Cardiac Arrhythmias 2005

Cardiac Arrhythmias 2005

1 3

Cardiac Arrhythmias 2005

Edited by

Antonio Raviele

Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop

on Cardiac Arrhythmias (Venice, 2-5 October 2005)

ANTONIORAVIELE, MD Divisione di Cardiologia Ospedale Umberto I Via Circonvallazione 50 I-30174 Venezia Mestre

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005933282

ISBN-10 88-470-0370-9 Springer Milan Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-88-470-0370-5 Springer Milan Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Preface

The year 1988 marked the beginning of the International Workshop on Cardiac Arrhythmias. This biannual series of meetings was initiated with the following goals: (1) to present technological advances in the field of cardiac arrhythmias, (2) to publicise the results of current research, and (3) to assess the impact of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In addition, by bringing together experts in this field, controversial aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias could be discussed, allowing a consen- sus to be reached regarding the evaluation and management of specific dis- ease conditions. The success achieved in reaching these goals and the utility of the workshops have been confirmed by their increasing recognition and level of attendance.

The Proceedings of the Ninth Edition of the Workshop is a compilation of the topics presented at the most recent meeting, which was held in Venice at the Fondazione Giorgio Cini from the 2nd to the 5th of October 2005. The book is divided into eight sections, each addressing a different aspect of car- diac arrhythmia: Supraventricular Arrhythmia and Atrial Flutter; Atrial Fibrillation: Pathophysiology, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects; Atrial Fibrillation: Catheter Ablation and Other Non-pharmacological Therapies;

Hereditary Arrhy thmogenic Syndromes; Sudden Death: Prediction and Prevention; Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy: Indications and Results;

Cardiac Pacing: Technical and Clinical Aspects; Syncope: Evaluation and Therapies.

By presenting a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of all pertinent aspects of cardiac arrhythmias, this book provides a highly valuable source of information for general cardiologists, internists, and medical students, as well for researchers involved in all aspects of the field of cardiology. The knowl- edge and expertise offered by the various contributors will improve our understanding of cardiac arrhythmias and motivate further developments in the field.

This volume is the result of the efforts of several authors, each of whom deserves recognition and thanks. In addition, I thank Springer and its staff, in particular Donatella Rizza, Executive Editor, for their highly professional edi- torial efforts. I am especially grateful to Rita Reggiani, Project Manager of Adria Congrex, for her exceptional skills and enthusiasm in preparing the workshop. I would also like to thank my colleagues at Umberto I Hospital, Drs.

Bonso, Gasparini, Themistoclakis, Giada, Rossillo, Corrado, Rigo, De Piccoli, Di Pede, both for their help and support in organising the meeting and for their continuous scientific and clinical collaboration.

The personal engagement and invaluable assistance of Susanna Orbolato, Stefania Damiani, and other members of the secretarial and nurse staff at my institution are gratefully acknowledged. I also extend my gratitude to Professor Piccolo, whose example and advice have provided a continual source of guidance and inspiration. Finally, I sincerely thank my wife Carmen and my children, Francesca and Michele. Their encouragement and support were essential to the successful preparation and completion of both the meeting and this book.

Antonio Raviele

VI Preface

Table of Contents

SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA AND ATRIAL FLUTTER Right and Left Atrial Flutter: How To Differentiate Them on the Basis of Surface Electrocardiogram?

G. Inama, C. Pedrinazzi, O. Durin, P. Gazzaniga, P. Agricola . . . . 3 Atypical Atrial Flutter: How to Diagnose, Locate, and Ablate It

Y. Yang, M.M. Scheinman . . . . 13 Catheter Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter. What Are the Long-Term

Results and Predictors of Recurrences?

P. Delise , N. Sitta , L. Coro’ , L. Sciarra, E. Marras, M. Bocchino,

G. Berton . . . . 21 Atrial Fibrillation After Ablation of Atrial Flutter: Who Is at Risk?

E. Bertaglia . . . . 33 Electroanatomic Mapping to Support Ablation of Complex Supraventricular Arrhythmias: Does It Matter?

