?) i^*Mh4 @**LU@|L? U@? Mi 4T*i4i?|i_ ? @? i^*Mh4 ? U |ihi i t|t @ T@h||L? Lu dwc wo ?|L @ ti| Lu ?|ih@*t iU&jMg Eg t

@ 4?4@* ti| Lu ?_Uit @?_ @ ti| Lu TL*Uit i&j&Mg tU |@| E |i TL*U)

ULti? ? U& t &c @?_ E & 9' & 4T*it U& 9' U& @?_ & 9' & LhiLihc

|i igiU|t Lu TL*U) & @hi i?|hi*) U@h@U|ih3i_ M) |i T@h E|&cwe&c ihi we& 

.Ewm& ' .EwmU&c ;&

hLLu W? |t ThLLuc LT|4@* t ti_ ? |i i@! ti?ti W? @?) ,c uLh @**  Mi?} @? i^*Mh4 @U|L?c |i ti| Lu |)Tit uLh U  t LT|4@* t @ UL?i tMti| Lu dwc wo AL tii |tc *i|<t UL?t_ih |i ti?_ih<t ?Ui?|i UL?t|h@?| ? @ }i? i^*Mh4 A)Ti w ** Thiuih TL*U)  ' E|c 6 |L @?) 2 ' E|2c 62c

4T*)?}c hitTiU|i*)c UL?t4T|L?t % @?_ %2c u @?_ L?*) uG

Ld%o  E# n w  b| %  Ld%2o  E# n w  b|2 %2 /

EH

wE%2 %  Ld%2o  Ld%o n #E% %2 n b|2%2 b|%

Ai *@||ih i^@|L? _i€?it i|ih @ @*u t|h@}|*?i ? |i tT@Ui Lu |)Tit E%

%2 9' f Lh |i L*i hi@* *?i E% ' %2 6hL4 |tc | uL**Lt |@| u TL*U) 

t LT|4@* uLh |L @*it Lu wc |i?  t LT|4@* uLh @?) |)Ti Mi|ii? |iti |L @*it

4<Wkh lghd lv edvlfdoo| wkh iroorzlqj= wkh Yrurqrl gldjudp ri d srlqw vhw S lv d vxeglylvlrq

ri wkh sodqh zlwk wkh surshuw| wkdw wkh Yrurqrl fhoo ri srlqw s frqwdlqv doo orfdwlrqv wkdw duh forvhu wr s wkdq wr hyhu| rwkhu srlqw ri S1 Wkh srlqwv ri S duh dovr fdoohg Yrurqrl jhqhudwruv1 Hdfk hgjh ri d Yrurqrl fhoo lv wkh elvhfwru ri wkh frqqhfwlrq ri s wr wkh fruuhvsrqglqj qhljkerxu fhoo1 Vhh kwws=22zzz1yrurqrl1frp2 iru wkhru|/ dojrulwkpv/ dqg h{dpsohv ri dssolfdwlrqv1

(16)

wi|<t _i?L|i M) Ewc w2c | w 9' w2c @? ?|ih@* ? U  t LT|4@* `i

UiU! ?L |@| |ihi t L?*) L?i LT|4@* TL*U) ? |i ?|ih@* 5TTLti | t ?L| |i U@tic i} <w 5 Ewc w2 uLh U ML|  @?_ 2E9'  @hi LT|4@* ,^@|L?

EH MiUL4it

wE%2  % ' Ld%2o  Ld%o n #E% %2 n b|2%2 b|%

Eb

 UL?ti^i?Ui t |@| i|ih % 9' %2c @?_c @UULh_?} |L EHc  t t|hU|*)

Thiuihhi_ |L 2 L? L?i t_i Lu wc @?_ 2 t t|hU|*) Thiuihhi_ |L  L? |i L|ih

t_ic U t ? UL?|h@_U|L? | Lh @tt4T|L? |@|  t LT|4@* L? Ewc w2(

Lh % ' %2c U 4T*it ? |h? |@| | ' |2c @?_c }i? |@| UL?t4T|L?t @hi

L?*) @ u?U|L? Lu |i |@ @?_ |i Mi*iutc |@|  @?_ 2 4T*) |i t@4i Mi*iut

W? |t U@tic  @?_ 2 @hi |i t@4i ? |ih4t Lu |@ @?_ Mi*iut AL} |i)

4@) _gih ? |ih Ui@T |@*! _4i?tL?c +i4@h!  t|€it ) |i) U@? Mi tii? @t _i?|U@*

Wu @? i^*Mh4 @**LU@|L? ihi ?L| 4T*i4i?|@M*i M) @ t|h@|i}) M@ti_ L? @ T@h||L? ? ?|ih@*tc |i? |i *@||ih hit*| L*_ Mi u@*ti At ThLit |i U*@4

?i tMt|@?|@* 4T*U@|L? Lu |t hit*| t |@| L?_|L?  ? |i _i€?|L? Lu |i i^*Mh4 E5iU|L?  4T*it |i ?L? i_i?| ThLTih|) |@| Mi*iut ? L?_|L? 2 @hi i**_i€?i_ E?_ii_c t|h@|i}it ?ih| |i 4i@th@M*|) Lu |i tT@Ui Lu |)Tit

hLTLt|L? t}}it|t |@| L?*) Rui |@ Mi*iut T@ht @hi ?|ihit|?} `i U@? }L uh|ih @?_ tL |@| L?*) Rui ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*|) UL?t|h@?|t @i |L Mi UiU!i_ |L i?thi |@| @? @**LU@|L? t @? i^*Mh4

#i€?|L? 2 E5!i*i|L? wi| iw&j&Mg Mi @ U*Lti tMti| Lu dwc wo ? U & 9'

& 4T*it w

& 9' w& Eg t @ 4?4@* ti| Lu ?_Uitc @?_ *i| i|&j&Mg Mi @ ti|

Lu hi@* ?4Miht iE|&c w&j&Mg t t@_ |L Mi @ t!i*i|L? u @?_ L?*) u ;&c & 5

gc 7` d|&c w&c w&o  7` d|&c w&c w&o E?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*|)

?i T@h|U*@h|) Lu |i t!i*i|L? t |@| @?) i^*Mh4 |L U | t UL? ?iU|i_ t hii@*?} uLh |i |)Tit Lu |i t!i*i|L?c @?_ uLh |iti |)Tit L?*) E|t t hiThiti?|i_ M) |i ?Ui?|i UL?t|h@?|t ? |i _i€?|L? Lu t!i*i|L?

hLTLt|L? e Mi*L t |i hiUThLU@* Lu hLTLt|L?  `i i T*L| |i _i@ |@| |i t!i*i|L? hiThiti?|t |i itti?|@* _@|@ |@| U@h@U|ih3i @? i^*Mh4 Ai |)Ti tTTLh| U@? Mi __i_ ?|L ?|ih@*t ? U |i t|h@|i}) t TLL*?}c @?_ i tTiUu) |i hit|hU|L?t L? |i Rit E|i _t|hM|L? 8 |@| U@? Mi T| L? |i RML?it E|i t!i*i|L? |L @i @? i^*Mh4

hLTLt|L? e wi| I Mi |i ti| Lu |)Ti _t|hM|L? 8 tU |@| |i t!i*i|L? iE|&c w&j&Mg t @? i^*Mh4 ti| Lu TL*Uit Aihi i t|t @ T@h||L? Lu dwc wo

