Memory Park: Regeneration of Brownfield Land of Shougang Industrial Area in Beijing

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UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PISA

Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-Ambientali

Corso di Laurea Magistrale in

Progettazione e Gestione del Verde Urbano e del Paesaggio

Tesi di Laurea

Memory Park: Regeneration of Brownfield Land of

Shougang Industrial Area in Beijing

Relatore: Candidato:

Ing. Salvatore Brunello Consorti Kun Sang

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Abstract

Brownfield is a hot topic and controversial issue concerned all over the world, related to global politics, economy, culture and ecology. Because of former industrial and other human activities, there are large areas of polluted or abandoned land, nowadays in central cities and/or suburban areas. The social, financial and environmental importance and meanings of regeneration of them have already been recognized by many studies and projects. Different aspects, methods and phases of regeneration process have also been widely discussed. However, comprehensive studies about brownfield in China just begin in last decade. With the increasing of public environmental awareness and the needs for environmental quality and safety, how to keep a high rate of economic development at the same time dealing well with land problem is a real challenge for Chinese sustainable development. It’s also the best opportunity to rebuild the urban open space, optimize the urban landscape and improve the quality of life in the city.

This article is based on the theory of landscape architecture, landscape ecology, urban planning and soil remediation. It intends to conduct research with a design project about the brownfield land of an ex-industrial area in Beijing, taking brownfield regeneration and adaptive reuse of industrial heritage as the theme. Then, a case study of industrial park in Follonica will be done. After analysis of the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of the site in Shougang, finally the industrial park in Beijing will be created to provide comprehensive services in this previous abandoned land, discussing the perspective and strategy of brownfield regeneration.

Key Words: brownfield; industrial heritage; land intervention; Ex-Ilva; Shougang; Beijing

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1, Introduction

Human beings have created massive extraordinary industrial technologies which contain milestones in the history of humanity and the collected wisdom of human civilization, witnessed the development of the city, conserved the collective memory belonging to the people of that time[1][2]_{. Against the background of global economic} restructuring and the phenomenon of reindustrialisation since 20th centuries, some traditional industrial sectors abandoned their old habitats and relocated, thus resulting in vacant and underused buildings, with some structures even reduced to brownfields in both rural and urban areas[3]_{. For a long time, the brownfield problem have} brought the topic to the forefront.

However, there is still no universal agreement on the definition of brownfield. The Environmental Protection Agency of USA (EPA) defined it as “A property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant[4]_{.” In UK, this} definition is wide as “the land which is or was occupied by a permanent structure (excluding agricultural or forestry buildings), and associated fixed surface infrastructure[5]_{.” In Europe it is explained as “the sites that have been affected by the} former uses of the site and surrounding land; are derelict and underused; may have real or perceived contamination problems; are mainly in developed urban areas; and require intervention to bring them back to beneficial use[6]_.”

Estimated by former research, there are nearly one million potential brownfield sites in the European Union[7]_{, between 500,000 and one million brownfields in the} United States[8]_{. The cases of brownfield discussed most always exist in the} ex-industrial areas like former mining or resource extraction sites, factories area in almost all industrialized countries, sometimes associated industrial heritages. The negative impacts of brownfield are obvious: the contaminants in the soil are really poisonous for people especially children and animals, as well as physical hazards such as old and unsafe structures, sharp objects and so on[9]_{. Although cleaning up}

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brownfield can be very expensive and time-consuming, adaptive reuse of these sites has numerous meanings and huge potentials in the future: it is the way of regenerating and revitalizing the deserted urban area, as vital elements of urban green infrastructures, producing recreational functions and positive outcomes both environmental and economic[10][11]_{. How to reuse these sites properly has been a} creative challenge among the fields of architecture, urban development, policy making and sustainable tourism. Lots of practices and theoretical research has been done with the theme of adaptive reuse of industrial heritages and brownfields, turned into industrial parks, urban open space, museums, creativity industry centers, dwellings, tourist resorts, mixed land use districts and so on.

1.1 Brownfield in the USA

During 1940s - 1950s, as the Hooker Chemical Company utilized the Love Canal in New York for hazardous waste disposal, and covered it with soil, then about 100 homes and a school were built here, resulting in a series of blood disease within a large percentage of inhabitants[12]_{. This was known as The Love Canal Tragedy,} which contributed to the publication of the Superfund Act by the U.S. Congress, the first article dealing with public health and brownfield problems. Afterwards, the EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixonin in 1970. Inter-agency Working Group on Brownfields and the Inter-agency Steering Committee were also created to provide a forum for federal agencies to exchange information and develop a coordinated strategy for brownfields. In 1997, the Brownfield National Partnership Action Agenda was built. In 2002, the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act (Brownfields Law) was published.

The EPA now has 10 regional offices in the U.S. to provide supports about applicable laws, regulations, policies and technical assistance. It’s the backbone force for brownfield programs to prevent, assess, safely clean up, and sustainably reuse brownfields. In addition, in 2014 EPA’s investments leveraged more than 21.3 billion dollars in brownfield cleanup and redevelopment funding, creating more job

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opportunities and increasing the value of lands[13]_{. There are some famous projects} such as the first brownfield program in Cuyahoga County in 1993, Steel Stacks Arts and Cultural Campus in Pennsylvania, Asarco Mineral Discovery Center in Arizona, Spectacle Island in Massachusetts and so on.

1.2 Brownfield in China

Chinese modern industry originated from 1840-1894, under the influence of economic colonial forces from capitalist countries. And brownfields in China could date back to 1950s, while the industries restructured or relocated, industrial companies have been shut down or moved, leaving abandoned or under-utilized sites[14]_{. Plus, poor industrial planning, antiquated equipment and insufficient} pollution management have made the brownfield a serious problem in China. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Ministry of Land and Resources, in 2014 the soil environmental condition at national level is not optimistic in China, some areas are with heavy soil pollution, especially the abandoned industrial sites. Agricultural and industrial activities are the main reasons for it. Inorganic and organic compounds and combined pollutants are three main contaminant sources. Among the 609 soil samples around the polluting industries, 36.3% of their condition exceed the environmental standard. 29.4% of the samples from 146 industrial zones and 21.3% of the soil around the 188 waste disposal sites are also polluted[15]_.

