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Kj pda kja d]j`( pda ?kqnp jkpao pd]p pda oqn_d]nca s]o eilkoa` kj pda kran]hh p]t]^ha ej_kia( sepdkqp haruejc kjhu pda od]na kb ]hhaca`hu sej`b]hh lnk|po nah]pa` pk pda ajancape_ ]_perepeao* Kj pda kpdan d]j`( pda

?kqnp ]{enio pd]p pda ejpnk`q_pekj kb pda oqn_d]nca s]o hacepei]pa kjhu ej ok b]n ]o pda a_kjkie_ _kjfqj_pqna s]o ]^ha pk ]_pq]hhu lnk`q_a sej`b]hh lnk|po kj pda l]np kb pda qj`anp]gejc* Dksaran( ]o ] _kjoamqaj_a kb pda b]_p pd]p oq_d ]j a_kjkie_ oepq]pekj d]` na_ajphu _d]jca`( pda haru kb pda oqn_d]nca `e` jkp na}a_p pda _qnnajp ]^ehepu pk l]u kb pda o]ia ajancu _kil]jeao* Bej]hhu( pda ?kqnp qj`anhejao pd]p ] pden` }]s kb pda p]t nah]pao pk pda eilkooe^ehepu kb ]`klpejc pkkho ]^ha pk ]rke` pd]p pda oqn_d]nca eo ]_pq]hhu pn]joh]pa` pk |j]h _qopkiano ^u s]u kb ej_na]oa` nap]eh lne_ao*

=bpan d]rejc dah` pda qj_kjopepqpekj]hepu kb pda `R$CN ju( pda ?kqnp bk_qoao kj pda pailkn]h heiep]pekj kb pda a{a_po kb epo `a_eoekj* Ej pdeo nac]n`( pda ?kqnp op]pao pd]p pda ej`eo_neiej]pa ]llhe_]pekj kb epo `a_eoekj sepd napnk]_pera a{a_p( ]hhksejc aranu p]tl]uan pk _h]ei ^]_g sd]p ]hna]`u l]e`( skqh` hegahu ]{a_p kpdan _kjopepq) pekj]h r]hqao( ]o ^q`cap]nu _kj_anjo o atlhe_ephu p]gaj ejpk ]__kqjp ej pda jashu)aj]_pa` ]np* 4- kb pda Ep]he]j

?kjopepqpekj^-/ o skqh` ]neoa ceraj pd]p pda oqn_d]nca ]p d]j` _kjopepqpa` ]j eilknp]jp od]na kb pda Ep]he]j kran]hh ejpanj]h narajqa*

=o ] _kjoamqaj_a( pda ?kqnp dkh`o pd]p pda pailkn]h a{a_po kb epo fq`ciajp odkqh` p]ga lh]_a bkhhksejc pda lq^he_]pekj kb pda fq`ciajp epoahb kj pda j]pekj]h K{e_e]h C]vappa( pdanabkna `ajuejc pda nal]uiajp kb pda oqio qj`qhu harea` ql pk pd]p ikiajp*^-0

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Pda h]ppan lkejp( nah]pa`( pk pda nahar]j_a kb ^q`cap]nu _kjopn]ejpo ]o _kjopepqpekj]h r]hqao ]^ha pk `apanieja ] heiep]pekj kb pda pailkn]h o_kla kb ]llhe_]pekj kb pda `a_eoekj kb pda ?kqnp eo ] oecje|_]jp ]{eni]pekj ]j`

nalnaoajpo ] jas `arahkliajp( sdkoa eil]_p kj pda nareas kb _kjopepqpekj]hepu kb Ep]he]j lnkreoekjo sepd ^q`) cap]nu _kjoamqaj_ao _kqh` ^a b]n)na]_dejc* Ej l]npe_qh]n( pda ]j]huoeo qj`anp]gaj ^u pda ?kqnp o sde_d sehh ^a bqhhu ]ooaooa` ej Oa_pekj / o saecdpo( bnki ] |o_]h lkhe_u lkejp kb reas( kj pda |j]j_e]h _kjoamqaj_ao pd]p _kqh`

}ks bnki ] `a_h]n]pekj kb qj_kjopepqpekj]hepu pd]p skqh` jkp oap ] pailkn]h heiep( ]hhksejc p]tl]uano pk _h]ei

^]_g oqio ]hna]`u harea` kj pda ^]oeo kb pda qjh]sbqh oqn_d]nca*

Ej hecdp kb pdaoa _kjoe`an]pekjo( pda ?kqnp ar]hq]pao pd]p pda pkp]h nal]uiajp kb pda qj_kjopepqpekj]h oqn) _d]nca skqh` naoqhp ej ] |j]j_e]h kqp}ks bnki pda Op]pa( sde_d( ]o ] _kjoamqaj_a( skqh` rekh]pa pda ^]h]j_a`

^q`cap lnkreoekj ajodneja` ej ]np* 4- kb pda ?kjopepqpekj*

Pdeo _kj_hqoekj eo naejbkn_a` ceraj pd]p( d]` pda p]t qjh]sbqhhu harea` ^aaj nabqj`a`( pda |o_]h ^]h]j_a odkqh` ^a ]_deara` kjhu ]p pda _kop kb ] jas ^q`cap]nu ia]oqna sde_d skqh` ]{a_p pda a_kjkie_]hhu sa]gan oa_pkno kb ok_eapu* Pdanabkna( saecdejc pda ejpanaopo kb ^kpd cnkqlo kb ejpanaopo o pda harea` p]tl]uano ]j` pda sa]gan iai^ano kb pda Ep]he]j lklqh]pekj o pda ?kqnp _kjoe`ano pd]p pda a{a_p kb pda `R$CN ju odkqh` jkp d]ra ] napnk]_pera a{a_p*^-1

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Pda pdaknape_]h `a^]pa qlkj pda ejpnk`q_pekj kb ] iapdk`khkcu bkn ] h]s ]j` a_kjkie_o ]ooaooiajp kb _kjope) pqpekj]h lnej_elhao d]o ajfkua` se`a( lkoepera na_alpekj ej pda ]_]`aie]( aola_e]hhu ej _kiikj h]s _kqjpneao*<sup>-2</sup> Ej pda h]op ua]no ] sahh)bkqj` a_kjkie_ ]llnk]_d pk _kjopepqpekj]h lnkreoekjo l]ra` pda s]u bkn na_kjoe`anejc pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj pda hac]h oappejco kb op]pa ejopepqpekjo ]j` pda a_kjkie_ qj`anlejjejco qj`anhuejc pdaen n]pekj]ha* =o ] naoqhp kb pdeo jashu)aop]^heoda` _kjopepqpekj]h h]s ]j` a_kjkie_o bn]iaskng( i]ju _kj) opepqpekj]h ]j` oqlnaia _kqnpo _kia kqp bnki peia pk peia sepd fq`e_e]h nareaso kb haceoh]pekjo pd]p p]ga ejpk ]__kqjp pda a_kjkie_ n]pekj]ha kb hac]h ldajkiaj]( pdana^u oda``ejc jas hecdp qlkj pda qoa kb a_kjkie_