R. De Ponti, R.Verlato, G. Pelargonio, F. Drago, A. Fusco, J.A. Salerno-Uriarte on behalf of the Investigators of the Project of ElectroAnatomic mapping for Complex arrhythmia Evaluation (PEACE) . . . . 39

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS

Idiopathic Atrial Fibrillation: Which Electrophysiological Substrate?

R.N.W. Hauer . . . . 57 Inflammation and Infection: Underestimated Causes of Atrial Fibrillation?

A.S. Montenero . . . . 61

Atrial Remodelling: What Have We Learned in the Last Decade?

G.V. Naccarelli, M.A. Allessie . . . . 67 Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure: Does One Epidemic Feed the Other?

G. Boriani, M. Biffi, C. Martignani, C. Valzania, I. Diemberger, M. Ziacchi,

D. Saporito, P. Artale, G. Domenichini, L. Frabetti, A. Branzi . . . . 75 Atrial Fibrillation: What Is the Impact of the Different Therapies

on Quality of Life?

B. Lüderitz . . . . 83

‘Pill-In-The-Pocket’ Approach for Outpatient Treatment of Recent Onset Atrial Fibrillation: The Obvious Solution?

P. Alboni . . . . 89 Pharmacological Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation: Which Drugs Are

Preferred, Class IC or Class III?

N. Baldi, V. A. Russo, L. Di Gregorio, V. Morrone, L. Liconso,

G. Polimeni . . . . 95 Early Recurrences of Atrial Fibrillation: How To Predict Them?

G.L. Botto, M. Luzi, F. Ruffa, M.G. Gorgoglione, G. Ferrari . . . . 101 Dronedarone for Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation: An Unfulfilled Promise?

A. Capucci, G.Q. Villani, D. Aschieri, M. Piepoli . . . . 109 Prognosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Without

Structural Heart Disease

M. Di Biase, R. Troccoli . . . . 117 Primary Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertensive Patients:

What Is New from the LIFE Trial?

K. Wachtell, M.H. Olsen, B. Dahlöf, R.B. Devereux . . . . 121 Prognosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Different Clinical

Settings: Acute Myocardial Infarction

G. Zuin, M. Celestre, F. Di Pede . . . . 127 Post-CABG Atrial Fibrillation: What Are the Incidence, Predictors,

Treatment, and Long-Term Outcome?

C. Blomström Lundqvist . . . . 131 Post-PCI Atrial Fibrillation: Possible Clinical and Prognostic Significance B. Gorenek . . . . 137

VIII Table of Contents

Perioperative Interruption of Warfarin: How Effective and Safe Is Bridging Therapy with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin?

F. Di Pede, P. Buja . . . . 145 How Safe Is Anticoagulant Therapy in Older Patients and What Should

Be the INR Target?

G. Di Pasquale, M. di Niro, G. Casella, P.C. Pavesi, A. Rubboli, C. Greco,

V. Carinci . . . . 151 Oral Antithrombin Agents: Will They Replace Warfarin?

G. Grönefeld, D. Pajitnev, F. Wegener, J.R. Ehrlich, S.H. Hohnloser . . . . 159 Guidelines for Anticoagulation of Atrial Fibrillation: Is It Time for an Update?

A.L. Waldo . . . . 169

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: CATHETER ABLATION AND OTHER NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES

Anatomy of the Left Atrium and Pulmonary Veins: What Have We Learned in Recent Years?

J. Kautzner, H. Mlcochova, P. Peichl . . . . 179 Imaging in Arrhythmic Syndromes: What Is the Role of Cardiac Radiology?

R.D. White . . . . 189 Value of Transoesophageal Echocardiography for the Ablation of Atrial

Fibrillation

B. De Piccoli, A. Rossillo . . . . 197 Value of the LocaLisa Non-fluoroscopic Mapping System in the Ablation

of Atrial Fibrillation

P. Sanders, P. Jaïs, M. Hocini, L.-F. Hsu, G.D. Young, C. Scavée, P. Kuklik, M. Rotter, Y. Takahashi, T. Rostock, F. Sacher, B. John, M. Stiles,

M. Haïssaguerre . . . . 205 Linear Atrial Lesions Should Always Be Performed in Addition to

Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation

D. Shah, H. Burri, H. Sunthorn, P. Gentil-Baron . . . . 213 Systematic Electrical Disconnection of Superior Vena Cava in Addition to Pulmonary Vein Ablation: Is It Worthwhile?

