• Non ci sono risultati.

REFERENCES CHAPTER VI

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "REFERENCES CHAPTER VI"

Copied!
31
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

77

CHAPTER VI

(2)

78 Abe, K., Inami, T., Ishikawa, K., Nakamura, S., Goto, S., 2000. TT virus infection in nonhuman primates and characterization of the viral genome: identification of simian TT virus isolates. J. Virol. 74: 1549-1553.

Allander, T., Emerson, S.U., Engle, R.E., 2001. A virus discovery method incorporating DNase treatment and its application to the identification of two bovine parvovirus species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 11609-11614. Andreoli, E., Maggi, F., Pistello, M., Meschi, S., Nelli, L.C., Bendinelli, M., 2006.

Small Anellovirus in hepatitis C patients and healthy controls. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12: 1175-1176.

Aramouni, M., Sibila, M., Martin-Valls, G., Nieto, D., Cortey, M., Segalés, J., Kekarainen, T., 2010. Torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 viral loads in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affected and non-affected pigs, in: 21st International Pig Veterinary Society (IPVS) Congress, Vancouver, Canada, p. 231.

Asim, M., Singla, R., Gupta, R.K., Kar, P., 2010. Clinical & molecular characterization of human TT virus in different liver diseases. Indian J. Med. Res. 131: 545-554.

Bando, M., Ohno, S., Oshikawa, K., Takahashi, M., Okamoto, H., Sugiyama, Y., 2001. Infection of TT virus in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med. 95: 935-942.

Bando, M., Takahashi, M., Ohno, S., et al., 2008. Torque teno virus DNA titre elevated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with primary lung cancer. Respirology 13: 263-269.

(3)

79 Barril, G., Lopez-Alcorocho, J.M., Bajo, A., et al., 2000. Prevalence of TT virus in serum and peripheral mononuclear cells from a CAPD population. Perit. Deal. Int. 20: 65-68.

Biagini, P., Gallian, P., Touinssi, M., et al., 2000. High prevalence of TT virus infection in French blood donors revealed by the use of three PCR system. Transfusion 40: 590-595.

Biagini, P., Gallian, P., Attoui, H., et al., 2001a. Comparison of systems performance for TT virus detection using PCR primer sets located in non-coding and coding regions of the viral genome. J. Clin. Virol. 22: 91-99.

Biagini, P., Gallian, P., Attoui, H., et al., 2001b. Genetic analysis of full-length genomes and subgenomic sequences of TT virus-like mini virus human isolates. J. Gen. Virol. 82: 379-383.

Biagini, P., Charrel, R.N., de Micco, P., de Lamballerie, X., 2003. Association of TT virus primary infection with riniti in a newborn. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36: 128-129. Biagini, P., de Micco, P., de Lamballerie, X., 2006a. Identification of a third member

of the Anellovirus genus (“small anellovirus”) in French blood donors. Arch. Virol. 151: 405-408.

Biagini, P., Gallian, P., Cantaloube, J.F., Attoui, H., de Micco, P., de Lamballerie, X., 2006b. Distribution and genetic analysis of TTV and TTMV major phylogenetic groups in French blood donors. J. Med. Virol. 78: 298-304. Biagini, P., Uch, R., Belhouchet, M., Attoui, H., Cantaloube, J.F., Brisbarre, N., de

Micco, P., 2007. Circular genomes related to anelloviruses identified in human and animal samples by using a combined rolling-circle

(4)

amplification/sequence-80 independent single primer amplification approach. J. Gen. Virol. 88: 2696– 2701.

Biagini, P., 2009. Classification of TTV and Related Viruses (Anelloviruses), in: de Villiers, E.M., zur Hausen, H. (Eds.), TT Viruses. The Still Elusive Human Pathogens, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 21-33.

Bigarré, L., Beven, V., de Boisséson, C., Grassland, B., Rose, N., Biagini, P., Jestin, A., 2005. Pig anelloviruses are highly prevalent in swine herds in France. J. Gen. Virol. 86: 631-635.

Brassard, J., Gagné, M.J., Lamoureux, L., et al., 2008. Molecular detection of bovine and porcine Torque teno virus in plasma and feces. Vet. Microbiol. 126: 271-276.

Chae, C., 2005. A review of porcine circovirus 2-associated syndromes and diseases. Vet. J. 169: 326-336.

Chan, P.K., Tam, W.H., Yeo, W., Cheung, J.L., Zhong, S., Cheng, A.F., 2001. High carriage rate of TT virus in the cervices of pregnant women. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1;32 (9): 1376-1377.

Chang, Y., Cesarman, E., Pessin, M.S., Lee, F., Culpepper, J., Knowles, D.M., Moore, P.S., 1994. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 266: 1865-1869.

Chaoo, Q.L., Kuo, G., Weiner, A.J., Overby, L.R., Bradley, D.W., Houghton, M., 1989). Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244: 359-361.

(5)

81 Charlton, M., Adjei, P., Poterucha, J., et al., 1998. TT-virus infection in North American blood donors, patients with fulminant hepatic failure, and cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatology 28: 839-842.

Chen, B.P., Rumi, M.G., Colombo, M., Lin, Y.H., Ramaswamy, L., Luna, J., Liu, J.K., Prati, D., Mannucci, P.M., 1999. TT virus is present in a high frequency of Italian hemophilic patients transfused with plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates. Blood. 94(12): 4333-4336.

Cheng, J., Hada, T., Liu, W., et al., 2000. Investigation of TTV by in situ hybridization in patients with chronic hepatitis. Hepatol. Res. 18: 43-53.

Chung, J.Y., Han, T.H., Koo, J.W., et al., 2007. Small anellovirus infections in Korean children. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 791-793.

Christensen, J.K., Eugen-Olsen, J., Sorensen, M., et al., 2000. Prevalence and prognostic significance of infection with TT virus in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Infect. Dis. 181: 1796-1799.

Comar, M., Ansaldi, F., Morandi, L., et al., 2002. In situ polymerase chain reaction detection of transfusion-transmitted virus in liver biopsy. J.Viral. Hepat. 9: 123-127.

