• Non ci sono risultati.

Unravelling the physiopathological role of sacsin, the protein mutated in the autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS).

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "Unravelling the physiopathological role of sacsin, the protein mutated in the autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS)."

Copied!
128
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

!"#$%&'#()*+,%-.#+'(!,#+,%..*#"'!/&#) !

+ ++

++++#'(#(!(0+'1#%"(#2#10+')"+&)22)%.% ! + +

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$!%&'()(!

!345678893:+;<7+=<>?9@=5;<@8@:9A58+4@87+@B+?5A?93C+

;<7+=4@;793+DE;5;7F+

93+;<7+5E;@?@D58+47A7??967+?=5?;9A+5;5G95+

@B+1<54876@9GH'5:E735>+I)&')1'J+

!

*+,-+.+!/0.10!

!

(23456-7058!

$099:77+!*5+.;47;+!<+=94;;+>!?734@+=4!(+.!A+BB+4=4!

%29058!

"50B:77+!$+.-4=+!"+50=+50>!C.-6457-9D!@41=-!(92@-!@4==E).72,5-+!

!

,0((0&)(0+#"+K%,#1#")+'L%&#K%"().%+%+(&)'.)M#0").%C+

NNN#+A9A8@C+1E449AE8ED+F9+"7E4@?A973O7+

!

*5+.;47;+!<+=94;;+E7!/+,05+905F8!

G425014.0H-;7!C.-9!

$-6-7-0.!0B!G42507;-4.;4!

(+.!A+BB+4=4!(;-4.9-B-;!).79-9294>!

I-+!?=1499-.+!JK>!LKMNL!<-=+.>!)9+=F!

"#:!ONP!KL!LJQN!PMMR!

S;+@4H-;!T4+5!LKMUVLKMP!

(2)

! M!

(5P87+@B+1@3;73;?+

'EDD54>+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+R!

)AS3@T87F:7D73;?+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+U!

)P?;45A; +QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+V!

#3;4@FEA;9@3 +QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+WX!

M:M!!"#!!14.48!14.0H-;!=0;+=-W+9-0.!+.@!4X35477-0.!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!ML!

M:M:M!Y!Z#+5+;945-W+9-0.!0B$!"#!!14.4!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!ML!

M:M:L!Y!'X35477-0.!0B!!"#!$14.4!-.!H+HH+=!9-77247!::::::::::::::::::::::!ML!

M:M:N!Y!(2,;4==2=+5!=0;+=-W+9-0.!0B!7+;7-.!35094-.!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!MN!

M:L!(+;7-.!35094-.!+5;#-94;9254!+.@!@0H+-.7!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!M[!

M:L:M!Y!(+;7-.!+5;#-94;9254!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!M[!

M:L:L!Y!%#4!G\945H-.+=!3059-0.!0B!7+;7-.!;0.9+-.7!+!C,/!@0H+-.!:::::!MJ!

M:L:N!Y!*50H!9#4!@-7;0645F!0B!(AA!M>!L>!N!+.@!]"Z^!@0H+-.!90!9#4!

-@4.9-B-;+9-0.!0B!()A"%!M>!L>!N!@0H+-.7!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!MU!

M:L:Q!Y!%#4!Z\945H-.+=!3059-0.!0B!7+;7-.!;0.9+-.7!+!_!@0H+-.!::::::::::!LN!

M:L:[!Y!%#4!Z\945H-.+=!4.@!0B!7+;7-.!;0.9+-.7!+!&'"G!@0H+-.!:::::::!L[!

M:N!S29070H+=!A4;477-64!(3+79-;!S9+X-+!0B!Z#+5=460-X\(+124.+F!::::::::::!LR!

M:N:M!Y!%#4!S29070H+=!A4;477-64!(3+79-;!S9+X-+!0B!Z#+5=460-X\

(+124.+F!-7!;+274@!,F!H29+9-0.7!-.!!"#!!14.4:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!LR!

M:N:L!Y!SA(SZ(!;=-.-;+=!H+.-B479+9-0.7!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!NK!

M:N:N!Y!`4.09F34\3#4.09F34!;0554=+9-0.!-.!SA(SZ(!:::::::::::::::::::::::!NL!

M:N:Q!Y!"#4.09F34!0B!;4==2=+5!H0@4=7!0B!7+;7-.!+,74.;4!::::::::::::::::::!NQ!

M:N:[!Y!!%&'!a.0;a029!H25-.4!H0@4=!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!QM!

)9D+@B+;<7+=4@Y7A; +QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+ZU!

K5;74958?+53F+D7;<@F? +QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+R[!

Z4==!;2=9254!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![K!

Z4==!=F7-7>!($(!+.@!G+9-64!\"S`'!+.@!b47945.!^=09!+.+=F747!::::::::::::::::![K!

AGS!4X95+;9-0.!+.@!A4+=!%-H4\"ZA!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![K!

Z4==!;2=9254!954+9H4.97!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![M!

S11541+94!@494;9-0.!H49#0@7!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![L!

(3)

! L!

Mc!(0=2,=4!+.@!-.70=2,=4!B5+;9-0.7!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![L!

Lc!%09+=!#0H014.+947!-.!+1+5074\+;5F=+H-@4!14=!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![L!

A+@-0+;9-64!32=74!0B!.4d=F!7F.9#47-W4@!7+;7-.!35094-.!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![L!

(2,;4==2=+5!B5+;9-0.+9-0.!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![N!

<-90;#0.@5-+=!B5+;9-0.+9-0.!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![Q!

Mc!$-BB454.9-+=!;4.95-B21+9-0.!H49#0@!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![Q!

Lc!<-90;#0.@5-+=!325-B-;+9-0.!,F!+.9-!\%?<LL!H+1.49-;!,4+@7!::::::::::![Q!

`4.45+9-0.! 0B! !"#!\&S! a.0;a-.! &4/+! ;4==7! ,F! ZA)("AVZ+7P\H4@-+94@!

14.0H4!4@-9-.1!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![Q!

Z'/\)!+77+F!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![J!

A*/"!+77+F!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![R!

).95+;4==2=+5!79+-.-.1!+.@!B=0d!;F90H495F!B05!@494;9-0.!0B!&S!-.9415+9-0.!

-.!&4/+!;4==7!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![R!

S.+=F7-7!0B!H-90;#0.@5-+=!H053#0=01F!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![U!

)HH2.0B=20547;4.;4!+.+=F7-7!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![U!

)HH2.0354;-3-9+9-0.!-.!4.@014.027!;0.@-9-0.!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![P!

Mc!(+;7-.!-HH2.0354;-3-9+9-0.!-.!&4/+!;4==7!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![P!

Lc!(+;7-.!-HH2.0354;-3-9+9-0.!-.!H0274!;454,4==2H!::::::::::::::::::::::::![P!

"5094+70H+=!+;9-6-9F!+77+F!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::![P!

S115470H4!@494;9-0.!H49#0@!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!JK!

'=4;950.!H-;507;03F!+.+=F7-7!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!JK!

<-;507;034!+;e2-7-9-0.!+.@!=-64!-H+1-.1!+.+=F7-7!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!JK!

(9+9-79-;+=!+.+=F747!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!JM!

"5-H+5F!+.9-,0@-47!274@!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!JM!

&7?E8;? +QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+\Z!

1<5=;74+W+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+\Z!

WQ+)358>O93:+;<7+:73@;>=7H=<73@;>=7+A@44785;9@3+@B+?5A?93+DE;5;9@3?+

93+)&')1'+F9?75?7Q+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+\Z!

M:M! SA(SZ(! 3+9-4.9! B-,50,=+797! 7#0d! +! @5+H+9-;! 54@2;9-0.! 0B! 7+;7-.!

=464=7:!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!JQ!

(4)

! N!

M:L! <29+.9! 7+;7-.! HAGS! -7! 79+,=4! +.@! 9#4! 35094-.! -7! .09! 547;24@! ,F!

-.#-,-9-.1!@415+@+9-64!7F794H7:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!J[!

M:N!<29+.9!7+;7-.!@047!.09!+11541+94!-.!SA(SZ(!3+9-4.9!B-,50,=+797:!:::!JR!

M:Q!?.10-.1!d05a8!-.6479-1+9-.1!9#4!#F309#47-7!0B!+!;0\95+.7=+9-0.+=!e2+=-9F!

;0.950=!0B!H29+.9!7+;7-.:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!RK!

1<5=;74+X+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+UR!

XQ+#367?;9:5;93:+;<7+@E;A@D7?+@B+?5A?93+5P?73A7+I9J]+D9;@A<@3F4958+

37;T@4S+<>=74BE?9@3Q+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+UR!

L:M!(+;7-.!-7!,-0-.B05H+9-;+==F!354@-;94@!90!,4!;F9070=-;!+.@!.2;=4+5:!::::::!R[!

L:L! (2,;4==2=+5! B5+;9-0.+9-0.! 4X345-H4.97! @4H0.795+94! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! -7!

;F9070=-;!d-9#!+!3+59-+=!H-90;#0.@5-+=!=0;+=-W+9-0.:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!RU!

L:N! !"#!\&S! a.0;a-.! &4=+! ;4==7! 14.45+9-0.! ,F! ZA)("AVZ+7P\H4@-+94@!

14.0H4!4@-9-.1!90!;=+5-BF!7+;7-.!72,;4==2=+5!=0;+=-W+9-0.:!:::::::::::::::::::::::::!RP!

L:N:M!ZA)("A\f)!795+941F!+.@!@47-1.!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!UK!

L:N:L!<0=4;2=+5!+.+=F7-7!0B!&4/+!;4==7!.2;=40B4;94@!d-9#!Z+7P871AGS!

+.@!&$A!94H3=+94!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!UN!

L:N:N!S.+=F7-7!0B!9#4!;=0.47!@45-64@!B50H!;4==7!.2;=40B4;94@!d-9#!

Z+7P871AGS!+.@!&$A!94H3=+94!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!U[!

L:Q! <-90;#0.@5-+=! .49d05a! -.! SA(SZ(! 3+9-4.9! B-,50,=+797! -7! H054! B274@!

9#+.!;0.950=7:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!UJ!

L:[! SA(SZ(! B-,50,=+797! 7#0d! @4;54+74@! $A"M! 54;52-9H4.9! 0.!

H-90;#0.@5-+:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!UU!

L:J!!%&'!f?!"25a-.g4!;4==7!7#0d!H-90;#0.@5-+=!5494.9-0.!-.!.4250.+=!70H+:

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!PM!

L:R!'.@014.027!7+;7-.!-HH2.0354;-3-9+9-0.!-.!H0274!;454,4==2H!5464+=7!

SA"ZL!+7!329+9-64!7+;7-.!-.945+;905:!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!PL!

1<5=;74+^+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+VR!

^Q+#367?;9:5;93:+;<7+@E;A@D7?+@B+?5A?93+5P?73A7+I99J]+A>;@?S787;58+

47F9?;49PE;9@3Q+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+VR!

N:M!(+;7-.!H29+9-0.7V+,74.;4!=4+@!90!;F907a4=49+=!6-H4.9-.!54@-795-,29-0.:

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!P[!

(5)

! Q!

N:L!!!G*7!+;;2H2=+94!-.!!%&'!f?!H0274:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!PU!

N:N! %479-.1! 9#4! +115470H+=! 3+9#d+F! #F309#47-78! 35094+70H+=! H+;#-.45F!

-7! .09! 0645d#4=H4@! -.! SA(SZ(! B-,50,=+797! +.@! !%&'! f?! H0274! ZG(!

9-77247:!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!MKK!

N:Q! %479-.1! 9#4! +115470H+=! 3+9#d+F! #F309#47-78! +11541+94@! 7952;92547!

+54!.09!46-@4.9!-.!SA(SZ(!B-,50,=+797!+.@!-.!!%&'!f?!H0274:!::::::::::::!MKN!

N:[!SA(SZ(!3+9-4.9!B-,50,=+797!7#0d!-.;54+74@!+2903#+1-;!B=2X:!:::::::::!MK[!

,9?AE??9@3 +QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+W[_!

Mc! S.+=FW-.1! 9#4! 14.09F34\3#4.09F34! ;0554=+9-0.! 0B! 7+;7-.! H29+9-0.7! -.!

SA(SZ(!@-74+74:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!MKU!

Lc!).6479-1+9-.1!9#4!029;0H47!0B!7+;7-.!+,74.;4!h-c8!H-90;#0.@5-+=!.49d05a!

#F345B27-0.:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!MMN!

Nc! ).6479-1+9-.1! 9#4! 029;0H47! 0B! 7+;7-.! +,74.;4! h--c8! ;F907a4=49+=!

54@-795-,29-0.:!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!MMU!

1@3A8E?9@3 +QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+WXX!

&7B7473A7?+QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+WXZ!

LEP89A5;9@3? +QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ+WXU!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

(6)

! [!

'EDD54>+

(+;7-.! -7! +! =+514>! H2=9-H0@2=+5! 35094-.! 4.;0@4@! ,F! 9#4! !"#!! 14.4! +.@!

B02.@! 0.=F! -.! 64594,5+947:! )9! -7! 4X354774@! -.! 9#4! ;4.95+=! .456027! 7F794H>!

4734;-+==F! -.! "25a-.g4! ;4==7! +.@! ;059-;073-.+=! .4250.7:! ^-0-.B05H+9-;7E!