A. Bonso, S. Themistoclakis, A. Rossillo, M. Bevilacqua, A. Corrado,

A. Raviele . . . . 217 Table of Contents IX

What Is the Outcome of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction?

L.-F. Hsu, P. Sanders, M. Hocini, F. Sacher, M. Rotter, Y. Takahashi,

T. Rostock, C. Scavée, M. Haïssaguerre, P. Jaïs . . . . 223 Complications of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: How to Prevent and Manage Cerebrovascular Accidents

A. Rossillo, A. Bonso, S. Themistoclakis, A. Corrado, B. De Piccoli,

A. Raviele . . . . 231 Pulmonary Vein Stenosis After Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

E.B. Saad . . . . 241 Atrial Fibrillation Should Be Considered a First-Line Therapy – Or Not?

A. Pacifico, P.D. Henry . . . . 251 Long-Term Use of the Atrial and Dual Defibrillator: What Have

We Learned?

J.M. Mekel, A.S. Thornton, D.A.M.J. Theuns, L.J. Jordaens . . . . 257 Hybrid Therapy as an Alternative in Refractory Atrial Fibrillation:

When, Why, and How?

S. Saksena, N. Skadsberg . . . . 267 Atrial Fibrillation and Transcatheter Ablation: ‘Ablate And Pace’ or

Pulmonary Veins Disconnection?

A. Proclemer, D. Pavoni, D. Facchin, M. Crosato, R. Ometto,

M. Bonanno . . . . 279

HEREDITARY ARRHYTHMOGENIC SYNDROMES

Fever and Other Precipitants of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Brugada Syndrome: Do We Know How They Act?

F. Naccarella, C. Liying, L. ShuZheng, S. Sdringola Maranga, G. Lepera, F. Iachetti, G. Naccarelli, D. Corrado, A. Rampazzo, A. Nava, C. Felicani,

S. Depadoa . . . . 291 Drug Challenge in Brugada Syndrome: How Valuable Is It?

T. Wichter, E. Schulze-Bahr, M. Paul, G. Breithardt, L. Eckardt . . . . 303 Electrophysiologic Study in Brugada Syndrome: More Questions

Than Answers?

C. Wolpert, C. Echternach, C. Veltmann, R. Schimpf, M. Borggrefe . . . . 317

X Table of Contents

Short QT Syndrome: How Frequent Is It and What Are Its Peculiar Features?

F. Gaita . . . . 323 ICD Therapy for Short QT Syndrome: The Risk of Inappropriate

Shocks and How to Avoid Them

M. Borggrefe, C. Wolpert, C. Giustetto, F. Gaita, U. Bauersfeld,

R. Schimpf . . . . 327 Quinidine to Treat Short QT Syndrome: A Real Alternative to ICD?

C. Giustetto . . . . 333 ICD for the Long QT Syndrome: Which Indications, Complications,

and Results?

P.J. Schwartz, C. Spazzolini, L. Crotti . . . . 337 How To Differentiate Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia from

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy?

C. Wolpert, C. Echternach, C. Veltmann, R. Schimpf, M. Borggrefe . . . . 345 How To Diagnose and Approach Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia

E. Sosa, M. Scanavacca . . . . 351

SUDDEN DEATH: PREDICTION AND PREVENTION Predicting the Sudden Death in the Athlete

D. Corrado, C. Basso, M. Schiavon, G. Thiene . . . . 365 New Markers of Sudden Cardiac Death: Genetic Variables

N. El-Sherif, G. Turitto, V. Lakireddy . . . . 373 Sudden Arrhythmic Death: Which Genetic Determinants?

G.A. Danieli . . . . 385 Brain Natriuretic Peptide as a Predictor of Sudden Cardiac Death