These brownfields pose environmental and health hazards in the most densely populated areas and obstacles for sustainable development. Because of the land tension caused by urban sprawl, in comparison with huge benefits and potentials of brownfield redevelopment, especially in recent years, some pollution incidents related to contaminated lands have caught the public’s attention[16] _{and the} government has steadily increased its attention to urgent solutions of brownfields. As a result, 335 remediation projects were conducted in China in 2014, over 57% of them focused on soil remediation and 29% on surface water remediation[17]_{. There}

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are also some successful projects which provide technical and management experiences on brownfield remediation and redevelopment in China, such as the Zhongshan Shipyard Park, Houtan park in Shanghai, Red Lion Paint Factory and Beijing Coking Plant program.

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2, Research Methods

This thesis is consisting of three major parts. By documentation retrieval and analysis, the first part makes the review of existing literature and studies of brownfield regeneration, introducing the background of international protection of industrial heritage and reuse of brownfield, concluding the current situation, dynamic findings and hot topics and urgency of brownfiled problem both at home and abroad, especially the key factors for the regeneration program and some different strategies.

The second part is directly related to a case study in Follonica, focused on the evaluation of its industrial history. Then the strategies and adaptive ways of reusing industrial heritages in this park are analyzed, to learn valuable experiences from it.

The third part is a real regeneration project in Beijing. Through an overall data collection and analysis of the Shijingshan District and Shougang industrial area, it will present the general information on natural geological condition of this district and analysis of the economic and social conditions, to figure out its strength, weakness, opportunity and threat for the future redevelopment, to discuss the main goal of this project and the suitable design strategy. Finally a green industrial park with the memory of locals and iron time will be created, containing the valuable heritages, outdoor activity spaces and sense of place for its user, discussing the perspective for the adaptive reuse of brownfield in the future, providing ideas and experiences for other similar cases.

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3, Literature Review

It is said that a competitive city should be able to gain control over its future, choosing among alternative futures rather than passively accepting[18]_{. In the past, the} industrial sites were always abandoned without any effective reclamation and remediation. Since 1980s more and more attentions were paid into the regeneration and revitalization of them by policy makers and city planners for the urban sustainable development[19]_{. However if without a scientific way for analysis of the} site, using conventional methods and making random decisions, it would be uneconomic or unsustainable, even causing some harmful effects[20]_.

3.1 Classification of Brownfield

According to the source of pollution, the brownfield can be classified into: physical brownfield, chemical brownfield and biological brownfield.

According to the purpose of redevelopment: commercial brownfield, industrial brownfield, residential brownfield and public brownfield.

Based on the pollution degree: lightly polluted brownfield, moderately polluted brownfield and heavily polluted brownfield.[21]

3.2 Important Factors of Brownfield Regeneration

Punter in 2002 has concluded the fundamental principles for brownfield regeneration: “protect and conserve quality landscapes; develop a clear vision and strategy for an area; apply collaborative design principles; allow resources for long-term aftercare of new landscapes; enhance biodiversity, social stability and economic development[22]_{.” The Cobraman have defined seven dimensions of the} best practices of regeneration projects: environmental, project management, economic and financial, technical solutions, legal, social and marketing[23]_.

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are five key tenets for the brownfield management: “prevention, investigation, remediation, protection and redevelopment”. A successful brownfield remediation project requires a holistic approach that considers technical, government and regulatory, remediation market/industry, community, and environment points of view. Duisburg Nord Park in Germany is a good example, it values and respects the heritages in the industrial history and the spirit of place, combing green elements and industry heritage, human intervention and natural processes, aiming for a sustainable development and maintaining the memory of the place, searching for a new explanation of the existing elements and structures. It created more recreational and educational functions, finally influenced the impression of industrial area and the definition of culture.

3.3 Different Strategies

In recent years, some new approaches have appeared to deal with the brownfield from different perspectives. Xie in 2015 proposed a conception of life cycle model of industrial heritage development. Firstly, post-industrial sites are considered as important cultural sources. Then forces of tourism will introduce new meanings. At last re-purposing the industrial landscape for the use of creative industries and consequently generating a different territorial identity[24]_{. Hartmann et al. introduced} to estimate the latent sources and green technologies for the future energy purpose redevelopment projects[25]_{. The comparisons from different restoration methods have} been concluded by Bardos et al in 2016, they also analyze how to estimate tangible and intangible benefits of brownfield regeneration[26]_{. However, the public show a} more negative perception of brownfields, described as “urban wilderness”, which is filled with spontaneous vegetation[27]_{. Therefore, stakeholder’s needs and perceptions} are also important for a regeneration project, the interests of key stakeholders (local policy makers, planners, developers, academics and users) must be taken into account. Rizzo et al in 2015 discussed the engagement process of different shareholders in order to promote public participation and understanding of

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brownfields[28]_{. The following are some analysis and design strategies, which have} been already applied into real projects.

3.31 Decision Support Tools

In order to guide planning through initial choices, figure out the optimal management option, serve as a preliminary screening tool, an indexing method is proposed by Chrysochoou et al, identifying sites, visualizing these variables in GIS and making assessment with the ultimate aim of redevelopment. The tool scores the sites with three main indices as following[29]_:

Social-economic index: population density (population/mile2_{), property values} (house median price) and unemployment (unemployment rate) are combined in this index to estimate brownfield redevelopment’s potential to contribution of economic growth.

Livability index: this indicator includes potential for rail, job housing balance, rail transit-access and rail transit-service, bus transit-access, utility service area and intersection density, which account for accessibility to utilities and transport, provision of employment opportunities and housing.

Environmental index: indicators including source of potential contamination, soil permeability, proximity to water bodies and parks and presence of wetland and floodplains, which showing the risk to human health and potential costs.

3.32 Gentle Remediation Options

Gentle remediation options (GROs) are the low input longer term methods using environmental-friendly materials like plant, fungi and bacteria for recovering soil function as well as effective risk management. The application of GROs is still not wide in Europe for lacking awareness of and confidence in it. However, it can generate a range of economic, environmental and social benefits in brownfields management, flood management, soil erosion prevention and so on[30]_{. The detail} about some options is explained in appendix 1.