Cong, M.E., Nichols, B., Dou, X.G., et al., 2000. Related TT viruses in Chimpanzees. Virology 274: 343-355.

Cortey, M., Macera, L., Segalés, J., Kekarainen, T., 2010. Genetic variability and phylogeny of Torque teno sus virus 1 (TTSuV1) and 2 (TTSuV2) based on complete genomes. Vet. Microbiol. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.013.

(6)

82 Davidson, F., MacDonald, D., Mokili, J.L., Prescott, L.E., Graham, S., Simmonds, P., 1999. Early acquisition of TT virus (TTV) in an area endemic for TTV infection. J. Infect. Dis. 179: 1070-1076.

de Villiers, E.M., Bulajic, M., Nitsch, C., Kecmanovic, D., Pavlov, M., Kopp-Schneider, A., Löhr, M., 2007. TTV infection in colorectal cancer tissues and normal mucosa. Int. J. Cancer. 121: 2109-2112.

de Villiers, E.M., Schmidt, R., Delius, H., et al., 2002. Heterogeneity of TT virus related sequences isolated from human tumour biopsy specimens. J. Mol. Med. 80: 44-50.

Dean, F.B., Nelson, J.R., Giesler, T.L., Lasken, R.S., 2001. Rapid amplification of plasmid and phage DNA using Phi 29 DNA polymerase and multiply-primed rolling circle amplification. Genome Res. 11: 1095-1099.

Deng, X., Terunuma, H., Handema, R., et al., 2000. Higher prevalence and viral load of TT virus in saliva than in the corresponding serum: another possible transmission route and replication site of TT virus. J. Med. Virol. 62: 531-537. Devalle, S., Niel, C., 2004. Distribution of TT virus genomic groups 1-5 in brazilian

blood donors. HBV carriers, and HIV-1 infected patients. J. Med. Virol. 72: 133-173.

Ellis, J.A., Allan, G., Krakowka, S., 2008. Effect of coinfection with genogroup 1

porcine torque teno virus on porcine circovirus type 2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 69:

1608-1614.

(7)

83 Erker, J.C., Leary, T.P., Desai, S.M., et al., 1999. Analyses of TT virus full-length

genomic sequences. J. Gen.Virol. 80: 1743-1750.

Esteban, J.A., Salas, M., Blanco, L., 1993. Fidelity of phi 29 DNA polymerase. Comparison between protein-primed initiation and DNA polymerization. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 2719-2726.

Fanci, R., De Santis, R., Zakrzewska, K., Paci, C., Azzi, A., 2004. Presence of TT virus DNA in bone marrow cells from hematologic patients. New Microbiol. 27

:

113-117.

Fornai, C., Maggi, F., Vatteroni, M.L., et al., 2001. High prevalence of TT virus (TTV) and TTV-like minivirus in cervical swabs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 2022-2024.

Foschini, M.P., Morandi, L., Macchia, S., et al., 2001. TT virus-related acute recurrent epatiti. Histological features of a case and review of the literature. Virchows Arch. 439: 752-755.

Gallei, A., Pesch, S., Esking, W.S., Keller, C., Ohlinger, V.F., 2010. Porcine Torque teno virus: determination of viral genomic loads by genogroup-specific multiplex rt-PCR, detection of frequent multiple infections with genogroups 1 or 2, and establishment of viral full-length sequences. Vet. Microbiol. 143: 202-212.

Gallian, P., Biagini, P., Zhong, S., et al., 2000. TT virus: a study of molecular epidemiology and transmission of genotypes 1, 2 and 3. J. Clin. Virol. 17: 43-49.

(8)

84 Garbuglia, A.R., lezzi, T., Capobianchi, M.R., et al., 2003. Detection of TT virus in lymph node biopsies of B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease, and its association with EBV infection. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 16: 109-118. Garmendia, C., Bernad, A., Esteban, J.A., Blanco, L., Salas, M., 1992. The bacteriophage phi 29 DNA polymerase, a proofreading enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 2594-2599.

Gerner, P., Oettinger, R., Gerner, W., Falbrede, J., Wirth, S., 2000. Mother-to-infant transmission of TT virus: prevalence, extent and mechanism of vertical transmission. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 19: 1074-1077.

Griffiths, P., 1999. Time to consider the concept of a commensal virus? Rev. Med. Virol. 9: 73-74.

Haible, D., Kober, S., Jeske, H., 2006. Rolling circle amplification revolutionizes diagnosis and genomics of geminiviruses. J. Virol. Methods 135: 9-16.

Hallett, R.L., Clewley, J.P., Bobet, F., McKiernan, P.J., Teo, C.G., 2000. Characterization of a highly divergent TT virus genome. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 2273-2279.

Handa, A., Dickstein, B., Young, N.S., Brown, K.E., 2000. Prevalence of the newly described human circovirus, TTV, in United States blood donors. Transfusion 40: 245-251.

Hijikata, M., Iwata, K., Ohta, Y., et al., 1999a. Genotypes of TT virus (TTV) compared between liver disease patients and healthy individuals using a new PCR system capable of differentiating 1a and 1b types from others. Arch. Virol. 144: 2345-2354.

(9)

85 Hijikata, M., Takahashi, K., Mishiro, S., 1999b. Complete circular DNA genome of a TT virus variant (isolate name SANBAN) and 44 partial ORF2 sequences implicating a great degree of diversity beyond genotypes. Virology 260: 17-22. Hsieh, S.Y., Wu, Y.H., Ho, Y.P., et al., 1999. High prevalence of TT virus infection in

healthy children and adults and in patients with liver disease in Taiwan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 1829-1831.

Hu, Y.W., Al-Moslih, M.I., Al Ali, M.T., et al., 2005. Molecular detection method for all known genotypes of TT virus (TTV) and TTV-like viruses in thalassemia patients and healthy individuals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 3747-3754.