H.V. Huikuri . . . . 393 Non-Esterified Fatty Acids as Markers of Sudden Death

R.F. Pedretti, M. Ambrosetti, A. Laporta, S. Masnaghetti, R. Raimondo,

M. Salerno, F. Santoro, R. Vaninetti, S. Sarzi Braga . . . . 399 Value of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors to Prevent

Sudden Death

G. Fabbri, A.P. Maggioni . . . . 409 Table of Contents XI

Value of Non-antiarrythmic Drugs in Preventing Sudden Cardiac Death:

Aldosterone Antagonists

L. Sahiner, A. Oto . . . . 415 After DEFINITE, SCD-HeFT, COMPANION: Do We Need to Implant

an ICD in All Patients With Heart Failure?

D.S. Cannom . . . . 425 Health Care Systems: How to Resolve the Dilemma Between Clinical

Needs and Limited Resources?

M. Brignole, S. Nisam . . . . 435 Cost-Effectiveness and Aspects of Health Economics in Primary Prevention:

What Is the Case of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

G. Boriani, M. Biffi, C. Martignani, C. Valzania, I. Diemberger, M. Ziacchi,

D. Saporito, P. Artale, M. Bertini, C. Rapezzi, A. Branzi . . . . 447 Public Access Defibrillation: How Widespread Is It and What Are the

Short-Term and Long-Term Results?

A. Capucci, D. Aschieri, G.Q. Villani . . . . 455 In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: How to Improve Survival?

M. Santomauro, A. Borrelli, C. Riganti, C. Liguori, E. Febbraro,

M. D’Onofrio, N. Monteforte, S. Buonerba, M. Chiariello . . . . 463

CARDIAC RESYNCHRONISATION THERAPY: INDICATIONS AND RESULTS Usefulness of Conventional Transthoracic Echocardiography in Selecting Heart Failure Patients Likely to Benefit from Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy

M.V. Pitzalis, R. Romito, M. Iacoviello . . . . 475 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Which Role for CRT Patients?

P. Nihoyannopoulos . . . . 481 Upgrading From Right Ventricular to Biventricular Pacing: When, Why,

and How?

R. Cazzin, G. Paparella . . . . 485 Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy: How to Identify Patients Who Will

not Respond to Therapy

M.M. Gulizia, A. Ragusa, G.M. Francese . . . . 491

XII Table of Contents

Controversial and Emerging Indication for CRT: Atrial Fibrillation

M. Brignole, P. Jaïs . . . . 503 Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy in Patients with NYHA Class I-II

C. Linde . . . . 511 Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy: Is It Antiarrhythmic or Proarrhythmic?

G. Turitto, N. El-Sherif . . . . 519 Impact of CRT on Mortality: What Are the Preliminary Results from the

CARE-HF Trial?

M. Lunati, G. Magenta . . . . 527 Loss of Resynchronisation by Biventricular Pacemakers: Mechanisms,

Diagnosis and Therapy

S.S. Barold, B. Herweg, A.B. Curtis . . . . 531

CARDIAC PACING: TECHNICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS Right Ventricular Pacing: Is It Really That Bad?

A. Curnis, G. Sgarito, G. Mascioli, L. Bontempi, T. Bordonali, G. Ciaramitaro, E. De Maria, S. Novo, L. Dei Cas . . . . 549 The Importance of Minimising Right Ventricular Pacing in Patients with Sick Sinus Syndrome: Why and How?

A.B. Curtis, S.S. Barold, B. Herweg . . . . 557 Drug-Induced, Drug-Provoked and Drug-Associated Bradycardia

I.E. Ovsyshcher . . . . 569 The Sleep Apnoea Syndrome: CPAP or Cardiac Pacing?