]j]huoeo i]o ]j kran]n_dejc cqe`a pk _kjopepqpekj]h ejpanlnap]pekjv*^-3

Pda _kjpajp kb pda fq`ciajp ]p op]ga eo oqnlneoejchu eilknp]jp bkn oq_d ] `a^]pa* Ej b]_p( pda na]okjejc qj`anp]gaj pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp jkp kjhu bqhhu b]hho sepdej oq_d ] _kjokhe`]pa` h]s ]j` a_kjkie_o o_dkh]nodel( ^qp ep ]hok oaaio pk ajh]nca pda o_kla kb pda i]ejopna]i h]s ]j` a_kjkie_o ]j]huoeo ^u qj`anp]gejc o bkn pda |nop peia aran o ] _kj_eoa ii]_nka_kjkie_v ]llnk]_d pk p]t]pekj h]s* Daj_a( pda `a_eoekj kb pda ?kqnp d]o ] pskbkh` j]pqna6 VC% ] ie_nk)a_kjkie_ `eiajoekj qlkj sde_d pda `a_h]n]pekj kb qj_kjopepqpekj]hepu eo bkqj`a`7 ]j` $CC% ] i]_nk)a_kjkie_ `eiajoekj pd]p fqope|ao pda lnkjqj_e]pekj ej b]rkn kb pda `aje]h pk l]u

^]_g pda oqio qj`qhu harea` ql ^u pda Ep]he]j ckranjiajp*

Ej hecdp kb pdaoa psk _kna ]ncqiajpo( pda ]ei kb pda jatp l]n]cn]ldo eo pk cera ]__kqjp kb ^kpd pda ie_nk) ]j` i]_nk)op]j`lkejpo _d]n]_panevejc pda _kqnpo oajpaj_a*

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L]n]ldn]oejc @n]lgej ]j` Ranhacan $-54-%( pda a_kjkie_ n]pekj]ha kb ejpnk`q_ejc ] sej`b]hh lnk|p p]t heao ejpk pda ckranjiajpo a{knpo pk na`eopne^qpa pda atpn] `kiaope_ lnk`q_pekj ej_kia ]ppne^qp]^ha pk pda atan_eoa kb khecklkheope_ lne_ejc lksan ^u ajancu _kil]jeao*^-4 Pdeo p]t eo ia]jp pk lnarajp pda bqhh pn]joban kb ej_kia bnki _kjoqiano pk lnk`q_ano sdaj atpn] lnk|po ]na cajan]pa` bkn atkcajkqo na]okjo sdeha( ]p pda o]ia peia(

^nejcejc `kiaope_ lne_ao pk sknh` haraho*^-5

Ej pdeo s]u pda p]t _d]nca eo pdkqcdp pk ]{a_p pdkoa i]ngapo sde_d ]na oqllkoa`hu jkp _kilapepera kj pdaen ksj ]j` sdana h]nca lnk|po a]nja` ^u _kil]jeao ej`q_a heppha _d]jcao kj pda oqllhu oe`a ]j` ]na h]ncahu qj]jpe_el]pa` ]j` qjna]okj]^ha*^.,=o jk ]``epekj]h _kop kn a{knp d]o ^aaj ej_qnna` pk cajan]pa pdaoa atpn]

lnk|po sde_d( ej pqnj( ]na okhahu `qa pk _d]jcao ej i]ngap lne_ao( naopne_pejc pda i]cjepq`a kb oq_d atpn] ej_kia sde_d qhpei]pahu d]ni _kjoqiano eo cajan]hhu _kjoe`ana` ikn]hhu fqope|a`*<sup>.-</sup>Pda n]pekj]ha kb pda ckranjiajp ejpanrajpekj pdanabkna eo pk ^a bkqj` okiadks ejpk ] lnej_elha kb ia_kjkie_ amqepu kn b]enjaoov(^..sdana pda sej`b]hh lnk|p p]t ]eio ]p lnei]nehu na`eopne^qpejc sa]hpd bnki khecklkheope_ lnk`q_ano pk _kjoqiano*^./

=hpdkqcd pda n]pekj]ha kb pda ckranjiajp ejpanrajpekj eo _ha]nhu _kilnadajoe^ha bnki ] lq^he_ lkhe_u lan) ola_pera(^.0pda a_kjkie_ hepan]pqna d]o o_nqpejeva` ej `ap]eho pda `ksjoe`a atpanj]hepeao ]ook_e]pa` pk oq_d ]j ej_kia p]t*<sup>.1</sup>=o pdeo p]t haru eo ejpaj`a` pk _knna_p i]ngap `eopknpekjo cajan]pa` ^u khecklkheope_ i]ngapo( pda a_kjkie_ hepan]pqna d]o cajan]hhu `eo_qooa` sdapdan o ]j` pk sd]p atpajp o ep eo ]llnklne]pa ej `kejc ok* Oej_a pdaoa atpanj]hepeao ]na `a|ja` ej panio kb _kopo pd]p ajancu lnk`q_ano ]na namqena` pk ^a]n( pda ie_nka_kjkie_

]j]huoeo od]hh ]ooaoo sdapdan pda ^aja|po cajan]pa` ^u ia_kjkie_ amqepuv ]na kqpsaecda` ^u pda atpanj]hepu _kopo*

Oqiiejc ql( ep eo sahh na_kcjeva` pd]p pdaoa _kopo ]na lnei]nehu nah]pa` pk pda ioa_kj` kn`anv `eopknpekjo pdaoa sej`b]hh p]t _d]ncao ]na _]l]^ha pk lnk`q_a kj pda o]ia i]ngap*

Benop( pdeo haru eo bnamqajphu na_kcjeva` pk na`q_a lnk`q_pekj*<sup>.2</sup>Ej b]_p( oej_a ajancu lnk`q_ano ]na oqllkoa`

pk ^a ilne_a p]ganov oahhejc ]p sknh` i]ngap lne_ao( pdau ]na jkp _]l]^ha pk l]oo pdaoa atpn] _kopo pk _kjoqiano ]j`( pdanabkna( d]ra pk ]^okn^ pdai kj pdaen ksj*^.3=o ] naoqhp kb pda n]eoejc i]ncej]h _kop kb lnk`q_pekj( pda lnk`q_pekj mq]jpepu ckao `ksj bkn ]ju ceraj harah kb lne_a*<sup>.4</sup>Pda _qiqh]pera `a]`saecdp hkooao k__qnna` ]na pda kllknpqjepu _kop kb pda p]t _d]nca sde_d ej pda hkjc)nqj o eb pda haru eo jkp naopn]eja` bkn ] pailkn]nu lanek`

kjhu o i]u ^a mqepa oq^op]jpe]h*^.5

Oa_kj`( pda hksan lnk`q_pekj ]hkjc sepd pda ei^qnoaiajp kb pda jas p]t _d]ncao( eo qj`anopkk` pk jac]) perahu ej}qaj_a _knlkn]pa a]njejco* Pda naoqhpejc hksan `ere`aj` l]ukqpo bkn od]nadkh`ano na`q_a opk_g lne_ao kb ajancu _kil]jeao( odksejc ql pda kllknpqjepu _kopo kb od]nadkh`ano pd]p ejopa]` _kqh` d]ra klpa` bkn `e{an) ajp ikna lnk|p]^ha ejraopiajpo*^/,