Huang, Y.W., Ni, Y.Y., Dryman, B.A., Meng, X.J., 2010. Multiple infection of porcine Torque teno virus in a single pig and characterization of the full-length genomic sequences of four U.S. prototype PTTV strains: Implication for genotyping of PTTV. Virol. 396: 289–297.

Ikeda, H., Takasu, M., Inoue, K., Okamoto, H., Miyakawa, Y., Mayumi, M., 1999. Infection with an unenveloped DNA virus (TTV) in patients with acute or chronic liver disease of unknown etiology and in those positive for hepatitis C virus RNA. J. Hepatol. 30: 205-212.

Inami, T., Obara, T., Moriyama, M., Arakawa, Y., Abe, K., 2000. Full-length nucleotide sequence of a simian TT virus isolate obtained from a chimpanzee: evidence for a new TT virus-like species. Virol. 277: 330-335.

Itoh, Y., Takahashi, M., Fukuda, M., et al., 2000. Visualization of TT virus particles recovered from the sera and feces of infected humans. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 279: 718-724.

(10)

86 Jelcic, I., Hotz-Wagenblatt, A., Hunziker, A., Zur Hausen, H., de Villiers, E.M., 2004. Isolation of multiple TT virus genotypes from spleen biopsy tissue from a Hodgkin’s disease patient: genome reorganization and diversity in the hypervariable region. J. Virol. 78: 7498-7507.

Johne, R., Fernandez-de-Luco, D., Hofle, U., Muller, H., 2006. Genome of a novel circovirus of starlings, amplified by multiply primed rolling-circle amplification. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 1189-1195.

Jones, M.S., Kapoor, A., Lukashov, V.V., Simmonds, P., Hecht, F., Delwart, E., 2005. New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome. J. Virol. 79: 8230-8236.

Kakkola, L., Kaipio, N., Hokynar, K., et al., 2004. Genoprevalence in human tissues of TT-virus genotype 6. Arch. Virol. 149: 1095-1106.

Kakkola, L., Tommiska, J., Boele, L.C., et al., 2007. Construction and biological activity of a full-length molecular clone of human Torque teno virus (TTV) genotype 6. FEBS J. 274: 4719-4730.

Kamada, K., Kamahora, T., Kabat, P., Hino, S., 2004. Transcriptional regulation of TT virus: promoter and enhancer regions in the 1.2-kb noncoding region. Virology 321: 341-348.

Kamahora, T., Hino, S., Miyata, H., 2000. Three spliced mRNAs of TT virus transcribed from a plasmid containing the entire genome in COS1 cells. J. Virol. 74: 9980-9986.

Kanda, T., Yokosuka, O., Ikeuchi, T., et al., 1999. The role of TT virus infection in acute viral hepatitis. Hepatology 29: 1905-1908.

(11)

87 Kazi, A., Miyata, H., Kurokawa, K., et al., 2000. High frequency of postnatal

transmission of TT virus in infancy. Arch. Virol. 145: 535-540.

Kekarainen, T., Sibila, M., Segalés, J. 2006. Prevalence of swine Torque teno virus in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and non-PMWS-affected pigs in Spain. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 833-837.

Kekarainen, T., Segalés, J., 2008. Torque teno virus infection in the pig and its potential role as a model of human infection. Vet. J. 180: 163 168.

Khudyakov, Y.E., Cong, M.E., Nichols, B., et al., 2000. Sequence heterogeneity of TT virus and closely related viruses. J. Virol. 74: 2990-3000.

Kikuchi, K., Miyakawa, H., Abe, K., Kako, M., Katayama, K., Fukushi, S., Mishiro, S., 2000. Indirect evidence of TTV replication in bone marrow cells, but not in hepatocytes, of a subacute hepatitis/aplastic anemia patient. J. Med. Virol. 61: 165-170.

Kooistra, K., Zhang, Y.H., Henriquez, N.V., Weiss, B., Mumberg, D., Noteborn, M.H., 2004. TT virus-derived apoptosis-inducing protein induces apoptosis preferentially in hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell. J. Gen. Virol. 85: 1445-1450.

Krakowka, S., Hartunian, C., Hamberg, A., Shoup, D., Rings, M., Zhang, Y., Allan, G., Ellis, J.A., 2008. Evaluation of induction of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs with negative results for porcine circovirus type 2. Am. J. Vet. Res. 69: 1615-1622.

(12)

88 Krekulova, L., Rehak, V., Killoran, P., Madrigal, N., Riley, L.W., 2001. Genotypic distribution of TT virus (TTV) in a Czech population: evidence for sexual transmission of the virus. J. Clin. Virol. 23: 31-41.

Leary, T.P., Erker, J.C., Chalmers, M.L., Deasi, S.M., Mushahwar, I.K., 1999. Improved detection systems for TT virus reveal high prevalence in humans, non-human primates and farm animals. J. Gen. Virol. 80: 2115-2120.

Lee, S.S., Sunyoung, S., Jung, H., Shin, J., Lyoo, Y.S., 2010. Quantitative detection of porcine Torque teno virus in Porcine circovirus-2-negative and Porcine circovirus-associated disease-affected pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 22: 261-264. Leppik, L., Gunst, K., Lehtinen, M., Dillner, J., Streker, K., de Villiers, E.M., 2007. In

vivo and in vitro intragenomic rearrangement of TT viruses. J. Virol. 81: 9346-9356.

Lin, H.H., Kao, J.H., Lee, P.I., Chen, D.S., 2002. Early acquisition of TT virus in infants: possible minor role of maternal transmission. J. Med. Virol. 66: 285-290.

Lisitsyn, N., Lisitsyn, N., Wigler, M., 1993. Cloning the differences between two complex genomes. Science 259: 946-951.

Liu, C.J., Kao, J.H., Chen, W., Tsai, R.J., Chen, P.J., Lai, M.Y., Chen, D.S., 2000. Interspousal transmission of TT virus: low efficiency and lack of apparent risk factors. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15: 1287-1291.