P.E. Vardas, E. Simantirakis, S.E. Schiza . . . . 575 Rate-Responsive Pacing Controlled by the TVI Sensor in the Treatment of Sick Sinus Syndrome

F. Dorticós, M.A. Quiñones, F. Tornes, Y. Fayad, R. Zayas, J. Castro,

A. Barbetta, F. Di Gregorio . . . . 581 Preliminary Test of a New Haemodynamic Pacemaker: Evaluation of

Sensor Safety

N. Galizio, J. Gonzalez, H. Fraguas, J. Barra, S. Graf, E. De Forteza,

R. Chirife, F. Di Gregorio . . . . 591 Table of Contents XIII

From Analog to Digital Technology: What Are the Clinical Benefits?

R. Mantovan, G. Corbucci . . . . 599 What Are the Benefits of Morphological Signal Analysis Using Digital

Technology?

R. Tukkie . . . . 607 How Can New Technologies Help Make Follow-Up Easier?

V. Leonhardt, C. van Groeningen . . . . 609 Interference of Cellular Phones and Metal Detectors With Pacemakers

and ICDs: Still a Problem?

E. Occhetta, L. Plebani, M. Bortnik, P. Marino . . . . 617 Can Patients With Implanted Pacemakers/ICD Undergo Magnetic

Resonance Imaging?

S. Sermasi, M. Marconi, M. Mezzetti, G. Piovaccari . . . . 627

SYNCOPE: EVALUATION AND THERAPIES

Syncope in Children and Adolescents: What Are the Peculiar Features?

W. Wieling, N. van Dijk, K.S. Ganzeboom, J. P. Saul . . . . 633 Syncope in Patients with Autonomic Nervous System Disturbances:

Which Diagnosis and Treatment?

C.J. Mathias . . . . 643 Organisation of Syncope Management Units: The North American

Experience

D.G. Benditt, F. Lu, K.G. Lurie, S. Sakaguchi . . . . 655 The Syncope Unit: How To Better Organise It? The European Experience

M. Brignole . . . . 659 Water Ingestion As Prophylaxis Against Syncope: Fact or Fancy?

J. Jordan . . . . 665 Counter-Pressure Manoeuvres to Abort Impeding Syncope: Are They

Really Useful?

C. Menozzi, F. Quartieri, N. Bottoni, G. Lolli . . . . 675 Compression Stockings to Combat Vasovagal Syncope:

What Is the Rationale?

M. Madalosso, F. Giada, A. Raviele . . . . 681

XIV Table of Contents

β-Blockers for Prevention of Vasovagal Syncope: Who Benefits from Treatment?

R.S. Sheldon . . . . 687 Has Psychiatric Treatment Any Role in the Management

of Vasovagal Syncope?

F. Giada, I. Silvestri, A. Rossillo, M. Madalosso, P.G. Nicotera,

A. Raviele . . . . 695 Familial Vasovagal Syncope: Clinical Characteristics and Potential

Genetic Substrates

A. González-Hermosillo, M.F. Márquez, M. Vallejo, K.I. Urias,

M. Cárdenas . . . . 701 Subject Index . . . . 709 Table of Contents XV

A^GRICOLAP., 3 A^LBONIP., 89 A^LLESSIEM.A., 67 A^MBROSETTIM., 399 A^RTALEP., 75, 447 A^SCHIERID., 109, 455 B^ALDIN., 95

B^ARBETTAA., 581 B^AROLDS.S., 531, 557 B^ARRAJ., 591 B^ASSOC., 365 B^AUERSFELDU., 327 B^ENDITTD.G., 655 B^ERTAGLIAE., 33 B^ERTINIM., 447 B^ERTONG., 21 B^EVILACQUAM., 217 B^IFFIM., 75, 447

B^LOMSTRÖML^UNDQVISTC., 131 B^OCCHINOM., 21

B^ONANNOM., 279 B^ONSOA., 217, 231 B^ONTEMPIL., 549 B^ORDONALIT., 549

B^ORGGREFEM., 317, 327, 345 B^ORIANIA., 75, 447

B^ORRELLIA., 463 B^ORTNIKM., 617 B^OTTOG.L., 101 B^OTTONIN., 675 B^RANZIA., 75, 447 B^REITHARDTG., 303 B^RIGNOLEM., 435, 503, 659 B^UJAP., 145