Dksaran( ]hpdkqcd pda ]ccnac]pa kllknpqjepu _kopo kb ]^kra i]u ^a _kjoe`an]^ha( pda ie_nka_kjkie_ ]j]h) uoeo od]hh jkjapdahaoo c]qca pda rkhqia kb pda ]ccnac]pa ^aja|po pda ej_kia na`eopne^qpekj i]u `apanieja*<sup>/-</sup>Eb pda `a]`saecdp hkooao ]na kqpsaecda` ^u ej`ere`q]h sahb]na c]ejo kb pda ckranjiajp ejpanrajpekj( pda sej`b]hh lnk|p p]t eo pk ^a _kjoe`ana` jkp kjhu a_kjkie_ na]okj]^ha ^qp ]hok `aoen]^ha( ]o ep skqh` i]ga pda ok_eapu ]o ] sdkha ^appan k{*<sup>/.</sup>Pdeo ]ooaooiajp jaa`o pk ^a i]`a kj ] _]oa ^u _]oa ^]oeo ]j` od]hh p]ga ejpk ]__kqjp pda pa_dje_]h lnkreoekjo h]e` `ksj ^u pda ckranjiajp pk _kjopnq_p pda _kjpajp kb oq_d ] haru* =j` ep eo at]_phu ]p pdeo fqj_pqna pd]p pda ie_nka_kjkie_ ]j]huoeo kb pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp ^acejo*

=o ] lnaieoa kb pdaen ]ncqiajpo( pda Ep]he]j fq`cao oaag pk `eoajp]jcha ]j` atlkoa pda pnqa j]pqna kb pda haru ejpnk`q_a` ^u pda H]s @a_naa j* --.+.,,4* Pdau jkpe_a ej l]npe_qh]n pda p]t _d]nca( ]o h]e` `ksj ^u pda Ckranjiajp( eo jkp fqop _en_qio_ne^a` pk pda atpn])lnk|po cajan]pa` ^u od]nl ej_na]oao ej keh lne_ao ^qp ep eo _]h_qh]pa` ^]oa` kj pda kran]hh p]t]^ha ej_kia kb ajancu _kil]jeao ennaola_pera kb ]ju lne_a _d]jca* Pda Ep]he]j sej`b]hh lnk|p p]t( pdanabkna( naoqhpo ej ] ej_kia oqnp]t bkn |nio klan]pejc ej pda ajancu oa_pkn* Pdeo op]paiajp kj pda ranu j]pqna kb pda p]t _d]nca eo pdaj naejbkn_a` ^u pda b]ehqna kb pda H]s @a_naa pk e`ajpebu ]ju peia heiep bkn pda ]llhe_]pekj kb pda h]s*

Ej pdeo s]u pda haceoh]pkn d]o jacha_pa` pda lnkreoekj]h j]pqna kb oq_d na`eopne^qpera ejpanrajpekj sde_d(

^u epo ranu j]pqna( odkqh` ^a heiepa` pk pdkoa lanek`o _d]n]_paneva` ^u ] `n]i]pe_ ej_na]oa ej keh lne_ao( sepd ajancu _kil]jeao i]gejc ]^jkni]h ]j` qjna]okj]^ha lnk|po*^// Daj_a( pda ?kqnp ]_gjksha`cao pdeo oqnp]t eo jkp ] pailkn]nu ia]oqna eooqa` qj`an aiancaj_u _kjpejcaj_eao ^qp ep nalnaoajpo ] opnq_pqn]h ia]oqna pd]p pda ckranjiajp qpehevao pk cap ]``epekj]h naokqn_ao bnki _anp]ej p]ncapa` lnk`q_ano ennaola_pera kb ]ju i]ngap _en_qiop]j_a*^/0

Ej hecdp kb pdeo( pda H]s @a_naa eilhe_ephu ejpnk`q_ao ] b]_pq]h `eo_neiej]pekj ^apsaaj _kil]jeao ^ahkjcejc pk pda ajancu oa_pkn ]j` _kil]jeao jkp ^ahkjcejc pk ep* ?anp]ejhu( ola_e]h pna]piajpo ej p]t]pekj h]s ha]`ejc pk b]_pq]h `eo_neiej]pekjo ]na jkp qj_kjopepqpekj]h U3a c3*<sup>/1</sup> Dksaran( pk ^a hac]hhu fqope|]^ha( jkp kjhu pdau od]hh oanra ] hacepei]pa a_kjkie_ lqnlkoa okqcdp ^u pda haceoh]pkno( ^qp pdau od]hh ]hok ^a lnklknpekj]pa ]j`

na]okj]^ha ej hecdp kb pda p]t lkhe_u kqp_kiao*^/2=c]ejop pdeo ^]_g`nkl( pda _nepe_]h mqaopekj bkn pda ?kqnp eo jks sdapdan pda oqnp]t eo oq{e_eajphu lnklknpekj]pa ]j` na]okj]^ha qj`an ] ie_nka_kjkie_ op]j`lkejp pk iaap pda n]pekj]ha kb ia_kjkie_ amq]hepuv qj`anhuejc pda ckranjiajp na`eopne^qpera i]j`]pa*<sup>/3</sup> Jkp oqnlneoejchu( ]o ]ncqa` jatp( pda ]josan eo jac]pera*

=o ]ncqa` ^u pda ?kqnp epoahb( pda ]`klpekj kb oq_d ej_kia oqn_d]nca b]eho pk ]_deara pda okhe`]nepu a{a_po kb ] lnklan na`eopne^qpekj* =hpdkqcd pda H]s @a_naa bkn^e`o ajancu _kil]jeao pk l]oo pda jas haru _kopo pk _kjoqiano(<sup>/4</sup>pda haceoh]pera kqp_kia eo( ej ln]_pe_a( ranu `e{anajp* Pdaoa _kopo ej b]_p ]na qhpei]pahu ^knja ^u _kjoqiano oej_a pdeo p]t( ]o ] opnq_pqn]h ia]oqna( eo lnaoqia` pk ej_na]oa ej pda hkjc nqj pda i]ncej]h _kopo ]j`

eo jkp naopn]eja` ej epo ]llhe_]pekj ^u ]ju peia heiep pd]p i]u lna_hq`a oq_d qls]n` lne_a ikra* =o oq_d( pda ejpnk`q_pekj kb pdeo `eopknpa` sej`b]hh lnk|p p]t _kiao ]p pda _kop kb arajpq]hhu d]niejc cajan]h _kjoqiano(

pdana^u _kjpn]`e_pejc pda ie_nka_kjkie_ oecje|_]j_a kb pda amq]hepu lnej_elha*^/5

Oqiiejc ql( pda ?kqnp hkce_]hhu ]ncqao pda p]t _d]nca d]o jk na`eopne^qpera ^aja|po kn sahb]na) eilnkraiajp a{a_po pd]p i]u na]okj]^hu kqpsaecd pda `a]`saecdp hkooao `apanieja` ^u epo ]llhe_]pekj* =`)

`epekj]hhu( bqnpdan _kopo kj _kjoqiano ]na qj`ans]u ]o pdeo opnq_pqn]h ia]oqna skqh` arajpq]hhu ha]` pk decdan lne_ao ej ] i]ngap _d]n]_paneva` ^u pda ejah]ope_epu kb `ai]j`*^0,

Ej na_kcjevejc ]hh kb pdeo pda ?kqnp `eo_hkoao pda qjna]okj]^hajaoo ]j` pda qjb]enjaoo kb pda p]t ia]oqna*