354@-;9-0.7! 7211479! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! 3=+F7! +! 50=4! -.! 35094-.! e2+=-9F! ;0.950=:!

&0d4645>! 90! @+94! 7+;7-.! 3#F7-0=01-;+=! B2.;9-0.7! +.@! 72,;4==2=+5!

=0;+=-W+9-0.!+54!79-==!034.!e2479-0.7:!

/077! 0B! B2.;9-0.! H29+9-0.7! -.! !"#!! 14.4! ;+274! S29070H+=! A4;477-64!

(3+79-;! S9+X-+! 0B! Z#+5=460-X\(+124.+F! hSA(SZ(c>! +.! 4+5=F\0.749!

.4250@414.45+9-64! @-705@45:! ^4-.1! 7+;7-.! B2.;9-0.! 79-==! 2.a.0d.>! 9#4!

H0=4;2=+5! 3+9#014.47-7! =4+@-.1! 90! SA(SZ(! #+7! 645F! 3005=F! ,44.!

-.6479-1+94@:! <F! 9#47-7! -7! B0;274@! 0.! 4X3=05-.1! 7+;7-.! 3#F7-03+9#0=01-;+=!

50=4!+9!9#4!;4==2=+5!=464=!+.@!0.!@-774;9-.1!9#4!3+9#014.47-7!0B!SA(SZ(:!!

*-579>!d4!4X+H-.4@!#0d!7+;7-.!H29+9-0.7!+=945!9#4!547-@2+=!+H02.9!0B!9#4!

35094-.! -.! SA(SZ(! 3+9-4.9! ;4==7>! 7-.;4! 2.9-=! .0d! -9! #+7! .4645! ,44.!

46+=2+94@>! =4+6-.1! +! #0=4! -.! 9#4! 14.09F34\3#4.09F34! ;0554=+9-0.! -.!

SA(SZ(:!!

S9! 9#4! 7+H4! 9-H4>! d4! -.6479-1+94@! 9#4! 4BB4;97! 0B! 9#4! =+;a! 0B! 7+;7-.! -.!

@-BB454.9! H0@4=7! @43=494@! 0B! -97! 4X35477-0.! hSA(SZ(! 3+9-4.9! B-,50,=+797>!

!"#!!f?!&4/+!;4==7>!!%&'!f?!H0274!4H,5F0.-;!B-,50,=+797>!+.@!35-H+5F!

"25a-.g4! .4250.7! B50H! 9#4! !%&'! f?! H0274! H0@4=c:! b4! B02.@! +=945+9-0.7!

-.! H-90;#0.@5-+=! @F.+H-;7>! .+H4=F! H-90;#0.@5-+=! #F345B27-0.! +.@>! ,F!

@-774;9-.1! 9#4! H0=4;2=+5! H4;#+.-7H>! d4! @4H0.795+94@! 9#+9! 9#4!

H-90;#0.@5-+=! B-77-0.! 350;477! d+7! -.@44@! -H3+-54@:! ).! =-.4! d-9#! 9#474!

5472=97>!d4!7#0d4@!9#+9!H-90;#0.@5-+=!#F345B27-0.!#+7!+!7950.1!-H3+;9!0.!

H-90;#0.@5-+=! 95+BB-;a-.1! -.! 35-H+5F! "25a-.g4! ;4==7! 9#+9! =+;a! 7+;7-.!

4X35477-0.:! %#-7! #-1#=-1#97! 9#4! -H3059+.;4! 0B! 9#-7! 3#4.09F34! -.! 9#4!

3+9#014.47-7! 0B! SA(SZ(>! +7! "25a-.g4! .4250.7! +54! 9#4! B-579! ;4==7! 90! ,4!

+BB4;94@:!!

).! 7+;7-.\@43=494@! ;4==7>! d4! @494;94@! +! @5+H+9-;! 54H0@4==-.1! 0B! 9#4!

;F907a4=49+=! .49d05a>! 3+59-;2=+5=F! 0B! -.945H4@-+94! B-=+H4.97:! ?25! @+9+!

72330597! 9#4! #F309#47-7! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! H+F! ,4! -.60=64@! -.! -.945H4@-+94!

(7)

! J!

B-=+H4.9! 54H0@4==-.1! -.! +.! -.@-54;9! H+..45>! 72;#! +7! ,F! 5412=+9-.1! 9#4-5!

B0=@-.1:!%#-7!-7!+=70!72114794@!,F!9#4!354@-;94@!;#+3450.4\=-a4!+;9-6-9-47!0B!

;459+-.! 7+;7-.! @0H+-.7:! S.! -.945H4@-+94! B-=+H4.9! 54051+.-W+9-0.! +.@V05!

+;;2H2=+9-0.! ;02=@! 7945-;+==F! #-.@45! ,09#! 95+.73059! +.@! @-795-,29-0.! 0B!

H-90;#0.@5-+!-.!"25a-.g4!.4250.7!0B!!%&'!f?!H0274:!?.!9#4!09#45!#+.@>!

;F907a4=49+=! @45+.14H4.9! ;02=@! ,4! 54730.7-,=4! B05! -H3+-5-.1! $A"M!

54;52-9H4.9:!

%#4! ;4==2=+5! 3#4.09F347! 9#+9! d4! #+64! -@4.9-B-4@! -.! 9#4! +,74.;4! 0B! 7+;7-.!

+54!79437!B05d+5@!-.!2.@4579+.@-.1!9#4!3+9#014.49-;!;+7;+@4!0B!SA(SZ(!

+.@!7#4@!=-1#9!0.!3094.9-+=!7+;7-.!B2.;9-0.7:!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

(8)

! R!

)AS3@T87F:7D73;?++

)!d02=@!=-a4!90!9#+.a!3403=4!#+6-.1!72330594@!H4!-.!9#474!9#544!F4+57!0B!

HF!"#$!g025.4F:!)!d+.9!B-579!90!9#+.a!HF!723456-705!*5+.;47;+!<+=94;;+>!

B05!#+6-.1!+;;4394@!H4!90!d05a!-.!#45!=+,05+905F:!)!d-==!,4!B054645!15+94B2=!

90! #45! B05! 9#4! 795+-1#9B05d+5@! 723456-7-0.! +.@! -.! @443! 92905-.1! +;9-6-9F! 0.!

HF! 4.9-54! "#$! g025.4F:! (34;-+==F>! )! d02=@! 9#+.a! #45! B05! 9#4! H4.905-.1!

+;9-6-9F! -.! 541+5@! 90! HF! 4@2;+9-0.+=! +.@! =4+5.-.1! 50294! ,29>! +,064! +==>! -.!

541+5@!90!H4!+7!34570.!+.@!+7!500a-4!7;-4.9-79:!

<F! 15+9-92@4! 1047! 90! HF! 92905! 0B! C.-6457-9D! @41=-! (92@-! @4==E).72,5-+>!

350B47705! $+.-4=+! "+50=+50>! B05! 025! 4.g0F+,=4! H449-.17>! -.! d#-;#! 7#4!

B0==0d4@! 9#4! +@6+.;47! 0B! HF! "#$! 350g4;9>! +.@! 7#4! 1+64! H4! ;0.7952;9-64!

7;-4.9-B-;!7211479-0.7:!

)!d02=@!=-a4!+=70!90!9#+.a!HF!=+,05+905F!15023>!-.!3+59-;2=+5!HF!;0==4+124!

S.@54+!$4=!^0.@-0!B05!#-7!35+;9-;+=!#4=3!+.@!7;-4.9-B-;!+@6-;47i!9#4!B05H45!

H4H,45!0B!9#4!=+,!(27+..+!%2==->!B05!#+6-.1!-.950@2;4@!H4!-.!9#4!=+,!+.@!

9+21#9!H4!+!=09!0B!4X345-H4.9+=!H49#0@7!)!79-==!274:!

<F! .09+,=4! 9#+.a7! +=70! 10! 90! +==! 9#4! 09#45! 15023! H4H,457>! $+.-4=4! $4!

A-9-7>!+!54;4.9=F!15+@2+94@!792@4.9!d05a-.1!0.!+!@-BB454.9!3+59!0B!9#4!7+H4!

350g4;9!0.!d#-;#!)!d05a>!B05!#-7!,5-==-+.9!#4=3!+.@!025!7;-4.9-B-;!@-7;277-0.7>!

3+59-;2=+5=F! B05! @5-6-.1! +==! 9#4! ,-0-.B05H+9-;7! +.+=F7-7! +.@! 9#4! 274! 0B!

ZA)("A\Z+7P! 94;#.0=01F! B05! 9#4! 14.45+9-0.! 0B! a.0;a029! +.@! a.0;a-.!

H0@4=7i! 9#4! 4X;4==4.9! 54;4.9=F! 15+@2+94@! 792@4.9! I+=4.9-.+! ^+@45.+! B05!

7233059!+.@!#4=3>!9#+.a!90!#45!+,-=-9F!90!B+;4!+==!d-9#!+!7H-=4i!+.@!9#4!.4d!

7a-=B2=!H+7945E7!9#47-7!792@4.9!4.95F!$+6-@4!*5+9-;4==-:!

)!d02=@!;459+-.=F!H4.9-0.!-.!HF!+;a.0d=4@14H4.97!9#4!B05H45!H4H,457!0B!

9#4! =+,! 0B! 350B47705! `-051-0! Z+7+5->! d-9#! d#-;#! )! 79-==! #+64! 7;-4.9-B-;!

;0.9+;97>!+7!9#4!74.-05!3079@0;!/+25+!Z+77-.+!+.@!9#4!94;#.-;-+.!<+25-W-0!

$4!*27;0:!)!+H!15+94B2=!90!350B47705!`-051-0!Z+7+5->!9#4!7;-4.9-B-;!H4.905!

0B! HF! 723456-705! *5+.;47;+! h9#4! B05H45! &4+@! 0B! C.-9c>! d#0! B0==0d4@! 9#4!

+@6+.;47!0B!HF!d05a!-.!9#4!B-579!F4+5!0B!HF!"#$:!)!d02=@!9#+.a!#-H!B05!9#4!

-H35477-64! 7;-4.9-B-;! @-7;277-0.7! d4! #+@! +.@! 9#4! 05-1-.+=! 30-.97! 0B! 6-4d!

(9)

! U!

9#+9! )! 345B4;9=F! 79-==! 54H4H,45! +.@! d#074! )! d-==! g4+=027=F! a443! 9#4!

H4H05-47:!

!

)!H-4-!5-.15+W-+H4.9-!@-!;2054!6+..0!+=!H-0!B-@+.W+90!Z-50!;#4!#+!74H354!

7233059+90! 4! 70794.290! H4! 4! -=! H-0! -H341.0! .4=! H-0! =+6050>! 4! +==+! H-+!

B+H-1=-+! ;#4! H-! #+! 345H4770! @-! 5+11-2.1454! 9299-! -! H-4-! 95+12+5@->! 7-.!

@+==E-.-W-0>!4!+!;2-!@460!74H3=-;4H4.94!e24==0!;#4!70.0:!

!

<F!H079!7-.;454!9#+.a7>!

`5+W-4!@-!;2054>!

*+,-+.+!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

(10)

! P!

)P?;45A;+

!

(+;7-.! -7! +! =+514>! H2=9-H0@2=+5! 35094-.! 4.;0@4@! ,F! 9#4! !"#!! 14.4! +.@!

B02.@! 0.=F! -.! 64594,5+947:! )9! -7! 4X354774@! -.! 9#4! ;4.95+=! .456027! 7F794H>!

4734;-+==F! -.! "25a-.g4! ;4==7! +.@! ;059-;073-.+=! .4250.7:! ^-0-.B05H+9-;7E!

354@-;9-0.7! 0B! 7+;7-.! 35094-.! 7952;9254! #+64! 5464+=4@! 9#4! 35474.;4! 0B!

@0H+-.7! 7#+5-.1! #-1#! 7-H-=+5-9F! 90! a.0d.! ;#+3450.4! @0H+-.7! -.60=64@! -.!

35094079+7-7>!+7!d4==!+7!2.;#+5+;945-W4@!@0H+-.7:!%#-7!46-@4.;4!72114797!

9#+9!7+;7-.!3=+F7!+!50=4!-.!35094-.!e2+=-9F!;0.950=:!&0d4645>!90!@+94!7+;7-.!

3#F7-0=01-;+=!B2.;9-0.7!+.@!72,;4==2=+5!=0;+=-W+9-0.!+54!79-==!034.!e2479-0.7>!

+7! -97! =+514! 7-W4! +.@! ;0H3=4X! +5;#-94;9254! #+64! 70! B+5! #-.@454@! 9#4!

35015477!0B!792@-47:!

/077! 0B! B2.;9-0.! H29+9-0.7! -.! !"#!! 14.4! ;+274! S29070H+=! A4;477-64!

(3+79-;! S9+X-+! 0B! Z#+5=460-X\(+124.+F! hSA(SZ(c! @-74+74>! +!

.4250@414.45+9-64!@-705@45!H+-.=F!;#+5+;945-W4@!,F!4+5=F\0.749!;454,4==+5!

+9+X-+>! =0d45! =-H,7! 73+79-;-9F>! +.@! 345-3#45+=! .42503+9#F:! ^4-.1! 7+;7-.!

B2.;9-0.! 79-==! 2.a.0d.>! 9#4! H0=4;2=+5! 3+9#014.47-7! =4+@-.1! 90! SA(SZ(!