B^UONERBAS., 463 B^URRIH., 213 C^ANNOMD.S., 425 C^APUCCIA., 109, 455 C^ÁRDENASM., 701 C^ARINCIV., 151 C^ASELLAG., 151 C^ASTROJ., 581 C^AZZINR., 485 C^ELESTREM., 127 C^HIARIELLOM., 463 C^HIRIFER., 591 C^IARAMITAROG., 549 C^ORBUCCIG., 599 C^ORO’ L., 21

C^ORRADOA., 217, 231 C^ORRADOD., 291, 365 C^ROSATOM., 279 C^ROTTIL., 337 C^URNISA., 549 C^URTISA.B., 531, 557 D’O^NOFRIOM., 463 D^AHLÖFB., 121 D^ANIELIG.A., 385 D^EF^ORTEZAE., 591 D^EM^ARIAE., 549 D^EP^ICCOLIB., 197, 231 D^EP^ONTIR., 39 D^EIC^ASL., 549 D^ELISEP., 21 D^EVEREUXR.B., 121 D^EPADOAS., 291 D^IB^IASEM., 117 D^IEMBERGERI., 75, 447

List of Contributors

D^IG^REGORIOF., 581, 591 D^IG^REGORIOL., 95

DIN^IROM., 151 D^IP^ASQUALEG., 151 D^IP^EDEF., 127, 145 D^OMENICHINIG., 75 D^ORTICÓSF., 581 D^RAGOF., 39 D^URINO., 3

E^CHTERNACHC., 317, 345 E^CKARDTL., 303

E^HRLICHA., 159 E^L-S^HERIFN., 373, 519 F^ABBRIG., 409 F^ACCHIND., 279 F^AYADY., 581 F^EBBRAROE., 463 F^ELICANIC., 291 F^ERRARIG., 101 F^RABETTIL., 75 F^RAGUASH., 591 F^RANCESEG.M., 491 F^USCOA., 39 G^AITAF., 323, 327 G^ALIZION., 591 G^ANZEBOOMK.S., 633 G^AZZANIGAP., 3 G^ENTIL-B^ARONP., 213 G^IADAF., 681, 695 G^IUSTETTOC., 327, 333 G^ONZALEZJ., 591

G^ONZÁLEZ-H^ERMOSILLOA., 701 G^ORENEKB., 137

G^ORGOGLIONEM.G., 101 G^RAFS., 591

G^RECOC., 151 G^RÖNEFELDG., 159 G^ULIZIAM.M., 491 HAÏSSAGUERREM., 205, 223 H^AUERR.N.W., 57

H^ENRYP.D., 251 H^ERWEGB., 531, 557 H^OCINIM., 205, 223 H^OHNLOSERS.H., 159

H^SUL.-F., 205, 223 H^UIKURIH.V., 393 I^ACHETTIF., 291 I^ACOVIELLOM., 475 I^NAMAG., 3 J^AÏSP., 205, 223, 503 J^OHNB., 205 J^ORDAENSL.J., 257 J^ORDANJ., 665 K^AUTZNERJ., 179 K^UKLIKP., 205 L^AKIREDDYV., 373 L^APORTAA., 399 L^EONHARDTV., 609 L^EPERAG., 291 L^ICONSOL., 95 L^IGUORIC., 463 L^INDEC., 511 L^IYINGC., 291 L^OLLIG., 675 L^UF., 655 L^ÜDERITZB., 83 L^UNATIM., 527 L^URIEK.G., 655 L^UZIM., 101

M^ADALOSSOM., 681, 695 M^AGENTAG., 527 M^AGGIONIA.P., 409 M^ANTOVANR., 599 M^ARCONIM., 627 M^ARINOP., 617 M^ÁRQUEZM.F., 701 M^ARRASE., 21 M^ARTIGNANIC., 75, 447 M^ASCIOLIG., 549 M^ASNAGHETTIS., 399 M^ATHIASC.J., 643 M^EKELJ.M., 257 M^ENOZZIC., 675 M^EZZETTIM., 627 M^LCOCHOVAH., 179 M^ONTEFORTEN., 463 M^ONTENEROA.S., 61 M^ORRONEV., 95

