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Measurement   of  Lithium  flux   with  AMS

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Measurement   of  Lithium  flux   with  AMS  

L.  Derome,  LPSC  –  Grenoble    

AMS  days,  April  2015   1  

(2)

]

-1

s

-1

sr

-2

m

1.7

[GV

2.7

R × Flux

1

10

•  Like  B  and  Be,  Li  is  produced  by  spallaHon   processes.  

•  SensiHve  to  CR  propagaHon  parameters   (diffusion,  convecHon,  reacceleraHon…).  

Lithium  in  Cosmic  Rays  

CNO…Fe  +  ISM  à  Li  

                                                       à  B,  Be  +  ISM  à  Li  

à  But  present  data  give  no  valuable  constraints  to  CR  propagaHon  parameters  

Orth  et  al  (1978)   Juliusson  et  al  (1974)  

(3)

Key  detectors  used  in  the  Lithium  analysis:  

•  Tracker+Magnet:  Rigidity  measurement,   Charge  measurement  

•  TOF:  Trigger,  Charge  measurement  

 

Lithium  SelecHon:  

•  Orbital  cuts:  

•  LiveHme  >  0.5    &  No  SAA  

•  Zenith  <  40°  

•  Rigidity  >  1.2  x  MaxCutoff  within  25°  

•  Lithium  selecHon:  

–  Z-­‐  selecHon:  L1  +  TOF  U/L  +  Inner  Trk  +  L9  

 

•  Quality  cuts:  

•  All  tracker  planes  fired  (L1  &  L9  XY)  

•  Track  χ2Y  /NDF  <  20

 

3  

Lithium  :  SelecHon  and  Analysis  

L1  

TOF  

L2-­‐L8:  Inner   Tracker  

TOF   L9  

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L2-­‐L8:  Inner   Tracker  

•  In  each  rigidity  bin  the  flux  is  esHmated  from:  

       

Key  points  in  the  analysis:  

à  Charge  iden+fica+on:  Lithium  accounts  only  for  

~1/1000  of  CRs.    

à  Acceptance  and  Migra+on  matrix  from  MC   simula+on:  both  are  very  sensi+ve  to  the  level  of   interac+on  in  the  detector:  need  to  validate  the  MC    with  data.  

[Counts  corrected  for  bin  to  bin  MigraHon]  

FLUX      =  

[Bin  Size]x[Exp  Time]x[Trig.  Eff.]  x[Acceptance]  

Lithium  :  SelecHon  and  Analysis  

L1  

TOF  

TOF   L9  

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Inner traker Charge

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

Normalize entries

10-2

10-1

1 10

Lithium  :  SelecHon  

Main  idenHficaHon  capability  provided  by  the  Inner  tracker:  

Combined  with  charge  from  TOF:    

 à  contaminaHon  from  Proton  and  He  <  0.02%  on  the  whole  rigidity  range.  

 à  For  heavier  nuclei,  negligible  charge  confusion.  ContaminaHon  from      Lithium  producHon  in  the  upper  part  of  the  detector  

Li   He  

H   Be   B  

ISS  Data  

SelecHon   region  

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Charge in L1 (c. u.)

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

Events/bin

10 102

103

104

105

ISS Data Fit to Data Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon

Charge  SelecHon  in  L1  

ISS  Data   Fit  to  data   Lithium   Berylium   Boron   Carbon  

CàLi   BàLi  

Charge  distribuHon  in  L1  for  events  selected  as  Lithium  in  the   inner  tracker:  

à  Layer  1  is  used  to  reject  Lithium  produced  in  the  upper  part  of  the  detector  

Lithium  

L1  

SelecHon  

region   BeàLi  

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Lithium  SelecHon:  Tracker  Paserns  

•  Lithium  abundance  ~1  per  mil  in  cosmic  ray.  

Use  2  different  tracker  paserns  to  opHmize   the  measurement:  

1.  Inner+L1&L9  (Full  Span)  with  largest   lever  arm  to  maximize  the  MDR  

(3.2TV)  

2.   Inner+L1  with  5  Hmes  larger  the  

acceptance  to  maximize  the  staHsHc.  

•  The  2  corresponding  set  of  events  are  not   independent:     1    2  

AMS  days,  April  2015   7  

(8)

Raw  rates  for  H,  He  &  Li  

Rigidity [GV]

1 10 102 103

]-1 [GV s2 R×dN/dR

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

1 10 102

Proton      

   

Helium      

Lithium  

Rates  aver  Proton,  Helium  and  Lithium  selecHon:  

[Counts  corrected  for  bin  to  bin  MigraHon]  

FLUX      =  

[Bin  Size]x[Exp  Time]x[Trig.  Eff.]x[Acceptance]  

[Counts]  

Rate      =  

[Bin  Size]  x  [Exp  Time]  

à  Acceptance  and  MigraHon  matrix   from  MC  simulaHon  

Full  Span  pasern  

(9)

•  (Quasi)ElasHc  cross  secHon:  

–  Affects  acceptance  and  the  rigidity  reconstruc+on   (and  thus  the  migra+on  matrix)  as  it  deflects  the   incoming  par+cles.  

–  Validated  with  the  probability  to  have  a  good   associa+on  between  the  inner  tracker  and  an  hit   in  L1.  