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3.33 Other Concepts and Tools

Concluded by the Cobraman, here are the verified methods used through the European urban revitalizing projects: Virtual Master plan, Bath Model, Football Model, Interaction Matrix, Land Use Puzzle Model, Itp Software, Decision Support System DSS & Site Investigation Strategy SIS, Communication And Information Access, Cost Analysis Tool, District Management System DMS, Integrated Environmental Assessment-Integral Investigation, Internet Based System Information For Investors and so on.

Figure 3.1, Statistic of Soil Remediation Techniques in China from 2008-2012

Source: Zhang, W., C. (2015). Brownfield Remediation Management in China. Solid Waste and Chemicals

Management Center. pp. 7-8.

As for the situation in China, according to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, although soil recovery and remediation is a newly developed industry in China, there are still various management experiences and updated methods from previous projects. Based on the site, these remediation methods could be divided into insitu way and ex-situ way. By the medium of pollution, it can be classified into biological, chemical and physical methods. As is shown in figure 2, from 2008-2016, these three methods account for separately 12%, 53% and 32%. Ex-situ is still the

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main technology applied in China, accounting for 61%[31]_{. However its cost is} relatively high, and it can induce secondary pollution easily. In these years, as the maturity of the system of biological remediation method and the combination of physical and chemical methods, more and more demonstration zones are developed, technical regulations are established and the soil pollution in farmland, industrial area, mining area and oil field is posing increasing concerns.

However, as a beginner in the field of brownfield, China has wide space for improvement and is facing great opportunities in brownfield management and remediation of polluted land. Many areas are still lacking and waiting for solutions such as: uniform national standards on site assessment and remediation; proven technologies for recovering contaminated sites; and financing mechanisms.

3.4 Conclusion

Brownfiled is a complex, long term and extensive problem, and each brownfield has its unique characteristics in terms of land use, property, soil, vegetation and the people living around. Although various situations and site conditions need different strategy to cope with, general tools and methods can be identified as well as common factors. The process of brownfield regeneration is concluded as: site assessment, cleanup and future planning. At the same time, the public engagement, policy making, marketing and industrial heritages are the keys that could not be ignored. What’s more important, creative, adaptive and comprehensive solutions for brownfields are badly needed to solve the potential dangers, gain more benefits, eventually reach sustainable development.

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4, Case Study

The Park Ex-Ilva is the selected case study area located in Follonica, Italy. It is a beautiful coastal city of Province Grosseto near the Tyrrhenian Sea, with 21,741 inhabitants[32]_{, famous for its summer beaches and views, and industrial history under} the domain of Gran Duke Leopoldo II, as a popular holiday destination with extremely good quality of environment and tourism services[33]_{. Different from lots} of Italian cities whose center are always churches with religious squares, the center of Follonica is an industrial complex, namely the present park Ex-Ilva, started from 1834 when Gran Duke Leopoldo II set “the Royal and Imperial Foundries” in Follonica[34]_{. The factory is closed in 1960, in order to remember its iron making} history and tradition, the park Ex-Ilva and Arts Museum of Cast Iron in Maremma were born in 1988.

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4.1, History of Follonica and the Park

In 14 century Follonica for its geographic location and economic importance (the channel of Piombino and the rich iron mines of Elba ), functioned as a simple port for shelter and resting for merchants, for transporting cereal, livestock and forestry products also minerals and ferrous materials for constructions in Valpiana, Monticiano, Torniella, Belagaio and Boccheggiano (Rombai & Tognarini, 2006).

The real development of modern Follonica started from the time of Gran Duke Leopoldo II. In 1834, two big furnaces St. Leopold and Maria Antonia were started to build with a big foundry, projected by French engineer Henry Auguste Brasseur, also some hot air blowers[35]_{. Then fence magonale, clock tower, forties, hospital,} shelters and some accommodations for operators were added. The current buildings of park Ex-Ilva were nearly all restored and expanded from buildings of that time. In 1836 an ironwork village with first group of civil buildings of the town was completed in front of the industrial area for a better living conditions for the workers.

Follonica became independent in 1923 and in 1950’s-1960’s, with a boom of new constructions, then it turned into a coastal touristic city with comprehensive service facilities, and the program of transformation of the old heritage buildings has been done later. As is shown in figure 4.2, the park Ex-Ilva is an identifiable and core area, which is considered as public service before and now it is a public park with abundant cultural heritages and memories from the time of Gran Duke Leopoldo II[36]_.

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Figure 4.2, Evaluation of city Follonica

Source: http://www.comune.follonica.gr.it/gli_uffici/urbanistica/

4.2, Heritage Resource Analysis

According to the Nizhny Tagil Charter, “Industrial heritage consists of the remains of industrial culture which are of historical, technological, social, architectural or scientific value. These remains consist of buildings and machinery, workshops, mills and factories, mines and sites for processing and refining, warehouses and stores, places where energy is generated, transmitted and used, transport and all its infrastructure, as well as places used for social activities related to industry such as housing, religious worship or education. Also all the evidence, material and immaterial, of documents, artifacts, stratigraphy and structures, human settlements and natural and urban landscapes, created for or by industrial processes.”

Thus the heritages inside of the Ex-Ilva park could be classified into to 5 types: 1, Natural resources, like River Pecora. However the green resources like the

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garden of Leopoldo II has already been destroyed.

2, Buildings, like the important productive buildings: Saint Ferdinand furnace, Foundry No. 1 and No. 2. Also other supportive buildings and houses: Grand duke’s palace, water tower, clock tower and storing houses.

3, Equipment, like the machines, millpond and railway.

4, Documents, like the pictures, books, videos and other evidences.

5, Intangible resources: the industrial history of Follonica, the history of Leopoldo II and Maremma, the spirits of the workers, the iron arts, productive lines procedure and technics.

Systemized by Museum Magma, nowadays there are 21 buildings related to the industrial history of Follonica, considered as industrial heritages, shown in appendix 2. Some of the recovery programs have already finished such as Foundry No.2 turned into a theater, Saint Ferdinand furnace reused as the Museum Magma, Square Furnace as the Library of Iron. Some of them are still at the stage of reconstruction like the Foundry No. 1 and the Bell Tower. Here the heritages are classified according to their function, quality, year of construction and the current situation.