Lopez-Alcorocho, J.M., Mariscal, L.F., de Lucas, S., Rodriguez-Inigo, E., Casqueiro, M., Castillo, I., Bartolome, J., Herrero, M., Manzano, M.L., Pardo, M., Carreno, V., 2000. Presence of TTV DNA in serum, liver and peripheral blood

(13)

89 mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis. J. Viral. Hepat. 7: 440-447.

Luo, K., Liang, W., He, H., et al., 2000. Experimental infection of nonenveloped DNA virus (TTV) in rhesus monkey. J. Med. Virol. 61: 159-164.

Maggi, F., Fornai, C., Morrica, A., Casula, F., Vatteroni, M.L., Marchi, S., Ciccorossi, P., Riente, L., Pistello, M., Bendinelli, M., 1999. High prevalence of TT virus viremia in Italian patients, regardless of age, clinical diagnosis, and previous interferon treatment. J. Infect. Dis. 180: 838-842.

Maggi, F., Fornai, C., Zaccaro, L., Morrica, A., Vatteroni, M.L., Isola, P., Marchi, S., Ricchiuti, A., Pistello, M., Bendinelli, M., 2001a. TT virus (TTV) loads associated with different peripheral blood cell types and evidence for TTV replication in activated mononuclear cells. J. Med. Virol. 64: 19019-19024. Maggi, F., Pistello, M., Vatteroni, M.L., Presciuttini, S., Marchi, S., Isola, P., Fornai,

C., Fagnani, S., Andreoli, E., Antonelli, G., Bendinelli, M., 2001b. Dynamics of persistent TT virus infection, as determined in patients treated with alpha interferon for concomitant hepatitis C virus infection. J. Virol. 75: 11999-12004.

Maggi, F., Pifferi, M., Fornai, C., Andreoli, E., Tempestini, E., Vatteroni, M.L., Presciuttini, S., Marchi, S., Pietrobelli, A., Boner, A., Pistello, M., Bendinelli, M., 2003a. TT virus in the nasal secretions of children with acute respiratory diseases: relations to viremia and disease severity. J. Virol. 77: 2418-2425. Maggi, F., Pifferi, Tempestini, E., M., Fornai, C., Lanini, L., Andreoli, E., Vatteroni,

(14)

90 2003b. TT virus loads and lymphocyte subpopulations in children with acute respiratory diseases. J. Virol. 77: 9081-9083.

Maggi, F., Andreoli, E., Lanini, L., Fornai, C., Vatteroni, M., Pistello, M., Presciuttini, S., Bendinelli, M., 2005. Relationships between Total Plasma Load of Torquetenovirus (TTV) and TTV Genogroups Carried. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 4807-10.

Maggi, F., Andreoli, E., Riente, L., Meschi, S., Rocchi, J., Delle Sedie, A., Vatteroni, M.L., Ceccherini-Nelli, L., Specter, S., Bendinelli, M., 2007. Torquetenovirus in patients with arthritis. Rheumatol. 46: 885-886.

Mankertz, A., Mankertz, J., Wolf, K., Bunhk, H.J., 1998. Identification of a protein essential for replication of porcine circovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 79: 381-384. Mankertz, A., Caliskan, R., Hattermann, K., et al., 2004. Molecular biology of Porcine

circovirus: analyses of gene expression and viral replication. Vet. Microbiol. 98: 81-88.

Manni, F., Rotola, A., Caselli, E., Bertorelle, G., Di Luca, D., 2002. Detecting recombination in TT virus: a phylogenetic approach. J. Mol. Evol. 55: 563-572.

Mariscal, L.F., Lopez-Alcorocho, J.M., Rodriguez-Inigo, E., Ortiz-Movilla, N., de Lucas, S., Bartolome, J., Carreno, V., 2002. TT virus replicates in stimulated but not in nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Virology 301: 121-129.

(15)

91 Martelli, F., Caprioli, A., Di Bartolo, I., Cibin, V., Pezzotti, G., Ruggeri, F.M., Ostanello, F., 2006. Detection of swine torque teno virus in Italian pig herds. J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health. 53: 234-238.

Martinez, N.M., Garcia, F., Alvarez, M., Bernai, M.C., Piedrola, G., Hernandez, J., Maroto, M.C., 2000. TT virus DNA in serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and semen of patients infected by HIV. Aids 14: 1464-1466.

Martínez, L., Kekarainen, T., Sibila, M., Ruiz-Fons, F., Vidal, D., Gortázar, C., Segalés, J., 2006. Torque teno virus (TTV) is highly prevalent in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa). Vet. Microbiol. 118: 223-229.

Matsubara, H., Michitaka, K., Horiike, N., Yano, M., Akbar, S.M., Torisu, M., Onji, M., 2000. Existence of TT virus DNA in extracellular body fluids from normal healthy Japanese subjects. Intervirology 43: 16-19.

Matsubara, H., Michitaka, K., Horiike, N., Kihana, T., Yano, M., Mori, T., Onji, M., 2001. Existence of TT virus DNA and TTV-like mini virus DNA in infant cord blood: mother-to-neonatal transmission. Hepatol. Res. 21: 280-287.

McKeown, N.E., Fenaux, M., Halbur, P.G., Meng, X.J., 2004. Molecular characterization of porcine TT virus, an orphan virus, in pigs from six different countries. Vet. Microbiol. 104: 113-117.

Miyamoto, M., Takahashi, H., Sakata, I., Adachi, Y., 2000. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia and transfusion-transmitted virus infection. Intern. Med. 39: 1068-1070.

Miyata, H., Tsunoda, H., Kazi, A., Yamada, A., Khan, M.A., Murakami, J., Kamahora, T., Shiraki, K., Hino, S., 1999. Identification of a novel GC-rich

(16)

92 113-nucleotide region to complete the circular, single-stranded DNA genome of TT virus, the first human circovirus. J. Virol. 73: 3582-3586.

Mikuni, M., Moriyama, M., Tanaka, N., Abe, K., Arakawa, Y., 2002. SEN virus infection does not affect the progression of non-A to –E liver disease. J. Med. Virol. 67: 624-629.