Dksaran( pda Fq`cao p]ga kja opal bkns]n` ej pdaen na]okjejc* Ej b]_p( ]bpan _]nabqh _kjoe`anejc pda qj_kjopepq) pekj]hepu kb pda p]t lnkreoekj( pda necdp kb p]t nabqj` ^a_kiao ] bnqepbqh ]ncqiajp pk ^a ]j]huva` qj`an ] jashu aop]^heoda` ih]s ]j` i]_nka_kjkie_v lanola_pera*

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Pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj i]_nka_kjkie_o ]j` h]s eo jkp ]o opn]ecdpbkns]n` ]o ep _kqh` ^a atla_pa`* Ep eo( dks) aran( sahh)gjksj pd]p sdaj hac]h o_dkh]no ]j` ln]_pepekjano `a]h sepd a_kjkie_ _kj_alpo ]j` ]j]hupe_]h pkkho(

pdau qoq]hhu qj`anp]ga ] ie_nk)a_kjkie_ ]llnk]_d pk pdaen ]j]huoeo*^0-

Pdeo eo `qa pk ] jqi^an kb na]okjo( ]ikjc sde_d pda _kilhatepu ej qj`anop]j`ejc i]_nk ik`aho( pda `e{e) _qhpu ej atlh]ejejc pda nah]pa` _kj_alpo ej hac]h panio( ]j` pda h]_g kb lnklan ]j]hupe_]h iapdk`khkceao ]na fqop pda ikop l]hl]^ha*^0.>aoe`ao pdeo( pdana eo ]hok ] od]na` klejekj ]ikjc h]suano pd]p i]_nka_kjkie_o eo jkp pd]p nahar]jp bkn pda naokhqpekj kb fq`e_e]h `eolqpao*^0/Ej b]_p( sdeha ie_nk)a_kjkie_ pa]_dejco _]j ^a atlhkepa` pk p]_gha ] se`a r]neapu kb nahar]jp eooqao ej iqhpelha hac]h |ah`o( oq_d ]o ]jpepnqop( _knlkn]pa h]s( ]j` |j]j_e]h nacqh]pekj( pda o]ia `kao jkp oaai pk dkh` pnqa bkn i]_nka_kjkie_o*

@aolepa a]nhu ]ppailpo pk _kj_alpq]heva pda nkha kb h]s ej ]``naooejc ]ccnac]pa ldajkiaj](<sup>00</sup> bas opq`) eao d]ra bkni]heva` ] nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj i]_nka_kjkie_ lkhe_u ]j` hac]h na]okjejc bkn `eolqpa naokhqpekj lqnlkoao* Dksaran( pda na_ajp arajpo k__qnnejc ej Aqnkla d]ra od]gaj ql _kjoe`an]^hu pdeo pn]`epekj]h op]j`) lkejp( oda``ejc jas hecdp kj pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj h]s ]j` i]_nka_kjkie_o* Pdeo d]o ^aaj `qa i]ejhu pk pda ejpnk`q_pekj kb oaran]h i]_nka_kjkie_ lnej_elhao ejpk pda lnei]nu h]s kb pda AQ ]j` ejpk pda _kjopepqpekj]h _d]npo kb pda AQ iai^an Op]pao*

Pdnkqcd ]j atl]joekj]nu lnk_aoo kb EnaC0C~,jCRN⁰¹] lhapdkn] kb i]_nka_kjkie_ _kj_alpo( oq_d ]o lne_a op])

^ehepu( |j]j_e]h op]^ehepu( ]j` |o_]h ^]h]j_a d]ra bkqj` pdaen ksj s]u ejpk hac]h bn]iaskngo sknh`se`a( sdeha h]suano d]ra op]npa` pk ]llna_e]pa pda _nepe_]hepeao ]neoejc bnki pda atlh]j]pekj kb pdaen jkni]pera _kjpajp*<sup>02</sup> Pdaoa jashu)aop]^heoda` i]_nka_kjkie_ lnkreoekjo d]ra _d]hhajca` pda knpdk`kt hac]h o_dkh]nodel ej ] jqi)

^an kb s]uo( pda ikop _nepe_]h kb sde_d eo( ]__kn`ejc pk okia ]qpdkno(⁰³pda lnk^hai kb ejpanlnap]pekj*

=o ikop kb pda i]_nka_kjkie_ lnej_elhao jks ai^a``a` ejpk lnei]nu h]so d]ra jaran ^aaj hepec]pa`( pdeo lnk^hai kb ejpanlnap]pekj ^a_kiao araj opnkjcan ^a_]qoa kb pda decd `acnaa kb ej`apaniej]_u ba]pqnejc pdaen ha) c]h ia]jejco sde_d( ej pqnj( i]u naoqhp `e{e_qhp pk ]llhu ejpk _kj_napa _]oao* Ej ]``epekj( pdaoa i]_nka_kjkie_

lnej_elhao ok _kjopepqpekj]heva` ]na pk ^a ^]h]j_a` sepd kpdan bqj`]iajp]h lnkreoekjo kb `e{anajp j]pqna( sdkoa ]llhe_]pekj ]hkja skqh` lnkre`a `e{anajp kqp_kiao ej panio kb ejpanlnap]pekj ]j` naokhqpekj kb pda `eolqpao ]p op]ga*

Ep eo ]c]ejop pdeo ^]_g`nkl pd]p pda fq`ciajp kb pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp l]rao pda s]u bkn ] jas i]_nk)a_kjkie_ ]j]huoeo kb _kjopepqpekj]h h]s* >u se`ajejc pda jkni]pera _kjpajp kb ]npe_ha 4- kb pda Ep]he]j

?kjopepqpekj o sde_d h]uo `ksj( ]o iajpekja` ]^kra o pda lnej_elha kb ^q`cap]nu ^]h]j_a o pda Ep]he]j ?kj) opepqpekj]h ?kqnp fqope|ao epo op]j_a kj nafa_pejc ]ju p]t nabqj` ej hecdp kb pda jac]pera ]ccnac]pa _kopo ]j`

i]_nka_kjkie_ ei^]h]j_ao pd]p ] _kjpn]nu nqhejc skqh` kpdanseoa cajan]pa*

Benop( ] fq`ciajp ej b]rkn kb ] p]t nabqj` skqh` lkoa ] pdna]p pk pda |o_]h amqehe^neqi kb pda Op]pa ^]h]j_a odaap( pdana^u aj`]jcanejc pda Ckranjiajpo _]l]^ehepu pk ]ooqia epo ^q`cap]nu naolkjoe^ehepu ]j` _]nnu kj epo |o_]h lkhe_u oikkpdhu* Pda ^q`cap]nu `eoamqehe^ne] pdqo `apanieja` skqh` ^a l]npe_qh]nhu sknneokia sdaj hkkgejc ]p pda _]l]_epu kb pda Op]pa pk oanre_a epo ksj kqpop]j`ejc `a^p ej pda ]bpani]pd kb pda p]t nal]uiajp*<sup>04</sup> Oej_a pda oqop]ej]^ehepu kb lq^he_ `a^p eo ejpanlnapa` ^u pda ?kqnp ]o ] lnei]nu k^hec]pekj pda ckranjiajp d]o pk oa_qna ej reas kb pda |o_]h amqehe^neqi lnej_elha( ] hac]h `a_eoekj pd]p skqh` jac]perahu ]{a_p epo `a^p nal]uiajp _]l]_epu eo `aaia` pk aj_nk]_d qlkj pda ranu L,aR3,RNRLC, 8RnN0jCRNc kb pda ?kjopepqpekj*⁰⁵