@-74+74! #+7! 645F! 3005=F! ,44.! -.6479-1+94@:! $25-.1! HF! 9#47-7! 350g4;9>! )!

B0;274@! 0.! 4X3=05-.1! 7+;7-.! 3#F7-03+9#0=01-;+=! 50=4! +9! 9#4! ;4==2=+5! =464=!

+.@!@-774;9-.1!9#4!3+9#014.47-7!0B!SA(SZ(:!!

C.9-=! .0d! d4! =+;a! +! ;=4+5! 14.09F34\3#4.09F34! ;0554=+9-0.! -.! SA(SZ(!

3+9-4.97>! +7! 9#4! 547-@2+=! +H02.9! 0B! 7+;7-.! 35094-.! -.! 3+9-4.97! #+7! .4645!

,44.!46+=2+94@:!).945479-.1=F>!d4!B02.@!9#+9!541+5@=477!0B!9#4!.+9254!0B!9#4!

H29+9-0.7>!7+;7-.!-7!+=H079!+,74.9!-.!+!3+.4=!0B!@-BB454.9!SA(SZ(!3+9-4.9!

B-,50,=+797:! b4! 4.@4@! 23! d-9#! 9#4! 5472=9! 9#+9! .4-9#45! +! B+7945! 3079\

95+.7=+9-0.+=! @415+@+9-0.! h4:1:! ,F! 35094+70H4! 05! +2903#+1Fc! .05! 9#4!

B05H+9-0.!0B!H29+.9!7+;7-.!+11541+947!35064@!90!,4!9#4!;+274!0B!9#4!=077!

0B! H29+.9! 7+;7-.:! %#454B054>! d4! #F309#47-W4@! 9#4! 4X-794.;4! 0B! +! ;0\

95+.7=+9-0.+=! e2+=-9F! ;0.950=! H4;#+.-7H! 9#+9! 35464.94@! 9#4! ;0H3=494!

95+.7=+9-0.! 0B! 7+;7-.! 35094-.! d#4.! -9! ;+55-47! H29+9-0.7! -.! a4F! 7952;925+=!

547-@247:!%#-7!-7!-.@44@!3077-,=4!B05!72;#!+!=+514!H2=9-H0@2=+5!35094-.!+7!

7+;7-.>! d#074! 95+.7=+9-0.! H+F! ,4! 354;4@4@! ,F! 7-.1=4! @0H+-.7! Y! 74.74@!

(11)

! MK!

+7!-.@434.@4.9!B0=@-.1!2.-97!,F!9#4!95+.7=+9-0.+=!H+;#-.45F!Y!5472=9-.1!-.!+!

#-1#!4.451F\@4H+.@!9+7a!B05!9#4!;4==:!!

S9! 9#4! 7+H4! 9-H4>! d4! -.6479-1+94@! 9#4! 4BB4;97! 0B! 9#4! =+;a! 0B! 7+;7-.! -.!

@-BB454.9! H0@4=7! @43=494@! 0B! -97! 4X35477-0.! hSA(SZ(! 3+9-4.9! B-,50,=+797>!

!"#!!f?!&4/+!;4==7>!!%&'!f?!H0274!4H,5F0.-;!B-,50,=+797>!+.@!35-H+5F!

"25a-.g4! .4250.7! B50H! 9#4! !%&'! f?! H0274! H0@4=c:! b4! B02.@! +=945+9-0.7!

-.! H-90;#0.@5-+=! @F.+H-;7>! .+H4=F! H-90;#0.@5-+=! #F345B27-0.! +.@>! ,F!

@-774;9-.1! 9#4! H0=4;2=+5! H4;#+.-7H>! d4! @4H0.795+94@! 9#+9! 9#4!

H-90;#0.@5-+=!B-77-0.!350;477!d+7!-.@44@!-H3+-54@:!!

$F.+H-.\54=+94@!35094-.!M!h$A"Mc!-7!9#4!H4@-+905!0B!H-90;#0.@5-+=!B-77-0.:!

)9! -7! 54;52-94@! B50H! 9#4! ;F9070=! -.90! 9#4! 02945! H-90;#0.@5-+=! H4H,5+.4>!

d#454! -9! +774H,=47! -.90! 0=-10H457>! #F@50=FW47! `%">! +.@! ;0.795-;97! 9#4!

H4H,5+.47:! ?25! 792@-47! 7#0d4@! ;0H350H-74@! $A"M! 54;52-9H4.9! +.@!

#-1#45! 05@45! 0=-10H45-W+9-0.! 0.! 9#4! 02945! H-90;#0.@5-+=! H4H,5+.4! 0B!

7+;7-.\@43=494@! ;4==7:! ).! =-.4! d-9#! 9#474! 5472=97>! d4! 7#0d4@! 9#+9!

H-90;#0.@5-+=!#F345B27-0.!#+7!+!7950.1!-H3+;9!0.!H-90;#0.@5-+=!95+BB-;a-.1!

-.! 35-H+5F! "25a-.g4! ;4==7! 9#+9! =+;a! 7+;7-.! 4X35477-0.:! %#-7! #-1#=-1#97! 9#4!

-H3059+.;4!0B!9#-7!3#4.09F34!-.!9#4!3+9#014.47-7!0B!SA(SZ(>!+7!"25a-.g4!

.4250.7!+54!9#4!B-579!;4==7!90!,4!+BB4;94@:!!

).! 7+;7-.\@43=494@! ;4==7>! d4! @494;94@! +! @5+H+9-;! 54H0@4==-.1! 0B! 9#4!

;F907a4=49+=! .49d05a>! 3+59-;2=+5=F! 0B! -.945H4@-+94! B-=+H4.97:! ?25! @+9+!

72330597! 9#4! #F309#47-7! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! H+F! ,4! -.60=64@! -.! -.945H4@-+94!

B-=+H4.9! 54H0@4==-.1! -.! +.! -.@-54;9! H+..45>! 72;#! +7! ,F! 5412=+9-.1! 9#4-5!

B0=@-.1:!%#-7!-7!+=70!72114794@!,F!9#4!354@-;94@!;#+3450.4\=-a4!+;9-6-9-47!0B!

;459+-.! 7+;7-.! @0H+-.7:! S.! -.945H4@-+94! B-=+H4.9! 54051+.-W+9-0.! +.@V05!

+;;2H2=+9-0.! ;02=@! 7945-;+==F! #-.@45! ,09#! 95+.73059! +.@! @-795-,29-0.! 0B!

H-90;#0.@5-+!-.!"25a-.g4!.4250.7!0B!!%&'!f?!H0274:!?.!9#4!09#45!#+.@>!

;F907a4=49+=! @45+.14H4.9! ;02=@! ,4! 54730.7-,=4! B05! -H3+-5-.1! $A"M!

54;52-9H4.9:! *259#45! +.+=F747! +54! 0.10-.1! 90! 2.@4579+.@! #0d!

H-90;#0.@5-+=! #F345B27-0.! +.@! -.945H4@-+94! B-=+H4.9! 54+55+.14H4.9! +54!

=-.a4@:!!

(12)

! MM!

%#4! ;4==2=+5! 3#4.09F347! 9#+9! d4! #+64! -@4.9-B-4@! -.! 9#4! +,74.;4! 0B! 7+;7-.!

+54!79437!B05d+5@!-.!2.@4579+.@-.1!9#4!3+9#014.49-;!;+7;+@4!0B!SA(SZ(!

+.@!7#4@!=-1#9!0.!3094.9-+=!7+;7-.!B2.;9-0.7:!

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

!

(13)

! ML!

#3;4@FEA;9@3+

!

WQW+!"#!+:737]+:73@D9A+8@A589O5;9@3+53F+7G=47??9@3+

()()($*$#+%,%&-.,/0%-/12$13$!"#!$4.2.$

!"#!!14.4!4.;0@47!B05!9#4!35094-.!7+;7-.!+.@!H29+9-0.7!-.!!"#!!=4+@!90!

S29070H+=!A4;477-64!(3+79-;!S9+X-+!0B!Z#+5=460-X\(+124.+F!hSA(SZ(c:!

SA(SZ(! -7! +.! 4+5=F\0.749! .4250@414.45+9-64! @-74+74! ;#+5+;945-W4@! ,F!

;454,4==+5!+9+X-+>!=0d45!=-H,7!73+79-;-9F!+.@!345-3#45+=!.42503+9#F!h?<)<!

jLRK[[Kc:!%#4!SA(SZ(!=0;27!-7!=0;+=-W4@!0.!;#50H070H4!MNeML:ML!+.@!

d+7!;=0.4@!B05!9#4!B-579!9-H4!,F!'.1459!49!+=:!-.!LKKK!h'.1459!49!+=:>!LKKKc>!

d#0!-@4.9-B-4@!9d0!H29+9-0.7!-.!9#4!354@-;94@!;0@-.1!74e24.;4!+7!=4+@-.1!

90! SA(SZ(:! ).-9-+==F>! 9#4! 14.4! d+7! 354@-;94@! 90! ;0.7-79! 0B! +! 7-.1=4! 1-+.9!

4X0.>! 54H+5a+,=F! 0B! MLUKK! ,3>! d#-;#! ;0.9+-.4@! +.! 034.! 54+@-.1! B5+H4!

h?A*c! 0B! MM[KK! ,3:! %#4.>! 09#45! .-.4! ;+.0.-;+=! 4X0.7! d454! -@4.9-B-4@! ,F!

54950\95+.7;5-39-0.+=! "ZA! hA%\"ZAc! 237954+H! 9#4! 1-1+.9-;! 0.4>! 4-1#9! 0B!

d#-;#!+54!;0@-.1>!d#454+7!0.4!547-@47!;0H3=494=F!-.!9#4![EC%A!h"+5B-99!49!

+=:>!LKKPi!A0H+.0!49!+=:>!LKMNc>!B05!+!909+=!95+.7;5-39!0B!M[JKK!,3:!%#4!=+79!

1-1+.9-;!4X0.!-7!.0d!a.0d.!90!,4!MLUJU!,3!=0.1>!d#-;#!-7!9#4!=0.1479!4X0.!

4645! -@4.9-B-4@! -.! 9#4! 64594,5+94! 14.0H4:! %#4! B-.+==F! 354@-;94@! ?A*!

4.;0@47!B05!+!35094-.!0B!Q[RP!+H-.0!+;-@7!+.@!#+7!+!H0=4;2=+5!d4-1#9!0B!

[LK!a$+:!%#454!+54!.09!3+5+=0124!14.47!90!!"#!!-.!9#4!#2H+.!14.0H4:!

&0d4645>! 7+;7-.! -7! #-1#=F! ;0.74564@! -.! H+HH+=7:! <0274! 14.0H4! -7!

354@-;94@!90!4X35477!+!#0H0=0124!35094-.!d-9#!=4.19#!+.@!d4-1#9!-@4.9-;+=!

90!#2H+.!7+;7-.:!

!

()()5$*$678,.''/12$13$!"#!$4.2.$/2$9%99%:$-/'';.'$

).6479-1+9-0.! 0B! !"#!! 4X35477-0.! +.@! =0;+=-W+9-0.! -.! H+HH+=-+.! 9-77247!

d+7! -.-9-+==F! ;+55-4@! 029! ,F! G059#45.! ,=09! +.+=F7-7>! d#-;#! 5464+=4@! #-1#479!

7+;7-.! HAGS! 4X35477-0.! -.! #2H+.! @45H+=! B-,50,=+797! +.@! -.! @-BB454.9!

9-77247>! -.;=2@-.18! ,5+-.>! #4+59>! +.@! 7a4=49+=! H27;=47:! S! =0d! 4X35477-0.!

d+7!744.!-.!3+.;54+7!+.@!.0!4X35477-0.!d+7!@494;94@!-.!=2.1>!=-645>!+.@!

a-@.4F! h'.1459! 49! +=:>! LKKKc:! *259#45! +.+=F7-7! 0B! ;4.95+=! .456027! 7F794H!

(14)

! MN!

hZG(c!9-77247!-.!#2H+.>!5+9>!+.@!H0.a4F7!,F!HAGS!/2$'/-;!#F,5-@-W+9-0.!

;0.B-5H4@! 14.45+=! #-1#! 4X35477-0.! -.! +==! 9#4! ,5+-.! d-9#! 9#4! H079! -.94.74!

+54+7! ,4-.18! 9#4! ;454,5+=! ;0594X>! 9#4! #-330;+H327>! +.@! 9#4! 15+.2=4! ;4==!

=+F45!0B!9#4!;454,4==2H!h'.1459!49!+=:>!LKKKc:!

!!!!!!!!!!!"+5B-99!49!+=:!4X345-H4.9+==F!;#+5+;945-W4@!7+;7-.!35094-.!B05!9#4!B-579!

9-H4!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!S.+=F7-7!,F!b47945.!,=09!hb^c!0.!H0274!+.@!5+9!

9-7724! 4X95+;97! ;0.B-5H7! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! -7! 734;-B-;+==F! 4X354774@! -.! ,5+-.! +.@!

3+59-;2=+5=F! -.! ;454,5+=! ;0594X! +.@! ;454,4==2H>! d#454+7! 35094-.! =464=7! +54!

=0d! -.! #4+59! +.@! 9479-7! +.@! +,74.9! -.! 73-.+=! ;05@>! =2.1>! =-645>! 73=44.! +.@!

a-@.4F7!h*-1:!).950!Mc!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

!