Moen, E.M., Sleboda, J., Grinde, B., 2002a. Real-time PCR methods for independent quantitation of TTV and TLMV. J. Virol. Methods 104: 59-67.

Moen, E.M., Huang, L., Grinde, B., 2002b. Molecular epidemiology of TTV-like mini virus in Norway. Arch. Virol. 147: 181-185.

Moriyama, M., Matsumura, H., Shimizu, T., Shioda, A., Kaneko, M., Miyazawa, K., Miyata, H., Tanaka, N., Uchida, T., Arakawa, Y., 2001. Histopathologic impact of TT virus infection on the liver of type C chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in Japan. J. Med. Virol. 64: 74-81.

Morrica, A., Maggi, F., Vatteroni, M.L., Fornai, C., Pistello, M., Ciccorossi, P., Grassi, E., Gennazzani, A., Bendinelli, M., 2000. TT virus: evidence for transplacental transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 181: 803-804.

Muljono, D.H., Nishizawa, T., Tsuda, F., Takahashi, M., Okamoto, H., 2001. Molecular epidemiology of TT virus (TTV) and characterization of two novel TTV genotypes in Indonesia. Arch. Virol. 146: 1249-1266.

Mushahwar I.K., Erker J.C., Muerhoff A.S., Leary T.P., Simons J.N., Birkenmeyer L.G., Chalmers M.L., Pilot-Matias T.J., Dexai S.M., 1999. Molecular and biophysical characterization of TT virus: evidence for a new virus family infecting humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 96: 3177-3182.

(17)

93 Nakagawa, N., Ikoma, J., Ishihara, T., Yasui-Kawamura, N., Fujita, N., Iwasa, M., Kaito, M., Watanabe, S., Adachi, Y., 2000. Biliary excretion of TT virus (TTV). J. Med. Virol. 61: 462-467.

Niagro, F.D., Forsthoefel, A.N., Lawther, R.P., et al., 1998. Beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus genomes intermediates between the geminiviruses and plant circoviruses. Arch. Virol. 143: 1723-1744.

Niel, C., de Oliveira, J.M., Ross, R.S., Gomes, S.A., Roggendorf, M., Viazov, S., 1999. High prevalence of TT virus infection in Brazilian blood donors. J. Med. Virol. 57: 259-263.

Niel, C., Lampe, E., 2001. High detection rates of TTV-like mini virus sequences in sera from Brazilian blood donors. J. Med. Virol. 65: 199-205.

Niel, C., Diniz-Mendes, L., Devalle, S., 2005. Rolling-circle amplification of Torque

teno virus (TTV) complete genomes from human and swine sera and identification of a novel swine TTV genogroup. J. Gen. Virol. 88: 1343-1347. Ninomiya, M., Nishizawa, T., Takahashi, M., et al., 2007a. Identification and genomic

characterization of a novel human torque teno virus of 3.2 kb. J. Gen. Virol. 88: 1939-1944.

Ninomiya, M., Takahashi, M., Shimosegawa, T., et al., 2007b. Analysis of the entire genomes of fifteen torque teno midi virus variants classifiable into a third group of genus Anellovirus. Arch. Virol. 152: 1961-1975.

Ninomiya, M., Takahashi, M., Nishizawa, T., et al., 2008. Development of PCR assays with nested primers specific for differential detection of three human

(18)

94 anelloviruses and early acquisition of dual or triple infection during infancy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 507-514.

Ng, T.F., Suedmeyer, W.K., Wheeler, E., Gulland, F., Breitbart, M. 2009. Novel anellovirus discovered from a mortality event of captive California sea lions. J. Gen. Virol. 90: 1256-1261.

Nishizawa, T., Okamoto, H., Konishi, K., Yoshizawa, H., Miyakawa, Y., Mayumi, M., 1997. A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 241: 92-97.

Nishizawa, T., Okamoto, H., Tsuda, F., et al., 1999. Quasispecies of TT virus (TTV) with sequence divergence in hypervariable regions of the capsid protein in chronic TTV infection. J. Virol. 73: 9604-9608.

Noteborn, M.H., de Boer, G.F., van Roozelaar, D.J., et al., 1991. Characterization of cloned chicken anemia virus DNA that contains all elements for the infectious replication cycle. J. Virol. 65: 3131-3139.

Oguchi, T., Tanaka, E., Orii, K., Kobayashi, M., Hora, K., Kiyosawa, K., 1999. Transmission of and liver injury by TT virus in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. J. Gastroenterol. 34: 234-240.

Ohbayashi, H., Tanaka, Y., Ohoka, S., 2001. TT virus is shown in the liver by in situ hybridization with a PCR-generated probe from the serum TTV-DNA. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16: 424-428.

(19)

95 Okamoto, H., Akahane, Y., Ukita, M., et al., 1998a. Fecal excretion of a nonenveloped DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion non-A-G hepatitis. J. Med. Virol. 56: 128-132.

Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Kato, N., et al., 1998b. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Hepatol. Res. 10: 1-16.

Okamoto, H., Kato, N., Iizuka, H., et al., 1999a. Distinct genotypes of a nonenveloped DNA virus associated with posttransfusion non-A to G hepatitis (TT virus) in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Med. Virol. 57: 252-258. Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Ukita, M., 1999b. A novel unenveloped DNA virus (TT

virus) associated with acute and chronic non-A to G hepatitis. Intervirology 42: 196-204.

Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Ukita, M., et al., 1999c. The entire nucleotide sequence of a TT virus isolate from the United States (TUS01): comparison with reported isolates and phylogenetic analysis. Virology 259: 437-448.

Okamoto, H., Takahashi, M., Nishizawa, T., et al., 1999d. Marked genomic heterogeneity and frequent mixed infection of TT virus demonstrated by PCR with primers from coding and noncoding regions. Virology 259: 428-436. Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Tawara, A., et al., 2000a. Specie-specific TT viruses in

humans and nonhuman primates and their phylogenetic relatedness. Virology 277: 368-378.

(20)

96 Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Tawara, A., et al., 2000b. TT virus mRNAs detected in the bone marrow cells from an infected individual. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 279: 700-707.