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Figure 4.5, Quality of buildings Figure 4.6, Year of construction

Figure 4.7, Function division of site in 1963 Figure 4.8, Actual function division of site

Note: the base map of figure 4.3-4.8 are cited from Rombai & Tognarini (2006)

4.3, Reuse of Saint Ferdinand Furnace

The furnace firstly built as a mill in 1498, the driving forces were from the River Pecora, expanded in 1557-1568 with the addition of a distendino. According to Rombai & Tognarini the turning point that determines the birth of Follonica as an industrial center was when the first iron refining machine built in 1543, leaning

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against the power from the mill. In 1805-06 a new small melting furnace took place of the mill, then enlarged in 1808. In 1817-18, rebuilt again with new technology from German with a height of 8.219 meter, it was the most advanced one at that time in Europe. In 1835 the furnace named Saint Ferdinand was constructed based on that site, equipped with some warehouses, workshops and other services. In 1888 it was closed, reused for storing and lodging.

What’s more, research was done for understanding the techniques, procedures and equipment in the producing process by the Architectural and Environmental Heritage and Landscape Superintendent of Siena and Grosseto. The new use of Saint Ferdinand furnace is focusing on the function as a museum. The project started in 2007 designed by architects Barbara Catalani, Marco del Francia and Fabio Ristori. The new museum dedicated to the Arts Cast Iron in Maremma which was inaugurated at June 29, 2013 in Follonica. A virtual journey through time and space was designed to discover the birthplace of the Italian steel industry[37]_.

Now the museum has three floors, showing art installation, history and production of the furnace. The underground floor shows the true working core in the past, explained the production process, especially the way of iron ore turning into finished products. There is also a waterwheel illustrating the hydraulic power. Besides, some video documents are used for explaining the casting process. The first floor contains an art installation, three rooms as the ornamental school, the casting catalog and Manetti & Reishammer, with various collections from Follonica, such as the iron working heritages, fine cast-iron furniture, and the other works of Alessandro Manetti and Carlo Reishammer[38]_.

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Figure 4.9, the Monumental gates Figure 4.10, Foundry No. 1

Figure 4.11, Museum Magma Figure 4.12, Church San Leopoldo

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Figure 4.15, Virtual journey-simulated train Figure 4.16, Video exhibition

Source: Figure 4.13-4.16:http://www.magmafollonica.it/galleria-allestimento.php

4.4 Conclusion

Ex-Ilva Park is a good example of brownfield regeneration. Now the park is a multi-functional urban green area with museum, library, theater, cinema, school, garden and playground. As for reuse of the industrial heritage, the majority of the buildings are well preserved with new functions and the spirit of industrial history is passed on from the era of Gran duke Leopoldo II. Diverse cultural activities and events are always held here and the citizens can easily participate to get familiar with the site, to enjoy the services provided by green spaces and facilities. Based on the questionnaire done in June and July in 2016 (appendix 4), with the topic of “users’ satisfaction towards the Library of Iron”. More than 200 readers participated this survey, and the result said that 65% of the users of library have visited the industrial park and 61% of them know well the history and story of the park, more than 60% users are caring about and interested of constructions of new facilities in this park. It can be concluded that the environmental education of this park is successful to some extent. The users are satisfied with the library and the environment of this park and keen to learn something related to the city and the history.

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5, Environmental Statues of Shougang

5.1 Location of Site

Shougang industrial area is situated in Shijingshan District, 39°53’-39°59’N 116°04’-116°14’ E, in the west of Beijing. The site of design, namely the Shougang Industrial Park, is a central area in the north of Shougang Industrial Area, having a surface of 18 hectare. Located in the southwest of Shijingshan District, at the end of the Chang’an Avenue (Beijing Axis), 16 kilometers from the Tiananmen Square, gradually enters into the urban core area. The site is embraced by four main roads on construction: Cooling Pool East Street, West Chang’an Avenue, No. 2 Blast Furnace South Avenue and Repair Factory West Street. Around the site there are plenty of natural and cultural landscapes like the Shijing Mountain, Yongding River, some urban parks and shopping malls, and inside of it there are lots of valuable industrial heritages from the development history of Shougang, like some large-scaled furnaces, coking plant, chimneys and so on.

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Figure 5.2, Location of Shougang and the design area

Note: base map of figure 5.2 is cited from:http://map.baidu.com/

5.2 Natural Geological Conditions

Between Taihang Mountains and North China Plain, the terrain of this area is relatively flat, the ground elevation is from 73.30 to 77.80m, with a good drainage condition. Belonging to monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification), there are four well-marked seasons, characterized by higher humidity in the summers and colder, windier, drier winters. The annual average temperature is 13.4℃ and the annual average precipitation is 680 mm. The rainy season is mainly in summer and northwest and southwest winds are prevailing in this area. Vegetation type of this area is the semi-wet deciduous broad-leaved forest, the main tree species include cypress, poplar, Chinese white pine, black locust, peach tree and apple tree. The urban green coverage is 42.78% (in 2014).

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Besides, the design area is on the east of Yongding River, downstream of Yongding River Plain. However, the surface water is in need of treatment before drinking. Under the influence of regulating dam and reservoir, this section of Yongding River always cuts off. The level of groundwater has dropped in these years and the quality of underground water has also deteriorated[39]_.

Additionally, the soil condition in this site is not good. The Shougang Industry in Beijing has already been closed since 2002 and relocated to Hebei province, leaving this area a brownfield. For a long history of the development of heavy industry and the activity of steel making, the site now presents various soil and water problems, especially heavy metal pollution and organic pollution. The organic pollutants are shown in appendix 3. Then on the grounds of the survey by Han et al[40]_{, in the soil of} Shougang area, the elements of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are beyond the natural background level, among which Cu, Pb and Zn cause light pollution and Cu leads to moderate pollution. Also the elements of Fe and Cr, distribute around the living area in Shougang. The light pollution caused by Hg is mainly around the river. The result of distribution map is as following:

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Figure 5.7, Distribution of protected trees in the site

5.3 Administrative and Economical Conditions

Shijingshan District has an area of 85.74 km2_{, with more than 2200 years history,} 650 thousand residents (in 2014). It is famous for its Shijing Mountain, which is called “the First Fairy Mountain in Beijing”[41][42]_{. Shougang Group is one of China’s} largest steel company, ranking top 10 in the world. This district used to be the heavy industrial area of Beijing, owned some large and medium-sized, state-owned enterprises, which made positive contributions to the development of Beijing.