?|L @ ti| Lu ?|ih@*t iU&j&Mg | w& 5 U& tU |@|G ;8 5 Ic ;&c |E ' |& Lih

U& @?_ .EwmU& ' w&

(17)

hLLu ) UL?i?|L?c i _i?L|i |i *Lit| i*i4i?| Lu iw&j&Mg @t wc @?_ |i

*@h}it| @t w" Bi? w&c i _i€?i |t tUUittLh ? iw&j&Mg@t w&n  4?&Mgiw& :

w&j E|t Rn t t| @ UL?i?|L?c ?tThi_ M) |i u@U| |@| i? g t €?|ic |

U@? Mi hiuLh4*@|i_ @t @ ti| Lu tUUitti ?|i}iht Ai |)Ti w&n t i** _i€?i_

t?Ui @ t!i*i|L? t U*Lti2f `i hi@tL? L? ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*|)

Wu w&n 9' w&c i _i?L|i M) & @ |)Ti U t ?_gihi?| Mi|ii? Ew&

@?_  Ew&nc i 7` d|&c w&c &o ' 7` d|&nc w&nc &o Bi? |i t?}*i UhLtt?}

ThLTih|)c @?_ }i? |i UL?|?|) Lu |i }Lih?4i?|<t i*u@hi u?U|L? | hitTiU| |L |i |hi |)Tic & t ?^i @?_ Mi*L?}t |L dw&c w&no `i _i€?i U& '

E &3c &o Wu |i tUUittLh Lu w& t w& |ti*u E|t @TTi?t u w& tc L? |i h}|c @?

@UU4*@|L? TL?| ? iw&j&Mgc |i? U& ' iw&j Ai *Lih ML?_ Lu |i *Lit|

?|ih@* Ei UL?|@??} w t wc @?_ |i TTih ML?_ Lu |i TTih ?|ih@*

EUL?|@??} w" t w Bi? hLTLt|L? c |E ' |& Lih U& uLh @** & t ?Ui?|i

UL4T@|M*i 6?@**)c |L i?thi |@| |i i^*Mh4 Mi*iut Lu |i UL?t4ih @hi @)it@?c | t ?iUitt@h) @?_ tUi?| |@| 8E Mi tU |@| .EwmU& ' w&

L?_|L?@* i TiU|@|L?t E| hitTiU| |L |i TL*U)c Lh |L |i ?|ih@* @hi ?_iTi?_i?| uhL4 i@U L|ih Ai ThLM@M*|) @ttLU@|i_ |L |i ?|ih@* U& ?L|

Mi?} UL?t|h@?i_c 8 5 I U@? Mi ULti? @t t4LL| @t @?|i_

LhL**@h) 2 Wu |L _gihi?| ?|ih@*t @hi @ttLU@|i_ | |L _gihi?| |@ h@|itc |i? |i |@ h@|i t tUi?|*) ?uLh4@|i uLh |i UL?t4ihc @?_ |i 4itt@}i U@? Mi }?Lhi_ Wu |ihi i t|t & 9' & tU |@| |

& ' |&c |i? 4itt@}it @hi

?_tTi?t@M*i |L t}?@* |i h}| ?|ih@* @?_ i?thi |i h}| Mi*iut

W?_ii_c i? |i |@ h@|i t |i t@4i uLh |L Lh 4Lhi ?|ih@*tc Ui@T |@*! tihit |L |h@?t4| tL4i ?uLh4@|L? W? |i |ih4?L*L}) Lu t|i?54| @?_ @?!t E2fffc ULt|*itt t}?@**?} t ?i?|@* u |L _gihi?| Ui@T |@*! 4itt@}it @ttLU@|i_ | |i t@4i |@ h@|i @i |L Mi ti_ |L _t|?}t |L _gihi?| ?|ih@*t

54*@h|it | 5 @hi LMLtG hLTLt|L?t @?_ e tL |@| |i }L ih?4i?| U@? ti 4i@??}u* )i| 4ThiUti TL*Uit |L UL44?U@|i L? |i t_i igiU|t |L UL?t4iht Ai }Lih?4i?| @?} ?|ihit| ? *)?} L? |i @*i Lu w |L 4@!i UL?t4iht ?|ih?@*3i |i i |ih?@*|)c TLihu* UL44?U@|L? U@4T@}?t L*_ }i |i }Lih?4i?| |i 4i@?t Lu 4@?T*@|?} UL?t4iht< Mi*iut t @ UL?ti^i?Uic |i }Lih?4i?| t hit|hU|i_ ? i^*Mh4 |L @}i t|@|i4i?|t |@| L?*) tTiUu) MhL@_ h@?}it |? U w 4@) *i

At |h@_iLg t U*@ttU@* uLh hi@_iht @UUt|L4i_ |L Ui@T |@*!G |i T@h||L? iU&j&Mg i?|@*t @ *Ltt ? ThiUtL?c M| ?Lc u |i }Lih?4i?| @?|t |L *ic |

53Qrwlfh wkdw zh dvvxph wkdw i

njn5N lv forvh rqo| wr vlpsoli| rxu uhdvrqlqj1 Wklv dvvxps0

wlrq lv lqghhg zlwkrxw jhqhudolw| orvv= li dq dffxpxodwlrq srlqw ri injn5N zhuh plvvlqj +l1h1 li

injn5N zhuh qrw frpsohwh,/ zh frxog dgg lw wr injn5N/ zlwk d fruuhvsrqglqj dffxpxodwlrq

srlqw lq iwnjn5N= Gxh wr wkh frqwlqxlw| ri wkh lqfhqwlyh frqvwudlqwv/ lqfhqwlyhv duh qrw uhyhuvhg/

dqg wkh vnhohwrq lv frpsohwhg1

(18)

@t |L Thi|i?_ |@| t_i igiU|t @hi ? @ _gihi?| tM?|ih@*c U U@?}it UL?t4iht< UL?t4T|L? M) @ _tUhi|i @4L?| 5U RM} *it @hi *itt @||h@U|i |@? |i**?} |i |h|

 *itt i_i?| UL?U*tL? t |@| |ihi @hi @*tL UL?t_ih@M*i _gihi?Uit | 5 h i4T@tt L? t!i*i|L?t i?@M*it t |L tL |@| T@h||L?t ?ii_ ?L| Mi €?|ic 4i@??} |@| |i ThiUtL? Lu |i 4itt@}i 4@) Mi @hM|h@h*) } *LU@**) W? |t ti?ti @ ?i |h@_iLg @htitG @t ThiUtL? ?Uhi@titc |@ TL*Uit @hi 4Lhi tiihi*) UL?t|h@?i_ M) ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*|)c @?_ _t|Lh|L?t @@) uhL4 |i tiUL?_Mit| MiUL4i *@h}i