Okamoto, H., Ukita, Nishizawa, T., et al., 2000c. Circular double-stranded forms of TT virus DNA in the liver. J. Virol. 74: 5161-5167.

Okamoto, H., Takahashi, M., Nishizawa, T., et al., 2000d. Replicative forms of TT virus DNA in bone marrow cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 270: 657-662.

Okamoto, H., Fukuda, M., Tawara, A., et al., 2000e. Specie-specific TT viruses and cross-species infection in nonhuman primates. J. Virol. 74: 1132-1139.

Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Takahashi, M., et al., 2001a. Heterogeneous distribution of TT virus of distinct genotypes in multiple tissues from infected humans. Virology 288: 358-368.

Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Takahashi, M., et al., 2001b. Genomic and evolutionary characterization of TT virus (TTV) in tupaias and comparison with species-specific TTVs in humans and nonhuman primates. J. Gen. Virol. 82: 2041-2050.

Okamoto, H., Mayumi, M., 2001c. TT virus: virological and genomic characteristics and disease associations. J. Gastroenterol. 36: 519-529.

Okamoto, H., Takahashi, M., Nishizawa, T., et al., 2002. Genomic characterization of TT viruses (TTVs) in pigs, cats and dogs and their relatedness with specie-specific TTVs in primates and tupaias. J. Gen. Virol. 83: 1291-1297.

(21)

97 Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Takahashi, M., 2004. Torque teno virus (TTV): molecular virology and clinical implications. In: Mushahwar, I.K., (ed) Viral hepatitis: molecular biology, diagnosis, epidemiology and control. Elseiver. Amsterdam.

Okamoto, H., 2009a. History of Discoveries and Pathogenicity of TT Viruses, in: de Villiers, E.M., zur Hausen, H. (Eds.), TT Viruses. The Still Elusive Human Pathogens, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1-20.

Okamoto, H., 2009b. TT Viruses in Animals, in: de Villiers, E.M., zur Hausen, H. (Eds.), TT Viruses. The Still Elusive Human Pathogens, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 35-52.

Okamura, A., Yoshioka, M., Kubota, M., Kikuta, H., Ishiko, H., Kobayashi, K., 1999. Detection of a novel DNA virus (TTV) sequence in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Med. Virol. 58: 174-177.

Okamura, A., Yoshioka, M., Kikuta, H., Kubota, M., Ma, X., Hayashi, A., Ishiko, H., Kobayashi, K., 2000. Detection of TT virus sequences in children with liver disease of unknown etiology. J. Med. Virol. 62: 104-108.

Ong, C.J., Dutz, J.P., Chui, D., et al., 1997. CD45 enhances positive selection and is espressed at a high level in large, cycling, positively selected CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. Immunology 91: 95-103.

Ott, C., Duret, L., Chemin, I., et al., 2000. Use of a TT virus ORF1 recombinant protein to detect anti-TT virus antibodies in human sera. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 2949-2958.

(22)

98 Peng, Y.H., Nishizawa, T., Takahashi, M., Ishikawa, T., Yoshikawa, A., Okamoto, H., 2002. Analysis of the entire genomes of thirteen TT virus variants classifiable into the fourth and fifth genetic groups, isolated from viremic infants. Arch. Virol. 147: 21-41.

Peters, M.A., Jackson, D.C., Crabb, B.S., Browning, G.F., 2002. Chicken anemia virus VP2 is a novel dual specificity protein phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 39566-39573.

Pifferi, M., Maggi, F., Andreoli, E., et al., 2005. Associations between nasal torquetenovirus load and spirometric indices in children with asthma. J. Infect. Dis. 192: 1141-1148.

Pifferi, M., Maggi, F., Caramella, D., et al., 2006. High torquetenovirus loads are correlated with bronchiectasis and peripheral air flow limitation in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25: 804-808.

Pifferi, M., Maggi, F., Di Cristofano, C., Cangiotti, A.M., Nelli, L.C., Bevilacqua, G., Macchia, P., Bendinelli, M., Boner, A.L., 2008. Torquetenovirus infection and ciliary dysmotility in children with recurrent pneumonia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 27: 413-418.

Pirovano, S., Bellinzoni, M., Ballerini, C., Cariani, E., Duse, M., Albertini, A., Imberti, I., 2002a. Transmission of SEN virus from mothers to their babies. J. Med. Virol. 66: 421-427.

Pirovano, S., Bellinzoni, M., Matteelli, A., Ballerini, C., Albertini, A., Imberti, I., 2002b. High prevalence of a variant of SENV in intravenous drug user HIV-infected patients. J. Med. Virol. 68: 18-23.

(23)

99 Pistello, M., Morrica, A., Maggi, F., Vatteroni, M.L., Freer, G., Fornai, C., Casula, F., Marchi, S., Ciccorossi, P., Rovero, P., Bendinelli, M., 2001. TT virus levels in the plasma of infected individuals with different hepatic and extrahepatic pathology. J. Med. Virol. 63: 189-195.

Prati, D., Lin, Y.H., De Mattei, C., et al., 1999. A prospective study on TT virus infection in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia. Blood 93: 1502-1505.

Prescott, L.E., Simmonds, P., 1998. Global distribution of transfusion-transmitted virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 339: 776-777.

Qiu, J., Kakkola, L., Cheng, F., Ye, C., Soderlund-Venermo, M., Hedman, K., Pintel, D.J., 2005. Human circovirus TT virus genotype 6 expresses six proteins following transfection of a full-length clone. J. Virol. 79: 6505–6510.

Rector, A., Tachezy, R., Van Ranst, M., 2004. A sequence-independent strategy for detection and cloning of circular DNA virus genomes by using multiply primed rolling-circle amplification. J. Virol. 78: 4993-4998.

Reyes, G.R., Kim, J.P., 1991. Sequence-independent, single primer amplification (SISPA) of complex DNA populations. Mol. Cell. Probes 5: 473-481.

