P ff t d t
Prozac effect on a predator-pre Prozac effect on a predator-pre
i
an experimen an experimen
Sara Villa 1 Claudia Ferrario 1 Antonio Finizio 1 Sara Villa 1 , Claudia Ferrario 1 , Antonio Finizio 1
1 University of Milano Bicocca Department of Earth and Environme University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environme
2 U i it f Mil D t t f Bi i
2 University of Milano, Department of Bioscien
Ai f th Aims of th Aims of th
Prey’s population indirect Prey s population indirect
h i h l d b h i
Changes in the ecology and behavio g gy ecological conditions or in the intera ecological conditions or in the intera
i h h i di
How does Prozac change ow does o ac c a ge community, can then have indirect e swimming ability of
y,
mean Darwinian fitness and swimming ability of mean Darwinian fitness and
mosquito fish? q
Medium speed distance Medium speed, distance, route, frequency and duration
H d P
, q y
of freezing bouts How does Pro
of freezing bouts
predator in the predator in the
G f FLX
Group of FLX ex prey be prey be
Area of study Area of study y i
Milano-Nosedo Wastewater Treatment Plant Milano-Nosedo Wastewater Treatment Plant
Th l i h d h f l h ll f h l
The plant is the end phase of a complex system that collects wastewater from the central and eastern part of Milano
and eastern part of Milano.
P i i 1 250 000 l i i l
[1]Processing capacity = 1,250,000 population equivalents g p y p p q
[1].
Phase I: te Phase I: te
FLX D i i dose effect
[3]Conc in Milano Nosedo aste ater Control FLX Danio rerio dose-effect
[3]Conc. in Milano-Nosedo wastewater Control concentration 100 μg/L 100 μg/L Medium measured Medium measured Max measured Max measured -
After exposure the behavior of
Type of Flow-trough After exposure the behavior of
fi h ill b l d h h
test chronic fishes will be analysed through
Behavioral test
video-tracking.
Behavioral test
T t
v deo t ac g.
D t i
Test
d i 21 days
Data processingduration 21 days T (°C) 19 ± 2 Length
of orgs 3 cm 3 cm g
N
No. orgs
t k 20
per tank 0
Treatment aquarium
Ph II t t
Phase II: test on pr Phase II: test on pr
After 12 hours fasting little egret will be
FLX-exposed (chronically After 12 hours fasting little egret will be
placed above a tank full of fishes p ( y
fed with exposed mosquito placed above a tank full of fishes.
fed with exposed mosquito fi h b f th t ti f The hunting behavior of heron will be
fishes before the starting of g
analysed through video-tracking.
the test) and unexposed analysed through video tracking.
) p
egrets egrets.
Fishes exposed on Fishes exposed on
h f diff
the four different FLX levels
FLX levels
(control + Phase I (control + Phase I
t ti ) concentrations).
R f
References
[1]
Milano- Nosedo Wastewater Treatment Plant website: http://www depuratorenosedo eu/en/storia
[ ]
Milano- Nosedo Wastewater Treatment Plant website: http://www.depuratorenosedo.eu/en/storia
[2]
B k B W t l (2003) A ti t i l f fl ti T L tt 142(2003)169/183
[2]
Brooks B.W.et al. (2003) Aquatic ecotoxicology of fluoxetine. Tox. Letters 142(2003)169/183
[3]
Cachat J. et al. (2010) Measuring behavioral and endocrine responses to novelty stress in adult ( ) g p y zebrafish Nature Protocols 5 1786–1799
zebrafish. Nature Protocols 5, 1786 1799
t ( it fi h t)
ey system (mosquito fish-egret):
ey system (mosquito fish-egret):
t l h
ntal approach ntal approach
Marco Parolini 2 Nicola Saino 2 Marco Vighi 1 , Marco Parolini 2 , Nicola Saino 2 , Marco Vighi g 1
ental Sciences (DISAT) Piazza della Scienza 1 20126 Milano Italy ental Sciences (DISAT), Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
(DBS) Vi C l i 26 20133 Mil It l nces (DBS), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
h j t
he project he project
Dynamics of predators populations t effects Dynamics of predators populations t effects
f h i d d b h i
or of the prey, induced by changes in p y, y g actions with other species of the same actions with other species of the same
ff d dif i h H d P h
effects on predator, as modifying the p , y g How does Prozac change d accordingly productivity predatory efficiency of d, accordingly, productivity. predatory efficiency of
t?
egret?
Time and frequency of Time and frequency of
f i
foraging ff t th
ozac affect the choice of prey?
choice of prey?
l l th xposure levels the
longs to longs to
Contaminant assessed Contaminant assessed
P
Prozac Prozac
Antidepressant: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) Antidepressant: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) A ti i di t fl i (FLX)
[2]Active ingredient: fluoxetine (FLX)
[2]est on prey est on prey p y
Mosquitofish Mosquitofish
(Gambusia affinis) [4]
(Gambusia affinis)
Distribution: freshwaters all over the word Distribution: freshwaters all over the word.
N ti f th f Illi i d I di
Native range: from southern of Illinois and Indiana to the northeastern of the Gulf of Mexico .
to the northeastern of the Gulf of Mexico .
Dimensions: 3 5 cm length Sexual dimorphism:
Female Dimensions: 3-5 cm length. Sexual dimorphism:
f l l h l
Female females longer than males. g
Reproduction: ovoviviparous Gestation period: 22- Reproduction: ovoviviparous. Gestation period: 22
25 d N f b b t 30
25 days. No. of newborn: about 30 younger.
Diet: zooplankton, larvae and small insects, detritus p , , material
material.
O f h 100 ld’ i i li
One of the 100 world’s worst invasive alien species
[5]: intentionally introduced early XX century
Male species : intentionally introduced early XX century as a biological control of mosquitoes
Male as a biological control of mosquitoes.
d t ffi i
redatory efficiency redatory efficiency
Little egret Little egret
(E )
(Egretta garzetta)
Distribution: wetlands in warm temperate to Distribution: wetlands in warm temperate to
i l f E Af i A i d
tropical parts of Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. Trans-Saharan / infra - Palearctic Australia. Trans Saharan / infra Palearctic migratory or erratic
migratory or erratic.
Dimensions: medium sized:400-600g weight, g g , 55–65 cm length 88–106 cm wingspan
55 65 cm length, 88 106 cm wingspan.
R d ti M i ti
Reproduction: Monogamous species, nesting in colonies No of eggs: 3-5 incubated by both adults for 21–25 days to hatching in colonies. No. of eggs: 3-5 incubated by both adults for 21–25 days to hatching.
Di t fi h i t hibi t d til
Diet: fish, insects, amphibians, crustaceans and reptiles.
Conservation status
[6]: Least Concern.
Conservation status : Least Concern.
Ethical notes: Young birds (40 45 days) fallen before reaching the full efficiency in Ethical notes: Young birds (40-45 days), fallen before reaching the full efficiency in walking, are not taken care by their parents. They are destined to die by starvation or g, y p y y predation
predation.
[4]
Vondracek B et al (1988)Growth and reproduction of the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis in
[ ]
Vondracek B.et al.(1988)Growth and reproduction of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, in
l ti t t t d ti l l f lif hi t E i Bi l Fi h 21 45 57
relation to temperature and ration level:consequences for life history. Environm.Biol.Fish.21,45–57
[5]
Fortini, N. (2011) Atlante dei pesci delle acque interne italiane. Aracne ed., 460 pp. , ( ) p q , pp
[6]