S @h|@**) +ii@*?} ,^*Mh@

`i U@? t|@h| |L M*_ @? i^*Mh4 M) ULLt?} @ t!i*i|L?c @?_ €** |i _t|h M|L? *i Thitih?} UL?_|L?@* i TiU|@|L?t hLUii_?} ? |t @)c i U@? i@t*) }i i @4T*it ? U |i |@ h@|i t ?L| 4L?L|L?Uc ihi | t hii@* ?} L? Uih|@? tMti|t Lu dwc wo | M?_*it i*tiihic i|U t @ UL?ti^i?Ui @ 4*|T*U|) Lu T@h|@**) hii@*?} @?_ TLL*?} i^*Mh@ @hi UL?Ui@M*i

hLTLt|L? e _Lit ?L| U*@4 |@| tL4i _t|hM|L? 8 @*@)t i t|t W?_ii_c ii? Lgi^*Mh4 Mi*iut @hi UL?t|h@?i_ |L Mi ? dwc woc @?_ i 4@) Mi tLh| Lu tUi?|*) _tt@ti Lgi^*Mh4 Mi*iut |L tTTLh| @ t!i*i|L? `i @hi ?iih|i*itt @M*i |L }i @ t4T*i @) Lu i |i?_?} @ t!i*i|L? |L 4@!i I ?L? i4T|)c ? L|ih Lh_tc |L 4T*i4i?| |i t!i*i|L? ? @ ,

hLTLt|L? D ?) t!i*i|L? t i|ih _hiU|*) 4T*i4i?|@M*i Lh U@? Mi 4@_i 4T*i4i?|@M*i M) @__?} L?i TL*U) EL?i Mi*iu @?_ |t @ttLU@|i_ |@ 

hLLu wi| t |@!i @ ?L? 4T*i4i?|@M*i t!i*i|L? Wu b : fc |i t4T*it| @) |L UL4T*i|i | t |L @__ @ tUi?|*) *L |)Tic t@) w4? wc ULT*i_ |

|5Ew4? At 4@) i?|@* i?*@h}?} dwc wo M) hiT*@U?} w M) w4? Wu i @ttLU@|i

Mi*iu w4?|L @?) |@ L|t_i i|&j&Mgc i t|** @i @ t!i*i|L? AL UiU! ?Ui?|i

UL4T@|M*|)c hi4@h! |@| u |i Mi*iu w4? t tUi?|*) t4@** UL4T@hi_ |L wfc

tU @ Mi*iu t ?iUitt@h*) |LL t4@** UL4T@hi_ |L @?) |)Ti Lu }Lih?4i?| _h@? ? iw&j&Mg LhiLih | ' |5Ew4? t Mi||ih |@? @?) L|ih @*i Lu |i |@ uLh

@ }Lih?4i?| Lu |)Ti w4? Ai ?i t!i*i|L? t ?L 4T*i4i?|@M*i Wu b fc |i

t@4i hi@tL??} | @ *@h}i w4@ : w" EULT*i_ | |5Ew4@  t @TT*U@M*i

At t}}it|t |@|c ThL_i_ ThLht @hi _i€?i_ Lih @ tUi?|*) *@h}i ti|c @?_ ii? u i |hi4i |)Tit @hi i |hi4i*) ?*!i*)c L?i 4@) |@!i @_@?|@}i Lu |i Thiti?Ui Lu RtU@hiUhL |)Tit |L M*_ i^*Mh@

? 4TLh|@?| _gihi?Ui i t|t Mi|ii? Thi Ui@T |@*! 4L_i*t @?_ Lht W?_ii_c | €?|i t!i*i|L?tc Ui@T |@*! _Lit?<| hi@**) ?ii_ |L Mi ?i?|@* Ei tiu* t?Uic i|ih @** |@ it @hi _gihi?|c Lh tL4i @hi _i?|U@* @?_ i U@? ti |i UL?|?|) Lu |i ?Ui?|i UL?t|h@?|t |L 4L_u) |i t!i*i|L? t*}|*) @?_ 4@!i

(19)

@** |@ h@|it _gihi?|c ? U U@ti Ui@T |@*! t ti*itt W? L|ih Lh_tc tTTLti |@| E|&c 6& @?_ E|&c 6& @hi |L i^*Mh4 TL*Uit | |& ' |& ' | @?_ 6& 9'

6& EUi@T |@*! t ?i?|@* Wu i U@?}i L?i Lu |i |L |@ itc |i T@h||L?

? |i t!i*i|L? @t |L Mi 4L_€i_c M| U@?}it hi4@? t4@** MiU@ti |ihi t L?*) @ €?|i ?4Mih Lu ML?it Ei?Ui @ €?|i ?4Mih Lu UL?|?Lt ?Ui?|i UL?t|h@?|t @?_ |i i*u@hi ULt| Lu _L?} tL t @hM|h@h*) *L Ai i |i?tL? Lu |t ?||L? |L @ *@h}i ti| Lu t}?@*tc t ?L| _ii*LTi_ ihi 5ii @?i** EbbS uLh @?L|ih @TThL@U |L |i t@4i tLh| Lu hit*| Ei Ui@T |@*! U*Ltit M| _Lit ?L| tMt|@?|@**) i |i?_ |i ti| Lu i^*Mh4 @**LU@|L?t Ai ThiLt hi@tL??} tLt |@| |i hL*i Lu Ui@T |@*! @t t|@|i_ ? hLTLt|L? e t ?i@|*) _4?ti_c t?Ui ? @ ^|i t|hL?} ti?tic Ui@T |@*! t @*4Lt| ti*itt i? @ ULt|*) 4itt@}i Eihi |i |@  t @@*@M*i

. 6**) W?uLh4@|i ,^*Mh@

) _i€?|L?c u**) ?uLh4@|i i^*Mh@ @i i @t|i t!i*i|L?t ? U @** |)Tit @hi hiThiti?|i_ LhiLihc ?L|Ui |@| hLTLt|L? e 4T*it |@| |i ULh hitTL?_?} @**LU@|L? t @ ?iht@* t!i*i|L?c |@| t @? i^*Mh4 uLh @?) _t |hM|L? 8 ? dwc wo Ai uL**L?} ThLTLt|L? it|@M*tit |@| uLh @ }i? dwc woc |ihi t @ ?^i u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4 ELh @ ?^i ?iht@* t!i*i|L? U i U@h@U|ih3i ? _i|@*

hLTLt|L? S Aihi i t|t @ ?^i u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4 Ai |@ h@|i t |i ?^i tL*|L? |L |i Lh_?@h) _gihi?|@* i^@|L? |

nb '  |3nb# |3|5Ew |

|i ML?_@h) UL?_|L? |Ew ' |5Ew u b : fc @?_ |Ew ' |5Ew u b f W?