Figure 5.8, Steel production of China and Shougang group from 2006-2015

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Figure 5.9, Regional GDP of Shijingshan District

Source:www.sjs.bjstats.gov.cn

5.4 History of Shougang Industry

Shougang used to be the Longyan Iron Ore Factory established by the Beiyang Government in 1919, because of its convenient water supply and traffic situation. After the Chinese Civil War, the labors’ enthusiasm started to run high. In 1949, the first coke oven, the first furnace recovered to produce, and the second furnace is constructed. The most pattern of the factory is fixed at that time. After 1979, Shougang took an economic and modernization reform, developing the non-steel industry. In 1994, it produced 824 ton steel, reached the number one in Chinese steel marketing.

From 2002, faced with the demands of industrial restructuring in China, the international metropolis construction of Beijing and the coming of 2008 Beijing Olympics, in order to reduce the pollution, improve air quality in capital, Shougang started to move out of Beijing. Since 2012, some new fields such as environmental friendly industry, auto manufacturing, real estate, building industry and overseas industry are developing coordinately. The old site of Shougang becomes the industrial district-transforming demonstration area, making more efforts and contributions for the regional integrated environmental development and management[43][44]_.

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5.5 Land Use

The Shougang area now consists mostly of abandoned industrial lands, which is regarded as brownfields, accounting for more than 60% of the site, and waiting for new development. Then the areas for storing are in the second place. The green area is so limited and scatted, without effective management, the vegetation is starting to grow irregularly, resulting in negative influence on aesthetic landscape. The current land use is presented in figure 5.11.

Figure 5.11, Current Land Use of Shougang (BEPSA, 2014)

Outside of the site, the Shougang area adjoins the Yongding River and some green facilities along river. On the northwest there is the Siping Mountain. Most of the land around is going to be developed as residential area, mainly in the west and northeast. The city services affiliate to the residences like some schools, stadiums, urban parks. There are also commercial areas and hi-technological areas on the eastern side. Compared with the western part, the eastern part is more modern and well developed.

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5.6 Spacial Structure

Figure 5.12, Distribution of the industrial facilities and the technics flow (Liu, 2012)

The technics flow is manifested in figure 5.12, the process of steel making in Shougang is like this: storing raw materials, coking and sintering the material (the main function of the design site), iron making, steel making and steel rolling, transporting productions.

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Figure 5.13, Division of physical space in Shougang (Liu, 2012)

In terms of the physical character of space, building and other structures, the area of Shougang is divided into four parts. I part has plenty of natural landscape and artificial landscape resources, like Shijing Mountain, cooling pool, ancient well temple of Bixiajun Temple and Chinese garden. II part is the area for iron making with the character of iron industry, where there are sintering plant, coking plant and iron making plant. III part has the large scale factories like steel making plant and steel rolling plant. IV part has mainly the administrative and supportive function. And the site of design is located in the II part.

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5.7 Industrial Heritage

Figure 5.14, Protected industrial buildings

Figure 5.15-5.16, Quality and scene of industrial buildings

Industrial heritage is the core factor of this site. The past, present and future all relate to these unique machines and structures, which are the spirits of this land and

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bridge connecting the locals. In figure 5.14, it reveals the importance of these various heritages. According to the time of construction, character, building technology, function in the whole factory and the situation of preservation, they are classified in to three types before adaptive reuse: forcibly protected, suggested protected and other buildings. The buildings in this site are serving for coking during the whole process of iron and steel making. Undoubtedly, this process has lots of interactions with buildings, establishments and other equipment of Shougang, and it can’t exist by itself. Thus the conservation of the production line and the inner relationship between these heritages are also worthy of thinking over, to form the whole industry heritage district.

Figure 5.17, the No. 4 Blast Furnace.

Note: It is a large-scaled building with characteristic of iron and steel industry, with a diameter of 71 m, height of

100 m, concrete-steel construction, main function for producing. It is constructed in 1994 and now suggested to protect forcibly.

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Figure 5.18, No.3 Coking plant

Note: It is a characteristic construction for coking, nearly 2200 m2_{, height 20 m. Built in 1960-1970, with}

steel-brick structure, it is suggested to protect forcibly.

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Figure 5.20, Base of blast furnace (Liu, 2012) Figure 5.21, Special coking plant (Liu, 2012)

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5.8 Other Surrounding Landscape Resources

Figure 5.23, Yongding River and green area along river Figure 5.24, Cooling Tower and Chimney

Figure 5.25, Chinese traditional garden Figure 5.26, Cooling pool

Figure 5.27, Shijing Mountain Figure 5.28, Gantry Crane

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5.9 Metropolitan Plan of Shougang

According to the urban planing of Beijing, Shijingshan District is one of the important tourism and entertainment area in Beijing. The aim of construction of this district is to become a modern industrial zone and a characteristic, green, civilized urban area. Based on the Controlled and Detailed Plan of Shougang hi-tech development zone made in 2011, this comprehensive area has a total surface of 8.63 km2_{, coordinating the surrounding spatial resources in Shijingshan District, high-tech} industries, cultural and creative industry and high-end services. It will be transformed from a high pollution industrial area into a environmental friendly demonstration area with updating of industry.

Figure 5.31, Future land use of Shougang industrial area (BEPSA, 2014)

As is shown in figure 5.31, in the future, the spatial structure and functional division of this hi-tech development zone can be described as “five zones with two belts”, namely the Industrial Themed Park (not the design area), Cultural and Creative Park, Integrated Service Center Area, Economic Center and Comprehensive

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Supporting Area, also a leisure greenbelt along Yongding River and another greenbelt of industrial heritages. The Shougang Industrial Park is in the north of this greenbelt. After construction, because of its significant location, unique history and strong connection with locals, it will be a cultural hot spot, serving for the whole Shougang area and Shijingshan District.

Figure 5.32, Future traffic planning of Shougang (BEPSA, 2014)

In the future, the road system will account for 29.7% of this area, and the road density is about 10 km/km2_{. The road system is divided into four classes: expressway,} primary road, secondary road and by-pass, and the length rate of primary road, secondary road and by-pass is 1: 1.85: 3.37. The national road 108 and109, the metro line 1 and the 5th ring road pass through this area, combined with the road network, which will make the traffic convenient and this area accessible easily, providing good traffic services and laying foundation for the future economic development.