!

*-1:! ).950! M:! (+;7-.! 4X35477-0.! -.! ;4.95+=! .456027! 7F794H! ,F! b47945.! ^=09! hb^c:! b^!

+.+=F7-7! 0B! @-BB454.9! H0274! +.@! 5+9! 9-7724! 4X95+;97! d-9#! 30=F;=0.+=! +.9-7452H! @-54;94@!

90d+5@! 7+;7-.! Z\945H-.+=! 541-0.! h547-@247! QQUP\Q[KNc:! S! ,+.@! 0B! [LK! a$+! -7! @494;94@!

734;-B-;+==F! -.! .4250.+=! 9-77247! h^c>! -.! 3+59-;2=+5! -.! ;454,4==2H! +.@! ;454,5+=! ;0594X! hSc:!

%#4! ,+.@! d+7! .09! @494;94@! d#4.! 9#4! +.9-7452H! d+7! 354\-.;2,+94@! d-9#! 9#4! -HH2.-W-.1!

3439-@4!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

!

()()<$*$!;=&.::;:%,$:1&%:/0%-/12$13$'%&'/2$8,1-./2$

SB945! MU! F4+57! 7-.;4! -97! @-7;0645F>! 7+;7-.! 72,;4==2=+5! =0;+=-W+9-0.! -7! 79-==!

2.a.0d.:! *4d! d05a7! +774774@! 4X345-H4.9+==F! 7+;7-.! =0;+=-W+9-0.! h"+5B-99!

49!+=:>!LKKPi!`-5+5@!49!+=:>!LKMLc!+.@!5472=97!d454!-554350@2;-,=4!-.!025!=+,:!

^-0-.B05H+9-;7! +.+=F7-7! 5464+=7! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! @047! .09! 3077477! +.F!

;#+5+;945-W4@!35094-.!7059-.1!7-1.+=:!%#454B054>!-9!-7!4X34;94@!90!79+F!-.!9#4!

;F9070=:! &0d4645>! 0.4! 4X;439-0.! 541+5@7! .2;=4+5! =0;+=-W+9-0.! 7-1.+=7!

hG/(7c8! b0/*! "(?A%! Y! 72,;4==2=+5! =0;+=-W+9-0.! 354@-;9-0.! 70B9d+54! Y!

-@4.9-B-47! 7464.! G/(7>! d#-;#! H+F! 7211479! +! ;F9070=\.2;=427! ;0\

=0;+=-W+9-0.:! %#4! #F309#47-7! 0B! .2;=4+5! ;0\=0;+=-W+9-0.! -7! B+7;-.+9-.1! 7-.;4!

7+;7-.!-7!#0H0=01027!90!]450@45H+!"-1H4.9072H!;0H3=4H4.9+9-0.!15023!

Z!h]"Zc!35094-.>!54=+94@!90!9#4!;=+77!0B!.2;=4+5!35094-.7!A+@LN>!d#-;#!+54!

(15)

! MQ!

-.60=64@! -.! $GS! ,-.@-.1! +.@! 543+-5! hf+H-0.a+! +.@! *4-10.>! LKKQc:!

&0d4645>! @-BB454.9! +=105-9#H7! +.@! 70B9d+54! 900=7! @0! .09! ;0.7-794.9=F!

7233059! 72;#! +! 354@-;9-0.:! )HH2.0B=20547;4.;4! h)*c! +.+=F7-7>! 27-.1!

+.9-,0@-47!@-54;94@!90d+5@!,09#!G\945H-.+=!+.@!Z\945H-.+=!7+;7-.!3059-0.>!

1+64! 9#4! 7+H4! 79+-.-.1! 3+9945.! Y! +! @-BB274@! ;F9070=-;! @-795-,29-0.>! d-9#!

70H4!32.;9+94!73097!-.!9#4!.2;=427!h*-1:!).950!L>!=4B9c!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

<0540645>! 9#4F! 5430594@! 3+59-+=! ;0\=0;+=-W+9-0.! 90! H-90;#0.@5-+! ,F! @02,=4!

=+,4==-.1! 0B! 7+;7-.! +.@! H-90;#0.@5-+=! H+5a457! -.! @-BB454.9! ;4==! 9F347! h*-1:!

).950!L>!5-1#9c!h`-5+5@!49!+=:>!LKMLc:!

!

!

*-1:! ).950! L:! (+;7-.! 72,;4==2=+5! =0;+=-W+9-0.! -.! -HH2.0B=20547;4.;4! h)*c:! /4B98! )*! d-9#!

+.9-,0@-47! @-54;94@! 90d+5@! G\945H-.+=! 3059-0.! h+c! +.@! Z\945H-.+=! 3059-0.! h;c! 0B! 7+;7-.!

35094-.! -.! (&(T[T! ;4==7:! ).! 54@>! 9#4! 7+;7-.! 7-1.+=! -7! 7#0d.:! %#4! 7-1.+=! d+7! 2.@494;94@!

d#4.!9#4!+.9-,0@-47!d454!354\-.;2,+94@!d-9#!9#4!-HH2.-W-.1!3439-@4!h,>!@c:!S!H4514!h1c!

,49d44.!7+;7-.!7-1.+=!-.!54@!h4c!+.@!<-9095+;a45!7-1.+=!-.!1544.!hBc!0B!+!7-.1=4!B-4=@!7#0d7!

7+;7-.! 0645=+33-.1! 90! H-90;#0.@5-+! h"+5B-99! 49! +=:>! LKKPc:! A-1#98! )*! 0B! Z?(\R! +.@! &4/+!

;4==7! H+5a4@! d-9#! +.9-,0@-47! @-54;94@! +1+-.79! 7+;7-.! h54@c! +.@! ;F90;#50H4! Z! h1544.c:!

<4514!7#0d7!3+59-+=!0645=+33-.1!0B!7+;7-.!90!H-90;#0.@5-+!h`-5+5@!49!+=:>!LKMLc:!

!

&0d4645>! 9#474! 5472=97! +54! .09! 54350@2;-,=4! +.@! 70! B+5>! .0! 7+;7-.!

+.9-,0@-47!#+64!,44.!5430594@!;0.7-794.9=F!90!274!-.!)*:!%#4!#F309#47-7!0B!

(16)

! M[!

H-90;#0.@5-+=! 3+59-+=! =0;+=-W+9-0.! -7! -.945479-.1>! 7-.;4! SA(SZ(!

3+9#014.47-7!-7!=-.a4@!90!-H3+-5H4.9!0B!H-90;#0.@5-+=!@F.+H-;7>!+7!d-==!,4!

@4H0.795+94@! -.! Z#+3945! L:! <0540645>! @24! 90! 7+;7-.E7! #214! @-H4.7-0.7!

+.@! =+;a! 0B! H-90;#0.@5-+=! H+95-X! 9+5149-.1! 3439-@47! -.! -97! 74e24.;4>! -9! -7!

#-1#=F! 2.=-a4=F! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! -7! 95+.7=0;+94@! -.7-@4! H-90;#0.@5-+:! S=70>!

7+;7-.E7! 3#F7-;+=! -.945+;9-0.! d-9#! 9#4! H-90;#0.@5-+! 02945! H4H,5+.4!

h?<<c! 54H+-.7! +! ;0.9506457-+=! 30-.9:! ?.4! a4F! 3=+F45! -.! H-90;#0.@5-+=!

@F.+H-;7!-7!$F.+H-.\54=+94@!35094-.!M!h$A"Mc>!+!`%"+74!B+;905!54=+94@!90!

@F.+H-.7!4.;0@4@!,F!9#4!$G<M/!14.4:!$A"M!-7!@-BB274@!9#5021#029!9#4!

;F9070=!+.@!230.!79-H2=-!-9!-7!54;52-94@!0.!9#4!?<<>!-.!B0;-!9#+9!5435474.9!

B29254! 30-.97! 0B! B-77-0.! h`-5+5@! 49! +=:>! LKMLi! %-=0a+.-! 49! +=:>! LKMUc:!

).945+;9-0.! ,49d44.! 4.@014.027! $A"M! +.@! +.! 4X014.027! 35094-.!

4.;0@-.1!+!*/S`\9+114@!7+;7-.!G\945H-.+=!B5+1H4.9!d+7!5430594@!,F!;0\

-HH2.0354;-3-9+9-0.!h*-1:!).950!Nc!h`-5+5@!49!+=:>!LKMLc:!&0d4645>!+=70!9#-7!

5472=9! d+7! 2.;0.B-5H4@! -.! 025! =+,! -.! 4.@014.027! ;0.@-9-0.7! ,F! ;0\

-HH2.0354;-3+9-.1!4.@014.027!7+;7-.!d-9#!+6+-=+,=4!+.9-,0@-47:!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

WQX+'5A?93+=4@;793+54A<9;7A;E47+53F+F@D593?+

()5)($*$!%&'/2$%,&+/-.&-;,.$

(+;7-.! -7! +! ;0H3=4X! H2=9-H0@2=+5! 35094-.>! d-9#! +! 909+=! =4.19#! 0B! Q[RP!

+H-.0!+;-@7:!(2;#!#214!@-H4.7-0.!#+7!#+H3454@!,-0;#4H-;+=!792@-47!0B!

9#4! 35094-.>! @24! 90! 9#4! @-BB-;2=9F! 0B! ;=0.-.1! +.@! 4X35477-.1! -9! -.! +!

#49450=01027! 7F794H:! %#4! 0.=F! +6+-=+,=4! -.B05H+9-0.! 0.! 7+;7-.! B2.;9-0.7!

!

<9;7A;E47+53F+F@D593?

*-1:! ).950! N:! ! G\945H-.27! 0B! 7+;7-.! ;0-HH2.0354;-3-9+947!

d-9#! $A"M:! (&(T[T! d454! 95+.7B4;94@! d-9#! +! ;0.7952;9!

4.;0@-.1! 9#4! */S`\9+114@! G\945H-.+=! 7+;7-.! 74e24.;4!

h547-@247! M\MNJUc:! %#4! B-1254! 7#0d7! 9#4! b^! 0B! +.9-\*/S`!

9+1! -HH2.0354;-3-9+9-0.! 0B! G\945H-.27! 7+;7-.! h)"8! */S`c>!

+.@! b^! h+.9-\*/S`! 9+1! h)^8! */S`c! 05! +.9-\$A"M! h)^8!

$A"Mcc:! ).329! -.@-;+947! 9#4! =F7+947! 9#+9! d454! .09!

-HH2.0354;-3-9+94@! d-9#! +.9-\*/S`! +.9-,0@-47:! )"8!

-HH2.0354;-3-9+9-0.i! )^8! -HH2.0,=099-.1! h`-5+5@! .-$ %:)>!

LKMLc:!

!

(17)

! MJ!

#+64! ,44.! 0,9+-.4@! ,F! ,-0-.B05H+9-;7! +.+=F747! 0B! 9#4! 74e24.;4! +.@! ,F!

9#4!4X35477-0.!0B!7H+==!72,!541-0.7!0B!9#4!35094-.!/2$>/-,1:!

^-0-.B05H+9-;7!+.+=F7-7!5464+=7!9#4!35474.;4>!B50H!9#4!G\945H-.+=!90!9#4!Z\

945H-.+=>!0B!+!C,-e2-9-.\/-a4!@0H+-.!hC,/c!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc>!9#544!.064=!

7235+\@0H+-.7! @4B-.4@! +7! (+;7-.! ).945.+=! A4"4+%7! h()A"%c! M>! L! +.@! N!

hS.@4570.! 49! +=:>! LKMKi! A0H+.0! 49! +=:>! LKMNc>! 4+;#! ;0.9+-.-.1! +.!

&kS%"+74k;! @0H+-.! #0H0=01027! 90! &73PK! ;#+3450.4! B+H-=F! h'.1459! 49!

+=:>! LKKKi! S.@4570.! 49! +=:>! LKMKc>! +! ]450@45H+! "-1H4.9072H!

;0H3=4H4.9+9-0.!15023!Z!h]"Zc!,-.@-.1!@0H+-.!h]"Z^c!54=+94@!90!A+@LN!

hf+H-0.a+! +.@! *4-10.>! LKKQc>! +! _! @0H+-.>! #0H0=01027! 90! &73QK! ;0\

;#+3450.4! B+H-=F! h'.1459! 49! +=:>! LKKKi! "+5B-99! 49! +=:>! LKKPc! +.@! +! &-1#45!

'2a+5F0947! +.@! "50a+5F0947! G2;=409-@4\,-.@-.1! @0H+-.! h&'"Gc!

h`5F.,451!49!+=:>!LKKNc:!`4.45+=!6-4d!0B!7+;7-.!+5;#-94;9254!-7!@-73=+F4@!-.!

*-1:!).950!Q!c!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

(+;7-.! 307747747! @-BB454.9! @0H+-.7! -.60=64@! -.! 35094079+7-7>! d#-;#!

7211479! -9! H+F! #+64! +! 50=4! +7! +! H0=4;2=+5! ;#+3450.4! 05! +7! +! ;0\

;#+3450.4:! %#4! 72,74e24.9! 74;9-0.7! d-==! 4=2;-@+94! -.! @49+-=! -.B05H+9-0.!

+6+-=+,=4! -.! =-945+9254! -.! 54734;9! 90! 4+;#! @0H+-.! +.@! 9#4! 14.45+=! 3-;9254!

d-==! ;0550,05+94! 9#4! -@4+! 0B! 7+;7-.! -.60=64H4.9! -.! 35094079+7-7:! &0d4645>!

