m for removing the jth electron, kJ mol

concentration

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concentration

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THE CHEMICAL INSTITUTE OF CANADA L’INSTITUT DE CHIMIE DU CANADA

“Chemists, engineers and technologists working together.”

“Les chimistes, les ingénieurs et les technologistes travaillant ensemble.”

NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY EXAMINATION 2006 PART B – EXTENDED RESPONSE SECTION (90 minutes)

In this section you should respond to TWO topics only, writing in the form of scientific essays (or, for Question 4, an experiment description) including any appropriate equations, formulae and diagrams. Some suggestions are made about the direction(s) you could take, but these are not exclusive. Each essay/experiment is of equal value, and the quality of both responses will be considered in the final competition: you should therefore allocate approximately equal time to each of the subjects you choose. The judging of the responses will be based on both factual accuracy and presentation. A clear, concise and well-organized piece of written work will be rated more highly than a long rambling one that contains the same information.

1. Soaps and detergents

In this essay you should discuss what is meant by the terms “soap” and “detergent”. You might like to consider how soaps are related to naturally occurring compounds, and to compare soaps to synthetic detergents. You should explain how soaps and detergents work in reducing the surface tension of water and how they function as cleaning agents. You should give specific examples wherever possible, showing the molecular formulae of the substances you discuss, and indicating how different parts of the molecules behave when they are being used.

You could also discuss the issue of pollution by cleaning agents and by the other substances that are added to them in proprietary products, and consider the question of biodegradability of these substances.

2. Plastics

Nowadays many articles made of plastic are marked with recycling codes. These codes identify different types of plastics (polymers) as follows: (1) Polyethylene terephthalate (polyester); (2) High density polyethylene (polyethene); (3) Polyvinyl chloride (polychloroethene); (4) Low density polyethylene (polyethene); (5) Polypropylene (polypropene); (6) Polystyrene (polyphenylethene); (7) Other – these are polymers other than those specified above, or products made out of more than one polymer.

Choose one or more of these plastics and write a magazine article in which you discuss what the names of the polymers mean and give their molecular formulae. You may also like to describe how the polymers are manufactured. You should discuss the properties of the polymers and how these relate to their uses. You might also consider the problems of separating articles made of different plastics, and the uses that are appropriate for the recycled products (which are often different from the the original uses of these materials).

/continued overleaf

NHSCE 2006 Part B Page 2 3. Transition elements

In this essay you should define what is meant by the term “transition elements”, and discuss some of characteristics that these elements have in common. Some of the factors that you might like to consider are the physical properties of the elements themselves, for example their density, melting point, electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical properties (such as ductility and hardness) and lustre. You should also consider chemical properties such as the existence of multiple oxidation (valency) states, coloured ions, catalytic activity and paramagnetic effects. You should explain these properties as far as you can in terms of the electronic configurations of the elements and their ions, giving specific examples wherever possible. You might also like to consider how the properties of these elements relate to their uses, again giving examples.

4. Experiment Design

Experiments to determine enthalpy changes of combustion (heats of combustion) are important because they enable us to assess the efficiency of fuels.

In answering this question you are required to design an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of a fuel, “Wizzo”, which is a liquid at room temperature, and is known to have a molecular formula of C7H6O. For comparison purposes you are provided with a sample of 1–heptanol (C7H16O), which is also a liquid and has an enthalpy change of combustion of –4637.6 kJ mol^–1.

In your response you should outline your preferred procedure, giving details of the apparatus and materials you would need for performing the experiment in a high school laboratory. It is important to specify any safety precautions that might be required. You should indicate what readings you would take and how you could use these readings to calculate a result. You should consider any problems that you might encounter when performing your experiment, and how these might give rise to errors in the final value obtained. You might also like to discuss how your experiment might be improved in order to overcome these problems. Note that your suggestions for improvements need not be restricted to equipment available in your school laboratory.

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