Ej kpdan skn`o( pda fq`ciajp kb pda ?kqnp eo a_kjkie_]hhu fqope|a` ej reas kb pda lkooe^ha olehhkran a{a_po pd]p ] p]t nabqj` kb pdeo j]pqna i]u ^nejc ]^kqp kj lq^he_ |j]j_ao* =o odk_go pk pda r]ne]^hao pd]p ]{a_p pda mq]jpepu ]j` r]hqa kb kqpop]j`ejc `a^p `ena_phu ej}qaj_a bqpqna |j]j_e]h _kopo bkn okranaecjo( ] p]t nabqj`

kb oq_d ]j ]ikqjp skqh` jac]perahu ]{a_p pda lq^he_ ^]h]j_a odaap( ]j` pdqo( ej pda auao kb ejpanj]pekj]h ej) raopkno( pda ckranjiajpo _na`e^ehepu pk iaap epo k^hec]pekjo*<sup>1,</sup> Pdeo skqh` arajpq]hhu eilhu decdan rkh]pehepu bkn okranaecj ^kj`o( ]o pda ckranjiajp skqh` |j` ep ikna `e{e_qhp jks pk na|j]j_a epo `a^p atlkoqnao*^1->qp pda decdan pdeo rkh]pehepu( pda cna]pan pda neog kb |j]j_e]h ejop]^ehepu( pda decdan eo pda _kop bkn pda sdkha j]pekj]h a_kjkiu*^1.

Oa_kj`( pda ?kqnp ]_gjksha`cao pd]p pda ei^qnoaiajp kb pda p]t nabqj` skqh` namqena pda ckranjiajp pk p]ga kj ]j ]``epekj]h |o_]h i]jaqran ]o pk cq]n]jpaa pda op]^ehepu kb lq^he_ |j]j_a*

Kj kja oe`a( pdeo |o_]h ]`fqopiajp skqh` ^a ja_aoo]nu ^a_]qoa kb pda lnej_elha kb ^q`cap]nu naolkjoe^eh) epu _kjopepqpekj]heva`( ]o ]ncqa` ]^kra( ejpk ]npe_ha 4- kb pda ?kjopepqpekj* Eb |o_]h op]^ehepu eo ej `]jcan( pda ckranjiajp d]o pda k^hec]pekj pk atanp aranu a{knp ej kn`an pk a]oa ]ju oq_d neog*

Ej pdeo _kjpatp( ]``epekj]h ia]oqnao pk na^]h]j_a pda lq^he_ |j]j_ao kb pda Op]pa skqh` ^a ejao_]l]^ha*

Kj pda kpdan oe`a( pda |o_]h ]`fqopiajp skqh` ^a namqena`( ikna se`ahu( ]o pk _kilhu sepd pda _kjrancaj_a _nepane] knecej]hhu h]e` `ksj ^u pda I]]opne_dp Pna]pu(<sup>1/</sup>sde_d oap pda op]ca bkn pda Aqnkla]j Ikjap]nu Qjekj ]j` _kjopepqpa` pda lehh]no qlkj sde_d pda AQ i]_nka_kjkie_ _kjopepqpekj s]o ana_pa`*¹⁰

=hpdkqcd pda ajbkn_aiajp ia_d]jeoi bkn _kqjpneao b]ehejc pk iaap pdaoa namqenaiajpo d]o jaran ha` pk ]ju na]h o]j_pekj(<sup>11</sup>pda I]]opne_dp heiepo kj ckranjiajp `a^p ]j` ^q`cap `a|_ep ]na jkjapdahaoo ^ej`ejc nab) anaj_a r]hqao bkn lq^he_ olaj`ejc kb AQ iai^an Op]pao* Pda _kjrancaj_a _nepane] ]na( pdanabkna( ejopnqiajpo pd]p odkqh` ejbkni pda |o_]h lkhe_u kb j]pekj]h ckranjiajpo ok ]o pk cq]n]jpaa pda i]ejpaj]j_a kb ] okqj`

^q`cap]nu `eo_elheja*¹²=__kn`ejchu( ]o bkn pda _]oa kb |o_]h amqehe^neqi( pda jkni]pera _kjpajp kb ^q`cap]nu

`eo_elheja eo `aaia` ]o dean]n_de_]hhu oqlanekn sepd naola_p pk pda necdpo kb lner]pa ]_pkno* =j` ]o ep eo opne_phu ja_aoo]nu bkn lqnlkoao kb lq^he_ ckk`( pda lq^he_ _kiiepiajp pk ] okqj` ^q`cap]nu `eo_elheja ha]`o pda ?kj) opepqpekj]h ?kqnp pk o]_ne|_a pda necdp kb p]t nabqj`*

Pden`( pda i]_nka_kjkie_ ]ooaooiajp kb pda ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp aj`o ql ^u hkkgejc ]p pda `eopne^qpekj]h a{a_po pd]p ]ju oq_d p]t nabqj` skqh` lnk`q_a ejpk pda Ep]he]j a_kjkiu* Ej l]npe_qh]n( pda ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp ogap_dao kqp ] sahb]na a_kjkie_o ]j]huoeo¹³sdana pda klpei]hepu kb pda nabqj` `aje]h eo ] bqj_pekj kb pda `eo) pne^qpekj kb sa]hpd ]ikjc lner]pa ]_pkno* L]n]ldn]oejc pda ?kqnp( pda a_kjkie_ _kjoamqaj_ao `anerejc bnki pda ]`iepp]j_a kb oq_d ] p]t nabqj` ej peiao kb |j]j_e]h `eopnaoo skqh` lnk`q_a ]j qjna]okj]^ha sa]hpd na)

`eopne^qpekj ]p pda atlajoa kb pda hks ej_kia _h]ooao* Oej_a pda h]ppan sana pda kjao ikna oaranahu dep ^u pda

|j]j_e]h ^qnop ]j` epo nah]pa` olehhkrano(¹⁴bkn_ejc pda ckranjiajp ]p pdeo op]ca kb pda a_kjkie_ _u_ha pk _]nnu kj ] sa]hpd pn]joban pd]p at_hq`ao pdaoa _h]ooao eo oaaj ^u pda Fq`cao ]o enn]pekj]h*

Pdeo sa]hpd pn]joban ej b]_p skqh` i]ga ^appan k{ kjhu pdkoa i]ngap lh]uano sde_d d]ra d]` pda lkooe^ehepu pk c]ej atpn] lnk|po ^a_]qoa kb pda la_qhe]n a_kjkie_ fqj_pqna kb pda ajancu i]ngap* =o ] naoqhp( pda n]eoejc harah kb ej_kia ejamq]hepu skqh` |j]hhu d]ni pda okhe`]nepu atla_p]pekjo kb a_kjkie_ ]cajpo ej pdaoa peiao kb _neoeo(¹⁵sdeha pda qjejpaj`a` _kjoamqaj_a kb oq_d enn]pekj]h sa]hpd ]hhk_]pekj skqh` qhpei]pahu pneccan ] hksan kqplqp cnkspd*^2,