XVIII List of Contributors

N^ACCARELLAF., 291 N^ACCARELLIG., 291 N^ACCARELLIG.V., 67 N^AVAA., 291 N^ICOTERAP.G., 695 NIHOYANNOPOULOSP., 481 N^ISAMS., 435

N^OVOS., 549 O^CCHETTAE., 617 O^LSENM.H., 121 O^METTOR., 279 O^TOA., 415

O^VSYSHCHERI.E., 569 P^ACIFICOA., 251 P^AJITNEVD., 159 P^APARELLAG., 485 P^AULM., 303 P^AVESIP.C., 151 P^AVONID., 279 P^EDRETTIR.F., 399 P^EDRINAZZIC., 3 P^EICHLP., 179 P^ELARGONIOG., 39 P^IEPOLIM., 109 P^IOVACCARIG., 627 P^ITZALISM.V., 475 P^LEBANIL., 617 P^OLIMENIG., 95 P^ROCLEMERA., 279 Q^UARTIERIF., 675 Q^UIÑONESM.A., 581 R^AGUSAA., 491 R^AIMONDOR., 399 R^AMPAZZOA., 291 R^APEZZIC., 447

R^AVIELEA., 217, 231, 681, 695 R^IGANTIC., 463

R^OMITOR., 475

R^OSSILLOA., 197, 217, 231, 695 R^OSTOCKT., 205, 223

R^OTTERM., 205, 223 R^UBBOLIA., 151 R^UFFAF., 101 R^USSOV.A., 95

S^AADE.B., 241 S^ACHERF., 205, 223 S^AHINERL., 415 S^AKAGUCHIS., 655 S^AKSENAS., 267 S^ALERNOM., 399

S^ALERNO-U^RIARTEJ.A., 39 S^ANDERSP., 205, 223 S^ANTOMAUROM., 463 S^ANTOROF., 399 S^APORITOD., 75, 447 S^ARZIB^RAGAS., 399 S^AULJ.P., 633 S^CANAVACCAM., 351 S^CAVÉEC., 205, 223 S^CHEINMANM.M., 13 S^CHIAVONM., 365 S^CHIMPFR., 317, 327, 345 S^CHIZAS.E., 575

S^CHULZE-B^AHRE., 303 S^CHWARTZP.J., 337 S^CIARRAL., 21

S^DRINGOLAM^ARANGAS., 291 S^ERMASIS., 627

S^GARITOG., 549 S^HAHD., 213 S^HELDONR.S., 687 S^HUZ^HENGL., 291 S^ILVESTRII., 695 SIMANTIRAKISE., 575 S^ITTAN., 21

S^KADSBERGN., 267 S^OSAE., 351 S^PAZZOLINIC., 337 S^TILESM., 205 S^UNTHORNH., 213 T^AKAHASHIY., 205, 223 THEMISTOCLAKISS., 217, 231 T^HEUNSD.A.M.J., 257 T^HIENEG., 365 T^HORNTONA.S., 257 T^ORNESF., 581 T^ROCCOLIR., 117 T^UKKIER., 607

XIX List of Contributors

T^URITTOG., 373, 519 U^RIASK.I., 701 V^ALLEJOM., 701 V^ALZANIAC. 75, 447

VAND^IJKN., 633

VANG^ROENINGENC., 609 V^ANINETTIR., 399 V^ARDASP.E., 575 V^ELTMANNC., 317, 345 V^ERLATOR., 39 V^ILLANIG.Q., 109, 455 W^ACHTELLK., 121

W^ALDOA.L., 169 W^EGENERF., 159 W^HITER.D., 189 W^ICHTERT., 303 W^IELINGW., 633

W^OLPERTC., 317, 327, 345 Y^ANGY., 13

Y^OUNGG.D., 205 Z^AYASR., 581 Z^IACCHIM., 75, 447 Z^UING., 127

XX List of Contributors