T@h|U*@hG

 i@T |@*! t ?igiU|ic @?_ |i t|h@|i}) |E t t|hU|*) ?Uhi@t?} @?_ _u uihi?|@M*i

2 L?t4T|L? _iUhi@tit | hitTiU| |L w

 Wu b : fc |i |@ h@|i i M|t ?L _t|Lh|L? @| w 6Lh L|ih @*itc |i |@ h@|i t t4@**ih |@? |i tiUL?_Mit| |@ h@|i @?_ *@h}ih |@? nb# 

e Wu b fc |i |@ h@|i i M|t ?L _t|Lh|L? @| w 6Lh L|ih @*it |i |@ h@|i t *@h}ih |@? |i tiUL?_Mit| |@ h@|i @?_ *Lih |@? #

nb

hLLu 5ii |i TTi?_ 

L?Uih??} |i hL*i Lu Ui@T |@*!c | t U*i@h uhL4 TL?|  |@| ? |i u**) ?uLh4@|i i^*Mh4c @** |i ?uLh4@|L? t |h@?t4||i_ |hL} |i |@ h@|i `i? b : f Eb fc |i u**) ?uLh4@|i i^*Mh4 @**LU@|L?c UL4T@hi_ |L

(20)

|i tiUL?_Mit| L?ic t U@h@U|ih3i_ M) |LL *L E|LL *@h}i |@ it LhiLihc i? b : f E b : f |@ it @hi _iUhi@t?} E?Uhi@t?} | hitTiU| |L |i |)Ti

Ai _gihi?|@* i^@|L? }it itti?|@* hL*it |L |i tiUL?_Mit| |@ @?_ |L | ' #

nb W?_ii_c |i }Lih?4i?| |hit E|L} ?_ih ?Ui?|i UL?t|h@?|t |L

4@ 43i i*u@hic |ihiuLhi |L @TThL@U |5Ew @t 4U @t TLttM*i ? |i L?i

@?_c |i U*Ltih |L |5Ew |i |@ c |i }ih |i tLU@* i*u@hic M| |i t|hL?}ih

|i ?Ui?|it |L *i @?_ |i t|iiTih |i t*LTi Lu |i hii@*?} |@ tUi_*i ? |i L|ih @?_c uLh |@ h@|it @TThL@U?} |i tMLT|4@* |c ?Ui?|it |L 4@?T*@|i Mi*iut @?tc @?_ |i hii@*?} |@ tUi_*i @||i?t2

Oihi t |i Lh}? Lu |i _t|Lh|L?G Uhi_M*|) t }@?i_ M) 4L?} @@) uhL4 |i LT|4@* tUi_*i +i4@h! |@| u |i }Lih?4i?| UL*_ UL44| i @?|i |L |@| |@ | @|iih |i t|@|i Lu ?@|hi wc |i? |i**?} |i |h| M) 4i@?t Lu Ui@T |@*! L*_ Mi ti^i?|@**) LT|4@* t?Ui ?L Uhi_M*|) ThLM*i4 L*_ @hti N?uLh|?@|i*)c |t i@t) Uhi_M*|) L*_ Mi ML}| @| |i ULt| Lu @ tiihi *@U! Lu

iUi?U)-6}hi 2 tLt |i u**) hii@*?} |@ h@|i uLh # ' c w ' fc 7w '  @?_ b '   L|Ui |i ?_gihi?Ui Uhit T@tt?} |hL} |i i^*Mh4 @*i uLh w ' H @?_ w '  6}hi ULhhitTL?_t |L b '  EL|ih T@h@4i|iht @hi i^@* |L |Lti ? €}hi 2 At **t|h@|it |i ?L? ?i}*}M*i t3i Lu |i _t|Lh|L?

W?tih| €}hi 2 ihi W?tih| €}hi ihi

?L|ih i Lu |i *4|i_ hL*i Lu Ui@T |@*! t |i uL**L?} t b $ fc L?i U@? €?_ @ ti^i?Ui Lu u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4 @**LU@|L?t UL?ih}?} |L |i €ht|Mit| ihi | ' # uLh @** w OLiihc |i €ht|Mit| t ?L| @? i^*Mh4 u i !iiT hit|hU|?} |i t}?@* |L Mi tTTLh|i_ L?*) M) |i |@ c t?Ui ?L ThiUti ?uLh4@|L? L? w U@? Mi |h@?t4||i_G @| |i *4|c Ui@T |@*! t ?_tTi?t@M*ic M| ih) U*Lti @TThL 4@|L?t ? U | t ?L| ti_ @hi @@*@M*i

W? 5c |i 4Lt| ?uLh4@|i i^*Mh4 @hi|L_L4?@|itc i @?|ic |i L| iht22 t|i?54| @?_ @?!t E2fff €?_ |@| |t t ?L| |hi i? Ui@T |@*!

@?_ Mh??} 4L?i) |L t}?@* |i |)Ti @hi ti_ |L}i|ih `| Lh @TThL@U ? |ih4t Lu t!i*i|L?c | t hi*@|i*) i@t) |L tii |@| |i ?^i u**) ?uLh4@|i i^*Mh4 @**LU@|L? ?ii_ ?L| Mi iUi?| AL tii |tc |@!i @? i^*Mh4 @?_ |@!i |t t!i*i|L? Ai tMt|@?Ui Lu hLTLt|L? e t |@| @?) iUL?L4) U t@|t€it |i hit|hU|L?t L? |i UL?_|L?@* i TiU|i_ |)Ti ? |i ?|ih@*t @ttL U@|i_ |L |i t!i*i|L? U@? 4T*i4i?| |i t!i*i|L? ? i^*Mh4 Wu |i 4@tt Lu @? ?|ih@* ihi |i _t|Lh|L? t tMt|@?|@* t tUi?|*) *@h}ic |i? |i i^*Mh4 t ?iUitt@h*) ?iUi?| i @?|i Lhi }i?ih@**)c }i? |L t!i*i|L?tc L?i Mi?} 4Lhi ?uLh4@|i |@? |i L|ih E@ €?ih T@h||L? ? ?|ih@*tc |i

54Rq wkh surshuwlhv ri w> vhh Vxevhfwlrq 5161

55Vhh Wkhruhp 6 dqg 8 lq FV zklfk vd| wkdw erwk wkh vhqghu dqg wkh uhfhlyhu vwulfwo| suhihu

htxloleulxp sduwlwlrq zlwk pruh vwhsv1

(21)

*itt ?uLh4@|i t!i*i|L? U@? Mi 4@_i 4Lhi iUi?| M) ULLt?} @_i^@|i*) |i _t|hM|L?

H L?U*tL?