 3FUIJOLJOH UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO DPOTUJUVUJPOBM MBX FDPOPNJDT BOE lTDBM QPMJDZ

Pda bqj_pekj]h h]s ]j` a_kjkie_o ]llnk]_d ba]pqna` ej pda fq`ciajp kb pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp ha]`o qo pk na)pdejg pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj _kjopepqpekj]h h]s( a_kjkie_ ldajkiaj] ]j` ^q`cap]nu lkhe_u*

Pda eilhaiajp]pekj kb ie_nk ]j` i]_nk)a_kjkie_ lnej_elhao ejpk pda _kjopepqpekj]h _d]np( ]hkjc sepd pda jashu ]ook_e]pa` _kjopepqpekj]h o_nqpeju( okiadks `eo_hkoao ] jas |ah` kb naoa]n_d pd]p namqenao bqnpdan ejrao) pec]pekj*

Pdqo b]n( pda Ep]he]j _kjopepqpekj]h `k_pneja d]o ^aaj n]pdan nahq_p]jp pk lh]_a epo hac]h ]j]huoeo sepdej ] _kjoeopajp a_kjkie_ bn]iaskng*<sup>2-</sup>Kj kja d]j`( pda lnei]_u kb _kjopepqpekj]h jknio d]o ^aaj ]{enia` ikophu kbpaj sepdkqp _kjoe`anejc pda ie_nka_kjkie_ atpanj]hepeao ]j` pda i]_nk `eopne^qpekj]h a{a_po pd]p pda o]ia lnkreoekjo _kqh` ajp]eh*<sup>2.</sup>Kj pda kpdan d]j`( pda _kjopepqpekj]h hacepei]_u kb haceoh]pera ]_po ^u jk ia]jo d]o

^aaj cnkqj`a` kj pda i]ngap kqp_kia kb pdaen eilhaiajp]pekj*

=c]ejop pdeo ^]_g`nkl( pda ]ei kb pdeo l]lan eo pk ]ncqa pd]p pdeo fq`ciajp _kqh` i]ng ] na]h pqnjejc lkejp bkn ^kpd _kjopepqpekj]h `k_pneja ]j` pda _]oa)h]s*<sup>2/</sup>Pdeo eo jkp kjhu pnqa sepd nabanaj_a pk pda Ep]he]j _kjopepq) pekj]h `e]hkcqa( ^qp ep _kqh` ]hok lnkre`a ]``epekj]h ejoecdpo bkn _kqnpo kb kpdan Iai^an Op]pao( ]o pda h]s ]j`

a_kjkie_o ]j]huoeo _d]n]_panevejc pda fq`ciajp kb pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp _kjopepqpao ] l]pd)^na]gejc ]j]hupe_]h l]n]`eci bkn ] _kjopepqpekj]h nareas ^]oa` kj pda ejpanlh]u ^apsaaj pda _kjopepqpekj]h bkqj`]pekjo kb pda Op]pa ]j` pda atla_pa` $ie_nk ]j` i]_nk% a_kjkie_ qpehepu kb epo haceoh]pera ]_po*

Pd]p o]e`( pda lnej_elha kb ^q`cap]nu naolkjoe^ehepu eo jkp kjhu `aaia` ]o pda i]_nka_kjkie_ ^]_gopkl ]eia` pk _kjopn]ej at_aooera lq^he_ atlaj`epqnao( ^qp ep ]hok nalnaoajpo pda ^]oe_ lnaieoa qlkj sde_d a_kjkie_

ejpan]_pekjo ej pda i]ngap ]na oappha`* Ej reas kb pdeo( pda _]oa kb pda Ep]he]j sej`b]hh lnk|p p]t ^a_kiao ] bnqepbqh atlaneiajp pk _d]hhajca pdeo jas ]j]hupe_]h ]llnk]_d ej pda |ah` kb |o_]h lkhe_u*

=o ep s]o lnarekqohu jkpa`( pdeo haru o pk ^a _kjopepqpekj]hhu hacepei]pa o odkqh` jkp kjhu ^a _kjoeopajp sepd pda ie_nka_kjkie_ jkpekj kb ia_kjkie_ amq]hepuv ^apsaaj i]ngap l]npe_el]jpo( pdana^u lnaoanrejc pda ia]jejc kb _kilapepera b]enjaoo ]j` _kjoqian lnkpa_pekj( ^qp ep odkqh` ]hok jkp aj`]jcan pda i]_nka_kjkie_

k^fa_pera kb ^q`cap]nu amqehe^neqi lqnoqa` ^u ckranjiajp ej ]__kn`]j_a sepd pda ?kjopepqpekj*

Ej pdeo lanola_pera( pda _kjpajp kb pda h]s odkqh` jkp d]ni pda okhe`]nepu atla_p]pekjo kb a_kjkie_ ]cajpo(

sdehop pda `eopne^qpekj]h a{a_po kb epo eilhaiajp]pekj odkqh` jkp lnk`q_a ]j qjna]okj]^ha sa]hpd na`eopne^q) pekj ]p pda atlajoa kb pda lkknaop*

Ej pda aj`( pda ]j]huoeo kb pda ]^kra nara]ho ] jas _d]hhajca bkn ln]_pepekjano ]j` fq`cao ]hega* >kpd kb pdai ]na jks namqena` pk atl]j` pda o_kla kb pdaen hac]h a`q_]pekj( ]o pdau _]j jk hkjcan jacha_p pda a_kjkie_

qj`anlejjejco kb pda hac]h lnkreoekjo pdau ]na ]llhuejc ]j` ejpanlnapejc*²⁰

@qa pk pdeo( ep eo ]`rk_]pa` pd]p ] `aalan ejoecdp ejpk pda |ah`o kb ie_nk ]j` i]_nk)a_kjkie_o eo jaa`a`( ]o pdeo _hkoa ejpannah]pekjodel ^apsaaj h]s ]j` a_kjkie_o( ]o sahh ]o lq^he_ lkhe_u( eo ckejc pk ^a na}a_pa` ikna ]j` ikna ej jashu)aj]_pa` hac]h lnkreoekjo ^kpd ]p pda AQ ]j` `kiaope_ harah*

Ej l]npe_qh]n( pda fqne`e|_]pekj kb i]_nka_kjkie_o( ]o ] ldajkiajkj _qnnajphu qj`ans]u( sehh namqena ln]_) pepekjano ]j` fq`cao pk c]qca pda hacepei]_u kb hac]h ]_po ^u ]j]huvejc pda `eopne^qpekj]h _kjoamqaj_ao ]j` pda ]ccnac]pa kqp_kiao kb pdaen lnao_nelpera _kjpajpo*

 $PODMVTJPOT

Pda ]ei kb pdeo l]lan s]o pk `ao_ne^a pda _d]jca kb lanola_pera ej pda nareas kb hacepei]_u kb pda Ep]he]j ?kj) opepqpekj]h ?kqnp*

Sa decdhecdpa` pd]p pda fq`ciajp naj`ana` ^u pda ?kqnp kj pda hacepei]_u kb =np* 4-( l]n]cn]ldo -2( -3 ]j`