7-.;4! H+.F! +29#057! #+64! B0;274@! H054! 0.! 734;-B-;! @0H+-.7! +.@! @24! 90!

9#4!35474.;4!0B!645F!2.;0HH0.!H0@2=47>!72;#!+7!9#4!&'"G>!9#4!]"Z^!

+.@! 9#4! ()A"%7i! 2.@4579+.@-.1! #0d! +==! 9#4! @0H+-.! B2.;9-0.7! +54!

-.9415+94@!-.!9#4!4.@014.027!7+;7-.!-7!79-==!+.!034.!B-4=@!0B!792@F:!

()5)5$*$?+.$@A-.,9/2%:$81,-/12$13$'%&'/2$&12-%/2'$%$B=C$D19%/2$

S!329+9-64!C,/!@0H+-.>!@494;94@!,F!74e24.;4!7-H-=+5-9F!74+5;#>!-7!35474.9!

+9!9#4!G\945H-.27!0B!7+;7-.!h*-1:!).950![c!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!C,-e2-9-.\=-a4!

35094-.7>!72;#!+7!G'$$U!+.@!(C<?\M!+54!35094-.7!460=29-0.+5-=F!54=+94@!

90! 2,-e2-9-.:! %#4F! +54! -.60=64@! -.! 3079\95+.7=+9-0.+=! H0@-B-;+9-0.! 0B! H+.F!

35094-.!72,795+947:!%#4-5!;06+=4.9!+99+;#H4.9!H4@-+947!@-BB454.9!B2.;9-0.7!

+.@! -.945+;9-0.7:! ).! 3+59-;2=+5>! 0.4! 9#+9! -7! 4734;-+==F! 2.@457900@! -7! 9#4!

9+5149-.1! 0B! H+.F! 72,795+947! 90! 9#4! 35094+70H4! B05! 9#4-5! @415+@+9-0.:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

<+.F!H2=9-H0@2=+5!42a+5F09-;!35094-.7!#+64!+=70!@0H+-.7!d-9#!74e24.;4!

(18)

! MR!

+.@! B0=@! 7-H-=+5! 90! 2,-e2-9-.:! %#474! @0H+-.7! H+F! ;0.B45! 9#4! 7+H4!

3503459-47! 1-64.! ,F! ;+.0.-;+=! 2,-e2-9-.+9-0.>! 72;#! +7! +BB-.-9F! 90! 9#4!

35094+70H4:! )9! #+7! ,44.! 7#0d.! 9#+9! 70H4! 35094-.7! +54! +,=4! 90! ,-.@! 9#4!

35094+70H4! 9#5021#! 9#4-5! C,/! @0H+-.! h&+59H+..\"494574.! +.@! `05@0.>!

LKKQc:! ?.4! ;+74>! 4734;-+==F! ;#+5+;945-W4@>! -7! 9#4! CI! 4X;-7-0.! 543+-5!

35094-.! A+@LN:! )9! -7! +! 35094-.! 7#+54@! ,F! +==! 42a+5F0947! +.@! -7! -.60=64@! -.!

$GS!543+-5!+B945!CI\@+H+14:!A+@LN!-7!+,=4!90!9+5149!H-7B0=@4@!;#+-.7!90!

9#4! 35094+70H4! 9#5021#! -.945+;9-0.! ,49d44.! -97! G\945H-.+=! C,/! @0H+-.!

+.@!9#4!35094+70H4!h(;#+2,45!49!+=:>!MPPUc:!(+;7-.!C,/!@0H+-.!#+7!#-1#!

7-1.-B-;+.9! #0H0=01F! d-9#! C,/! @0H+-.! 0B! #2H+.! #0H0=0124! 0B! A+@LN>!

d-9#! +.! -@4.9-9F! 0B! QNl! h*-1:! ).950! Jc! c! h"+5B-99! 49! +=:>! LKKPc:! <0540645>!

7+;7-.! ;0.9+-.7! 3+59! 0B! 9#4! ;0.74.727! 74e24.;4! -@4.9-B-4@! 90! H4@-+94!

35094+70H4! -.945+;9-0.! -.! A+@LN! C,/! @0H+-.! h"+5B-99! 49! +=:>! LKKPc:!

).945+;9-0.! ,49d44.! LK(! 35094+70H4! ;0H3=4X! +.@! +.! 4X014.027! */S`\

9+114@! G\945H-.+=! 7+;7-.! B5+1H4.9! h547-@247! M\MLQc>! d#-;#! ;0.9+-.7! 9#4!

C,/!@0H+-.>!d+7!5430594@!,F!;0\-HH2.0354;-3-9+9-0.!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

).945479-.1=F>! 9#4! -.945+;9-0.! d+7! .09! @494;94@! -B! 9#4! G\945H-.+=! 7+;7-.!

B5+1H4.9!;0.9+-.4@!;#+.14@!547-@247!-.!9#4!;0.74564@!;0.74.727!,-.@-.1!

7-94!B05!9#4!35094+70H4!h*-1:!).950![c!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

*-1:! ).950! Q:! C,-e2-9-.\/-a4! hC,/c! 0B! 7+;7-.! +=-1.4@! d-9#! 09#45! 2,-e2-9-.! 54=+94@! 35094-.7:!

<2=9-3=4!+=-1.H4.9!,49d44.!9#4!329+9-64!C,/!@0H+-.!0B!7+;7-.!+.@!09#45!2,-e2-9-.!54=+94@!

35094-.7! +.@! A+@LN! C,/! @0H+-.:! &-1#=F! ;0.74564@! 547-@247! +54! -==2795+94@! -.! ,0=@:!

A47-@247!9#+9!3=+F!+!a4F!50=4!-.!35094+70H4!,-.@-.1!+54!H+5a4@!d-9#!+!79+5!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!

LKKPc:!

!

!

*-1:! ).950! [:! G\945H-.27! 0B! 7+;7-.! ;0\

-HH2.0354;-3-9+947!d-9#!ZU!72,2.-9!0B!

LK(! 35094+70H4:! G\945H-.+=! 7+;7-.!

B5+1H4.9! 4.;0@-.1! 9#4! C,/! @0H+-.!

h547-@247! M\MLQc! d-9#! +! */S`\9+1! +9!

-97! Z\945H-.27>! d+7! 0645\4X354774@! -.!

Z&?\M! ;4==7:! Z4==2=+5! =F7+947! d454!

354;-3-9+94@! d-9#! +.! +.9-\*/S`!

+.9-,0@F! h)"\*/S`c:! b^! d454!

345B05H4@! d-9#! +.9-,0@-47! @-54;94@!

+1+-.79! 9#4! ZU! 72,2.-9! 0B! 9#4! LK(!

35094+70H4! ;0H3=4X! hm\ZUc! +.@!

(19)

! MU!

+1+-.79!*/S`!9+1!hm\*/S`c:!).329!-.@-;+947!9#4!=F7+947!9#+9!d454!.09!-HH2.0354;-3-9+94@!

d-9#! +.9-\*/S`! +.9-,0@-47:! ).945+;9-0.! d-9#! ZU! h,=+;a! +550dc! d+7! .09! @494;94@! -B! 9#4! G\

945H-.+=! 7+;7-.! B5+1H4.9! ;0.9+-.4@! 9d0! ;#+.14@! 547-@247! -.! 9#4! ;0.74564@! ;0.74.727!

,-.@-.1!7-94!B05!9#4!35094+70H4!h/[USV$JKS!+.@!A[KSV/[MSc:!!*/S`\&(_M+!35094-.!d+7!

274@!+7!307-9-64!;0.950=:!S7945-7a!-.@-;+947!-HH2.01=0,2=-.!;#+-.7!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

!

()5)<$ *$ E,19$ -+.$ D/'&1>.,F$ 13$ !GG$ (H$ 5H$ <$ %2D$ IJ#K$ D19%/2$ -1$ -+.$

/D.2-/3/&%-/12$13$!LGJ?$(H$5H$<$D19%/2'$

).7-@4! 9#4! 7+;7-.! 74e24.;4! 9#454! -7! +! .064=! 7235+\@0H+-.! ;0.7-79-.1! 0B!

+502.@! NJK! +H-.0! +;-@7:! (+;7-.! 307747747! 9#544! ;03-47! -.! 9+.@4H! d-9#!

9#-7!H0@2=4!9#+9!+54!;+==4@!(+;7-.!A434+9-.1!A41-0.!h(AAc!M>!L!+.@!N:!S!

7235+\@0H+-.! -7! @4B-.4@! +7! +! ;0H,-.+9-0.! 0B! 9d0! 05! H054! +@g+;4.9!

@0H+-.7! 9#+9! -.! 925.! ,4#+64! +7! +! B2.;9-0.+=! 2.-9! -.! 9#4! 460=29-0.! 0B! .4d!

35094-.7:! ?B94.>! +! 7235+\@0H+-.! @-73=+F7! +! .064=! B2.;9-0.! ,4F0.@! 9#+9! 0B!

;0.79-924.9!@0H+-.7:!Z0.79-924.9!@0H+-.7!272+==F!+54!B02.@!-70=+94@!05!-.!

@-BB454.9!;0H,-.+9-0.7!-.!09#45!35094-.7:!%#4!(AA!7235+\@0H+-.!-7!734;-+=!

-.! 541+5@! 90! 9#-7! 7-.;4! 0.4! 0B! 9#4! 9d0! ;0H30.4.97! -7! +! .064=! 54;2554.9!

74e24.;4! 0B! +502.@! LKK! +H-.0! +;-@7! 9#+9! -7! +=d+F7! B02.@! =-.a4@!

@0d.7954+H!90!+!d4==\;#+5+;945-W4@!S%"+74!@0H+-.!#0H0=01027!90!9#+9!0B!

&73PK!;#+3450.4!B+H-=F!h&kS%"+74k;!@0H+-.c:!

'.1459! 49! +=:! +=54+@F! -@4.9-B-4@! 9d0! 541-0.7! 0B! 74=B\7-H-=+5-9F! -.7-@4! 7+;7-.!

h'.1459! 49! +=:>! LKKKc:! ).! 9#474! B-579! 792@-47>! 9#4F! +=70! @494;94@! 7-H-=+5-9F!

,49d44.!9#474!5434+94@!541-0.7!+.@!&73PK!B+H-=F:!$09\3=09!+.+=F7-7!+=0.1!

9#4! 4.9-54! ;#+5+;945-W4@! 7+;7-.! 35094-.! 74e24.;4! -@4.9-B-47! 9#544! 74=B\

#0H0=01027! 541-0.7>! 7#+5-.1! LLl! -@4.9-9F>! 0B! +,029! NJK! +H-.0! +;-@7:!

%#474!74e24.;47!+54!-.945734574@!,F!=477!#0H0=01027!95+-97!hQl!-@4.9-9Fc!

0B!+502.@!MKKK!+H-.0!+;-@7!h*-1:!).950!Jc!hS.@4570.!49!+=:>!LKMKc:!

(20)

! MP!

!

*-1:! ).950! J:! (;#4H4! 0B! 7+;7-.! 5434+9-.1! 541-0.! h(AAc! @0H+-.! +5;#-94;9254! +.@!

3#F=014.49-;!@-795-,29-0.!,+74@!0.!Z0.74564@!$0H+-.!$+9+,+74!hZ$$c!hS.@4570.!49!+=:>!

LKMKc:!!

!

S! 3+-5d-74! +=-1.H4.9! ,49d44.! 4+;#! (AA! +.@! F4+79! (+;;#+50HF;47!

;4546-7-+4!&73PK!35094-.!;0.B-5H7!9#+9!9#4!G\945H-.+=!3059-0.!0B!4+;#!(AA!

7#+547!#-1#!#0H0=01F!d-9#!9#4!&kS%"+74!@0H+-.:!"()\^/S(%!+.+=F7-7!0B!

9#4! LKK! 547-@247! -.! 9#4! Z\945H-.+=! 3059-0.! 0B! (AA7! 5464+=7! 9#+9! 9#-7!

74e24.;4!-7!d-@4=F!7354+@!-.!+==!;=+7747!0B!=-6-.1!051+.-7H7!hB50H!S5;#+4+!

90!'2a+5F+c!+.@!-9!-7!+=d+F7!Z\945H-.+==F!=-.a4@!90!9#4!&kS%"+74!@0H+-.!

#0H0=01027! 90! &73PK:! %#-7! 74e24.;4! .4645! 54;257! -70=+94@! 05! -.!

;0H,-.+9-0.! d-9#! 09#45! @0H+-.7:! S.@4570.! 49! +=:! @-6-@4@! 9#4! 35094-.7!

-@4.9-B-4@! ,F! 9#-7! +.+=F7-7! -.90! 9d0! ;=+77478! hMc! 9#4! n7+;7-.\=-a4! 35094-.7o!

+.@!hLc!9#4!n(AA\;0.9+-.-.1!35094-.7o:!

(+;7-.!#0H0=01247!#+64!,44.!-@4.9-B-4@!0.=F!-.!+.-H+=7!hS.@4570.!49!+=:>!

LKMKi! A0H+.0! 49! +=:>! LKMNc:! ).! 3+59-;2=+5>! -.! +==! 64594,5+94! 14.0H47!

74e24.;4@! 70! B+5>! +! 7+;7-.\=-a4! 35094-.! #+7! +=d+F7! ,44.! -@4.9-B-4@:! %#4!