At Lh! t|_it |i UL?U| Mi|ii? ThL_?} ?Ui?|it @?_ |h@?t4||?} ?uLh4@|L? U @htit i? @? ?uLh4i_ @?_ Mi?iL*i?| }Lih?4i?| UL4M?it *?i@h |@ it @?_ ?uLh4@|L? U@4T@}?t h 4L_i* t}}it|t |@| |i }Lih?4i?| 4@) @i @ @h_ |4i }@??} Uhi_M*|) uLh |t @U|L?t @?_ 4itt@}itc |t ii? |L} |t LMiU|i @?_ |i UL?t4iht< L?i @hi @*}?i_ Ai ThLM*i4 t |@| |i }Lih?4i?| U@??L| UL44| |L hii@* ?uLh4@|L? |h|u**) W|t ?t|h4i?|t Mi?} 4TihuiU|c | u@Uitc ? |i ULhti Lu @U|L?c t|hL?} ?Ui?|it |L 4ThLi |ih 4T@U| M) ThL_?} M@ti_ ?uLh4@|L?

#iTi?_?} L? |i !?_ Lu _t|Lh|L? Thi@*?} ? |i €tU@* t)t|i4 Ei i|ih |i |@ }i?ih@|it @ R_LM*i __i?_ Lh ?L|c |i }Lih?4i?| L*_ *!i |L 4@!i UL?t4iht i|ih Titt4t|U Lh LT|4t|U @ML| |i ?__@* igiU| Lu UL?t4T|L? W? |i *!i*) U@ti Lu @ TLt|i 4@h}?@* ULt| Lu TM*U u?_tc u |i UL?t4iht ihi 4Lhi LT|4t|U @ML| t_i igiU|tc |i }Lih?4i?| UL*_ ti| }ih |@ it |L| UhM?} |LL 4U UL?t4T|L?c @?_ |i _t|Lh|L?t Uhi@|i_ M) Thii t|?} |@ it UL*_ i@t*) Mi @**i@|i_ 6i* |@ it @hi @? i @4T*i ihi |i }Lih?4i?| 4@) t ?L| |L t|hitt @|L4LM*i _@?}iht |L Thitihi |t i@t) tLhUi Lu 4L?i) Ai T@h@_L U@* UL?ti^i?Ui t |@|c @| |i u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4c |ihi t @ M@t |L@h_t i @}}ih@|i_*) *L |@ it

h i @4T*i Lu ?i}@|i ULt|t Lu TM*U u?_t t ^|i ?uLh4@* W? 6h@?Uic 52 i4ttL?t @hi tM4||i_ |L @ RT@h@€tU@* |@ c 4i@??} |@| |ihi t @?

@}i?U) ? U@h}i Lu |@ UL**iU|L? U @*tL hi_t|hM|it |i ThLUii_t @t tMt _it uLh @M@|i4i?| igLh|t Ai @}i?U) t ?_iTi?_i?| Lu |i Ahi@th) ,i? u |i *@||ih u@Uit @ TLt|i 4@h}?@* ULt| Lu TM*U u?_tc |i uLh4ih 4@) u@Ui @ ?i}@|i 4@h}?@* ULt| , @}}ih@|?} *LU@* igiU|t EhiThiti?|i_ M) Lh w ? |i @}i?|t<Qihi |i €h4tQThL}h@4t |L iUL?L43i hitLhUit @t|i_ ? |i ULt|*) UL**iU|L?%hi_t|hM|L? ThLUitt 4@) |i? Mi |i4T|?} t @ hit*|c @| |i u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4c |i @}i?U) tL*_ T@h@_L U@**) Mi M@ti_ |L@h_t i @} }ih@|i_*) *@h}i |@ it2

?L|ih TL*U) 4T*U@|L? Lu |i 4L_i* t |@| ?uLh4@|L? U@4T@}?t @ *@ h@uLh_ @?_ 5LMi* @hi @*4Lt| tTihLt i? |i tLU@* T*@??ih U@? ti ULt|*) t}?@*t |LL Ai ULt|*) |@ t t4T*) |@!i? 4Lhi tihLt*) |@? Ui@T ThLT@}@?_@c @?_ |i iU@U) Lu ?uLh4@|L? U@4T@}?t U@h@U|ih3i_ M) tLh| Th@tit Lti UL?|i?|t t |LL @}i |L Mi ih€@M*i ER|LM@UUL t @h4u* |L

56Dv idu dv khdowk srolf| lv frqfhuqhg/ rqh fdq lpdjlqh wkdw khdowk dxwrulwlhv duh lqflwhg wr

gholyhu fdxwlrxv phvvdjhv rq wkh vlgh hhfwv ri dqwlelrwlfv1 Lq htxloleulxp/ krzhyhu/ wkh| kdyh wr olplw vhulrxvo| uhlpexuvhphqwv +zklfk lv vlplodu wr lpsrvlqj kljk wd{ udwhv, wr vljqdo wr{lf guxjv1

(22)

i@*| t tihLt*) *4|i_ At hit*| t ? *?i | |i i4ThU@* i_i?Ui Lu @h_t*i) @?_ *i!@*?t Ebbb L? |i 4T@U| Lu i@*| @h??}t L? U}@hi||i T@U!t 6Lh thic i @i |L 4@!i ihi @ _t|?U|L? Mi|ii? ?uLh4@|L? U@4T@}?t @?_ |i tLU@**i_ @h_ ?uLh4@|L? Ai €ht| |@!it |i uLh4 Lu Ruhii @_ih|t?} *i |i tiUL?_ 4T*it |@| |i }Lih?4i?| UL**iU|t @?_ Thiti?|t _i|@*i_ tUi?|€U i_i?Ui ULhhLMLh@|?} |t itc @?_ |@| | i4T*L)t L|ih hi*@)t E@U@_i4Utc |i@Uihtc tLU@* Lh!ihtc ?itT@Tihtc i|U c | |i LTi |@| Uhi_M*|) ** Ui@ti |L Mi @? tti At ThLUitt t *L?}c M| Thit4@M*) 4Lhi igiU|i

+iuihi?Uit

do t|i?54|c #@_ EbbfG RW?uLh4@|L? Ah@?t4ttL? ? #iM@|ic 4ih U@? aLh?@* Lu L*|U@* 5Ui?Uic 2e D2

d2o t|i?54|c #@_ @?_ aighi) 5 @?!t E2fffG Ri@T A@*! @?_ h?i_ L?i)c aLh?@* Lu ,UL?L4U AiLh)c bc c  S

d o @**@h_c @h*it w @?_ #L? 6**ih|L? Ebb2G R#t|Lh|L?@h) A@ it @?_ |i hLtL? Lu M*U BLL_tc aLh?@* Lu ,UL?L4U ihtTiU|itc Sc .   deo @h_t*i)c  @?_  *i!@*?t EbbbG ,UL?L4U +iULh_c .Dc 2 fc 5iT|i4Mihc