-4 kb H]s @a_naa j* --.+.,,4 lnaoajpo ]j ejjkr]pera l]pd pks]n`o pda bkni]hev]pekj kb ]j a_kjkie_ ]j]huoeo kb _kjopepqpekj]h h]s*

>u o_nqpejevejc pda lnkreoekjo kb pda H]s @a_naa j* --.+.,,4 ej reas kb ie_nka_kjkie_ ]j` i]_nka_kjkie_

lnej_elhao na_ajphu)ajodneja` ej pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?d]np( pda ?kqnp lqnoqao ]j ]j]huoeo pd]p p]gao ejpk decd _kjoe`an]pekj pda a_kjkie_ `uj]ie_o ]j` pda ]ccnac]pa a{a_po kb oq_d ] |o_]h ejpanrajpekj ej hecdp kb pda _kilapepera a{a_po bkn pda i]ngap ]p op]ga( pda nah]pa` decdan _kopo bkn _kjoqiano ]j` pda bkhhksejc `a]`saecdp hkooao bkn ajancu _kil]jeao*

=o ] _knkhh]nu kb pdeo( pda i]_nka_kjkie_ lnej_elhao kb ^q`cap]nu naolkjoe^ehepu ]j` |o_]h amqehe^neqi ]na pda _kjopepqpekj]h lnaieoao pd]p i]ga lkooe^ha pda oappejc ql kb ] i]_nka_kjkie_ ]j]huoeo kb pda haru ej panio kb sa]hpd na`eopne^qpekj( i]ngap atla_p]pekjo ]j` kpdan ]ccnac]pa kqp_kiao*

=hpdkqcd pdeo h]s ]j` a_kjkie_o ]j]huoeo `kao jkp nalnaoajp ] jkrahpu bkn pda ]_]`aie_ ajrenkjiajp( ep _anp]ejhu _kjopepqpao ] jas |ah` kb naoa]n_d bkn ln]_pepekjano `a]hejc sepd _kjopepqpekj]h eooqao ]j` ikna cajan) ]hhu( lq^he_ lkhe_u* =j`( araj ikna eilknp]jp( pdeo fq`ciajp oaaio pk ^a ] na]h _d]hhajca bkn h]suano pd]p jks ]na namqena` pk cn]ol ] cajan]h qj`anop]j`ejc kb ^kpd ie_nk ]j` i]_nka_kjkie_o* Pdeo eo ^a_]qoa pda bqpqna l]pd kb pda hac]h `arahkliajpo eo ejpanpseja` pk pda a_kjkie_ bqj_pekjo pdau ]na oqllkoa` pk oanra* Daj_a( pda hac]h lnkreoekjo ^a_kia ejopnqiajp]h pk pda a_kjkie_ kqp_kiao `aoena` ^u lkhe_u)i]gano* =o ] naoqhp( pda _kj) opepqpekj]h ejpanlnap]pekj kb pda h]s odkqh` jk hkjcan jacha_p pda a_kjkie_o qj`anhuejc epo klan]pekj]hev]pekj*

Ej pdeo lanola_pera( pda _kjopepqpekj]h nqhejc kj pda sej`b]hh lnk|p p]t naj`ana` ^u pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h

?kqnp _anp]ejhu oaaio pk b]hh sepdej pdeo jas pdaknape_]h _kqnoa( ]j`( ej pdeo s]u( _kjopepqpao ] pqnjejc lkejp ej pda `eo_qooekjo nah]pa` pk pda ejpanbanaj_ao ^apsaaj h]s( a_kjkie_o ]j` lq^he_ lkhe_u*

/PUFT

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00Bkn at]ilha oaa6 N*H* Ckn`kj $-555%* H]s ]j` I]_nka_kjkie_o* Pda Kjheja Aj_u_hkla`e] kb H]s ]j` A_kjkie_o( ll* 22,o25/( ]r]eh]^ha kjheja ]p6 dppl6++aj_u_hk*|j`h]s*_ki+,2.,^kkg*l`b* Oaa ]hok6 >* I* O]h]i] $.,-.%* Pda =np kb H]s " A_kjkie_o* Qjeranoepu kb Leppo^qncd H]s Nareas 30( ll* -/-o-33*

01Oaa6 O]h]i] $.,-.%( ll* -3o-4*

02= lksanbqh at]ilha eo ceraj ^u pda cnksejc hepan]pqna kj pda Kqpnecdp Ikjap]nu Pn]jo]_pekjo $KIP% lnklkoa` ^u pda Aqnkla]j

?ajpn]h >]jg ej .,-. ]j` kj pda nah]pa` fq`ciajpo ^abkna pda Cani]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp $>RanbC( . >rN .3.4+-/ rki -0*,-*.,-0( Nj*

$-).0%% ]j` pda Aqnkla]j ?kqnp kb Fqope_a $?]oa ?)2.+-0* C]qsaehan ]j` Kpdano%* Bkn ]j at]ilha kb oq_d hepan]pqna oaa6 D* Oeagi]jj( R*

Seah]j` $.,-0%* Pda Cani]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnpo `a_eoekj kj KIP6 D]ra i]ngapo ieoqj`anopkk`; ?ALN Lkhe_u Ejoecdp $30%( ll* -o-.*

03O]h]i] $.,-.%( l* -4*

04Bkn ]j ailene_]h ]ooaooiajp kb pda ^q`cap]nu amqehe^neqi kb pda Ep]he]j ckranjiajpo sepd naola_p pk pda ]ran]ca p]t n]pa ]j` lq^) he_ `a^p kqpop]j`ejc oaa6 C* @* Hacnajve( ?* Ieh]o $.,-,%* Olaj`)]j`)P]t =`fqopiajpo ]j` pda Oqop]ej]^ehepu kb pda Ckranjiajpo Ejpan pailkn]h >q`cap ?kjopn]ejp* ?AOebk Skngejc L]lan Oaneao $.5.2%*

05Bkn ] se`a `eo_qooekj qlkj pda ie_nk ]j` i]_nka_kjkie_ bkqj`]pekjo kb _kjopepqpekj]h bn]iaskngo( sepd naola_p pk pda AQ lnei]nu h]so( oaa6 G* Pqkne( G* Pqkne $.,-0%* Pda Aqnkvkja ?neoeo* = ?kjopepqpekj]h =j]huoeo* ?]i^ne`ca Qjeranoepu Lnaoo( ll* -/o2,*

1,Q* O* @]o( I* L]l]lek]jjkq( C* La`n]o( B* =dia`( F* Oqnpe $.,--%* I]j]cejc Lq^he_ @a^p ]j` epo Bej]j_e]h Op]^ehepu Eilhe_]pekjo* Ej6 Okranaecj @a^p ]j` pda Bej]j_e]h ?neoeo6 Sehh pdeo Peia ^a @e{anajp; ?* = L* >n]c]( C* =* Rej_ahappa $a`o*%* Pda Sknh` >]jg( S]odejcpkj(

ll* /20o/21*

1-B03L( l* /21*

1.B0* Bkn `aalan ejoecdpo ejpk pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj lq^he_ `a^p( rkh]pehepu ]j` |j]j_e]h ejop]^ehepu oaa ]hok6 I* @]reao( P* Jc $.,--%*

Pda neoa kb okranaecj _na`ep neog6 eilhe_]pekjo bkn |j]j_e]h op]^ehepu* #Bb [naj3aIw `3qC3s. Oalpai^an( ll* 15o3,*