345;4.9+14!0B!+H-.0!+;-@!-@4.9-9F!5+.147!B50H!PN\PPl!-.!H+HH+=7>!90!UN\

UQl!-.!,-5@7!+.@!5439-=47!+.@!90!JU\RKl!-.!B-7#!h*-1:!).950!Rc!hA0H+.0!49!

(21)

! LK!

+=:>! LKMNc:! <0540645>! +==! 7+;7-.\=-a4! 35094-.7! 7#+54! 9#4! 645F! 7+H4!

+5;#-94;9254>!.+H4=F!9#544!(AA>!B0==0d4@!,F!+.!]"Z^!@0H+-.>!+!_!@0H+-.!

+.@! +! &'"G! @0H+-.:! )9! -7! d059#! -9! 90! .094! 9#+9! C,/! @0H+-.! -7! =477!

;0.74564@! 05! .09! @494;94@! +9! +==! h*-1:! ).950! Rc! 0297-@4! H+HH+=7>!

7211479-.1! 9#+9! -97! -.;=27-0.! H+F! #+64! 5435474.94@! +! B259#45!

;0H3=4X-B-;+9-0.!0B!7+;7-.!B2.;9-0.!-.!9#4!460=29-0.+5F!9544:!!

!

!

!

*-1:!).950!R:!S.+=F7-7!0B!7+;7-.!74e24.;4!+H0.1!@-BB454.9!64594,5+947:!%#4!7-H-=+5-9F!7;+=4!

-.@-;+947!90!d#-;#!#0H0=01F!@41544!;0554730.@7!4+;#!;0=025!hA0H+.0!49!+=:>!LKMNc:!

!

%#4! n(AA\;0.9+-.-.1! 35094-.7o! +54! 35094-.7! d-9#! +9! =4+79! 0.4! (AA>!

-.@434.@4.9=F!0B!9#4!5434+9!.2H,45!05!9#4!09#45!@0H+-.7!d-9#!d#-;#!9#4F!

0;;25:!)9!-7!9#4!,50+@479!;=+77>!d-9#!35094-.7!7354+@!-.!+==!a-.1@0H7!0B!=-6-.1!

051+.-7H7!hS5;#+4+>!^+;945-+!+.@!'2a+5F+>!-.;=2@4@!70H4!+.-H+=7>!72;#!

+7! $:! 545-0c! hS.@4570.! 49! +=:>! LKMKc:! S.! -H3059+.9! -7724! 541+5@7! 9#4!

.2H,45! 0B! (AA! 54349-9-0.78! +7! +! 954.@>! 9#4! .2H,45! -.;54+747! d-9#! 9#4!

;0H3=4X-9F! 0B! 051+.-7H7>! d-9#! 350a+5F0947! #+6-.1! H079=F! 7-.1=4! -70=+94@!

(AA! @0H+-.7! +.@! 42a+5F0947! #+6-.1! 9+.@4H! 54349-9-0.7! 0B! 23! 90! 9#544!

(AA7! h*-1:! ).950! Jc! hS.@4570.! 49! +=:>! LKMKc:! %#-7! H+F! 7211479! .09! 0.=F! +!

74=4;9-64! 35477254! -.! 4X35477-.1! +@g+;4.9! (AA! @0H+-.7! -.! 9#4! 7+H4!

(22)

! LM!

;#+-.>! ,29! +=70! +.! 460=29-0.+5F! ;0.64514.;4! -.! 9+a-.1! 90149#45! g279! 9#544!

(AA7:! ).! B+;9>! 9#4! H+g05-9F! 0B! ;0H3=4X! (AA\;0.9+-.-.1! 35094-.7! -.! .0.\

+.-H+=! '2a+5F+! #+64! 9#544! (AA7>! =-a4! -.! +.-H+=E7! 7+;7-.\#0H0=01027!

14.47>! +.@! 9#474! 35094-.7! +54! .09! 460=29-0.+5-=F! 54=+94@:! (AA! @0H+-.7!

;0.9+-.! +! &kS%"+74! @0H+-.! #0H0=01027! 90! &73PK! ;#+3450.4! +.@! 9#-7!

B259#45! 72114797! 7+;7-.E7! 50=4! -.! 35094-.! e2+=-9F! ;0.950=:! ).! 05@45! 90!

-.6479-1+94! -B! 9#474! &73PK! @0H+-.7! +54! B2.;9-0.+=>! S.@4570.! 49! +=:!

-.6479-1+94@! 9#4! 74;0.@+5F! 7952;9254! 0B! &kS%"+74! @0H+-.:! %#4! 5472=97!

7#0d4@! +! #-1#! 7952;925+=! 5474H,=+.;4! d-9#! S%"! ,-.@-.1! @0H+-.! 0B! F4+79!

&73PK>!d-9#!;0.7456+9-0.!-.!9#4!7+H4!307-9-0.!0B!9#4!H+g05-9F!0B!74;0.@+5F!

7952;925+=!4=4H4.97!hS.@4570.!49!+=:>!LKMKc:!%#4!+29#057!-.6479-1+94@!+=70!

9#4! +,-=-9F! 0B! 9#4! (AA! 7235+\@0H+-.! 90! #F@50=FW4! S%":! ).945479-.1=F>! .09!

0.=F!d+7!9#4!35094-.!+,=4!90!#F@50=FW4!S%">!,29!+=70!9#4!;+9+=F7-7!a-.49-;7!

ha ;+9 c!d+7!7-H-=+5!90!9#+9!0B!F4+79!&73PK!hS.@4570.!49!+=:>!LKMKc:!%#4!a ;+9! 0B!

&73PK! -7! a.0d.! 90! ,4! 4X954H4=F! =0d! +.@! 9#-7! -7! B2.;9-0.+==F! 54=46+.9! 90!

1-64!9-H4!90!H-7B0=@4@!05!2.B0=@4@!72,795+947!90!B0=@!350345=F!,4B054!,4-.1!

@-54;94@!90!@415+@+9-0.:!

SB945! 9#4! @-7;0645F! 0B! (AA7>! -.! +! H054! 54;4.9! d05a! A0H+.0! 49! +=:!

-@4.9-B-4@!B259#45!541-0.7!0B!74=B\#0H0=01F>!-.!#2H+.!7+;7-.>!4H,4@@4@!-.!

9#4! -.94564.-.1! 541-0.7! 0B! 9#4! 9#544! (AA! 74e24.;47! hA0H+.0! 49! +=:>!

LKMNc:! Z0H354#4.7-64=F>! 9#474! +.+=F747! 5464+=4@! 9#+9! 3546-027=F!

-@4.9-B-4@! (AA7! 7235+\@0H+-.7! B05H>! d-9#! 9#4-5! +@g+;4.9! Z\945H-.+=!

74e24.;47>!9#544!=+514!H0@2=47!.+H4@!(+;7-.!).945.+=!A4"4+%7!M>!L!+.@!

N! h()A"%! M>! L! +.@! Nc:! '+;#! H0@2=4! -7! =0.1! MMKK! +H-.0! +;-@7! +.@! 7#+54!

d-9#! 4+;#! 09#45! +502.@! MUl! 0B! #0H0=01Fi! 9+a4.! 90149#45! 9#4! ()A"%7!

;0645! UQl! 0B! +==! 7+;7-.! =4.19#! hA0H+.0! 49! +=:>! LKMNc:! '+;#! H0@2=4! #+7!

0.4! ;03F! 0B! 9#544! 72,\@0H+-.7>! 75M>! 75L! +.@! 75N>! -.945734574@! ,F! H054!

@-64514.9! 74e24.;47! h*-1:! ).950! Uc! hA0H+.0! 49! +=:>! LKMNc:! %#4! 3546-027=F!

-@4.9-B-4@! (AA! 7235+\@0H+-.7! ;0.7-79! 0B! 9#4! G\945H-.+=! 3+59! 0B! 4+;#!

()A"%!+.@!+54!B05H4@!,F!9#4!75M!+.@!75L!74e24.;47>!d-9#!9#4!&kS%"+74!

@0H+-.!4H,4@@4@!-.!9#4!G\945H-.+=!#+=B!0B!75M:!S!B0259#!74e24.;4>!75]>!-7!

35474.9! 0.=F! -.! ()A"%! M! +.@! N:! %#-7! ;0H307-9-0.+=! 6+5-+,-=-9F! +.@! =0d!

(23)

! LL!

#0H0=01F!,49d44.!9#4!0645+==!()A"%7!H+F!,4!B2.;9-0.+==F!-H3059+.9:!%#4!

9#544! H0@2=47! H+F! .09! g279! ,4! 54@2.@+.9>! ,29! H+F! 3506-@4! @-BB454.9-+=!

B2.;9-0.7>!72;#!+7!@-BB454.9!72,795+94!734;-B-;-9F>!-.!9#4!#F309#47-7!9#+9!9#4!

&73PK!H09-B!-7!B2.;9-0.+=!+7!+!;#+3450.4:!

$-BB454.9=F! B50H! (AA7>! "()\^/S(%! +.+=F7-7! 0B! 9#4! .4d=F! @-7;06454@! 75N!

+.@!75]!74e24.;47!@-@!.09!5464+=!#0H0=01027!74e24.;47!-.!+.F!@+9+,+74!

+.@!()A"%!;0H3=4X!+5;#-94;9254!-7!B02.@!-.!+==!64594,5+947!+.@!0.=F!-.!9#-7!

;=+77! hA0H+.0! 49! +=:>! LKMNc:! *05! 9#-7! 54+70.>! 7+;7-.! H+F! ,4! -.60=64@! -.!

70H4! .4d! +.@! ;0H3=4X! 350;477! 9#+9! +334+5! d-9#! 64594,5+947:! %#-7! H+F!

;0550,05+94! d-9#! 7+;7-.! #-1#! 4X35477-0.! -.! ;4.95+=! .456027! 7F794H! h744!

74;9-0.!M:M:Lc:!

!

*-1:!).950!U:!(;#4H4!0B!7+;7-.!+5;#-94;9254!hA0H+.0!49!+=:>!LKMNc:!!

!

()A"%! N! +5;#-94;9254! -7! 464.! H054! ;0H3=4X! 9#+.! 9#4! 09#45! ()A"%!

@0H+-.7>!+7!+.!]"Z^!@0H+-.!-7!4H,4@@4@!-.!-9>!,49d44.!9#4!75]!+.@!75N!

H09-B7!h*-1:!).950!Uc!hA0H+.0!49!+=:>!LKMNc:!]"Z^!-7!+.!2.;0HH0.!@0H+-.!

9#+9!-7!a.0d.!90!,4!35474.9!0.=F!-.!A+@LN!35094-.7!B+H-=F:!%#474!35094-.7!

,-.@!$GS!+.@!9#5021#!]"Z^!@0H+-.!9#4F!,-.@!9#4!]"Z!35094-.>!d#-;#!-7!

-.60=64@! -.! $GS! 543+-5! 3+9#d+F>! a.0d.! +7! .2;=409-@4! 4X;-7-0.! 543+-5!

hG'Ac!hf+H-0.a+!+.@!*4-10.>!LKKQc:!).!9#4!#2H+.!14.0H4>!9#454!+54!9d0!

A+@LN!35094-.78!#&ALNS!+.@!#&ALN^!h54734;9-64=F!#0H0=01027!90!F4+79!

A+@LN!35094-.!S!+.@!^c:!?29!0B!A+@LN!B+H-=F>!]"Z^!#+7!0.=F!,44.!B02.@!

-.! 7+;7-.\=-a4! #0H0=01247! hf+H-0.a+! +.@! *4-10.>! LKKQi! S.@4570.! 49! +=:>!

LKMKc! +.@! 645F! 5+54=F! -.! 09#45! (AA\;0.9+-.-.1! 35094-.7! hS.@4570.! 49! +=:>!

LKMKc:! %#4! A+@LN! ]"Z^! @0H+-.! 7#+547! N[l! -@4.9-9F! d-9#! 9#+9! 0B! 7+;7-.!

h*-1:!).950!Pc!hf+H-0.a+!+.@!*4-10.>!LKKQc:!

(24)

! LN!

!

!

*-1:! ).950! P:! <2=9-3=4! 74e24.;4! +=-1.H4.9! ,49d44.! #2H+.! +.@! H0274! 7+;7-.! ]"Z^!

@0H+-.!+.@!A+@LN!35094-.7!B50H!@-BB454.9!734;-47:!&F@503#0,-;!+H-.0!+;-@7!+54!7#0d.!

-.!1544.!h*>!S>!<>!)>!/>!T>!I>!bc>!.41+9-64=F!;#+514@!+H-.0!+;-@7!-.!54@!h$>!'c>!307-9-64=F!

;#+514@! +H-.0! +;-@7! -.! ,=24! h&>! f>! Ac>! 30=+5! +H-.0! +;-@7! -.! 05+.14! hG>! p>! (>! %c>! +.@!

;F794-.4! -.! F4==0d:! S,0648! 7;#4H+9-;7! 0B! 9#4! B-64! ]"Z^! m\#4=-;47! 0B! #&ALNS! hmM\[c!

+=-1.4@!d-9#!;0554730.@-.1!+H-.0!+;-@!547-@247!,4=0d!hf+H-0.a+!+.@!*4-10.>!LKKQc:!

!