22D ef

dDo Li?Mih}c  w@?t @?_ 6hi_ihU! @? _ih *Li} EbbeG R,?hL?4i?|@* L*U)c M*U BLL_t @?_ |i @h}?@* Lt| Lu M*U 6?_tc ,UL?L4U aLh?@*c fec eee DDe

dSo hL?c B@h_?ih @?_ #@_ 6 w@)|L? EbbSG R+itt|@?Ui ,UL?L4UtG 5L U@* Lt| @?_ Ai ,L*|L? Lu ?|ML|U +itt|@?Uic ,?hL?4i?| @?_ #ii*LT4i?| ,UL?L4Utc c c eb DD

d.o h@uLh_c V?Ui?|  @?_ aLi* 5LMi* EbH2G R5|h@|i}U W?uLh4@|L? Ah@?t 4ttL?c ,UL?L4i|hU@c Dfc Sc e  eD

dHo #hi3ic ai@? @?_ UL*@t 5|ih? EbH.G RAi AiLh) Lu Lt|i?i€| ?@*) ttc ? O@?_MLL! Lu M*U ,UL?L4Utc WWc i_|i_ M) a ihM@U @?_  6i*_t|i?c ,*tiih 5Ui?Ui M*tiht

dbo 6@hhi**c aLtiT @?_ @||i +@M? EbbSG Ri@T A@*!c aLh?@* Lu ,UL ?L4U ihtTiU|itc fc c f H

dfo BL*_ihc w@hi?Ui O EbbDG R,?hL?4i?|@* A@ @|L? @?_ |i #LM*i #_i?_G  +i@_ih<t B_ic W?|ih?@|L?@* A@ @?_ M*U 6?@?Uic 2c D. H 

(23)

do BhLtt4@?c Bi?i  @?_ ,*@?@? Oi*T4@? E2ffG 5TiU@* W?|ihit| L*|Utc uLh|UL4?}

d2o w@gL?|c ai@?a@U^it @?_ ai@? AhL*i Ebb G  AiLh) Lu W?Ui?|it ? hLUhi4i?| @?_ +i}*@|L?c WA hittc @4Mh_}i @?_ wL?_L?

d o wi)c 5|@h|  Ebb2G RAi ?|ML|Ut @h@_L c *i?4 hittc i vLh!

deo @?i**c *i@?_hL  EbbSG Ri@T A@*! @?_ 5i^i?|@* ,^*Mh@ ? 5}?@*?} B@4itc ,UL?L4i|hU@c Sec b. be2

dDo @t!?c ,hU @?_ ai@? AhL*i Ebb2G RAi h?UT@*}i?| +i*@|L?tT | @? W?uLh4i_ h?UT@*c WW G L44L? V@*itc ,UL?L4i|hU@c Sf c  e2 dSo *}hL4c @* @?_ aL? +LMih|t EbHSG RhUit @?_ _ih|t?} 5}?@*t Lu

hL_U| "@*|)c aLh?@* Lu L*|U@* ,UL?L4)c bec .bS H22

d.o 5@?_4Lc }?@h Eb.DG RT|4@* A@ @|L? ? |i hiti?Ui Lu , |ih?@*|itc 5i_taLh?@*Lu,UL?L4Utc ..c c HS bH

dHo !i!ic Wh!@ c w@4?!@?h@c _iM@)Lc ,_i*4@?c +LMih| EbbbG R5LULi UL?L4U @?_ i@Lh@* 6@U|Lht wi@_?} |L U^hi_ @U|ih@* +itt|@?Ui |L ?|ML|Ut ? #ii*LT?} L?|hitc ,4ih}?} W?uiU|Lt #ti@tic Dc c H 2.

dbo VtUtc ` kT EbbfG R#L 54L!iht N?_ihit|4@|i +t!tq aLh?@* Lu L*|U@* ,UL?L4)c bHc Sc 2D 2Sb

 TTi?_

 hLLu Lu hLTLt|L? S

`i it|@M*t |i hit*| ? |L t|iTt Ai €ht| @?@*)3it _gihi?|@M*i u**) hii@* ?} i^*Mh@( ?^i?itt ? |t U@|i}Lh) t ThLi_ Ai tiUL?_ t|iT tLt |@| @?) u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4 t itti?|@**) _i?|U@* |L |i _gihi?|@M*i L?i  #gihi?|@M*i ,^*Mh4

Ai @?@*)tt uL**Lt |t T*@?G hi@tL??} L? *LU@* ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*|)c i €?_ |i Lh_?@h) _gihi?|@* i^@|L? t@|t€i_ M) @?) u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4 |@ TL*U) @?_ i i*4?@|i tL*|L?t | |@ h@|it U @hi ?L| Mi|ii? #

nb

@?_ |i tiUL?_Mit| tUi_*i EUiih t |i }ih( i UiU! }*LM@* ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*|) @*L?} |i i^*Mh4 TL*U)( i ti@hU uLh Lgi^*Mh4 Mi*iut Ei @ttLU@|i_ | Lgi^*Mh4 |@ h@|it |@| _tULh@}i _i@|L?t At }it @ ?^i i^*Mh4

(24)

wLU@* W?Ui?|i L4T@|M*|) Ai }Lih?4i?| Thiuiht |Ew E@?_ |i 4T*i_ %Ew |L |Ew n _w @?_ |L |Ew  _w( |@!?} *4|t i }i|

%Ln b|%  E# n w  b|% ' f

E2f

Bi? |@| |i UL?t4ih<t €ht|Lh_ih UL?_|L? t L ' w n |c

E2

i U@? i*4?@|i L |L }i| E@u|ih t4T*€U@|L?

|% ' b|% n E#  b|%

E22

| @?_ % Mi?} tiT@h@M*ic E22 t i@t*) ?|i}h@|i_ |L }i ;wc wf G # nb  |Ew # nb  |Ewf ' # %Ew %Ewf $nb b E2 

ihi wf @?_ |f ' |Ewf @hi ?|@* UL?_|L?t ,^@|L?t E2  @?_ ED _i|ih4?i

4T*U|*) M| i?|hi*) |i tL*|L?t |Ew @?_ %Ew W? T@h|U*@hc % tL*it

 Ew n  n b# %  %b '  Ewfn n b# %f   %b f ' L?t|@?| E2e ) _gihi?|@|L?c i }i| % ' b%2   E# n E n bw% E2D

Ai tiUL?_Lh_ih UL?_|L? tG

f  %2L n %Ln b|% n 2b|% E# n w  b|%c

E2S

*i |i _ih@|i Lu |i €ht|Lh_ih UL?_|L? tG

f ' %2Ln %Ln b|% n 2b|% % E# n w  b|%c

E2.