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6, SWOT Analysis

Strength Weakness Opportunity Threaten

Industry heritage Disorganized and wild vegetation Beijing winter Olympic games Contaminated soil Important location (Chang’an Axis) Lack of public services, social activities Sustainable and livable green zone

Old machines and structures Yongding River and

other natural resources

Legacy of redundant infrastructure Adaptive reuse of buildings Pressure of urban sprawl, population Flat land form but

changing skyline

Various users’ demands and needs

Healthier economic structure and job

opportunities Good views with lakes

and mountains

Chinese traditional garden VS modern

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7, Scope of Project and Design Strategy

Environmental:

1) Cleaning up the polluted and harmful soil, recovering previously used land by biological way.

2) Enjoying the ecology system services for example the air condition and water supply provided by this site by creating wetland and forests, using native species and reusing the wild species to enhance bio-diversity.

3) Making it one indispensable part of urban green infrastructures and urban green belt.

4) Reducing land consumption and controlling urban sprawl through this brownfield regeneration projects.

Social:

5) With the characters of iron and steel, making it a unique industrial park in |Beijing. Protecting the cultural relics in the site and well reusing them. And conserving the memory of the history and the sense of place of local people. 6) Improving the quality of life in urban areas, providing more recreational and

cultural activities related to this park, such as cycling, basketball, tennis and other sports, cultural events. Provision of other services like visitor center, bathrooms, lighting, litter bins, information through the park and so on.

7) Providing multi-purpose lawns, meadows, tranquil and intimate areas for resting, seating and quiet activities

8) Making sure the process of public engagement and publishing updated new, regulations and planning of the site. Especially the original residents of Shougang.

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like the Chinese garden, Winter Olympic Park and the Shijing Mountain. Economic:

10) Reusing existing industrial sites and infrastructures to modernize and improve the urban environment.

11) Creating more job opportunities and increasing positive incomes.

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase3

Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6

Figure 7.1-7.6, Six phrases of design: soil cleaning, wetland and activity center construction, connected by tubes, road construction and more activity centers.

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8, Results

8.1 Master Plan and Analysis

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1, playground 2, northern lake 3, base of blast furnace 4, conserved railway

5, island of tree 6, gantry crane 7, water feature 8, hot-blast stove

9, sculpture plaza 10, pump station 11, chimney plaza 12, No. 4 blast furnace

13, entrance plaza 14, dust collector 15, No.1 coking plant 16, air blower room

17, forest 18, cooling tower 19, flower bed 20, pump station

21, ammonia washer 22, No. 3 coking plant 23, wooden platform 24, technology center

25, No. 5 coking plant 26, mosaic garden 27, landscape wall 28, chimney

29, leisure lawn 30, timber bridge 31, special coking plant

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Figure 8.4, Circulation design

Figure 8.5, Classification of road system

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8.2 Planting Design

Figure 8.7, Planting design and the tree species

1, Paulownia tomentosa 2, Robinia pseudoacacia 3, Amygdalus persica

4, Larix principis-rupprechtii 5,Metasequoia glyptostroboides 6, Punica granatum

7, Ginkgo biloba 8, Koelreuteria paniculata 9, Acer truncatum

10, Populus tomentosa 11, Salix matsudana 12, Castanea mollissima

13, Ulmus pumila 14, Morus alba

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8.3 Detail Design

Figure 8.8-8.10, Location of the sections

Figure 8.11, Section A-A’ of part I

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Figure 8.13, Section A-A’ of part II

Figure 8.14, Section B-B’ of part II

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Figure 8.16, Section B-B’ of part III

Figure 8.17, Perspective towards the N0. 4 furnace

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Figure 8.19, Perspective around the main entrance

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Figure 8.21, Sketch of parallel streams

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Reference

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[2] Falser, M. (2001). Industrial Heritage Analysis, World Heritage List and Tentative List. UNESCO World Heritage Center.

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[6] Ferber, U., Grimski, D., Millar, K., & Nathanail, P. (2006). Sustainable brownfield regeneration: CABERNET network report. University of Nottingham: L & Quality Management Group, pp. 3.

[7] Oliver, L., Ferber, U., Grimski, D., Millar, K., & Nathanail, P. (2005). The scale and nature of European brownfields. In CABERNET 2005-International Conference on Managing Urban Land LQM Ltd, Nottingham, UK, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. 5-6.

[8] Solomon, N. B. (2002). Taking the brown out of brownfields. Architectural record, 6, 185. [9] Wisconsin Department of Health Service (WDHS). (2016). Public Health and Brownfields. Retrieved from:https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/environmental/brownfields.htm

[10] Paull, E. (2008). The environmental and economic impacts of brownfields redevelopment. Northeast Midwest.

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[12] EPA. (1979). The Love Canal Tragedy. EPA Journal. Retrieved from:

https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/love-canal-tragedy.html

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https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/2015-brownfields-federal-programs-guide

[14] Liu, F. (2007). Research on the co-regeneration strategies of industrial wasteland in Chinese mining cities. (Ph. D Dissertation), Tsinghua University, China.

[15] Ministry of Environmental Protection and Ministry of Land and Resources. (2014). National Investigation on Soil Pollution. pp. 1-3.

Retrieved from:http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201404/W020140417558995804588.pdf

[16] Xie, J., & Li, F. (2010). Overview of the current situation on brownfield remediation and redevelopment in China (No. 2933). The World Bank.

[17] Energetics Incorporated. (2015). China Brownfield Remediation Workshop. pp 6-7. Retrieved from:http://gsi.nist.gov/global/docs/sit/2015/SITChinaSummaryReport2.pdf|

[18] Kresl, P. K., & Singh, B. (1999). Competitiveness and the urban economy: twenty-four large US metropolitan areas. Urban Studies, 36(5e6), 1017-1027.

[19] Loures L. Horta, D. Santos A. & Panagopoulos T. (2006). Strategies to reclaim derelict industrial areas. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 2(5): 599-604.

[20] Mısırlısoy, D., & Günçe, K. (2016). Adaptive reuse strategies for heritage buildings: a holistic approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 91-98.