%#4!]"Z^!@0H+-.!0B!A+@LN!#+7!,44.!7#0d.!90!-.945+;9!d-9#!9#4!2,-e2-9-.!

=-1+74! C,4NSL:! C,4NSL>! 4.;0@4@! ,F! C^'NSL! 14.4>! -7! -.60=64@! -.!

S.14=H+.! 7F.@50H4! h?<)<! jMK[UNKc>! +! .4250@464=03H4.9+=! @-74+74:! )9!

#+7! ,44.! 734;2=+94@! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! H+F! ,4! +! ,-.@-.1! 72,795+94! 0B! 9#-7!

4.WFH4!9#5021#!-.945+;9-0.7!d-9#!-97!]"Z^!@0H+-.!h`5445!49!+=:>!LKMKc:!

!

!

()5)M$*$?+.$#A-.,9/2%:$81,-/12$13$'%&'/2$&12-%/2'$%$N$D19%/2$

(-H-=+5-9F! ,49d44.! 7+;7-.! 74e24.;4! +.@! _! @0H+-.! 9F3-;+=! 0B! &73QK! ;0\

;#+3450.4! B+H-=F! d+7! 3546-027=F! @494;94@! h'.1459! 49! +=:>! LKKKc:! &73QK!

B+H-=F! 4.;0H3+7747! +! =+514! 749! 0B! 35094-.7>! 4X354774@! -.! +==! 051+.-7H7!

9#+9!-.945+;9!d-9#!9#4!;#+3450.4!B+H-=F!0B!&73RK!35094-.7:!(+;7-.!329+9-64!

_!@0H+-.!7#+547!JKl!-@4.9-9F!d-9#!@-BB454.9!&73QK!35094-.7>!-.;=2@4@!$.+_!

0B!':!;0=-!h*-1:!).950!MKc!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

(25)

! LQ!

!

*-1:! ).950! MK:! <2=9-3=4! 74e24.;4! +=-1.H4.9! 0B! 7+;7-.! _! @0H+-.:! S=-1.H4.9! d-9#! &(_M!

@0H+-.! 0B! #2H+.! &73QK>! ':! ;0=-! $.+_>! &0H0! 7+3-4.7! &$_M>! +.9-14.! %! 0B! H25-.4!

30=F0H+! 6-527! h%+1c! +.@! ':! ;0=-! &7;LK:! &-1#=F! ;0.74564@! 547-@247! +54! -.@-;+94@! -.! 9#4!

=-.4!,4=0d!hZ0.q;0.74.727c!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

!

?6454X35477-0.! 0B! 7+;7-.! _! @0H+-.! 72,! 541-0.! #+7! +==0d4@! 90! 0,9+-.! -97!

74;0.@+5F! 7952;9254! +.@! 46+=2+94! -97! B2.;9-0.+=-9F! h"+5B-99! 49! +=:>! LKKPc:!

A472=97! 7#0d4@! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! _! @0H+-.! #+7! +! 74;0.@+5F! 7952;9254! 9#+9!

5474H,=47!':!Z0=-!$.+_!@0H+-.i!051+.-W4@!-.!9#4!7+H4!73+9-+=!05-4.9+9-0.!

h*-1:!).950!MMc!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!

(+;7-.! _! @0H+-.! B2.;9-0.+=-9F! d+7! 46+=2+94@! -.! +! ,+;945-+=!

;0H3=4H4.9+9-0.!+77+F!27-.1!+.!':!;0=-!;0.@-9-0.+=\H29+.9!795+-.!@4B4;9-64!

B05! $.+_! 14.4! 9#+9! -7! 2.+,=4! 90! 150d! +,064! NRrZ:! 'X35477-0.! 0B! +.!

4X014.027!54;0H,-.+.9!$.+_!35094-.>!d#-;#!307747747!7+;7-.!_!@0H+-.>!

-.! 9#-7! 795+-.! d+7! +,=4! 90! 547;24! 9#4! 3#4.09F34>! 3506-.1! 9#+9! 9#4! @0H+-.!

H+F! ,4! 4BB4;9-64=F! B2.;9-0.+=! h*-1:! ).950! MLc! h"+5B-99! 49! +=:>! LKKPc:! ?.! 9#4!

;0.95+5F>! 4X35477-0.! -.! 9#4! 7+H4! 795+-.! 0B! 9#4! 54;0H,-.+.9! $.+_! 35094-.>!

d-9#! 7+;7-.! _! @0H+-.! ;+55F-.1! +! H29+9-0.! -.! 9#4! ;52;-+=! &-79-@-.4\"50=-.4\

S73+59+94! h&"$c! H09-B>! d+7! 2.+,=4! 90! 547;24! 9#4! H29+.9! 3#4.09F34>!

7211479-.1! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! _! @0H+-.! B2.;9-0.! @434.@7! 0.! -97! +,-=-9F! 90! ,-.@!

&73RK!;#+3450.4!7F794H!h*-1:!).950!MLc!h"+5B-99!49!+=:>!LKKPc:!&0d4645>!-9!-7!

-H3059+.9! 90! .094! 9#+9! 9#-7! 4X345-H4.9! -7! -.72BB-;-4.9! 90! 79+94! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! _!

@0H+-.!-7!B2.;9-0.+=!-.!9#4!;0.94X9!0B!H+HH+=-+.!;4==7:!

(26)

! L[!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

()5)O$*$?+.$#A-.,9/2%:$.2D$13$'%&'/2$&12-%/2'$%$P6J@$D19%/2$

%#4!=+79!MMK!+H-.0!+;-@7!0B!7+;7-.!Z\945H-.+=!3059-0.!d454!B02.@!90!7#+54!

#0H0=01F! d-9#! 9#4! &'"G! @0H+-.! ,F! "()\^/S(%! h`5F.,451! 49! +=:>! LKKNc:!

&'"G!-7!+!e2-94!2.;0HH0.!+.@!-.945479-.1!35094-.!@0H+-.>!+7!-9!-7!B02.@!

0.=F! -.! +5;#+4+=! +.@! ,+;945-+=! 35094-.7! +.@! -.! 7+;7-.\=-a4! 35094-.7:! G0!

&'"G!@0H+-.7!#+64!,44.!B02.@!-.!9#4!14.0H4!0B!=0d45!42a+5F0947!d-9#!

74+5;#!7-H-=+5-9F!h/-!49!+=:>!LKM[,c:!

%#4! ;5F79+=! 7952;9254! 0B! #2H+.! 7+;7-.! &'"G! h;0554730.@-.1! 90! 7+;7-.!

QQQM\Q[RP!547-@247c!d+7!5430594@!,F!f0W=06!49!+=:!hf0W=06!49!+=:>!LKMMc:!).!

9#4! ;5F79+=! 7952;9254>! B025! &'"G! @0H+-.7! h#454! ;+==4@! 35090H457c!

+774H,=4! 90! B05H! 9d0! @-H457! h*-1:! ).950! MNc! hf0W=06! 49! +=:>! LKMMc:! %#4!

35034.7-9F! 0B! &'"G! @0H+-.7! 90! @-H45-W4! d-9#! 4+;#! 09#45! d+7! B259#45!

46+=2+94@! H4+725-.1! 9#4! H0=4;2=+5! d4-1#9! 0B! &'"G! 35090H457! d-9#!

H0=4;2=+5\4X;=27-0.! ;#50H+9015+3#F! 9#+9! 1+64! 9d-;4! 9#4! 354@-;94@!

*-1:! ).950! MM:! (+;7-.! _! @0H+-.:!

(;#4H4! 0B! 74;0.@+5F! 7952;9254!

0B!7+;7-.!_!@0H+-.!;0H3+54@!90!

_!@0H+-.!0B!6)$&1:/!$.+_>!H+@4!

d-9#!"FH0=!h"+5B-99!.-$%:)>!LKKPc:!

!

*-1:! ).950! ML:! ^+;945-+=! ;0H3=4H4.9+9-0.! +77+F!

350647!7+;7-.!_!@0H+-.!-7!B2.;9-0.+=:! <29+.9! 6)$

&1:/!795+-.!?$L[P>!@4B4;9-64!B05!Q2%N!+.@!#=8"!

14.47>! -7! 2.+,=4! 90! 150d! +,064! NRrZ! @24! 90!

+;;2H2=+9-0.! 0B! H-7B0=@4@! +.@! 2.B0=@4@!

35094-.7:! 'X35477-0.! -.! 9#-7! 795+-.! 0B!

54;0H,-.+.9! "4,1=%&-.,/;9$ -;9.3%&/.2'! hS19c!

$.+_! 35094-.! d-9#! #2H+.! 7+;7-.! _! @0H+-.!

h(+;7-.c! ;+.! 547;24! 9#4! 3#4.09F34:! S19! $.+_!

d-9#!#2H+.!7+;7-.!_!@0H+-.!;+55F-.1!+!#-79-@-.4!

90! 1=29+H-.4! H29+9-0.! -.! 9#4! &"$! H09-B!

s(+;7-.h&NNpct! -7! 2.+,=4! 90! 547;24! 9#4! H29+.9!

3#4.09F34:! 'X35477-0.! 0B! d-=@! 9F34! +.@! &NNp!

S19!$.+_!35094-.!d+7!274@!+7!;0.950=!h"+5B-99!.-$

%:)>!LKKPc:!

!

(27)

! LJ!

H0=4;2=+5!d4-1#9!0B!9#4!&'"G!+H-.0!+;-@!74e24.;4!huM[!a$+c!hf0W=06!49!

+=:>!LKMMc:!%+a4.!90149#45>!9#474!5472=97!7#0d!9#+9!&'"G!@0H+-.!#+7!9#4!

94.@4.;F! 90! @-H45-W4! -.! 70=29-0.! +.@! -9! -7! =-a4=F! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! 35094-.!

@-H45-W47!-.7-@4!9#4!;4==!9#5021#!-97!&'"G!@0H+-.:!%#4!&'"G!@0H+-.7!0B!

70H4!,+;945-+=!35094-.7!#+64!,44.!7952;925+==F!;#+5+;945-W4@!900>!,29!9#4-5!

354;-74! B2.;9-0.! 54H+-.7! 2.a.0d.:! ).! ,+;945-+>! &'"G! @0H+-.! -7! 0B94.!

+770;-+94@! d-9#! +! .2;=409-@F=95+.7B45+74! h%$c! @0H+-.>! 4-9#45! 4.;0@4@! -.!

9#4!7+H4!30=F3439-@4!05!-.!+.09#45!72,2.-9!h`5F.,451!49!+=:>!LKKNi!f0W=06!

49! +=:>! LKMMi! /-! 49! +=:>! LKM[,c:! %#4! %$! @0H+-.! #+7! ,44.! -.60=64@! -.!

547-79+.;4!90!+.9-,-09-;7:!f+.+HF;-.\%$!-7!+.!4X+H3=4!0B!,+;945-+=!&'"G\

;0.9+-.-.1! 4.WFH4>! d#-;#! -7! a.0d.! 90! H4@-+94! +H-.01=F;07-@47!

-.+;9-6+9-0.:! %#4! B2.;9-0.! 0B! &'"G! @0H+-.! -7! 90! ,-.@! S%"! .4;477+5F! B05!

9#4!4.WFH+9-;!54+;9-0.:!)9!#+7!,44.!734;2=+94@!-B!&'"G!@0H+-.!-7!+,=4!90!

,-.@!S%"!+=70!-.!7+;7-.>!+!B2.;9-0.!9#+9!H+F!B+;-=-9+94!9#4!S%"!#F@50=F7-7!

05! ,-.@-.1! ,F! 9#4! +@g+;4.9! &\S%"+74! 05! _! @0H+-.7:! %#-7! d02=@! ,4! -.!

+;;05@! d-9#! 9#4! #F309#47-7! 0B! 7+;7-.! ,4-.1! +! ;#+3450.4:! )9! d+7!

@4H0.795+94@! 9#5021#! -709#45H+=! 9-95+9-0.! ;+=05-H495F! +.@! .2;=4+5!

H+1.49-;! 5470.+.;4! 9#+9! &'"G! @0H+-.! ,-.@7! `%"! d-9#! +.! +BB-.-9F!

;0.79+.9! 0B! M:R! v<! h*-1:! ).950! MNc! hf0W=06! 49! +=:>! LKMMc:! )9! -7! =-a4=F! 9#+9!

@-H45-W+9-0.! 7952;9254! -7! .4;477+5F! B05! &'"G! @0H+-.! 90! ,-.@! `%"! 05!

d#+94645!72,795+94>!+.@!9#454B054!@-H45-W+9-0.!-7!=-a4=F!90!,4!.4;477+5F!B05!

7+;7-.!&'"G!@0H+-.!90!B2.;9-0.!hf0W=06!49!+=:>!LKMMc:!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

*-1:!).950!MN:!&'"G!@-H45-W+9-0.!3503459F:!/4B98!4=4;950.!3094.9-+=!+9!9#4!725B+;4!0B!&'"G!

@-H45!;5F79+=:!%#4!;5F79+=!7952;9254!5464+=4@!9#4!,-.@-.1!0B!9d0!H+=0.+94!-0.7>!35474.9!-.!

,2BB45!70=29-0.!h-.!F4==0dc>!7FHH495-;+==F!307-9-0.4@!-.!+!=+514!30;a49!=-.a4@!d-9#!307-9-64=F!

;#+514@! +H-.0! +;-@7>! +9! 9#4! @-H45! -.945B+;4:! (-.;4! ,09#! 35090H457! +54! -.60=64@! -.!