54T*u)?} E2S | E2. i }i|G

%  f

E2H

TT*)?} E2H |L E2D @?_ t?} EDc i U@? tii |@|c i? b : fc %  f u @?_

L?*) u | # n bw @?_ i? b fc %  f u @?_ L?*) u | : # n bw

5|@h|?} uhL4 E2D @?_ E22c t|h@}|uLh@h_ U@*U*@|L?t ThLi |@| |i _u uihi?|@* i^@|L? t@|t€i_ M) | t

| ' #  E n b|

|  #  bw  E2b

(25)

B*LM@* W?Ui?|i L4T@|M*|) `i @?| |L i U*_i U@tit ihi ?€?|it 4@* _i@|L?t @hi hiiU|i_ ELu |t i @hi thi MiU@ti Lu |i €ht| @?_ tiUL?_ Lh_ih UL?_|L?t ihi@t _tUhi|i _i@|L?t @hi TLttM*i

wi| w Mi |i |hi @*i Lu |i t_i igiU|t T@h@4i|ih Nt?} ED i U@*U*@|i |i _ih@|i Lu |i }Lih?4i?|<t |*|) | hitTiU| |L w @tt4?} |@| |ie }Lih?4i?| Lgiht |Ewc |ihiM) ?_U?} %Ee w Ge

%EwLe d%Ewo n Eb|e Ew%Ee w  E# n w  b|Ee w%e Ewe

E f

' %Ewe %Ewe n b|

Ew%Ee w  E# n w  b|Ee w%e Ewe

6hL4 E22c i €?_ |@| |i uL**L?} i ThittL? @t |i t@4i t}? Lu E f %EwE|Ee w n w  e

E 

Nt?} EDc | uL**Lt |@| E f t TLt|i uLhw w @?_ ?i}@|i uLhe w : w Ate 4i@?t |@| ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*|) t t@|t€i_ iih)ihi uLh i^*Mh4 @U|L?t N?^i?itt Lu |i #gihi?|@M*i ,^*Mh4 `i }i |i u** hi@tL??} uLh b : f  t)44i|hU @h}4i?| ThLit |i ThLTLt|L? uLh b f `i tL ?L |@| |i ML?_@h) UL?_|L? |Ew ' # n bw t ?iUitt@h)

+i@tL??} M) UL?|h@_U|L?c i tL |@| |ihi i t| Mi*iut UL4T@|M*i | |i i^*Mh4 uLh Lgi^*Mh4 @U|L?t u @?_ L?*) u |i UL?_|L? t t@|t€i_ wi| |E Mi @ tL*|L? |L E2b tU |@| |Ew # n bw2e Bi? E2bc i|ih |Ew

t t)t|i4@|U@**) Mi*L #

nb Lh |Ew t t|hU|*) ?Uhi@t?} W? @?) U@ti 4@ w|Ew

#nbw( i ULLti @? @hM|h@h) ELgi^*Mh4 | ? |i ?|ih@* E4@ w|Ewc #nbw

@?_ i _i?L|i M)w |i @ttLU@|i_ Mi*iu L i ThLi |@| |ihi @*@)t i t|te @ |)Ti w tU |@| |i }Lih?4i?| Thiuiht TL*U) E|cw |L TL*U) E|Ewc we

6hL4 hLTLt|L? 2c i !?L |@| uLh i@U wc |i @MtL*|i Mit| TL*U) t #nw b

uLh |i |@ h@|i @?_ #nw

b uLh |i Mi*iu( 4LhiLihc |i tiUL?_Mit| E# n bwc w

t Thiuihhi_ |L E|Ewc w Ai UL?i |) Lu |i TTih UL?|Lht Lu |i }Lih?4i?|<t LMiU|i u?U|L? 4T*) |@| @?) TL*U) ? |i |h@?}*i 7Ew ' EE|Ewc wc E# n bwc wc E#nw

b c #nwb c i UiT| E|Ewc wc t t|hU|*) Mi||ih |@? E|Ewc w i? w t

|i |)Ti W| tUit ?L |L UiU! |@| E|cw t ?iUitt@h*) ? 7Ew uLh @ Uihe |@? w 5 dwc wo W?_ii_c ^wMdwcwo7Ew UL?|@?t E@ |i |h@?}*i EE# n bwc wc E# n bwc wc E#nw

b c #nwb c @?_ EM |i TL*Uit Mi|ii? E|Ewc w @?_ E|5Ewc w uLh w 5

dwc wo hL_i_ #nw

b t *@h}ih |@? # n bwc |i? E|cw t i|ih ? E@ Lh EM ?e

|i *@||ih ?L?c i?Ui |i i t|i?Ui Lu @ w uLh U |i _i@|L? t _ith@M*i Bi? |@| #nw

b : # n bwc i @hi _L?i Ai UL?ti^i?Ui t |@| |Ew ' # n bw

E?L _t|Lh|L? @| |i |LT

57Iru  A 3> zh douhdg| h{foxghg wkdw wkh wd{ udwh eh odujhu wkdq wkh vhfrqg0ehvw wd{ udwh

lq wkh suhfhglqj vxevhfwlrq1

(26)

L i ThLi @ttLU@|?} Mi*iu w |L @?) |@ h@|i @MLi |Ew _Lit ?L| ?_Ui _i@|L?t Ai @*i |L |i }Lih?4i?| Lu |)Ti w Lu 4TLt?} | : |Ewc |ihiM) ?_U?} Mi*iu wc tG  *L}Ew n|#nw3b|wn|  Ai hLL| Lu |i _ih@|i | hitTiU| |L | t #nwEbw U t *Lih |@? #nbw ' |Ew Ai @*i Mi?} _iUhi@t?} | hitTiU| |L | Lih d|Ewc n4dc |Ew t @ Mi||ih 4Li |@? @?) | : |Ew Bi? |@| i^*Mh4 @U|L?t @hi ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*ic ?i|ih |Ew ?Lh | @hi _ith@M*ic UL4T@hi_ |L |Ew ) |i t@4i hi@tL??}c i U@? UiU! |@|c u uLh | |Ewc Mi*iut @hi wc |i? | t ?L| @||h@U|iG |i @*i |L |i }Lih?4i?| Lu |)Ti w Lu 4TLt?} | |Ew t t4@**ih |@? |i @*i Lu 4TLt?} E|Ewc w

`i UL?U*_i |@| |i ?^i hii@*?} @**LU@|L? uL?_ t @? i^*Mh4 2 N?^i?itt ? Bi?ih@*

wi| t |@!i @ u**) hii@*?} i^*Mh4 Bi? |@| |i }Lih?4i?|<t Thiuih i?Uitc uLh UL?t|@?| Mi*iutc @hi t?}*iTi@!i_ | hitTiU| |L | E@ _hiU| UL?ti ^i?Ui Lu |i UL?i |) ? hLTLt|L? 2c @?_ }i? |i @*i Lu |t i^*Mh4 t|h@|i})c |ihi i t| @ 4@ 44 Lu |L |@ h@|it Tih wc |uEw @?_ |LEwc ML| Mi

?} tMLT|4@* E@t UL4T@hi_ |L |i tiUL?_Mit| i? _gihi?| Lhi ThiUti*)c |uEw  # nbw  |LEw Ai AiLhi4 Lu |i 4@ 44 i?thit |@| |i @*i Lu

|i }Lih?4i?|<t i^*Mh4 t|h@|i}) t UL?|?Lt | hitTiU| |L wc |ihiuLhi u?U|L?t |uE @?_ |LE @hi UL?|?Lt | hitTiU| |L w `i _i?L|i M) Xu @?_