[21] Hua, Z. (2008). Phenomena and Countermeasures for Brownfield. Environmental Protection Science, 4, 016.

[22] Punter, J., The Welsh Development Agency Design Guide – Its role in raising standards in Wales. Welsh Development Agency, Cardiff, 2002.

[23] Tölle, A., Jeleszynska, D. M., Tadych, J., & Jasinska, M. (2009). Report about concepts and tools for brownfield redevelopment activities. Central Europe Project 1CE084P4 COBRAMAN: Bydgoszcz, Poland, 9-10.

[24] Xie, P. F. (2015). A life cycle model of industrial heritage development. Annals of Tourism Research, 55, 141-154.

[25] Hartmann, B., Török, S., Börcsök, E., & Groma, V. O. (2014). Multi-objective method for energy purpose redevelopment of brownfield sites. Journal of Cleaner Production, 82, 202-212. [26] Bardos, R. P., Jones, S., Stephenson, I., Menger, P., Beumer, V., Neonato, F., ... & Wendler, K. (2016). Optimising value from the soft re-use of brownfield sites. Science of the Total Environment, 563, 769-782.

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[27] Mathey, J., Arndt, T., Banse, J., & Rink, D. (2016). Public perception of spontaneous vegetation on brownfields in urban areas—Results from surveys in Dresden and Leipzig (Germany). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 1-2.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.10.007

[28] Rizzo, E., Pesce, M., Pizzol, L., Alexandrescu, F. M., Giubilato, E., Critto, A., ... & Bartke, S. (2015). Brownfield regeneration in Europe: Identifying stakeholder perceptions, concerns, attitudes and information needs. Land Use Policy, 48, 437-453.

[29] Chrysochoou, M., Brown, K., Dahal, G., Granda-Carvajal, C., Segerson, K., Garrick, N., & Bagtzoglou, A. (2012). A GIS and indexing scheme to screen brownfields for area-wide redevelopment planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105(3), 187-198.

[30] Cundy, A. B., Bardos, R. P., Puschenreiter, M., Mench, M., Bert, V., Friesl-Hanl, W., ... & Vangronsveld, J. (2016). Brownfields to green fields: Realising wider benefits from practical contaminant phytomanagement strategies. Journal of environmental management, 184, 67-77. [31] Zang, W., C. (2009). Brownfield Remediation Management in China. Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center. pp. 5-7.

[32] Government of Follonica. (2015). Movimento e Calcolo della Popolazione Residente Totale. Retrieved May 03, 2017 from:

http://www.comune.follonica.gr.it/gli_uffici/anagrafe/popolazione_residente.php

[33] The introduction of Follonica. Retrieved May 03, 2017 from:http://www.follonica.com/

[34] Rombai, L., & Tognarini, I. (2006). Follonica e la sua industria del ferro. Storia e beni culturali. All’Insegna del Giglio.

[35] RIPARBELLI, A. (1984). Archeologia industriale: lo stabilimento siderurgico di Follonica. Studi e Notizie Genova, (13), 6-15.

[36] History of Follonica. Retrieved May 03, 2017 from:

http://www.comune.follonica.gr.it/territorio/english/history/index.html

[37] Anonymous. (2013). MAGMA, un museo per le arti in ghisa della Maremma. Redazione Archeomatica. Retrieved May 03, 2017 from:

https://www.archeomatica.it/musei/magma-un-museo-per-le-arti-in-ghisa-della-maremma

[38] Museo Magma. The tour of museum Magma. Retrieved May 03, 2017 from:

http://www.magmafollonica.it/piano-primo.php

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Report of the Construction of Cooling Pool East Street in Shougang Hi-tech Industrial Development Area. pp. 48-56.

[40] Han, F., Sun, T. H., Yuan, G. L., & Huang Y. (2012). Distribution and Assessment of Heavy Metals in Topsoil of Capital Steel Factory in Beijing, China. Geoscience, 5, 965-970.

[41] Government of Beijing. A cultural trip in Beijing. Retrieved May 03, 2017 from:

http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/zwzt/rkyjt/rkwhyry/qxrkwhcg/sjs/

[42] Government of Shijingshan District of Beijing. The population of Shijingshan. (2015). Retrieved May 03, 2017 from:http://www.bjsjs.gov.cn/xxgk/tjxx/20150215/427002.shtml

[43] Shougang Group. The history of Shougang. Retrieved May 03, 2017 from:

http://www.shougang.com.cn/sgweb/html/index.html

[44] Liu, B., Y. (2012). The Investigation & Analysis of Shougang Resource. School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. pp. 3-13.

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Appendix 1, Examples of GRO (Cundy et al, 2016)

GRO Description

Phytoextraction The removal of metal(loid)s or organics from soils by accumulation in the harvestable biomass of plants. When aided by use of soil amendments, this is termed “aided phytoextraction”.

Phytodegradation The use of plants (and associated microorganisms such as rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria) to uptake, store and degrade or transform organic pollutants.

Rhizodegradation The use of plant roots and rhizosphere microorganisms to degrade organic pollutants.

Rhizofiltration The removal of metals or organics from aqueous sources (including groundwater) by plant roots and associated microorganisms.

Phytostabilization Reduction in the bioavailability of pollutants by immobilization in root systems and/or living or dead biomass in the rhizosphere soil. When aided by use of soil amendments, this is termed “aided phytostabilization”.

Phytovolatilization Use of plants to remove pollutants from the growth matrix, transform them and disperse them (or their derived products) into the atmosphere.

Phytoexclusion Reduction in the bioavailability of pollutants by

immobilizing or binding them to the soil matrix through the incorporation into the soil of organic or inorganic compounds, singly or in combination, to prevent the excessive uptake of essential elements and non-essential contaminants into the food chain. Phytoexclusion, the implementation of a stable vegetation cover using so-called excluder plants which do not accumulate contaminants in the harvestable plant biomass, can be combined with in situ immobilization.