79+,-=-W+9-0.! 0B! 4+;#! H+=0.+94! -0.! 9#5021#! 7FHH495-;+=! 547-@247>! -9! -7! =-a4=F! 9#+9!

(28)

! LR!

@-H45-W+9-0.!7952;9254!-7!.4;477+5F!B05!&'"G!@0H+-.!90!,-.@!`%":!"07-9-64!;#+5147!+54!

-.! ,=24>! .41+9-64! ;#+5147! -.! 54@:! A-1#98! .2;=4+5! H+1.49-;! 5470.+.;4! 54;0.7952;9-0.! 0B!

&'"G!@-H45!,02.@!90!`%"!H0=4;2=47!hf0W=06!49!+=:>!LKMMc:!

!

).! ;0.;=27-0.>! 7+;7-.! -7! +! H2=9-H0@2=+5! 35094-.! 0B! +,029! [LK! a$+>! 9#+9!

;0.9+-.78!!

\+.!C,/!@0H+-.!329+9-64=F!+,=4!90!,-.@!9#4!35094+70H4i!!

\+.!S%"+74!@0H+-.!9F3-;+=!0B!&73PK!+,=4!90!#F@50=FW4!S%"i!

\+.! ]"Z^! ,-.@-.1! @0H+-.! ,44.! 734;2=+94@! 90! ,-.@! 9#4! 2,-e2-9-.! =-1+74!

C,4NSi!

\+! _! @0H+-.! d-9#! +! ;0.74564@! &"$! H09-B! 9F3-;+=! 0B! ;0\;#+3450.4! &73QK!

+,=4!90!,-.@!&73RKi!

\+!&'"G!@0H+-.!+,=4!90!,-.@!`%"!+.@!+.+=01247!72,795+947:!!

%#474! 5472=97! #-1#=-1#9! 9#+9! 7+;7-.! H+F! #+64! +! 50=4! -.! 35094079+7-7:!

&0d4645>!9#4!6+=-@-9F!0B!9#474!5472=97!-7!=-H-94@!@24!90!9#4!B+;9!9#4F!d454!+==!

0,9+-.4@!,F!14.45+9-.1!+.@!;=0.-.1!+!7-.1=4!@0H+-.!0B!7+;7-.!35094-.!+.@!

9#454B054! d4! @0! .09! a.0d! #0d! 9#4! 7-.1=4! @0H+-.7! d05a! +.@! -.9415+94! -.!

9#4! ;0.94X9! 0B! 9#4! 4.9-54! 35094-.:! <0540645>! @+9+! 0.! C,/! @0H+-.! +.@! _!

@0H+-.! d454! 0,9+-.4@! ,F! 06454X35477-0.! ;0.@-9-0.7! h464.! -.! .0.\

H+HH+=-+.!;4==7!-.!9#4!;+74!0B!_!@0H+-.c>!d#-;#!-7!B+5!B50H!+!3#F7-0=01-;+=!

79+94:!%#454B054>!7+;7-.!50=4!-.7-@4!9#4!;4==!-7!79-==!+.!034.!-7724:!

!

WQ^+)E;@?@D58+&7A7??967+'=5?;9A+);5G95+@B+1<54876@9GH'5:E735>+

()<)($*$?+.$";-1'19%:$G.&.''/>.$!8%'-/&$"-%7/%$13$#+%,:.>1/7A!%4;.2%F$

/'$&%;'.D$=F$9;-%-/12'$/2$!"#!$4.2.)$

SA(SZ(!h?<)<!jLRK[[Kc!-7!+!.4250@414.45+9-64!@-74+74!;#+5+;945-W4@!

,F!4+5=F\0.749!;454,4==+5!+9+X-+!+.@!;+274@!,F!H29+9-0.7!-.!!"#!!14.4>!

d#-;#! 4.;0@47! 9#4! 35094-.! 7+;7-.:! %#4! @-74+74! .+H4! -7! 1-64.! ,F! 9#4!

541-0.! 0B! Z#+5=460-X\(+124.+F\/+;\(+-.9\_4+.! hZ(/(c>! -.! p2w,4;!

hZ+.+@+c>! d#454! 9#4! B54e24.;F! 0B! #4+=9#F! ;+55-457! -7! MVLL! h'.1459! 49! +=:>!

LKKKi! ^02#=+=! 49! +=:>! LKMMc:! %#4! @-74+74! d+7! B-579! @47;5-,4@! -.! MPRP! ,F!

^02;#+5@!49!+=:!h^02;#+5@!49!+=:>!MPRPc!-.!9#4!p2w,w;0-7!3+9-4.97:!).!LKKK>!

'.1459!49!+=:!-@4.9-B-4@!B05!9#4!B-579!9-H4!9d0!H29+9-0.7!-.!9#4!!"#!!14.4!-.!

p2w,4;! SA(SZ(! B+H-=-47:! ?.4! H29+9-0.! -7! +! 7-.1=4! ,+74! @4=49-0.!

(29)

! LU!

h1:UUQQ@4=%c!-.!#0H0WF107-7>!d#-;#!,4=0.17!90!+!H+g05!#+3=09F34!7#+54@!

,F! PJl! 0B! SA(SZ(! B+H-=-47! ,F! @47;4.@-.1! B50H! +.! +.;4795+=! B02.@45! -.!

9#4! 3032=+9-0.! 9#+9! 7499=4@! B-579! -.! p2w,4;:! %#4! 74;0.@! H29+9-0.! -7! +!

.0.74.74! 72,79-929-0.! h1:R[KQZx%c>! d#-;#! ,4=0.17! 90! +! H-.05! SA(SZ(!

#+3=09F34! +.@! 9#+9! d+7! B02.@! -.! 7-X! B+H-=-47! -.! #49450WF107-7! d-9#! 9#4!

H+g05!@4=49-0.:!^09#!H29+9-0.7!0;;25!-.!9#4!=+79!1-1+.9-;!4X0.!+.@!7#02=@!

350@2;4!+!952.;+94@!35094-.!h'.1459!49!+=:>!LKKKc:!(-.;4!9#474!@-7;0645-47>!

SA(SZ(! #+7! ,44.! @-+1.074@! d05=@d-@4>! d-9#! 9#4! -@4.9-B-;+9-0.! 0B! H054!

9#+.!LKK!H29+9-0.7!-.!!"#!!14.4:!%#4!@-74+74!-7!1=0,+==F!7354+@!d-9#!.0!

;0554=+9-0.7! h4X;439! 9#4! *54.;#\Z+.+@-+.! -.! p2w,4;c! ,49d44.! 734;-B-;!

49#.-;-9-47! +.@! 734;-B-;! +==4=4! 05! @-74+74! B54e24.;F:! )9! -7! .0d! ;0.7-@454@!

9#4!74;0.@!H079!;0HH0.!54;477-64!+9+X-+!+B945!*5-4@54-;#E7!+9+X-+!h?<)<!

jLLPNKKc:!<079!3+9-4.97!+54!;0H302.@!#49450WF10947!B05!!"#!!H29+9-0.7!

+.@! +.F! 9F34! 0B! H29+9-0.! #+7! ,44.! 5430594@i! d-9#! H-774.74! 72,79-929-0.7!

+.@! B5+H47#-B9! 72,79-929-0.7! ,4-.1! 9#4! H079! 5435474.94@>! ,29! +=70!

H+;50@4=49-0.7! +.@! .0.74.74! H29+9-0.7! +54! 744.! hA0H+.0! 49! +=:>! LKMNi!

(F.0BW-a! 49! +=:>! LKMNc:! %+,=4! ).950! M! =-797! +==! 9#4! H29+9-0.7! a.0d.>! 2.9-=!

LKML!hA0H+.0!49!+=:>!LKMNc:!%+,=4!).950!L!5430597!+==!H29+9-0.7!23@+94@!90!

LKMU!h%#4!&2H+.!`4.4!<29+9-0.!$+9+,+74!h&<`$c!70B9d+54c:!

!

(30)

! LP!

%+,=4! ).950! M:! "+9#014.-;! H29+9-0.7! -@4.9-B-4@! -.! !"#!! 14.4! 0B! SA(SZ(! 3+9-4.97>!

23@+94@!90!_+.2+5F!LKML:!%#4!=-79!-.;=2@47!QM!H-774.74>!LU!.0.74.74!72,79-929-0.7>!+.@!

L! B5+H47#-B9! H29+9-0.7:! %#4! 9+,=4! ;0.9+-.7! +=70! U! +59-B-;-+=! 7-94\@-54;94@! H29+9-0.7!

14.45+94@!,F!@-BB454.9!+29#057!-.!05@45!90!792@F!7+;7-.!B2.;9-0.8!Q!-.!9#4!C,/!@0H+-.>!M!-.!

&kS%"+74!@0H+-.>!L!-.!_!@0H+-.>!M!-.!&'"G!@0H+-.!hA0H+.0!49!+=:>!LKMNc:!!

!

(31)

! NK!

!

%+,=4! ).950! L:! %#4! &2H+.! `4.4! <29+9-0.! $+9+,+74! h&<`$c! 3+9#014.-;! H29+9-0.7!

-@4.9-B-4@!-.!!"#!!14.4!0B!SA(SZ(!3+9-4.97>!23@+94@!90!$4;4H,45!LKMU:!

!

!%#4!54;477-64!3+9945.!0B!;=-.-;+=!3#4.09F34>!+.@!9#4!B+;9!9#+9!H+.F!0B!9#4!

H29+9-0.7! 7#02=@! =4+@! 90! 9#4! 350@2;9-0.! 0B! +! 952.;+94@! 35094-.>! 72114797!

9#+9!9#4!H0=4;2=+5!3+9#0=01F!H4;#+.-7H!-7!+770;-+94@!d-9#!=077!0B!B2.;9-0.!

0B!7+;7-.!35094-.!h^+497!49!+=:>!LKMKi!^02#=+=!49!+=:>!LKMMi!A0H+.0!49!+=:>!

LKMNi! (F.0BW-a! 49! +=:>! LKMNc:! &0d4645>! +.F! ;#+5+;945-W+9-0.! 0B! 9#4!

029;0H47! 0B! 7+;7-.! H29+9-0.7! +9! 9#4! 35094-.! =464=! #+7! .4645! ,44.!

345B05H4@:!

!

()<)5$*$"G!"#!$&:/2/&%:$9%2/3.'-%-/12'$$

SA(SZ(! -7! +! .4250@414.45+9-64! @-74+74! ;#+5+;945-W4@! ,F! ;454,4==+5!

+9+X-+>!73+79-;-9F>!+.@!345-3#45+=!.42503+9#F:!"5015477-64!@414.45+9-0.!0B!

Gene Symbol Chromosomal

location Gene name cDNA sequence Extended

cDNA Mutation viewer

SACS

(Aliases: available to subscribers)

13q12

Spastic ataxia of Charlevoix- Saguenay (sacsin)

(Aliases: available to subscribers)

!"#$

!"#$

!"#$

!"#$%&'(%&'(%&'(%&'(')*%&'(')*')* Not available

Mutation type Number of mutations Mutation data by type (register or log in)

Missense/nonsense 98 +,-.+,-.+,-./0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1-234-234-23455

Splicing 1 +,-.+,-.+,-./0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1-234-234-23455

Regulatory 0 No mutations

Small deletions 43 +,-.+,-.+,-./0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1-234-234-23455

Small insertions 16 +,-.+,-.+,-./0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1-234-234-23455

Small indels 1 +,-.+,-.+,-./0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1-234-234-23455

Gross deletions 9 +,-.+,-.+,-./0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1-234-234-23455

Gross insertions/duplications 1 +,-.+,-.+,-./0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1/0-1-234-234-23455

Complex rearrangements 0 No mutations

Repeat variations 0 No mutations

Get all mutations by type

Public total (HGMD Professional 2018.3 total) 169 (262)

Disease/phenotype Number of mutations Mutation data by disease/phenotype

Spastic ataxia, Charlevoix-Saguenay 150

Ataxia 5

Spastic ataxia 4

Cerebellar ataxia 3

Neuropathy, prominent sensorimotor 2

ARSACS without leg spasticity 1

Ataxia, early-onset 1

Sacsin-related ataxia 1

Spastic ataxia, Charlevoix-Saguenay ? 1

Spastic paraplegia, non-ataxic, and peripheral neuropathy 1

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

Since GIREPAM allocates a considerable amount of funds to the organization of an international conference on protection of nature and natural resources, ecosystem services

In relazione al secondo campo di indagine - il benessere del bambino nell'interazione - la ricerca punta a evidenziare la funzione regolativa del contatto tattile e a

In particular, we evaluated the following validity components: the first Likert assumption [mean and standard deviation (SD) equivalence]; the second Likert assumption or

In questo quadro, la validità del contratto di merchandising di marchi (o brand merchandising) era messa in discussione, in particolare in relazione al fatto che il

leggi speciali che contemplano per particolari enti la possibilità di emettere obbligazioni, si desumerebbe la connessione della facoltà di creare titoli di massa

In the present work, we extend the spectral analysis of the COS spectrum of BB Dor to also include the disk component; that is, our spectral modeling includes synthetic spectra of a

Empezar a ser amigos, comedia escrita en colaboración [Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla (II acto), Juan Pérez de Montalbán (III acto)], ed... Hacia una posible atribución 18 Bibliografía