 

MC  validaHon  

AMS  days,  April  2015   9  

(10)

•  (Quasi)ElasHc  cross  secHon:  

–  Affects  acceptance  and  the  rigidity  reconstruc+on   (and  thus  the  migra+on  matrix)  as  it  deflects  the   incoming  par+cles.  

–  Validated  with  the  probability  to  have  a  good   associa+on  between  the  inner  tracker  and  an  hit   in  L1.  

 

•  InelasHc  cross  secHon:  

–  Mainly  affects  par+cle  survival  probability  and   therefore  the  acceptance  

–  Validated  by  measuring  the  survival  probability   of  Lithium  in  the  lower  part  of  the  detector.  

MC  validaHon  

Z=3  

Z=3   Target  

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Inner Rigidity [GV]

10 102 103

L9 ratio (Data/MC)

0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1

Inner Rigidity [GV]

10 102 103

L1 ratio (Data/MC)

0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1

AMS  days,  April  2015   11  

MC  validaHon:  External  Layer  efficiency  

•  Aver  validaHon,  MC  reproduce  well  the  probability  to   have  a  hit  in  the  external  layers:  

L1    

L9  

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•  All  Data  and  MC  efficiencies  as  a  funcHon  of  reconstructed  

rigidity  are  compared:  Tracking  efficiency,  Full  Span  efficiency,   SelecHon  cuts  and  Quality  cuts  

  à  Combined  Data/MC  raHo  used  to  correct  the  acceptance:  

     

 

10 Rigidity [GV]

102 103

Data/MC Ratio

0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Acceptance:  Data  MC  correcHons  

Data/MC  

SystemaHc  error   CorrecHon  

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Rigidity [GV]

1 10 102 103

Trigger efficiency

0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05

Trigger  efficiency  

AMS  days,  April  2015   13  

 

•  Obtained  directly  from  data  using  unbiased  trigger  events  

•  Good  agreement  obtained    between  MC  and  Data:  

 

•  ε

Trig

 =  1  for  Full  Span  pasern  

•  ε

Trig

 >  0.99  for  Inner+L1  pasern  

   

Lithium      

Helium      

Proton    

Full  Span  Pasern  

ISS  Data   MC  

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-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

Events

10-3

10-2

10-1

Bin  to  Bin  MigraHon:  ResoluHon  

•  ValidaHon  of  the  intrinsic  rigidity  

resoluHon  of  the  tracker.  Comparison  of   residuals  between  Data  and  MC:  

Rig  >  75  GV  

R  >  75  GV  

L2  

L5  

L8  

Data   MC  

-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

Events

10-3

10-2

10-1

Events -2

10 10-1

Data   MC  

Data   MC  

Rig  >  75  GV  

Rig  >  75  GV  

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Rigidity [GV]

10 102 103

]

-1

s

-1

sr

-2

m

1.7

[GV

2.7

R × Flux

1

10

Lithium  flux  

•  Comparison  between  the  flux  obtained  for   the  2  different  paserns:  

AMS  days,  April  2015   15  

 -  Sta+s+cal  errors  only  

Inner+L1  

Full  Span  

(16)

Relative Error [%] 1

10

Rigidity [GV]

10 102 103

Relative Error [%] 1

10

Breakdown  of  errors  

•  StaHsHcal  error  

•  Acceptance  error:  Data/MC   correcHons  -­‐  survival  prob.  -­‐  

Lithium  isotopic  abundances.  

•  Unfolding  error,  includes  

migraHon  matrix  and  unfolding   method  

•  Rigidity  Scale  error  (Alignment  

&  Mag.  Field)  

Errors  (included  systemaHcs)   dominated  by  staHsHcs,  will  be   reduced  with  more  staHsHcs.  

 

Inner+L1   Full  Span  

Acc.  

Acc.  

(17)

Lithium  flux  

•  Combined  result  with  total  errors  (Inner+L1  below  800  GV,  Full   Span  above):  

AMS  days,  April  2015   17  

(18)

Rigidity [GV]

10 102 103

]

-1

s

-1

sr

-2

m

1.7

[GV

2.7

R × Flux

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Lithium  flux  

•  Combined  result  with  total  errors  (Inner+L1  below  800  GV,  Full   Span  above)  compared  with  previous  measurements:  

AMS02  

Orth  et  al  (1978)   Juliusson  et  al  (1974)    

(19)

Rigidity [GV]

10 102 103

]

-1

s

-1

sr

-2

m

1.7

[GV

2.7

R × Flux

1

10

AMS  days,  April  2015   19  

Same  model  as  the  one  used  for  proton  and  helium  (double  power  law   with  smooth  transiHon)  between  45  GV  and  3  TV:  

       

à  Change  of  slope  at  the  same  range  than  for  the  one  found  for   Proton  and  Helium.  

Fit  of  Lithium  flux  

Fit  to  data   Δγ  =  0  

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Summary  

•   Flux  of  Lithium  measured  with  AMS02  

between  2  GV  and  3  TV  presented  for  the   first  Hme.  

 

•   DeviaHon  from  single  power  law  and  

hardening  of  the  Lithium  flux  above  300  GV.  

 

•   This  will  provides  new  data  to  constrain   propagaHon  models  

 

(21)

AMS  days,  April  2015   21  

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