Rodriguez-Inigo, E., Casqueiro, M., Bartolome, J., et al., 2000. Detection of TT virus DNA in liver biopsies by in situ hybridization. Am. J. Pathol. 156: 1227-1234. Rodriguez-Inigo, E., Arrieta, J.J., Casqueiro, M., et al., 2001. TT virus detection in

(24)

100 Safadi, R., Or, R., Ilan, Y., et al., 2001. Lack of known hepatitis virus in

hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia and outcome after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 27: 183-190.

Schievella, A.R., Paige, L.A., Johnson, K.A., et al., 1993. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B undergoes mitosis-specific phosphorilation on serine. Cell. Growth Differ. 4: 239-246.

Schroter, M., Polywka, S., Zollner, B., Schafer, P., Laufs, R., Feucht, H.H., 2000. Detection of TT virus DNA and GB virus type C/Hepatitis G virus RNA in serum and breast milk: determination of mother-to child transmission. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 745-747.

Segalés, J., Martínez-Guinó, L., Cortey, M., Navarro, N., Huerta, E., Sibila, M., Pujols, J., Kekarainen, T., 2009. Retrospective study on swine Torque teno virus genogroups 1 and 2 infection from 1985 to 2005 in Spain. Vet. Microbiol. 134: 199-207.

Shibata, M., Morizane, T., Baba, T., Inoue, K., Sekiyama, K., Yoshiba, M., Mitamura, K., 2000. TT virus infection in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95: 3602-3606.

Shibata, M., Wang, R.Y., Yoshiba, M., Shih, J.W., Alter, H.J., Mitamura, K., 2001. The presence of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) in patients with liver diseases and in blood donors in Japan. Infect. Dis. 184: 400-404. Shibayama, T., Masuda, G., Ajisawa, A., Takahashi, M., Nishizawa, T., Tsuda, F.,

Okamoto, H., 2001. Inverse relationship between the titre of TT virus DNA and the CD4 cell count in patients infected with HIV. Aids 15: 563-570.

(25)

101 Simmonds, P., Prescott, L.E., Logue, C., Davidson, F., Thomas, A.E., Ludlam, C.A., 1999. TT virus--part of the normal human flora? J. Infect. Dis. 180: 1748-1750. Stark, K., Poggensee, G., Hohne, M., Bienzle, U., Kiwelu, I., Schreier, E., 2000. Seroepidemiology of TT virus, GBCC/HGV, and hepatitis viruses B, C, and E among women in a rural area of Tanzania. J. Med. Virol. 62: 524-530.

Stevens, H., Rector, A., Van Ranst, M., 2010. Multiply primed rolling-circle amplification method for the amplification of circular DNA viruses. Cold. Spring. Harb. Protoc. (4): pdb.prot 5415.

Sugiyama, K., Goto, K., Ando, T., Mizutani, F., Terabe, K., Yokoyama, T., Wada, Y., Tohoku, J., 2000. TT virus infection in Japanese children: isolates from genotype 1 are overrepresented in patients with hepatic dysfunction of unknown etiology. Exp. Med. 191: 233-239.

Taira, O., Ogawa, H., Nagao, A., Tuchiya, K., Nunoya, T., Ueda, S., 2009. Prevalence of swine Torque teno virus genogroups 1 and 2 in Japanese swine with suspected post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine respiratory disease complex. Vet. Microbiol. 139: 347-350.

Takács, M., Dencs, A., Csiszár, C., Hettmann, A., Rusvai, E., Szomor, K.N., Pálfi, V., Nagy, B., 2008. First description of swine Torque teno virus (TTV) and detection of a new genogroup in Hungary: short communication. Acta. Vet. Hung. 56: 547-553.

Takahashi, K., Ohta, Y., Mishiro, S., 1998. Partial -2,4 kb sequences of TT virus (TTV) genome from eight Japanese isolates: diagnostic and phylogenetic implication. Hepatol. Res. 12: 111-120.

(26)

102 Takahashi, K., Hijikata, M., Samokhvalov, E.L., Mishiro, S., 2000a. Full or near full length nucleotide sequences of TT virus variants (Types SANBAN and YONBAN) and the TT virus-like mini virus. Intervirology 43: 119-123.

Takahashi, K., Iwasa, Y., Hijikata, M., Mishiro, S., 2000b. Identification of a new human DNA virus (TTV-like mini virus, TLMV) intermediately related to TT virus and chicken anemia virus. Arch. Virol. 145: 979-993.

Takahashi, M., Asabe, S., Gotanda, Y., Kishimoto, J., Tsuda, F., Okamoto, H., 2002. TT virus is distributed in various leukocyte subpopulations at distinct levels, with the highest viral load in granulocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290: 242-248.

Takayama, S., Miura, T., Matsuo, S., et al., 1999. Prevalence and persistence of a novel DNA TT virus (TTV) infection in Japanese haemophiliacs. Br. J. Hematol. 104: 626-629.

Tanaka, H., Okamoto, H., Luengrojanakul, P., et al., 1998. Infection with an unenveloped DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion non-A to G hepatitis in hepatitis patients and healthy blood donors in Thailand. J. Med. Virol. 56: 234-238.

Tanaka, Y., Hayashi, J., Ariyama, I., et al., 2000. Seroepidemiology of TT virus infection and relationship between genotype and liver damage. Dig. Dis. Sci. 45: 2214-2220.

Tanaka, Y., Primi, D., Wang, R.Y., et al., 2001. Genomic and molecular evolutionary analysis of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) and its relationship to the TT virus family. J. Infect. Dis. 183: 359-367.

(27)

103 Tawara, A., Akahane, Y., Takahashi, M., Nishizawa, T., Ishizawa, T., Okamoto, H., 2000. Transmission of human TT virus of genotype 1a to chimpanzees with fecal supernatant or serum from patients with acute TTV infection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 278: 470-476.

Thom, K., Morrison, C., Lewis, J.C., et al., 2003. Distribution of TT virus (TTV), TTV-like minivirus, and related viruses in humans and nonhuman primates. Virology 306: 324-333.