1/Ej l]npe_qh]n( ]npe_ha -0,$-% kb pda PBAQ namqenao ipda oqop]ej]^ehepu kb pda ckranjiajp |j]j_e]h lkoepekjv* Pdeo oqop]ej]^ehepu eo _kj) oe`ana` ]ll]najp sdaj pda n]pek kb pda lh]jja` kn ]_pq]h ckranjiajp `a|_ep pk C@L `kao jkp at_aa` /ႇ! kb C@L( qjhaoo aepdan pda n]pek d]o `a_heja` oq^op]jpe]hhu ]j` _kjpejqkqohu ]j` na]_da` ] harah pd]p _kiao _hkoa pk pda nabanaj_a r]hqa kn( ]hpanj]perahu( pda at_aoo kran pda nabanaj_a r]hqa eo kjhu at_alpekj]h ]j` pailkn]nu ]j` pda n]pek nai]ejo _hkoa pk pda nabanaj_a r]hqa* Ej ]``epekj( pda n]pek kb ckranjiajp

`a^p pk C@L od]hh jkp at_aa` ] 2,ႇ! kb C@L( qjhaoo pda n]pek eo oq{e_eajphu `eiejeodejc ]j` ]llnk]_dejc pda nabanaj_a r]hqa ]p ] o]peob]_pknu l]_a*

10Bkn ] cajan]h `eo_qooekj kran pda I]]opne_dp Pna]pu ]o ] AQ i]_nka_kjkie_ _kjopepqpekj oaa ]c]ej6 G* Pqkne( G* Pqkne $.,-0%( ll* 0-o2,*

11Sa naban pk pda at_aooera `a|_ep lnk_a`qna $pda ok)_]hha` i_knna_pera ]niv% h]e` `ksj ej ]npe_ha -.2 ]j` ej Lnkpk_kh -.kb pda Pna]pu kj pda Bqj_pekjejc kb pda Aqnkla]j Qjekj $PBAQ% bkn AQ iai^an op]pao pd]p `k jkp bqh|hh pda namqenaiajpo bkn |o_]h `eo_elheja*

12b336 =* >nqjeh] $.,-.%* Beo_]h Lkhe_u6 ?kkn`ej]pekj( @eo_elheja ]j` Op]^eheo]pekj* >]jg kb Bejh]j` Skngejc L]lan $3%( l* .*

13Bkn ]j kranreas kj oq_d ]j]hupe_]h iapdk`khkcu oaa6 A* F* Ieod]j $-54,%* Dks R]he` =na A_kjkie_ Ar]hq]pekjo kb =hhk_]pera ?d]jcao;

Fkqnj]h kb A_kjkie_ Eooqao -0$-%6 -0/o-2-* Oaa bkn bqnpdan `ap]eho6 A* F* Ieod]j $-525%* Sahb]na A_kjkie_o6 ]j =ooaooiajp* Jknpd)Dkhh]j`(

=iopan`]i*

14Kj pda eooqa oaa bkn at]ilha6 >* O* >anj]jga $.,--%* Olaa_d dah` ]p pda ]p pda Ba`an]h Naoanra ?kiiqjepu ={]eno Naoa]n_d ?kjbanaj_a dah` ej =nhejcpkj( Renceje]( .5 =lneh .,--* =o ]ncqa` ^u pda ola]gan iLaklha sdk sana rqhjan]^ha pk ^acej sepdopdkoa sepd hks ej_kiao(

bas ]ooapo( ]j` haoo a`q_]pekjod]ra d]` ] ikna `e{e_qhp peia sa]pdanejc pda |j]j_e]h opkni kn na_kranejc bnki oap^]_go* Pda o]ia eo pnqa bkn _kiiqjepeao pd]p sana ]hna]`u nah]perahu lkkn( sepd basan _kiiqjepu ]ooapo ]j` ejoq{e_eajp `nerano kb a_kjkie_ cnkspdv*

15Bkn ]j ejpanaopejc `ecnaooekj qlkj pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj ej_kia ejamq]hepu ]j` okhe`]nepu ej Aqnkla oaa6 I* L]ogkr]( ?* @aseh`a

$.,-.%* Ej_kia ejamq]hepu ]j` okhe`]nepu ej Aqnkla* Naoa]n_d ej Ok_e]h Opn]pe|_]pekj ]j` Ik^ehepu /,$0%( ll* 0-5o0.-*

2,Jks]`]uo pdana eo h]nca _kjoajoqo ]ikjc o_dkh]no kj ]j ateopejc pn]`a)k{ ^apsaaj ej_kia ejamq]hepu ]j` a_kjkie_ cnkspd* Bkn ] mq]jpep]pera ]j]huoeo kb pda eooqa( ]ikjc kpdano( oaa6 B* ?ejc]jk $.,-0%* Pnaj`o ej Ej_kia Ejamq]hepu ]j` epo Eil]_p kj A_kjkie_ Cnkspd*

KA?@ Ok_e]h( Ailhkuiajp ]j` Iecn]pekj Skngejc L]lano $-2/%* =r]eh]^ha kjheja ]p6 dppl6++`t*`ke*knc+-,*-343+1ftnfj_str2f)aj*

2-Bkn ] oqnrau kj okia kpdan fq`ciajpo na_ajphu eooqa` ^u pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp ]j` _d]n]_paneva` ^u ] h]s ]j` a_kjkie_o ]l) lnk]_d oaa6 =* Lapnappk $.,-/%* H]j]heoe a_kjkie_] `ah `eneppk ej na_ajpe oajpajva `ahh] _knpa _kopepqvekj]ha oqhha _kjpnkranoea Op]pk)Nacekje*

ENEO QjeranoepÀ `ache Opq`e `e Benajva Skngejc L]lan Oaneao o A_kjkie_o ..*

2.Pdana ]na bas _]oao sdana pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp d]o qj`anp]gaj ] nareas kb _kjopepqpekj]hepu pd]p pkkg ejpk ]__kqjp okia ]ola_po sde_d _kqh` ajp]eh i]_nk `eopne^qpekj]h a{a_po ]j` ie_nka_kjkie_ atpanj]hepeao* Oaa( ej pdeo nac]n`( pda fq`ciajpo -0+.,,0 ]j`

33+.,,1 kb pda Ep]he]j ?kjopepqpekj]h ?kqnp*

2/Pdeo eo l]npe_qh]nhu pnqa bkn pda Ep]he]j oepq]pekj( sdana pda a_kjkie_ ]j]huoeo kb pda h]s `kao jkp qoq]hhu na_aera _kjoe`an]^ha ]ppajpekj ej pda `a_eoekjo kb `kiaope_ _kqnpo*

20Kj pda eooqa( ej l]npe_qh]n( oaa6 Pda Bqpqna kb H]s ]j` A_kjkie_o6 Aoo]uo ^u Paj H]s O_dkkh O_dkh]no* Pda Qjeranoepu kb

?de_]ck H]s O_dkkh* Pda Na_kn` Kjheja $=hqije I]c]veja%( B]hh .,--* =r]eh]^ha ]p6 dppl6++sss*h]s*q_de_]ck*a`q+]hqije+i]c]) veja+b]hh--+h]s]j`a_kj)bqpqna*