XL |i tMti|t Lu dwc wo *i@_?} |L @ 4Li ? |i *Lihc hitTiU|i*) ? |i TTihc

ti*iU|L? L|Ui |@| Xu^ XL ' dwc wo M| Xu_ XL 9' > u 4 i_ t|h@|i}it @hi

ti_ 6Lh € ?} _i@tc |i uL**L?} hi@tL??} @tt4it |@| b : f

Ai €ht| t|iT t |L ThLi |@| XL t ?L| _i?ti ? @?) ?|ih@* Lu dwc wo `i

hi@tL? M) UL?|h@_U|L?G *i| t |@!i a @? ?|ih@* ? dwc wo ? U XL t _i?ti

wi| t |@!i wf 5 ac @?_ @ t|hU|*) 4L?L|L?U ti^i?Ui Ew??D ? XL UL?ih}?}

|L wf `i ThLi |@| uLh @** ti^i?Ui Ew??Dc *4?<" w|??3|3wff ' #3Enb||f3#nbwffc ihi

|? _i?L|it |LEw? W?_ii_c ?Ui?|i UL?t|h@?|t Ew? t ?L| |L 44U wfc @?_

Uiiht@ 4T*) |@|G  *L}Ew?n |? # n ww ? b|? ?n |?   *L}Ewfn |f  # n w? b|f wfn |f E 2  *L}Ew?n |?  # n ww f b|? ?n |?   *L}Ewfn |f  # n wf b|f wfn |f E 

AihiuLhic |@!?} @ €ht|Lh_ih @TThL 4@|L?c @?_ 4*|T*)?} M) Ewfn|f2 )i*_t

E e

f  EE n b|  #Ew? wf n E|  #  bwE|? |f n JEw? wf n JE|? |f

E D

f  EE n b|  #Ew? wf n E|  #  bwE|? |f n JEw? wf n JE|? |f

(27)

Ai *4| Lu |i h@|i Lu @h@|L?t t |i t@4i uLh @** ti^i?Uitc U 4T*it |@| |L t _gihi?|@M*i @| wfc i?Ui _gihi?|@M*i L? ?|ih@* a 

 tL*|L? Lu |i _gihi?|@* i^@|L? E2b t|@|i_ @MLi |i tiUL?_Mit| |@ it t ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*i @| ?L TL?| MiU@ti |i tiUL?_Lh_ih UL?_|L? t ?iih t@|t€i_ `i U@? UL?U*_i |@| t|h@|i}) |L t ?L| ?Ui?|i UL4T@|M*ic

@?_ |@| |i ?|ih@* a _Lit ?L| i t|

W| t i@t) ?L |L UL?U*_i |@| Xu t _i?ti ? dwc wo G Xuc Mi?} |i UL4T*i

4i?|@h) ti| E? @? ?|ih@* Lu @ ti| XL U t ?Lihi _i?tic t _i?ti W?

UL?ti^i?Uic |u t@|t€it |i _gihi?|@* i^@|L? E2b ? @ _i?ti tMti| Lu dwc woc

U 4T*it |@| | _Lit tL iih)ihi Ai *Lih ti*iU|L? t ?iUitt@h*) i^@* |L |i ?^i _gihi?|@M*i i^*Mh4 t|h@|i})c t?Ui i U@? @TT*) |L |uE |i

hi@tL??} t|i_ uLh _gihi?|@M*i i^*Mh@

W| hi4@?t |L ThLi ?L |@| XL UL?|@?t @ €?|i ?4Mih Lu TL?|t wi| t

|@!i w @?_ w2 5 XL Eihi w 9' w2 | ULhhitTL?_?} |@ h@|it | @?_ |2 wi|

t _i?L|i M) |E E ' c 2 |i tL*|L? |L E2b | 4@ 4@* _i€?|L? _L4@?

T@tt?} |hL} | @| w L|i |@| i|ih |E @?_ |2E @hi |i t@4ic Lh L?i

t t)t|i4@|U@**) @MLi |i L|ihc MiU@tic @UULh_?} |L |i @U)wTtU|3 AiLhi4c |L _gihi?| tL*|L?t |L _gihi?|@* i^@|L? E2b ?iih UhLtt

tt4i uLh € ?} _i@t |@| |2E t @MLi |E E@ Wu |i |L Uhit @hi

tUi?|*) U*Lti |L i@U L|ihc |2Ew t _i€?i_ @?_ t *@h}ih |@? | L|Ui |@|

|2Ew t U*Ltih |L |i tiUL?_Mit| |@? | h t|_) Lu |i ?Ui?|it i? |@ it

@hi @MLi |i tiUL?_Mit| tLt |@| tL*|L?t |L |i _gihi?|@* i^@|L?t @hi 4?43?} i*u@hi E|i tiUL?_Lh_ih UL?_|L?t t L*@|i_ iih)ihiG i? |i |)Ti t wc |2 | Mi*iu w2 t Thiuihhi_ |L |2Ew | Mi*iu w ) |h@?t||)c

|2 t Thiuih@M*i |L | i? |i |hi |)Ti t w2 At t ? UL?|h@_U|L? |

?Ui?|it EM Wu |ihi t @? ?€?|i ?4Mih Lu |)Tit ? XLc i U@? @*@)t

i M| w @?_ w2 U @hi U*Lti i?L} |L i@U L|ih |L @TT*) |i hi@tL??}

E@ `i UL?U*_i |@| XL UL?|@?t @ €?|i ?4Mih Lu TL?|t

(28)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 λ η + 1 SB t θˆ t

(29)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 θˆ λ η + 1 SB t t

(30)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 θˆ SB t t λ η + 1

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

albopictusDEXQGDQFHRQWKHEDVLVRIGDWDIURPVHDVRQDO URXQGPRQLWRULQJFDUULHGRXWRYHUPXOWLSOH\HDUVDFURVVDQGEH\RQGWKHXUEDQDUHDRI5RPHDQG %DUL$ILQHVFDOH

Long-term home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is increasingly used by people with chronic respiratory failure (CRF) arising from advanced diseases such as chronic obstructive

Although the 6MWT is the most frequently used test to as- sess physical performance in older patients receiving cardiac rehabilitation (10, 12), little is known on the

In conclusion, we sincerely appreciate Dr Rosario ’s suggestions to test the diagnostic performance of the Ca/P ratio in a particular setting of patients with NPHPT pre- senting

In the second step, the available cloud resources and their management policy are considered. As costs are dictated by the usage of resources in time and volume, the number of VMs

Pdfurhfrqrplf wkhru| jhqhudoo| irfxvhv rq wkh djjuhjdwh frqvhtxhqfhv ri prqhwdu| srolf|/ zlwkrxw frqvlghulqj lwv glvwulexwlrqdo hhfwv1 Zh ghyhors d prgho lq zklfk lw lv lqfrph

monocytogenes clinical isolates collected in Lombardy (2006 –2014) according to the two different Virulence Types (VT80 and VT104).. i) all patients reported cheese as suspected

Since the Buchberger algorithm implemented with MAPLE turns out to be more efficient when running by usual term orders, the use of global procedures PolyMilnor and PolyTyurina has to