Thom, K., Petrik, J., 2007. Progression towards AIDS leads to increased Torque teno virus and Torque teno minivirus titers in tissues of HIV infected individuals. J. Med. Virol. 79: 1-7.

Todd, D., Bendinelli, M., Biagini, P., et al., 2004. Circoviridae. In: Fauquet, C.M., Mayo, M.A., Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U., Ball, L.A., (eds). Virus Taxonomy: eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier/Academic Press, London.

Tokita, H., Murai, S., Kamitsukasa, H., Yagura, M., Harada, H., Takahashi, M., Okamoto, H., 2001. Influence of TT virus infection on the thrombocytopenia of patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatol. Res. 20: 288-300.

Tokita, H., Murai, S., Kamitsukasa, H., Yagura, M., Harada, H., Takahashi, M., Okamoto, H., 2002. High TT virus load as an independent factor associated with the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. J. Med. Virol. 67: 501-509.

Touinssi, M., Gallian, P., Biagini, P., Attoui, H., Vialettes, B., Berland, Y., Tamalet, C., Dhiver, C., Ravaux, I., De Micco, P., De Lamballerie, X., 2001. TT virus

(28)

104 infection: prevalence of elevated viraemia and arguments for the immune control of viral load. J. Clin. Virol. 21: 135-141.

Toyoda, H., Naruse, M., Yokozaki, S., et al., 1999. Prevalence of infection with TT virus (TTV), a novel DNA virus, in healthy Japanese subjects, newborn infants, cord blood and breast milk. J. Infect. 38: 198-199.

Tsuda, F., Okamoto, H., Ukita, M., Tanaka, T., Akahane, Y., Konishi, K., Yoshizawa, H., Miyakawa, Y., Mayumi, M., 1999. Determination of antibodies to TT virus (TTV) and application to blood donors and patients with post-transfusion non-A to G hepatitis in Japan. J. Virol. Methods 77: 199-206.

Ukita, M., Okamoto, H., Kato, N., et al., 1999. Excretion into bile of a novel unenveloped DNA virus (TT virus) associated with acute and chronic non-A-G hepatitis. J. Infect. Dis. 179: 1245-1248.

Ukita, M., Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Tawara, A., Takahashi, M., Iizuka, H., Miyakawa, Y., Mayumi, M., 2000. The entire nucleotide sequences of two distinct TT virus (TTV) isolates (TJN01 and TJN02) remotely related to the original TTV isolates. Arch. Virol. 145: 1543-1559.

Umemura, T., Alter, H.J., Tanaka, E., Yeo, A.E., Shih, J.W., Orii, K., Matsumoto, A., Yoshizawa, K., Kiyosawa, K., 2001. Association between SEN virus infection and hepatitis C in Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 184: 1246-1251.

Umemura, T., Tanaka, Y., Kiyosawa, K., Alter, H.J., Shih, J.W., 2002. Observation of positive selection within hypervariable regions of a newly identified DNA virus (SEN virus) (1). FEBS Lett. 510: 171-174.

(29)

105 Vasconcelos, H.C., Cataldo, M., Niel, C., 2002. Mixed infections of adults and children with multiple TTV-like mini virus isolates. J. Med. Virol. 68: 291-298.

Verschoor, E.J., Langenhuijzen, S., Heeney, J.L., 1999. TT viruses (TTV) of non-human primates and their relationship to the non-human TTV genotypes. J. Gen. Virol. 80: 2491-2499.

Wang, D., Coscoy, L., Zylberberg, M., Avila, P.C., Boushey, H.A., Ganem, D., DeRisi, J.L., 2002. Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 15687-15692.

Wang, D., Urisman, A., Liu, Y.T., et al., 2003. Viral discovery and sequence recovery using DNA microarrays. PLoS Biol. 1: E2.

Worobey, M., 2000. Extensive homologous recombination among widely divergent TT viruses. J. Virol. 74: 7666-7670.

Yokoyama, H., Yasuda, J., Okamoto, H., et al., 2002. Pathological changes of renal epithelial cells in mice transgenic for the TT virus ORF1 gene. J. Gen. Virol. 83: 141-150.

Zein, N.N., Arslan, M., Li, H., et al., 1999. Clinical significance of TT virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94: 3020-3027. Zheng, H., Ye, L., Fang, X., Li, B., Wang, Y., Xiang, X., Kong, L., Wang, W., Zeng,

Y., Ye, L., Wu, Z., She, Y., Zhou, X., 2007. Torque teno virus (SANBAN isolate) ORF2 protein suppresses NF-kappaB pathways via interaction with IkappaB kinases. J. Virol. 81: 11917-11924.

(30)

106 Zhong, S., Yeo, W., Tang, M., et al., 2002. Frequent detection of the replicative form of TT virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow cells in cancer patients. J. Med. Virol. 66: 428-434.

(31)

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

Laser Medicine srl) è un test per la rivelazione qualitativa di HDV in campioni di siero/plasma che si basa su quattro pro- cessi principali: 1) estrazione dell’RNA dal campione;

Quando abbiamo confrontato questi risultati con quelli ottenuti mediante tecniche tradizionali, si è riscontrato che i 20 campioni positivi per M.pneu- moniae sono stati raccolti da

Gli impianti osteointegrati con successo sono colonizzati da una flora predominata da batteri Gram positivi aerobi facol- tativi, la quale non mostra cambiamenti significativi

Tuttavia non è spesso facile dal punto di vista organizzativo far convivere questa esposizione verso il mondo esterno con la presenza di laboratori interni di

To understand how this 1963-1964 period initiated a shift that turned the ECJ and its case-law into the very locus of European integration, one should bear in mind two elements

In particular, we showed the implications of a different normalisation and rigidity scaling of the diffusion coef- ficient in different regions of the Galaxy, we described the case

It should be also noticed the analytical approach we adopted provides exact closed form solution to the inverse problem, that is, the bending stiffness coefficient of the beams

La costruzione delle variabili per la realizzazione delle mappe di plausibilità non può che partire dall’analisi dei siti noti, dato che le caratteristiche del territorio,