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Appendix 2, The list of industrial heritages

Source: The list of monumental heritages in Follonica

http://www.lamma-cres.rete.toscana.it/sitbc/view_1.asp?pr=GR&id1=FOLLONICA

Name Construction Restoration Former use Actual function

1, Monumental 1831 1994 Separating Symbol

2, Sentry boxes 1845 Guarding No use

3, Grand duke’s 1817 - 1822 1845 Private lodging Office

4, Pierallini house 1700s 1818 Private house lodging

5, Tavern and store 1651 1800s Storing High school

6, Director’s 1822 - 1832 Employee’s Administrative

7, The convoy 1817-1830 Transportation Police station

8, Square Furnace 1578 Furnace Library

9, Saint Ferdinand 1400s 1818 Furnace Museum

10, Hospital 1838 - 1841 Hospital/school Housing

11, Foundry No. 1 1839 1918 Storing/furnace Exhibition

12, Workers’ 1838 - 1846 Housing Housing

13, Kilns 1853 Calcining No use

14, Casting arcade 1842 1926 Casting School

15, Foundry No. 2 1834 Foundry Theater

16, Water tower 1910 Hydraulic Lighting

17, Charcoal shed 1840 1900s Storing Warehouse

18, Millpond 1500s Storing water Exhibition

19, Tower house 1618 - 1638 1817 Forge No use

20, Hydro-Electric 1910 Hydraulic No use

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Appendix 3, Excessive pollutants in the soil

Source: Beijing Environment Protection Science Academe, 2015

Sampling depth (m) Pollution medium Excessive pollutants Concentration (mg/kg) Repair (mg/kg) C-carcinogenic 0-1 soil benzopyrene 176 1.5 C benzene 7420 51.6 C naphthalene 1300 168 C 1-5 soil benzopyrene 413 1.5 C naphthalene 2420 168 C benzene 84.6 51.6 C

5-50 soil gas benzene 10E+8

ug/m3

3.61 E+4

ug/m3 C

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Appendix 4, Design of questionnaire for the users of library 1, What’s your gender?

Male female

2, How old are you? 3, What’s your job?

4, Where are you living (the distance with the library)?

Follonica, nearly 10 minutes walk from here Follonica, 10 - 30 minutes walk from here

Follonica, more than 30 minutes walk from here Out of Follonica 5, Why do you choose to come to this library (more than one choice).

Near the place where you live It’s a good place for studying or

reading

For visiting other places out of the library Other reasons 6, How many times every week you come to the library?

1-3 times 4-5 times

Everyday Uncertain

7, Are you satisfied with the service of the library?

Extremely Very

Moderately Slightly

Not at all (reason: ）

8, Do you feel comfortable sitting in the reading room?

Extremely Very

Moderately Slightly

Not at all (reason: ）

9, Have you ever visited the Museo di Magma and other sites of “La citta’ di Fabbrica” ?

Yes No

10, Do you know the history and the story of “La citta’ di Fabbrica”?

Yes No

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Extremely Very Moderately Slightly Not at all 12, Do you think it’s necessary to build a affiliated garden of the library?

Extremely Very Moderately Slightly Not at all

13, Which factors do you think are important for the new outdoor green area.(more than one choice)

Light and safety Shadow and privacy

Various plants and flowers Water landscape

Beautiful views Lawn

Quiet environment Benches and tables

Other important factors for you

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14, What kind of activities you are expecting in the new outdoor green area.(more than one choice)

Reading books Drinking coffee or something else

Basking in the sun Chatting with friends

Enjoying the silence Watching the landscapes around

Other activities you like

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15, Do you have any other suggestions for the library or the new outdoor green area?

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Appendix 5, List of Industrial Heritages in Park and Their Reuse

Name of Building New Function

base of blast furnace scenic spot

hot-blast stove scenic spot

No. 4 blast furnace Multi-functional theater

dust collector scenic spot

No.1 coking plant Sport center

air blower room scenic spot

cooling tower scenic spot

pump station Visitor center

ammonia washer scenic spot

No. 3 coking plant Industrial Museum

No. 5 coking plant Technology center

chimney landmark

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Appendix 6, Bill of Quantities

No. Description Unit Quantity Unit Price

(€) * Total(€)

1 Site Cleaning M2 _5,836 _200.00 _1,167,200.00

2 Excavation Works M3 _20,760 _7.00 _145,320.00

3 Planting 1 498 15,389.86

Total (€) 1,327,909.86

* Note: Ge, J. (2016). Planning of ecological restoration park in coke oven. Gejianzhu Architects & Engineers. pp. 33-34.

No. Tree Specie CIRC

(cm) Height (m) Quantity Unit Price(€) * Total(€) 1 Paulownia tomentosa 10-12 64 37.39 2392.96 2 Robinia pseudoacacia 10-12 40 24.90 996.00 3 Amygdalus persica 12-14 70 39.84 2788.80 4 Larix principis-rupprechtii 2.00-2.50 20 19.37 387.40 5 Metasequoia glyptostroboides 1.50-1.75 28 20.79 582.12 6 Punica granatum 30 4.74 142.20 7 Ginkgo biloba 10-12 28 74.70 2,091.60 8 Koelreuteria paniculata 10-12 40 53.12 2124.80 9 Acer truncatum 8-10 26 29.09 750.34 10 Populus tomentosa 10-12 28 22.45 628.60 11 Salix matsudana 8-10 30 29.88 896.40 12 Castanea mollissima 10-12 24 36.52 876.48 13 Ulmus pumila 10-12 32 33.20 1062.40 14 Morus alba 10-12 10 20.79 207.90 15 Syringa oblata 10-12 14 15.00 210.00 16 Jasminum nudiflorum 1.25-1.50 14 10.59 148.26 Total(€) 15,389.86

* Note: Associazione Italiane Costruttori del Verde. (2008). Assoverde, prezzo informativi per opere a verde. pp 117-216.

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Acknowledgment

I hereby wish to express my appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor Ing. Salvatore Brunello Consorti, Prof. Paolo Vernieri and internship tutor Giuliana Biagioli for all guidance and help, providing me with this great opportunity to learn doing research independently and understanding better the culture, territory and environment.

I am grateful to the Department of of Agriculture, Food and Environment of University of Pisa for giving me research training and the space and materials for my research. In addition I would like to express my gratitude to the conference on brownfields regeneration and site visiting in Shougang industrial area held by Tsinghua University.

I would like to thank all my friends for accepting nothing less than excellence from me. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my parents, my brother and sister for supporting me spiritually and financially throughout my master studying and my life in general.