Special thanks will go to Prof. Pusucas as co-tutor of this thesis for our valuable collaboration related to global developments.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the following lines I wish to express my gratitude for the generosity and valued opinion of the people that have assisted me during my PhD studies as well as the development of this thesis.

My deep gratitude and respect go to the lecturers of the University of Trieste near ISIG, all the other lecturers and the ISIG staff as well as my colleagues whose collaboration has been extensively valuable in these three years of study.

Difficult as it is to pick out names among the academic staff, my gratitude will go to Prof. Gasparini for the precious time and advice he has dedicated to me as a tutor for my thesis and Coordinator of the PhD studies.

Special thanks will go to Prof. Pusucas as co-tutor of this thesis for our valuable collaboration related to global developments.

My gratitude and love go to my family that patiently supported me during my years of study and during the completion of this thesis.

During my educational, professional and social

experience as well as my PhD studies I have had the

privilege to know many colleagues and collaborators. I

may not mention all their names here, however special

thanks go to all of them for knowing them has been

truly enriching.

Finally, I wish to express my gratitude for the Italian

people as financial contributors, who gave us all, the

precious opportunity to follow and educational path in

the language of a people that has marked the western

world culture as we know it and improve our own

knowledge upon the treasures this civilization beholds.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ………...1

1. OBJECT OF ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ………...1

2. METHODOLOGICAL APROACH ………...……..3

3. THE FRAME OF THESIS……….6

PART ONE I. CORRIDORS OF TRANSPORT AND EUROPEAN POLICY………8

I. 1 THE THEORY AND CONCEPT ……….………..8

I. 2 HISTORY AND EXPERIENCES………..19

I. 3 EUROPEAN POLICY ON TRANSPORT CORRIDORS……….…………23

I.3.1 Europe towards a common transport and cohesion policy……….….24

I.3.2 Pan European Corridors and Areas……….28

I..3.3 Trans European Networks of Transport (TEN-T)………. 32

I.3.4 Putting people at the heart of transport activity………. 38

I.3.5 Cross Borders and Corridors of Transport……….………… 45

PART TWO II. BENEFITS

II.1.1 Mobility daily life transport……….…..…… ………….48

II.1.2 Social behaviour and transport ……… 57

II.1.3 Life style and sustainable transport……….……….60

II.1.4 Transport and social integration ………….……… ….64

II.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS……….65

II.2.1 Safety impacts………..65

II.2.2 Environmental impacts………66

II.2.3 Social fragmentally and inequity development………....67

II.2.4 Spatial Planning and Land use……….…68

II.3 ECONOMIC BENEFITS……….69

II.3.1 Global economy and transport………...69

II.3.2 Direct users benefits………...72

II.3.3 Direct economic benefit. Business and tourism………73

II.3.4 Indirect economic benefits. Remittances………76

II.4 ECONOMIC COSTS ……….77

II.4.1 Cost of construction, rehabilitation, travel……….…….…77

II.5 NATURAL CONSEGUENCES………78

II.5.1 Global warming………. .78

PART THREE III. SUSTAINABLE

III.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT………...81

III.2 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT………..82

III.3 TRANSPORT ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE……….88

III.3.1 Energy consumption……….……88

III.3.2 Transport a big energy consumer……….……….……89

III.3.3 Climate change as result of transport energy consumption………...91

III.4 EU POLICY ON REDUCING GAS EMISSIONS……….…...93

III.4.1 Legislation and regulations to reduce transport gas emission………93

III.4.2 International actions on climat change………102

III. 5 RENEWABLE ENERGIES………..105

III.5.1 Energy alternative and options………...………105

III.5.2 Renewable energy and transport……….106

III.5.3 Hydrogen, solar photovoltaic, biomass, geothermal………...112

III.5.4 Renewable energy and market economy……….114

III.6 TRAFIC CONTROL AND REGULATION SYSTEMS………118

III.6.1 Traffic quality and monitoring systems……….118

^{PART FOUR} IV.

IV. 1 WHY PARTNERSHIPS?……… ...123

IV. 2 PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES………...124

IV.2.1 Direct partnership countries………124

IV.2.2 Indirect partners………..125

IV.2.3 Geostrategic partner countries………126

IV.3 Private Public Partnerships………127

IV.3.1 Promoting alternative financial for transport……….127

IV.3.2 Public Private Partnerships………136

IV.3.3 Pension investment funds and transport …………..………..142

IV.3.4 International Experience in PPP………147

PART FIVE

V. PANEUROPEAN TRANSPORT CORRIDOR EIGHT………156

V.1.1 Corridor eight and early Balkans………161

V.1.2 The ancien “ Via Egnatia ” ………...162

V.1.3 Social interactions in early Balkans………...163

V. 2 CORRIDOR EIGHT AFTER PRAGUE CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS TRANSPORT...166

V.2.1 E.U enlargement and Corridor Eight……….…………168

V.3. ALBANIA THE WESTERN GATE OF CORRIDOR ……….……..169

V.3.1 A favourable geo-historic position………..169

V.3.2 Present situation of the transport modes and infrastructures………..172

V.3.3 Population and demography………...182

V.3.4 Employment………...184

V.4. MACEDONIA (FYROM) A CANDIDATE COUNTRY ………..189

V.4.1 Country profile……….189

V.4.2 Socio-economic profile of the country……….190

V.4.3 Present situation of the road transport………..191

V.4.4 Population and demography……….196

V.4.5 Environmental issues……….198

V.5 BULGARIA……….200

V.5.1 Bulgaria an EU member state………..……….….…200

V.5.2 Bulgaria the Eastern Gate of Corridor Eight……….……202

V.7 DATES ANALYSE ………..209

PART SIX

VI.1 ANALYSE OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS ………..213

VI.2 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………...………….214

ABBREVATIONS………224

INDEX OF GRAPHICS.……….226